ÿWPCé »ª Bܤf5.e‡AûDì$`k Nåõg}cˆõÃ`è§@ÿýûÞHD:ËrçÜÜ4ã1ìw‡’VÕ÷Ìô=×ölùJ,øÙÒ1hÕÂ|é]É…­>-Q6$¡8<`þ=OÔ­/°I·d‚ÒO¦Ú÷ÁE–– ê<ßô‰1"°>I^ï1ˆÆ6a³»ÆG¼³jµe¹Òi¿õ‚ëùÓ¼š*•éýì¹¥³sù"+mC»ºDdGÆeηËþls<Ý2ó™S¢1SÏ-üeÜLAêˆÊµˆ3ŽóJÅ-¸€ê™v).1íÈ"æÝ÷U“ô€ãƒÑ~€ÛêÁäñ˜Ô˜èÇȱýKÊÐI¶¢ý½¬·ñ Ž/÷ ‡_v òÕiã3)Ü×ö!“Æûw/Ì|÷£ÄD…†ûÈÈ[¢^Å3êvÍp3¯fßWȈp€> €K~¿Ò‹Öù?LらOºöI(í#ϵژl'lÛ*ÞO2(‡øÙñHqš›Á$üôÇF%‚qz«­ôƨÜ+M̨F)>ü»h+l&&’,\ŸòåwÁZjžt¡µ¿Ü7q°¶½R÷xpE)öR~3±âÏÆKà*<ãWî=Èvª¹l¥ûÄb#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ UN· w 4 z Ò— i x mz ô‘ Æ… ÆKÆÆ× 0DNáUNã)1EZ4\UNbÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞÞ 0ëææææ BÑÑ 0¤î D3’ D-Å 0Kòò AS=Æ 0¤V 0Dú A«>˜HP LaserJet 8000 Series PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0»¬£{)â (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularUUb)У ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ êÝ ƒR˜W$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôš¹ ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAlthough€the€two€officers€stated€that€Plaintiff€was€not€under€arrest€at€the€time€he€was€taken€to€policeÐ ° Ðheadquarters,€the€Trial€Court€struck€those€paragraphs€from€the€affidavits€because€it€is€undisputed€that€Plaintiff€wasÐ tÄ Ðhandcuffed€by€the€police,€placed€in€a€police€cruiser,€and€taken€to€the€police€station€for€questioning.Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular Ý ƒR˜W$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôš¹ ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔA€non„moving€party€may€satisfy€his€or€her€burden€by€(1)€pointing€to€evidence€overlooked€or€ignored€by€theÐ ° Ðmoving€party€that€establishes€a€material€factual€dispute,€(2)€by€rehabilitating€the€evidence€attacked€in€the€moving€partyððsÐ tÄ Ðpapers,€(3)€by€producing€additional€evidence€showing€the€existence€of€a€genuine€issue€for€trial,€or€(4)€submitting€anÐ 8ˆ Ðaffidavit€explaining€why€further€discovery€is€necessary€as€provided€for€in€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€56.06.€€òòSee€Ô_ÔMcCarleyÔ_Ô€v.€WestÐ üL ÐQuality€Food€Serv.,€óó960€S.W.2d€at€588;€òòByrd€v.€Hall,€óó847€S.W.2d€at€215,€n.€6. *Ý ƒR˜W$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôš¹ ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€photocopying€of€driver€licenses€for€cash€customers€was€done€so€that€the€customer€could€be€located€in€theÐ ° Ðevent€he€caused€loss€or€damage€to€the€room.(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular- ù-(|G2˜W$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€H¬»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô0 ò»»Ô d(|3Ž$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€H¬»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3Ž$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€H¬»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Zl»»d dÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼'»»»ÔÑ8€8¬XXdê»»d 8ÑÑ  Ñà@ü ü ìàÔ‡î*p'ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†¼'»îî*p #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓOCTOBER€5,€2000€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡Xh-X»¼'ÔÌÌÌò òÔ#†¼'»XXh-ô#ÔDAVID€ROBERTS€v.€ESSEX€Ô_ÔMICROTELÔ_Ô€ASSOCIATES,€II,€L.P.€d/b/a/Ð Ò " ÐÔ_ÔMICROTELÔ_Ô„KINGSPORT,€òòet€alóó.Ô‡Xh-X»¼'Ôó óÐ æ 6 ÐÌà@@½½ìàò ò€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Sullivan€CountyÐ æ 6  Ðà@@øøìàNo.€C„32311€€€Hon.€Richard€E.€Ladd,€Chancellor€Ð Ò"  ÐÌFILED€NOVEMBER€27,€2000Ð ªú  Ðà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<•` AßÐ –æ  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E2000„01356„Ô_ÔCOAÔ_Ô„R3„CVÐ ‘á  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<h` Aßó óÐ i¹ ÐÌÓ  ÓPlaintiff€registered€as€a€guest€at€Defendantððs€hotel.€For€various€reasons,€the€desk€clerk€asked€to€seeÐ d´ ÐPlaintiffððs€driver€license.€€Plaintiff€produced€his€driver€license€for€inspection€by€the€desk€clerk.€€ForÐ P  Ðthose€same€reasons,€the€desk€clerk€later€telephoned€the€police.€€She€provided€the€Ô#†¼'»XXh-ì#ÔÔ‡Xh-X»¼'Ô911€policeÐ <Œ Ðdispatcher€with€certain€information€from€Plaintiffððs€driver€license.€€With€this€information,€the€policeÐ (x Ðdiscovered€that€an€individual€with€the€same€date€of€birth€and€a€similar€name€was€wanted€in€FloridaÐ d Ðon€a€narcotics€trafficking€charge.€€The€police€came€to€the€hotel,€questioned€Plaintiff,€and€then€tookÐ P ÐPlaintiff€into€custody.€€After€detaining€Plaintiff€at€the€police€station€for€two€hours,€the€policeÐ ì< Ðdetermined€that€Plaintiff€was€not€the€suspect€wanted€in€Florida€and€returned€Plaintiff€to€the€hotel.€Ð Ø( ÐPlaintiff€sued€the€hotel€owner€and€the€desk€clerk€for€malicious€prosecution,€wrongful€arrest,€falseÐ Ä Ðimprisonment€and€invasion€of€privacy,€but€later€proceeded€only€on€the€invasion€of€privacy€and€falseÐ ° Ðimprisonment€counts.€€The€Trial€Court€granted€Defendantsðð€Motion€for€Summary€Judgment.€€WeÐ œì Ðaffirm.Ô#†¼'»XXh-§#ÔÔ‡Xh-X»¼'Ô€Ô#†¼'»XXh-Ò #ÔÔ‡Xh-X»¼'ÔÐ ˆØ ÐÌÓ'ÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€3;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmed;€Case€Remanded.ó óÐ L"œ! ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼'»àXh- #ÔÔ‡Xh-X.¼'ÔD.€Michael€Ô_ÔSwineyÔ_Ô,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòHouston€M.€Ô_ÔGoddardÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔP.J.Ô_Ô,€óóÐ %` $ Ðjoined.€€òòCharles€D.€Susano,€Jr.,€J.,€óófiled€a€concurring€in€part€and€dissenting€in€part€opinion.Ð ü%L!% ÐÌLarry€V.€Roberts,€Kingsport,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellant€David€Roberts.Ð Ô'$#' ÐÌH.€Wayne€Graves,€Johnson€City,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellee€Essex€Ô_ÔMicrotelÔ_Ô€Associates,€II.Ð ¬)ü$) ÐÓ ÓÌÌò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼'»XXh-ñ #ÔÔ‡Xh-X»¼'ÔÐ p,À', ÐÐ \-¬(-ý ÐÔ_Ôò òòòBackgroundóóó óÐ ° ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼'»XXh-•#ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xh-X»¼'Ôà  àOn€the€evening€of€February€10,€1997,€Plaintiff,€David€Allan€Roberts,€registered€as€a€guestÐ ˆØ Ðat€Ô_ÔMicrotelÔ_Ô„Kingsport,€a€hotel€owned€and€operated€by€Defendant,€Essex€Ô_ÔMicrotelÔ_Ô€Associates,€IIÐ tÄ Ð(ð ðÔ_ÔMicrotelÔ_Ôðð).€€Defendant€Carmen€Allen€was€the€desk€clerk€at€the€hotel€and€was€the€only€employeeÐ `° Ðon€the€premises.€€Plaintiff€completed€the€registration€card,€providing€his€name€and€address.€€Ms.Ð L œ ÐAllen€asked€Plaintiff€for€his€driver€license,€which€he€willingly€provided.€€Ms.€Allen€testified€thatÐ 8 ˆ Ðwhen€she€made€a€photocopy€of€the€license,€Plaintiff€became€disgruntled€and€allegedly€commentedÐ $ t Ðto€the€effect€that€he€supposed€Ms.€Allen€had€copied€his€driver€license€so€that€she€could€call€ð ðtheÐ  ` Ðauthoritiesðð€and€tell€them€his€whereabouts.€€Plaintiff€testified€that€he€was€joking.€€He€also€testifiedÐ ü L  Ðthat€he€was€unaccustomed€to€having€his€driver€license€photocopied€when€registering€at€hotels.€Ð è 8  ÐÔ_ÔMicrotelÔ_Ôððs€general€manager€testified€that,€indeed,€it€was€not€Ô_ÔMicrotelÔ_Ôððs€policy€to€photocopy€driverÐ Ô$  Ðlicenses€unless€the€registering€guest€paid€with€cash.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€this€case,€however,€Ms.€Allen€thoughtÐ À  ÐPlaintiff€was€very€rude€and€his€behavior€strange.€€Plaintiff€neither€used€profanity€nor€physically€orÐ ¬ü  Ðverbally€threaten€Ms.€Allen,€but€she€thought€he€was€unusually€angry.€€Ms.€Allen€testified€that€sheÐ ˜è  Ðwas€concerned€for€the€safety€and€welfare€of€the€other€guests.€€After€Plaintiff€left€the€registration€areaÐ „Ô  Ðand€went€to€his€room,€Ms.€Allen€telephoned€the€Kingsport€Police€Department.€€Although€it€wasÐ pÀ ÐÔ_ÔMicrotelÔ_Ôððs€policy€not€to€disclose€personal€information€obtained€from€guests€during€check„in,€sheÐ \¬ Ðignored€that€policy€in€this€instance€because€she€thought€Plaintiff€was€acting€strange.€She€told€theÐ H˜ Ðpolice€dispatcher€that€she€had€checked€in€a€person€who€was€acting€strange,€and€provided€theÐ 4„ Ðdispatcher€with€Plaintiffððs€name,€address,€date€of€birth,€height,€weight,€eye€color€and€Virginia€driverÐ  p Ðlicense€number,€which€is€also€his€social€security€number.€€€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àWhen€the€police€department€received€the€call,€the€dispatcher€checked€police€identificationÐ ä4 Ðsources€and€learned€that€a€person€by€the€name€of€Allen€Roberts,€with€the€same€date€of€birth€andÐ Ð  Ðfitting€Plaintiffððs€general€physical€description,€had€criminal€charges€involving€narcotics€traffickingÐ ¼  Ðoutstanding€in€Florida.€€The€recorded€911€call€reveals€that€the€police€dispatcher€commented€to€Ms.Ð ¨ø ÐAllen,€ð ðÔ_ÔThatððdÔ_Ô€be€neat€if€we€could€find€him,€wouldnððt€it?€€I€mean,€weððve€found€him€already,€but€ifÐ ”ä Ðhe€is€wanted.€€You€could€say,€ððWell,€youððll€learn€to€make€smart€ass€remarks€to€me.ðð€ðð€€€Ms.€AllenÐ €Ð Ðreplied,€ð ðReally.€€I€mean€really€he€was€really,€really€rude€and€I€just€thought€you€know.ðð€€Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àThe€Kingsport€Police€Department€dispatched€two€uniformed€officers€to€the€hotel€toÐ D!” Ðinvestigate€whether€Plaintiff€was€the€suspect€wanted€in€Florida.€€The€police€officers€went€toÐ 0"€  ÐPlaintiffððs€room€and€knocked€on€the€door.€€Plaintiff€voluntarily€admitted€the€officers€to€his€room€andÐ #l! Ðcooperatively€answered€€their€questions€about€whether€he€had€ever€lived€in€Florida.€€When€theyÐ $X" Ðconfirmed€that€his€physical€description€matched€that€of€the€suspect€and€learned€that€he€once€had€livedÐ ô$D # Ðin€Florida,€they€placed€him€in€handcuffs€and€took€him€to€police€headquarters€in€a€police€cruiser.€€TwoÐ à%0!$ Ðhours€later,€after€the€Florida€authorities€faxed€a€fingerprint€of€the€suspect€to€Kingsport€Police€and€itÐ Ì&"% Ðdid€not€match€Plaintiffððs€fingerprint,€the€police€officers€concluded€that€Plaintiff€was€not€the€FloridaÐ ¸'#& Ðsuspect€and€took€him€back€to€the€hotel.€€Ms.€Allen,€who€was€still€on€duty€at€the€registration€desk€atÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€hotel,€telephoned€Plaintiffððs€room€and€apologized€to€Plaintiff€for€the€inconvenience.€€PlaintiffÐ ° Ðtold€her€that€he€intended€to€contact€his€attorney€about€the€incident.€€Ms.€Allen€testified€that€she€thenÐ œì Ðbecame€upset€because€she€had€not€intended€for€Plaintiff€to€be€arrested.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àPlaintiff€filed€this€suit€in€Sullivan€County€Circuit€Court,€seeking€compensatory€and€punitiveÐ `° Ðdamages€against€Ô_ÔMicrotelÔ_Ô€and€Ms.€Allen€for€malicious€prosecution,€wrongful€arrest,€falseÐ L œ Ðimprisonment€and€invasion€of€privacy.€€Ô_ÔMicrotelÔ_Ô€answered€that€any€responsibility€for€negligence,Ð 8 ˆ Ðwrongful€arrest,€or€invasion€of€privacy€would€lie€with€the€Kingsport€Police€Department.€€Ô_ÔMicrotelÔ_ÔÐ $ t Ðfurther€answered€that€the€Complaint€failed€to€state€a€claim€upon€which€relief€could€be€granted,€andÐ  ` Ðasked€that€it€be€dismissed.€€A€pretrial€conference€was€held€on€June€25,€1999.€€On€October€12,€1999,Ð ü L  ÐDefendants€filed€an€Alternative€Motion€to€Dismiss€or€for€Summary€Judgment,€accompanied€by€theÐ è 8  Ðaffidavits€of€the€two€Kingsport€Police€Officers׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€a€Memorandum€of€Law.€€On€December€13,Ð Ô$  Ð1999,€Plaintiff€filed€a€Response,€accompanied€by€a€transcript€of€the€police€dispatch€recording,€theÐ À  Ðaffidavit€of€the€dispatcher€attesting€that€the€transcript€was€accurate,€and€a€Memorandum€of€Law.€€TheÐ ¬ü  ÐMotions€were€heard€by€the€Trial€Court€on€December€10,€1999,€at€which€time€Plaintiff€announcedÐ ˜è  Ðthat€he€intended€to€proceed€only€on€his€theories€of€invasion€of€privacy€and€false€imprisonment.€€AfterÐ „Ô  Ðreviewing€the€record,€including€the€depositions€of€Plaintiff,€Defendant€Ms.€Allen€and€the€Ô_ÔMicrotelÔ_ÔÐ pÀ ÐGeneral€Manager,€and€hearing€arguments€of€counsel,€the€Trial€Court€found€that€there€were€noÐ \¬ Ðgenuine€issues€as€to€any€material€fact€and€that€Defendants€were€entitled€to€judgment€in€their€favorÐ H˜ Ðas€a€matter€of€law.€€Plaintiffððs€Complaint€was€dismissed.€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà@))%ìàò òòòDiscussionóóó óˆÐ  \ ÐÌà  àPlaintiff€appeals€the€judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€and€raises€these€issues:Ð ä4 ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à1.à0¸ ` x` xàHas€Tennessee€adopted€the€common€law€invasion€of€privacyÐ ¼  Ðtort€as€set€forth€in€Restatement€2d€Torts,€ðð€652€A,€B,€C,€D,€EÐ ¨ø Ðand€H;€specifically€ðð€652€B.Ð”ä¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à2.à0¸ ` x` xàIf€the€answer€to€issue€1€is€ð ðyesðð,€did€the€Trial€Court€err€inÐ l¼ Ðfinding€no€genuine€issue€of€material€fact€to€support€theÐ X ¨ ÐPlaintiffððs€claim€for€invasion€of€privacy€under€Restatement€2dÐ D!” ÐTorts,€ðð€652€B?Ð0"€ ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à3.à0¸ ` x` xàIf€the€answers€to€issues€1€and€2€are€both€ð ðyesðð,€what€damagesÐ $X" Ðis€the€Plaintiff€entitled€to€recover€for€invasion€of€privacy?Ðô$D #¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à4.à0¸ ` x` xàDid€the€Trial€Court€err€in€finding€no€genuine€issue€of€materialÐ Ì&"% Ðfact€to€support€the€Plaintiffððs€claim€for€false€imprisonment?и'#&¸ x¸ x Їà  àThe€standards€governing€an€appellate€courtððs€review€of€a€motion€for€summary€judgment€areÐ ° Ðwell€settled:Ð œì ÐÌà8  àà ` àSince€our€inquiry€involves€purely€a€question€of€law,€no€presumption€ofÐ tÄ Ðcorrectness€attaches€to€the€lower€courtððs€judgment,€and€our€task€is€confined€toÐ `° Ðreviewing€the€record€to€determine€whether€the€requirements€of€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€56Ð L œ Ðhave€been€met.€€òòSee€Hunter€v.€Brown,€óó955€S.W.2d€49,€50„51€(Tenn.€1997);€òòÔ_ÔCowdenÔ_ÔÐ 8 ˆ Ðv.€Ô_ÔSovranÔ_Ô€Bank/Central€South,€óó816€S.W.2d€741,€744€(Tenn.€1991).€€Tennessee€RuleÐ $ t Ðof€Civil€Procedure€56.03€provides€that€summary€judgment€is€appropriate€where:€(1)Ð  ` Ðthere€is€no€genuine€issue€with€regard€to€the€material€facts€relevant€to€the€claim€orÐ ü L  Ðdefense€contained€in€the€motion,€òòsee,€Byrd€v.€Hall,€óó847€S.W.2d€208,€210€(Tenn.Ð è 8  Ð1993);€and€(2)€the€moving€party€is€entitled€to€a€judgment€as€a€matter€of€law€on€theÐ Ô$  Ðundisputed€facts.€€òòSee€Anderson€v.€Standard€Register€Co.,€óó857€S.W.2d€555,€559Ð À  Ð(Tenn.€1993).€€The€moving€party€has€the€burden€of€proving€that€its€motion€satisfiesÐ ¬ü  Ðthese€requirements.€€òòSee€Ô_ÔDownenÔ_Ô€v.€Allstate€Ins.€Co.,€óó811€S.W.2d€523,€524€(Tenn.Ð ˜è  Ð1991).€€When€the€party€seeking€summary€judgment€makes€a€properly€supportedÐ „Ô  Ðmotion,€the€burden€shifts€to€the€nonmoving€party€to€set€forth€specific€factsÐ pÀ Ðestablishing€the€existence€of€disputed,€material€facts€which€must€be€resolved€by€theÐ \¬ Ðtrier€of€fact.€€òòSee€Byrd€v.€Hall,€óó847€S.W.2d€at€215.ÐH˜Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àTo€properly€support€its€motion,€the€moving€party€must€either€affirmatively€negate€anÐ  p Ðessential€element€of€the€non„moving€partyððs€claim€or€conclusively€establish€anÐ  \ Ðaffirmative€defense.€€òòSee€Ô_ÔMcCarleyÔ_Ô€v.€West€Quality€Food€Serv.,€óó960€S.W.2d€585,€588Ð øH Ð(Tenn.€1998);€òòRobinson€v.€Ô_ÔOmerÔ_Ô,€óó952€S.W.2d€423.€426€(Tenn.€1997).€€If€the€movingÐ ä4 Ðparty€fails€to€negate€a€claimed€basis€for€the€suit,€the€non„moving€partyððs€burden€toÐ Ð  Ðproduce€evidence€establishing€the€existence€of€a€genuine€issue€for€trial€is€notÐ ¼  Ðtriggered€and€the€motion€for€summary€judgment€must€fail.€€òòSee€Ô_ÔMcCarleyÔ_Ô€v.€WestÐ ¨ø ÐQuality€Food€Serv.,€óó960€S.W.2d€at€588;€òòRobinson€v.€Ô_ÔOmerÔ_Ô,€óó952€S.W.2d€at€426.€€If€theÐ ”ä Ðmoving€party€successfully€negates€a€claimed€basis€for€the€action,€the€non„movingÐ €Ð Ðparty€may€not€simply€rest€upon€the€pleadings,€but€must€offer€proof€to€establish€theÐ l¼ Ðexistence€of€the€essential€elements€of€the€claim.Ô_Ô׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_ÔÐX ¨Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àThe€standards€governing€the€assessment€of€evidence€in€the€summaryÐ 0"€  Ðjudgment€context€are€also€well€established.€€Courts€must€view€the€evidence€in€theÐ #l! Ðlight€most€favorable€to€the€nonmoving€party€and€must€also€draw€all€reasonableÐ $X" Ðinferences€in€the€nonmoving€partyððs€favor.€€òòSee€Robinson€v.€Ô_ÔOmerÔ_Ô,€óó952€S.W.2d€atÐ ô$D # Ð426;€òòByrd€v.€Hall,€óó847€S.W.2d€at€210„11.€€Courts€should€grant€a€summary€judgmentÐ à%0!$ Ðonly€when€both€the€facts€and€the€inferences€to€be€drawn€from€the€facts€permit€aÐ Ì&"% Ðreasonable€person€to€reach€only€one€conclusion.€òòSee€McCall€v.€Wilder,€óó913€S.W.2dÐ ° Ð150,€153€(Tenn.€1995);€òòÔ_ÔCarvellÔ_Ô€v.€Bottoms,€óó900€S.W.2d€23,€26€(Tenn.€1995).МìÐ Ð  ÐÌòòStaples€v.€Ô_ÔCBLÔ_Ô€&€Associates,€Inc.,€óó15€S.W.3d€83,€88€(Tenn.€2000).Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àPlaintiff€first€raises€the€issue€of€whether€Tennessee€has€adopted€the€common€law€invasionÐ L œ Ðof€privacy€tort€as€described€in€the€Restatement€2d€Torts€ðð€652€B.€€Plaintiff€argues€that€if€the€tort€isÐ 8 ˆ Ðcognizable€in€Tennessee,€then€there€are€genuine€issues€of€material€fact€requiring€a€trial€on€the€issueÐ $ t Ðof€whether€Defendants€are€liable€to€him€for€invasion€of€privacy€under€ðð€652€B,€which€provides:Ð  ` ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àOne€who€intentionally€intrudes,€physically€or€otherwise,€upon€theÐ è 8  Ðsolitude€or€seclusion€of€another€or€his€private€affairs€or€concerns,€isÐ Ô$  Ðsubject€to€liability€to€the€other€for€invasion€of€his€privacy,€if€theÐ À  Ðintrusion€would€be€highly€offensive€to€a€reasonable€person.€€Ð¬ü ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àComment:Иè ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€The€form€of€invasion€of€privacy€covered€by€this€Section€does€notÐ pÀ Ðdepend€upon€any€publicity€given€to€the€person€whose€interest€isÐ \¬ Ðinvaded€or€to€his€affairs.€€It€consists€solely€of€an€intentionalÐ H˜ Ðinterference€with€his€interest€in€solitude€or€seclusion,€either€as€to€hisÐ 4„ Ðperson€or€as€to€his€private€affairs€or€concerns,€of€a€kind€that€would€beÐ  p Ðhighly€offensive€to€a€reasonable€man.Ð \` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àB.€€The€invasion€may€be€by€physical€intrusion€into€a€place€in€whichÐ ä4 Ðthe€plaintiff€has€secluded€himself,€as€when€the€defendant€forces€hisÐ Ð  Ðway€into€the€plaintiffððs€room€in€a€hotel€or€insists€over€the€plaintiffððsÐ ¼  Ðobjection€in€entering€his€home.€€It€may€also€be€by€the€use€of€theÐ ¨ø Ðdefendantððs€senses,€with€or€without€mechanical€aids,€to€oversee€orÐ ”ä Ðoverhear€the€plaintiffððs€private€affairs,€as€by€looking€into€his€upstairsÐ €Ð Ðwindows€with€binoculars€or€tapping€his€telephone€wires.€€It€may€beÐ l¼ Ðby€some€other€form€of€investigation€or€examination€into€his€privateÐ X ¨ Ðconcerns,€as€by€opening€his€private€and€personal€mail,€searching€hisÐ D!” Ðsafe€or€his€wallet,€examining€his€private€bank€account,€or€compellingÐ 0"€  Ðhim€by€a€forged€court€order€to€permit€an€inspection€of€his€personalÐ #l! Ðdocuments.€€The€intrusion€itself€makes€the€defendant€subject€toÐ $X" Ðliability,€even€though€there€is€no€publication€or€other€use€of€any€kindÐ ô$D # Ðof€the€photograph€or€information€outlined.Ðà%0!$` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àC.€€The€defendant€is€subject€to€liability€under€the€rule€stated€in€thisÐ ¸'#& ÐSection€only€when€he€has€intruded€into€a€private€place,€or€hasÐ ¤(ô#' Ðotherwise€invaded€a€private€seclusion€that€the€plaintiff€has€thrownÐ )à$( Ðabout€his€person€or€affairs.€€Thus€there€is€no€liability€for€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðexamination€of€a€public€record€concerning€the€plaintiff,€or€ofÐ h+¸&* Ðdocuments€that€the€plaintiff€is€required€to€keep€and€make€available€forÐ ° Ðpublic€inspection.€€Nor€is€there€liability€for€observing€him€or€evenÐ œì Ðtaking€his€photograph€while€he€is€walking€on€the€public€highway,Ð ˆØ Ðsince€he€is€not€then€in€seclusion,€and€his€appearance€is€public€andÐ tÄ Ðopen€to€the€public€eye.€€Even€in€a€public€place,€however,€there€mayÐ `° Ðbe€some€matters€about€the€plaintiff,€such€as€his€underwear€or€lack€ofÐ L œ Ðit,€that€are€not€exhibited€to€the€public€gaze;€and€there€may€still€beÐ 8 ˆ Ðinvasion€of€privacy€when€there€is€intrusion€upon€these€matters.€€Ð$ t` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àD.€€There€is€likewise€no€liability€unless€the€interference€with€theÐ ü L  Ðplaintiffððs€seclusion€is€a€substantial€one,€of€a€kind€that€would€beÐ è 8  Ðhighly€offensive€to€the€ordinary€reasonable€man,€as€the€result€ofÐ Ô$  Ðconduct€to€which€the€reasonable€man€would€strongly€object.€€ThusÐ À  Ðthere€is€no€liability€for€knocking€at€the€plaintiffððs€door,€or€calling€himÐ ¬ü  Ðto€the€telephone€on€one€occasion€or€even€two€or€three,€to€demandÐ ˜è  Ðpayment€of€a€debt.€€It€is€only€when€the€telephone€calls€are€repeatedÐ „Ô  Ðwith€such€persistence€and€frequency€as€to€amount€to€a€course€ofÐ pÀ Ðhounding€the€plaintiff,€that€becomes€a€substantial€burden€to€hisÐ \¬ Ðexistence,€that€his€privacy€is€invaded.€€ÐH˜` x` x ÐÌRestatement€(Second)€of€Torts€ðð€652€B€(1977).€€Ð  p ÐÌà  àPlaintiff€asks€this€Court,€ð ð[Ô_Ôs]inceÔ_Ô€it€is€unclear€if€the€common€law€of€invasion€of€privacy€tortÐ øH Ðhas€been€formerly€adopted€in€Tennessee,€the€Plaintiff€requests€a€determination€as€to€whether€the€tortÐ ä4 Ðis€recognized€by€Tennessee€courts.ðð€We€hold€that€Tennessee€has€adopted€the€common€law€tort€ofÐ Ð  Ðinvasion€of€privacy.€€Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àThe€Tennessee€Supreme€Court,€in€òòMartin€v.€Senators,€Inc.,€óó220€Tenn.€465,€418€S.W.2d€660Ð ”ä Ð(1967),€considered€the€issue€of€whether€invasion€of€privacy€was€an€actionable€tort€in€this€jurisdiction.€Ð €Ð ÐThe€òòMartinóó€Court€cited€òòÔ_ÔLangfordÔ_Ô€v.€Vanderbilt€University,€óó199€Tenn.€389,€401,€287€S.W.2d€32Ð l¼ Ð(1956),€in€which€our€Supreme€Court€ð ðassumedðð€the€existence€of€the€common€law€tort€of€invasionÐ X ¨ Ðof€privacy€and€held€that,€in€that€case,€it€had€been€waived.€€Applying€òòÔ_ÔLangfordÔ_Ô,óó€our€Supreme€CourtÐ D!” Ðin€òòMartinóó€also€assumed€the€existence€of€the€common€law€tort,€and€again€found€waiver.€€This€CourtÐ 0"€  Ðthen€considered€the€same€issue€in€òòAlley€v.€Cleveland,€óóNo.€03A01„9605„CV„00160,€1996€Tenn.€Ct.Ð #l! ÐApp.€WL€605157,€at€*1€(Oct.€23,€1996).€€In€that€case,€we€held€that,€while€the€Tennessee€SupremeÐ $X" ÐCourt€in€both€òòMartinóó€and€òòÔ_ÔLangfordÔ_Ôóó€had€ð ð.€.€.€ððassumedðð€the€action€existed€at€common€law,€the€casesÐ ô$D # Ðdid€not€ððassume€without€deciding€the€issue.ðð€ðð€€òòSee€also,€Ô_ÔTidmanÔ_Ô€v.€Salvation€Army,€óóNo.€01A01„Ð à%0!$ Ð9708„CV„00380,€1998€Tenn.€Ct.€App.€WL€391765,€at€*2€(July€15,€1998)€(ð ðAlthough€the€TennesseeÐ Ì&"% Ðcourts€earlier€recognized€the€tort€of€invasion€of€privacy,€òòMartin€v.€Senators,€Inc.,€óó220€Tenn.€465,€418Ð ¸'#& ÐS.W.2d€660€(Tenn.€1967),€this€court€more€recently€adopted€Sec.€652A€of€the€Restatement€(Second)Ð ¤(ô#' Ðof€Torts€as€the€basis€for€the€action.ðð);€òòParr€v.€Middle€Tennessee€State€University,€óóNo.€M1999„01442„Ð )à$( ÐÔ_ÔCOAÔ_Ô„R3„CV,€1999€Tenn€Ct.€App.€WL€1086451€at€*2,€(Dec.€3,€1999)€(ð ð.€.€.€Tennessee€courts€doÐ |*Ì%) Ðrecognize€a€cause€of€action€for€invasion€of€oneððs€privacy€by€another€citizen.ðð)Ð h+¸&* Їà  àHaving€determined€that€Tennessee€recognizes€the€tort€of€invasion€of€privacy,€we€next€addressÐ ° Ðthe€issue€of€whether€there€are€genuine€issues€of€material€fact€requiring€a€trial€on€the€issue€of€whetherÐ œì ÐDefendants€are€liable€to€Plaintiff€for€invasion€of€privacy.€€Plaintiff€argues:Ð ˆØ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà0¸ ` x` xàDefendant€ð ðÔ_ÔMicrotelÔ_Ôðð€intentionally,€through€the€actions€of€itsÐ `° Ðcheck„in€clerk,€Defendant€Carmen€Allen,€undertook€andÐ L œ Ðconducted€an€investigation€into€the€private€affairs€of€theÐ 8 ˆ ÐPlaintiff,€which€resulted€in€the€Plaintiff€being€handcuffed,Ð $ t Ðarrested€and€imprisoned.Ð `¸ x¸ x Ðà@uu$ìà*€€€*€€€*€€€ˆÐ ü L  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà0¸ ` x` xàAlthough€the€Plaintiff€willingly€provided€ð ðÔ_ÔMicrotelÔ_Ôðð€allÐ è 8  Ðinformation€requested€by€Defendant€Carmen€Allen,€theÐ Ô$  ÐPlaintiff€did€not€use€profanity,€and€the€Plaintiff€did€notÐ À  Ðphysically€or€verbally€threaten€anyone€when€he€checked€in€atÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€hotel.€€Ð˜è ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà0¸ ` x` xàDefendant€Carmen€Allen€telephoned€the€Kingsport€PoliceÐ pÀ ÐDepartment€approximately€one€(1)€hour€after€the€PlaintiffÐ \¬ Ðchecked€in€and€agreed€with€the€dispatcher€it€would€be€ð ðneatððÐ H˜ Ðto€find€something€on€the€Plaintiff€so€she€could€tell€theÐ 4„ ÐPlaintiff€€ð ðyouððll€learn€to€make€smart€ass€remarks€to€me.ððÐ p¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà0¸ ` x` xàAs€a€result€of€Defendant€Carmen€Allen€telephoning€theÐ øH Ðpolice,€the€Plaintiff€was€arrested,€handcuffed€and€imprisonedÐ ä4 Ðfor€approximately€two€(2)€hours€at€the€Kingsport€PoliceÐ Ð  ÐDepartment.м ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà0¸ ` x` xàGenuine€issues€of€material€fact€exist€as€to€whether€theÐ ”ä Ðð ðÔ_ÔMicrotelÔ_Ôðð€check„in€clerkððs€conduct€was€reasonable,€when€theÐ €Ð ÐPlaintiff€checked€in€at€the€hotel.€€Therefore,€summaryÐ l¼ Ðjudgment€is€inappropriate.ÐX ¨¸ x¸ x ÐÌà  àThis€Court€recently€addressed€a€similar€factual€situation€in€òòMays€v.€Fredððs,€Inc.,€óóNo.€W1999„Ð 0"€  Ð02189„Ô_ÔCOAÔ_Ô„R3„CV,€2000€Tenn.€Ct.€App.€WL€53082,€Jan.€10,€2000.€€In€that€case,€Mays€sued€Fredððs,Ð #l! ÐInc.,€after€Mays€visited€Fredððs€store€to€purchase€a€flashlight€and€was€detained€by€the€store€securityÐ $X" Ðguard,€who€suspected€that€Mays€had€shoplifted.€€The€security€guard€detained€Mays€for€thirty€minutesÐ ô$D # Ðwhile€he€called€the€police,€who€then€escorted€Mays€to€a€private€room€in€the€back€of€the€store,Ð à%0!$ Ðrequired€her€to€fully€undress,€and€searched€her€for€stolen€merchandise.€€None€was€found,€and€it€wasÐ Ì&"% Ðlater€determined€that€a€theft€sensor€tag€had€stuck€to€the€bottom€of€Maysðð€shoe.€€Mays€brought€suitÐ ¸'#& Ðfor€false€imprisonment,€outrageous€conduct,€intentional€infliction€of€emotional€distress€and€invasionÐ ¤(ô#' Ðof€privacy.€€Fredððs€argued€that€the€summary€judgment€in€its€favor€was€proper€because€the€store€wasÐ )à$( Ðnot€legally€responsible€for€the€two€hour€detention€that€culminated€in€Plaintiffððs€being€strip„searched.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐFredððs€had€detained€Mays€for€thirty€minutes,€and€officers€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department,€ratherÐ h+¸&* Ðthan€Fredððs€employees,€were€responsible€for€holding€Mays€for€the€remainder€of€the€time,€and€forÐ ° Ðconducting€the€strip„search.€€In€short,€Fredððs€argued€that€even€if€reasonable€minds€could€differ€as€toÐ œì Ðwhether€the€detention€and€strip„search€of€Mays€was€reasonable,€Fredððs€still€was€not€liable€becauseÐ ˆØ Ðits€employees€did€not€cause€the€detention€or€the€strip„search.€€Mays,€on€the€other€hand,€asserted€thatÐ tÄ Ðthe€detention,€although€conducted€by€the€police€officers,€was€done€at€the€insistence€of€Fredððs€storeÐ `° Ðmanager.€€The€trial€court€granted€Fredððs€motion€for€summary€judgment.€We€affirmed,€holding€thatÐ L œ ÐFredððs€in€that€case€could€not€be€held€liable€for€the€two€hour€detention€and€strip„search€of€Mays:Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà0¸ ` x` xàWhile€one€cannot€help€but€sympathize€with€Ms.€Mays,€takingÐ  ` Ðher€deposition€testimony€as€true€and€casting€all€inferences€inÐ ü L  Ðher€favor€leads€us€to€the€conclusion€that€summary€judgmentÐ è 8  Ðwas€properly€granted€in€favor€of€Fredððs.€€At€the€most,€FredððsÐ Ô$  Ðstore€manager€provided€information€to€the€police€officerÐ À  Ðwhich€led€the€police€to€conduct€the€strip€search.€€However,€asÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€Appellee€points€out,€merely€providing€information€to€aÐ ˜è  Ðpolice€officer€will€not€render€that€person€liable.€€òòÔ_ÔHertzkaÔ_Ô€v.Ð „Ô  ÐEllison,€óó8€Tenn.€App.€667€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1928).€€Simply€put,Ð pÀ Ðeven€if€it€were€determined€that€the€detention€and€strip„searchÐ \¬ Ðwere€unreasonable,€there€is€no€factual€basis€upon€which€toÐ H˜ Ðconclude€that€Fredððs€is€responsible.Ð4„¸ x¸ x ÐÌòòMays€v.€Ô_ÔFredsÔ_Ô,€Inc.,€óóNo.€W1999„02189„Ô_ÔCOAÔ_Ô„R3„CV,€2000€Tenn.€Ct.€App.€WL€53082€at€*3,€Jan.Ð  \ Ð10,€2000.Ð øH Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àòòóóÔ_ÔMicrotelÔ_Ôððs€employee,€Ms.€Allen,€copied€Plaintiffððs€driver€license,€telephoned€the€police,Ð Ð  Ðprovided€the€information€on€the€license€to€the€police,€and€advised€them€of€her€concerns€aboutÐ ¼  ÐPlaintiffððs€acting€strange.€€At€oral€argument€before€this€Court,€although€not€in€his€appellate€brief,Ð ¨ø ÐPlaintiff€conceded€that,€if€Defendants€had€merely€telephoned€the€police€without€first€copyingÐ ”ä ÐPlaintiffððs€driversðð€license,€Plaintiff€would€not€have€a€cause€of€action€for€invasion€of€privacy.€Ð €Ð ÐPlaintiff€argues€that€the€invasion€of€privacy€which€led€to€the€allegedly€unreasonable€action€of€theÐ l¼ Ðpolice€department€was€Ms.€Allenððs€act€of€copying€his€driver€license.€€However,€the€Restatement€2dÐ X ¨ Ðof€Torts€comment€explains:Ð D!” ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàC.€€The€defendant€is€subject€to€liability€under€the€ruleÐ #l! Ðstated€in€this€Section€only€when€he€has€intruded€intoÐ $X" Ða€private€place,€or€has€otherwise€invaded€a€privateÐ ô$D # Ðseclusion€that€the€plaintiff€has€thrown€about€hisÐ à%0!$ Ðperson€or€affairs.€€Thus€there€is€no€liability€for€theÐ Ì&"% Ðexamination€of€a€public€record€concerning€theÐ ¸'#& Ðplaintiff,€or€of€documents€that€the€plaintiff€is€requiredÐ ¤(ô#' Ðto€keep€and€make€available€for€public€inspection.€Ð)à$(¸ ¸  ЀÌRestatement€(Second)€of€Torts€ðð€652€B€(1977).€€Ð h+¸&* Їà  àPlaintiff€is€required€to€carry€a€driver€license€while€driving,€as€are€all€drivers.€Driver€licensesÐ ° Ðare€routinely€made€available€for€public€inspection,€for€example,€when€cashing€a€check€or€writing€aÐ œì Ðcheck€for€purchases€or€when€paying€cash€at€Ô_ÔMicrotelÔ_Ôððs€hotel.€€Plaintiff€does€not€contend€that€he€keepsÐ ˆØ Ðhis€driver€license€private€in€such€instances.€€In€fact,€Plaintiff€testified€that€he€willingly€provided€hisÐ tÄ Ðdriver€license€to€Ms.€Allen.€€It€apparently€is€the€copying€of€his€license,€which€contained€his€socialÐ `° Ðsecurity€number,€and€providing€that€information€to€the€police€which€Plaintiff€finds€offensive.€€HavingÐ L œ Ðð ðwillinglyðð€furnished€his€driver€license€to€Ms.€Allen,€Plaintiff€cannot€now€claim€Defendants€ð ð.€.€.Ð 8 ˆ Ðinvaded€a€private€seclusion€that€the€[Ô_ÔP]laintiffÔ_Ô€has€thrown€about€his€person€or€affairs.ðð€€We€note€thatÐ $ t ÐPlaintiffððs€social€security€number€played€no€part€in€his€arrest€as€the€factual€information€resulting€inÐ  ` ÐPlaintiffððs€arrest€after€questioning€by€the€police€was€his€birth€date,€his€name,€his€physical€appearance,Ð ü L  Ðand€the€fact€that€he€had€lived€in€Florida.€€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àWhile€there€are€disputes€of€fact€in€this€record,€such€as€whether€Plaintiff€was€ð ðjokingðð€orÐ À  Ðacting€ð ðstrangeðð€when€he€checked€into€the€hotel,€those€disputed€facts€are€not€material€to€PlaintiffððsÐ ¬ü  Ðcause€of€action€for€invasion€of€privacy.€€Ms.€Allen€furnished€the€police€information€willinglyÐ ˜è  Ðprovided€by€Plaintiff€to€her.€€As€held€by€this€Court€in€òòMaysóó,€ð ð.€.€.€merely€providing€information€toÐ „Ô  Ða€police€officer€will€not€render€that€person€liable.ðð€€òòMaysóó€at€*5.€€Plaintiff€ð ðwillinglyðð€provided€theÐ pÀ Ðinformation€to€Ms.€Allen€and€Ms.€Allen€conveyed€that€information€to€the€police.€€Everything€thatÐ \¬ Ðhappened€from€that€point€forward€was€done€by€the€police€and€not€Defendants.€€In€short,€whileÐ H˜ ÐTennessee€does€recognize€the€tort€of€invasion€of€privacy,€the€Trial€Court€properly€held€that€there€isÐ 4„ Ðno€genuine€issue€as€to€any€material€fact€and€that€the€Defendants€are€entitled€to€a€judgment€as€a€matterÐ  p Ðof€law€on€Plaintiffððs€claim€of€invasion€of€privacy.€€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àPlaintiff€also€raised€the€issue€in€his€appellate€brief€that€there€were€genuine€issues€of€materialÐ ä4 Ðfact€as€to€whether€Defendants€were€liable€for€the€tort€of€false€imprisonment.€€Ms.€Allen€testified€that,Ð Ð  Ðwhen€she€telephoned€the€police,€she€did€not€know€that€Plaintiff€would€be€arrested€and€did€not€intendÐ ¼  Ðfor€him€to€be€arrested.€€She€did€not€know€that€a€person€with€a€Ô_ÔsimiliarÔ_Ô€name€with€the€same€birth€dateÐ ¨ø Ðwas€wanted€in€Florida.€€When€Plaintiff€returned€to€the€hotel€after€being€taken€to€the€police€stationÐ ”ä Ðand€questioned,€Ms.€Allen€telephoned€his€room€and€apologized€for€the€inconvenience.€€She€wasÐ €Ð Ðupset€because€he€had€been€arrested.€€Her€testimony€on€these€points€is€undisputed.€€The€elements€ofÐ l¼ Ðthe€tort€of€false€imprisonment€are€(1)€the€detention€or€restraint€of€one€against€his€will€and€(2)€theÐ X ¨ Ðunlawfulness€of€such€detention€or€restraint.€€òòNewsom€v.€Ô_ÔThalhimerÔ_Ô€Bros.,€Inc.,€óó901€S.W.2d€365,€367Ð D!” Ð(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1994).€€Defendant€did€not€detain€or€restrain€Plaintiff.€€Citing€once€again€to€thisÐ 0"€  ÐCourtððs€Opinion€in€òòMaysóó,€ð ð.€.€.€merely€providing€information€to€a€police€officer€will€not€render€thatÐ #l! Ðperson€liable.ðð€€òòMaysóó€at€*5.€€This€issue€is€without€merit,€and€the€decision€of€the€Trial€Court€isÐ $X" Ðaffirmed.Ð ô$D # ÐÌÌà@  %ìàò òòòConclusionˆÐ ¸'#& Ðó óóóÔ‡Xh-XXXh-ÔÌà  àThe€judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€is€affirmed.€€This€cause€is€remanded€to€the€Trial€Court€forÐ )à$( Ðsuch€further€proceedings€as€may€be€required,€if€any,Ô#†Xh-XXXh-rŒ#ÔÔ‡Xh-XXXh-Ô€consistent€with€this€Opinion,€and€for€collectionÐ |*Ì%) Ðof€the€costs€below.€€Costs€on€appeal€are€assessed€against€the€Appellant,€David€Roberts€and€his€surety.Ô#†Xh-XXXh-e#ÔÐ h+¸&* ЇÌÌÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à__________________________________________Ð L œ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àD.€MICHAEL€Ô_ÔSWINEYÔ_Ô,€JUDGEà x àà Ð àÐ 8 ˆ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  à