ÿWPCL =z: Xì¨lºÍ4d‹V`R’©%|ñ…=WÿmêMX™¢qøR¾‡ˆ½Ðhf€º9ø|tµl[ÚPo^Úm×#¿4¨ŸÍÚ‰„>zo™>KîzÃk†8.E-æ6Ë„¾Žü=é_)•sÕLž(8Žl³~³Ô¹`e¡ú+âA»`U`=øtý\‰–{éÉó‰ÿÔýŽH=’„îyÛçÿVÒr¤5A¹¸j6?T\Þ4ZG½¹ƒsW«ye¿¦ô°Åù{8)Š/aP·ÞMx>ˆ™ÄØøß ™½èµ¨B,qÃúŒN:lGÖÊÞH`v¿Õ§JüÉå?zÇ;&œ9®Àp– mûSèfÀ®=Õ/- MK‰;¤{ô_4“½¼½p­ü{‹bÍ/wÜ,Lp~°!XM6(-„Ú7Â<—µ[+%cL ÂÛWtøšÊéP)ÇëÝß1d^Â^J¾›:à^¦r£Ñ þ4ÿdlÐÀyš„1•h´crj˜hµ{Ý‹vUçe47%eÞËÖÀAÔyüCúîr»µŠÉž\÷®A œÌ7 º/Á>ª<’¶DKÉjõ¢ÄÒ…÷ߦè:–ýå'^žl‹±A’™´y|_OœÇ}Gú¦²çPâ=²b#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ U N· w 4 z Ò— i x mz 0D‘ ÆÕ Æ› Æa Æ' 0cíNPUNR 1‡ E'Ã)*ìU>ëT[? 1uš 72bAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 0ëIIII B44 0¤Q D3õ D-( 0KUU AS Æó 0¤¹ 0D] A«¡˜HP LaserJet 4 Plus,ð,,,,,ð0»½f-s (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regularä]ö,bk1Tr§ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(EhCEKQW]cioAutoList2I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I. ¹Ý ƒRú|$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôÍDò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€aggravated€assault€charge€was€later€amended€to€assault. Ý ƒRú|$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôÍDò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMr.€Roberts€was€initially€charged€with€assault,€however,€the€juvenile€court€later€found€him€guilty€of€the€lesserÐ ° Ðcharge€of€disorderly€conduct.ô\  `‹&Times New Roman áÝ ƒRú|$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôÍDò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔSection€39„11„611(e)€of€the€Tennessee€Code€provides€a€limited€right€of€self€defense€to€an€arrest.€€ QÝ ƒRú|$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôÍDò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔJudge€Peeler€stated€that€he€did€not€hold€Mr.€Roberts€in€contempt€because€ð ðwe€had€much€more€serious€chargesððÐ ° Ðand€because€ð ð[t]here€wasnððt€any€reason€to€heap€coals€on€the€fire.ðð€€3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)- ù-(|G2ú|$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€¿¼»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôÍDò»»Ô d(|3'$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€¿¼»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3'$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€¿¼»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€¿¼»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼¿¼»»»ÔÑ8€º;XXdð»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@ü ü ìàÔ‡îðo¿¼ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼¿¼»îîðo #ԈРÜ, ÐÓ  ÓJune€3,€2002€SessionÐ X ÐÔ‡Xº;X»¼¿¼ÔÌò òÔ#†¼¿¼»XXº;ï#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€òòóóv.€Ô_ÔKRISTOPHERÔ_Ô€ROBERTSòòóóÔ‡Xº;X»¼¿¼Ôó óÐ  ` ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Juvenile€Court€for€Ô_ÔTiptonÔ_Ô€CountyÐ  h Ðà@@øøìàNo.€5401€€€€€€Joseph€H.€Walker,€JudgeÐ  X ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<×` AßÐ Ø(  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2001„01702„Ô_ÔCOAÔ_Ô„R3„JV€„€Filed€August€6,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ×'  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<¶` AßÐ ·  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡Xm XXXº;ÔThis€case€involves€a€juvenileððs€appeal€from€an€adjudication€of€delinquency.€€The€jury€found€that€theÐ ¶ Ðjuvenile€was€guilty€of€disorderly€conduct€as€a€result€of€his€actions€at€the€Ô_ÔTiptonÔ_Ô€County€School€BoardÐ ¢ò Ðbuilding.€€The€jury€also€found€the€juvenile€guilty€of€assault€and€resisting€arrest€due€to€his€actions€inÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€Juvenile€Court€of€Ô_ÔTiptonÔ_Ô€County.€€We€affirm€the€juryððs€verdict.€€€€€€€Ð zÊ ÐÌò òÔ#†Xº;XXXm ÷#ÔÔ#†¼¿¼»XXº;‰#ÔÔ‡Xº;X»¼¿¼ÔÓëÓTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Juvenile€Court€Affirmed;€andÐ R¢ ÐRemandedó óÐ B’ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼¿¼»àXº;v#ÔÔ‡Xº;X.¼¿¼ÔDavid€R.€Farmer,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòW.€Frank€Crawford,€P.J.,€€óóandòòÐ "r ÐAlan€E.€Highers,€€J.óó,€joined.Ð b ÐÌC.€Michael€Robbins,€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Ô_ÔKristopherÔ_Ô€Roberts.Ð òB ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter€and€Mark€E.€Davidson,€Assistant€AttorneyÐ Ò" ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð Â ÐÌÓ1Óò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼¿¼»XXº;`#ÔÔ‡Xº;X»¼¿¼ÔÐ ¢!ò  ÐÌÔ#†¼¿¼»XXº;© #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xº;X»¼¿¼ÔÔ‡Xm XXXº;Ôò òó óà  àÔ_ÔKristopherÔ_Ô€Roberts€was€a€student€in€the€Ô_ÔTiptonÔ_Ô€County€Alternative€School.€€Mr.€Roberts€andÐ ‚#Ò" Ðhis€mother,€Judy€Sexton,€were€concerned€about€some€of€his€school€credits.€€As€a€result,€Mr.€RobertsÐ n$¾# Ðand€Ms.€Sexton€went€to€the€Ô_ÔTiptonÔ_Ô€County€School€Board€building€to€meet€with€Russell€Lindsey,€theÐ Z%ª $ Ðsupervisor€of€the€alternative€school.€€This€meeting€was€unscheduled,€causing€Mr.€Roberts€and€hisÐ F&–!% Ðmother€to€wait€about€forty„five€minutes€to€see€Mr.€Lindsey.€€Ð 2'‚"& ÐÌà  àWhen€Mr.€Roberts€and€Ms.€Sexton€met€with€Mr.€Lindsey,€the€atmosphere€was€tense.€€Mr.Ð  )Z$( ÐLindsey€determined€that€he€could€not€provide€Mr.€Roberts€and€Ms.€Sexton€the€information€theyÐ ö)F%) Ðsought,€because€he€did€not€deal€with€curriculum€matters.€€Consequently,€Mr.€Lindsey€directed€Mr.Ð â*2&* ÐRoberts€and€Ms.€Sexton€to€Morris€Jones,€the€administrator€in€charge€of€curriculum€matters.€€Ð Î+'+ Ðâ âÐ º, (,ýC Ðà  àFrom€that€point,€the€conversation€escalated€into€a€more€heated€discussion.€€Mr.€Roberts€andÐ ° Ðâ âMs.€Sexton€decided€to€leave,€and€Mr.€Roberts€said€to€Mr.€Lindsey,€ð ðIððll€take€care€of€you.ðð€€Mr.Ð œì ÐLindsey€asked€what€he€meant,€and€Mr.€Roberts€replied,€ð ðYou€interpret€it€anyway€you€want€to€takeÐ ˆØ Ðit.ðð€€Mr.€Lindsey€interpreted€the€statement€as€a€threat€and€told€his€assistant€to€call€911.€€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àMr.€Roberts€and€his€mother€then€proceeded€to€leave€the€building.€€As€he€was€leaving,€Mr.Ð L œ ÐRoberts€told€Mr.€Lindsey€to€ð ðcome€on€outside.ðð€€While€Mr.€Roberts€was€outside€the€building,€heÐ 8 ˆ Ðmade€physical€gestures€which€Mr.€Lindsey€interpreted€ð ðas€an€invitation€to€come€outside.ðð€€Mr.Ð $ t ÐLindsey€remained€inside€the€building.€€Thereafter,€the€police€arrived,€and€Mr.€Roberts€left€theÐ  ` Ðproperty.€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àAs€a€result€of€this€incident,€Mr.€Lindsey€signed€a€petition€charging€Mr.€Roberts€with€assault.€Ð Ô$  ÐMr.€Roberts€appeared€before€the€Ô_ÔTiptonÔ_Ô€County€Juvenile€Court€on€February€8,€2001€to€answer€to€thisÐ À  Ðcharge.€€In€disposing€of€the€case,€the€court€had€to€determine€if€Mr.€Roberts€was€in€compliance€withÐ ¬ü  Ðhis€school€program.€€The€court€found€that€Mr.€Roberts€was€not€in€compliance€with€the€program,€soÐ ˜è  Ðthe€court€continued€the€case€for€thirty€days.€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àWhile€speaking€to€Mr.€Roberts,€Judge€Peeler,€the€trial€judge,€noted€that€Mr.€Roberts€wasÐ \¬ Ðð ðclutching€his€fistðð€and€ð ðgritting€his€teeth,ðð€leading€the€court€to€conclude€that€he€was€ð ðvery€angry.ðð€Ð H˜ ÐMr.€Roberts€also€made€physical€gestures€that€the€judge€interpreted€as€ð ðhow€dare€you€or€what€anÐ 4„ Ðidiot.ðð€€The€judge€felt€that€this€reaction€was€inappropriate€and€contentious.€€Ð  p ÐÌà  àIn€order€to€ð ðget€his€attention,ðð€Judge€Peeler€told€Mr.€Roberts€to€have€a€seat€in€an€area€ofÐ øH Ðbenches€inside€the€courtroom.€€Mr.€Roberts€walked€in€the€direction€of€the€benches,€but€he€held€hisÐ ä4 Ðarms€out€and€made€facial€gestures.€€Mr.€Roberts€arrived€at€the€benches,€but€failed€to€sit€down.€€AnÐ Ð  Ðofficer€asked€Mr.€Roberts€to€sit,€and€when€he€did€not€comply,€the€judge€ordered€the€officer€to€takeÐ ¼  ÐMr.€Roberts€out€of€the€court€room€and€into€a€holding€cell.€€The€officer€took€Mr.€Robertsððs€arm,€andÐ ¨ø ÐMr.€Roberts€reacted€violently.€€Mr.€Roberts€struck€the€officer,€causing€four€other€officers€to€respond.€Ð ”ä ÐAn€officer€was€injured€in€the€ensuing€scuffle,€but€the€five€officers€were€finally€able€to€subdue€Mr.Ð €Ð ÐRoberts.€€Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àAfter€this€hearing,€Mr.€Roberts€was€charged€with€three€additional€petitions.€€These€wereÐ D!” Ðcharges€of€aggravated€assault,€resisting€arrest,€and€unruly€behavior.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Following€a€mental€healthÐ 0"€  Ðevaluation€of€Mr.€Roberts,€the€juvenile€court€found€him€to€be€a€delinquent€child.€€The€court€enteredÐ #l! Ðguilty€verdicts€on€the€charges€of€disorderly€conduct,€assault,€and€resisting€arrest.€€The€court€dismissedÐ $X" Ðthe€unruly€behavior€petition.€€Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àMr.€Roberts€appealed€the€verdict€to€the€Ô_ÔTiptonÔ_Ô€County€Circuit€Court.€€A€jury€found€Mr.Ð Ì&"% ÐRoberts€guilty€of€the€charges€of€disorderly€conduct,€assault,€and€resisting€arrest.€€Mr.€Roberts€appealsÐ ¸'#& Ðthis€decision.€€The€issues,€as€stated€by€Mr.€Roberts,€are€as€follows:Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÐ )à$( ÐÓ€ (Eh83ÓØ! !Øà8  àI.€€à0` Ð Ð àIs€the€evidence€sufficient€to€support€the€adjudication€of€delinquency€basedÐ ° Ðupon€the€offense€of€disorderly€conduct?Мì` Ð ` Ð  Ðà  àÌà8  àÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£Ü ÝÔ2EhÔÚ  ÚIIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  ÝDid€the€trial€court€err€in€its€order€overruling€the€motion€for€judgment€ofÐ tÄ Ðacquittal€by€punishing€the€respondent€for€his€exercise€of€protectedÐ `° Ðconstitutional€rights?à h àà À àò òà0` Ð ` Ð àó ó݃3£Ü !ÝŒÐL œÐ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà8  àIII.à0` Ð Ð àDid€the€trial€court€err€by€refusing€to€grant€the€respondentððs€request€for€aÐ $ t Ðcautionary€instruction€to€the€jury€to€disregard€objectionable€remarksÐ  ` Ðvolunteered€by€Judge€Peeler€during€his€direct€examination?Ðü L ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà  àIn€his€first€issue,€Mr.€Roberts€contends€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€aÐ Ô$  Ðconviction€on€the€charge€of€disorderly€conduct.€€The€disorderly€conduct€charge€and€subsequentÐ À  Ðconviction€stemmed€from€the€incident€at€the€Ô_ÔTiptonÔ_Ô€County€School€Board€involving€Mr.€Lindsey.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р¬ü  ÐAt€trial,€the€State€alleged€that€Mr.€Roberts€engaged€in€threatening€behavior€in€violation€of€sectionÐ ˜è  Ð39„17„305(a)(1)€of€the€Tennessee€Code.€€Pursuant€to€this€section,€ð ð[a]€person€commits€an€offenseÐ „Ô  Ðwho,€in€a€public€place€and€with€intent€to€cause€public€annoyance€or€alarm:€€(1)€Engages€in€fightingÐ pÀ Ðor€in€violent€or€threatening€behavior.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„305(a)(1)€(1997).€€Mr.€RobertsÐ \¬ Ðasserts€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€this€charge.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àÔ#†Xº;XXXm , #ÔÔ‡Xm XXXº;ÔWhen€a€defendant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€an€appellate€court's€standardÐ  p Ðof€review€is€whether,€after€considering€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€anyÐ  \ Ðrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€Ð øH Ðò òòòJackson€v.€Virginiaóóó ó,€443€U.S.€307,€324,€61€L.€Ed.€2d€560,€99€S.€Ct.€2781€(1979);€ò òòòState€v.€Duncanóóó ó,Ð ä4 Ð698€S.W.2d€63,€67€(Tenn.€1985);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€In€determining€the€sufficiency€of€theÐ Ð  Ðevidence,€this€Court€should€not€re-weigh€or€re-evaluate€the€evidence.€€òòò òState€v.€Matthewsó óóó,€805Ð ¼  ÐS.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1990).€€Nor€may€this€Court€substitute€its€inferences€for€thoseÐ ¨ø Ðdrawn€by€the€trier€of€fact€from€the€evidence.€ò òòò€State€v.€Ô_ÔBuggsÔ_Ôóóó ó,€995€S.W.2d€102,€105€(Tenn.€1999);Ð ”ä Ðòòò òÔ_ÔLiakasÔ_Ô€v.€Stateó óóó,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(Tenn.€1956).€Questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€theÐ €Ð Ðwitnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidenceÐ l¼ Ðare€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€ò òòòÔ_ÔLiakasÔ_Ôóóó ó,€286€S.W.2d€at€859.€€This€Court€must€afford€the€prevailingÐ X ¨ Ðparty€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€contained€in€the€record,€as€well€as€all€reasonableÐ D!” Ðinferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€ò òòò€State€v.€Evansóóó ó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.Ð 0"€  Ð1992).€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilt€against€a€defendant€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€andÐ #l! Ðraises€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€convicted€criminal€defendant€bears€the€burden€of€showing€that€theÐ $X" Ðevidence€was€legally€insufficient€to€sustain€a€guilty€verdict.€€ò òòòId.óóó ó€Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àòòò òó óóóÔ#†Xº;XXXm &(#ÔÔ‡Xm XXXº;ÔMere€verbal€epithets,€unless€the€epithets€can€be€considered€ð ðfighting€words,ðð€cannot€byÐ Ì&"% Ðthemselves€support€a€conviction€under€Tennesseeððs€disorderly€conduct€statute.€òòò ò€State€v.€Ô_ÔCreasyÔ_Ôó óóó,€885Ð ¸'#& ÐS.W.2d€829,€831€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1994)Ô#†Xº;XXXm ¡0#ÔÔ‡Xm XXXº;Ôòòò òó óóó.€€ð ðFighting€wordsðð€are€ð ðthose€which€by€their€veryÐ ¤(ô#' Ðutterance€inflict€injury€or€tend€to€incite€an€immediate€breach€of€the€peace.ðð€€ò òòòId.€€óóó ó(quoting€òòò òÔ_ÔChaplinskyÔ_ÔÐ ° Ðv.€New€Hampshireó óóó,€315€U.S.€568,€572€(1942);€òòò òÔ_ÔGarveyÔ_Ô€v.€Stateó óóó,€537€S.W.2d€709,€710€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_ÔÐ œì ÐApp.€1975)).€€Verbal€epithets€accompanied€by€some€physically€threatening€behavior,€however,€willÐ ˆØ Ðsupport€a€conviction€under€our€disorderly€conduct€statute.€€òòò òId.€ó óóóat€831„32.€€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àA€direct€threat€of€harm€will€also€support€a€conviction€under€our€statute.€€òòò òState€v.€Ô_ÔMilsapsÔ_Ôó óóó,€No.Ð L œ Ð03C01„9409„CR„00313,€1996€Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€LEXIS€419,€at€*4€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€July€17,€1996)Ð 8 ˆ Ð(òòò òno€perm.€app.€filedóóó ó).€€This€is€in€contrast€to€insulting€or€obscene€words€that€do€not€rise€to€the€levelÐ $ t Ðof€ð ðfighting€words.ðð€€A€direct€threat€of€harm€is€more€than€an€insult,€it€is€ð ðthreatening€behaviorðð€asÐ  ` Ðcontemplated€by€our€statute.€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€Mr.€Roberts€made€statements€to€Mr.€Lindsey€that,€when€viewed€in€the€light€mostÐ Ô$  Ðfavorable€to€the€State,€could€have€been€found€to€be€threatening€behavior€by€a€rational€trier€of€factÐ À  Ðbeyond€reasonable€doubt.€€Mr.€Robertsððs€statements€were€not€mere€epithets€or€insults;€they€wereÐ ¬ü  Ðthreatening€in€nature€and€support€a€finding€of€threatening€behavior.€€Further,€Mr.€Lindseyððs€testimonyÐ ˜è  Ðsupports€this€finding.€€Mr.€Lindsey€stated€that€he€ð ðfelt€apprehensiveðð€and€took€Mr.€RobertsððsÐ „Ô  Ðstatements€as€threats.€€Mr.€Lindseyððs€perception€of€the€matter€was€further€illustrated€by€his€decisionÐ pÀ Ðto€direct€his€assistant€to€place€an€emergency€call€to€the€police.€€Finally,€Mr.€Roberts€made€threateningÐ \¬ Ðgestures€to€Mr.€Lindsey€soon€after€he€challenged€Mr.€Lindsey€to€ð ðcome€on€outside.ðð€€Accordingly,Ð H˜ Ðwe€affirm€the€juryððs€verdict€on€the€disorderly€conduct€charge.€€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àMr.€Robertsððs€next€issue€regards€the€incident€that€occurred€in€the€Ô_ÔTiptonÔ_Ô€County€JuvenileÐ  \ ÐCourt.€€As€a€result€of€Mr.€Robertsððs€altercation€with€the€five€officers,€the€jury€convicted€him€ofÐ øH Ðassault€and€resisting€arrest.€€Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àOn€appeal,€Mr.€Roberts€contends€that€his€actions€before€the€court€were€protected€speech,€Ð ¼  Ðguaranteed€by€the€First€Amendment€of€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€Section€19€ofÐ ¨ø Ðthe€Tennessee€Constitution.€€Mr.€Roberts€also€contends€that€the€court€violated€his€right€to€be€freeÐ ”ä Ðfrom€an€unreasonable€seizure.€€In€short,€Mr.€Roberts€maintains€that€Judge€Peeler€had€no€basis€toÐ €Ð Ðorder€him€to€sit€in€the€area€of€benches€and€further,€had€no€reason€to€instruct€the€officer€to€take€himÐ l¼ Ðto€a€holding€cell.€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àMr.€Roberts€argues€that€the€courtððs€actions€were€arbitrary€and€oppressive.€€It€follows,Ð 0"€  Ðaccording€to€Mr.€Roberts,€that€he€had€the€right€to€resist€the€courtððs€arbitrary€and€oppressive€actions.€Ð #l! ÐIn€support€of€his€argument,€Mr.€Roberts€cites€Article€I,€Section€2€of€the€Tennessee€ConstitutionÐ $X" Ðwhich€condemns€the€doctrine€of€nonresistance€by€stating€as€follows:€ð ðThat€government€beingÐ ô$D # Ðinstituted€for€the€common€benefit,€the€doctrine€of€non„resistance€against€arbitrary€power€andÐ à%0!$ Ðoppression€is€absurd,€slavish,€and€destructive€of€the€good€and€happiness€of€mankind.ððÐ Ì&"% ÐÌà  àAs€Mr.€Roberts€contends€that€the€Tennessee€Constitution€protects€his€actions,€he€argues€thatÐ ¤(ô#' Ðsection€39„16„602(b)€is€unconstitutional,€because€it€abolishes€his€right€to€resist€an€unlawful€arrest.€Ð )à$( ÐSection€39„16„602€of€the€Tennessee€Code€states€as€follows:Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà8  à(a)€It€is€an€offense€for€a€person€to€intentionally€prevent€or€obstruct€anyone€known€toÐ ° Ðthe€person€to€be€a€law€enforcement€officer,€or€anyone€acting€in€a€law€enforcementÐ œì Ðofficerððs€presence€and€at€such€officerððs€direction,€from€effecting€a€stop,€frisk,€halt,Ð ˆØ Ðarrest€or€search€of€any€person,€including€the€defendant,€by€using€force€against€the€lawÐ tÄ Ðenforcement€officer€or€another.Ð`°Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(b)€Except€as€provided€in€ðð€39„11„611,€it€is€no€defense€to€prosecution€underÐ L œ Ðthis€section€that€the€stop,€frisk,€halt,€arrest€or€search€was€unlawful.€.€.€.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð8 ˆÐ Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„602€(Supp.€2001).Ð  ` ÐÔ#†Xº;XXXm C2#ÔÔ‡Xm XXXº;ÔÌà  àThe€trial€court€is€vested€with€ð ða€deep€responsibility€for€the€orderly€and€dignified€conduct€ofÐ è 8  Ðcourtroom€proceedings.ðð€€òòò òState€v.€Landó óóó,€34€S.W.3d€516,€528€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€2000).€€To€this€end,Ð Ô$  Ðthe€Tennessee€Code€states€that€ð ð[Ô_Ôe]veryÔ_Ô€court€has€the€power€to€.€.€.€[Ô_Ôe]nforceÔ_Ô€order€in€its€immediateÐ À  Ðpresence,€or€as€near€thereto€as€is€necessary€to€prevent€interruption,€disturbance,€or€hindrance€to€itsÐ ¬ü  Ðproceedings€.€.€.€.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€16„1„102(1)€(1994).€€One€mechanism€courts€use€to€maintainÐ ˜è  Ðorderly€proceedings€is€the€power€to€punish€conduct€as€contempt.€€òòò òSee,€e.g.,€Black€v.€Ô_ÔBlountÔ_Ôó óóó,€938Ð „Ô  ÐS.W.2d€394,€397€(Tenn.€1996).€€Courts€have€the€discretion€to€punish€for€the€contempt€of€court€inÐ pÀ Ðcertain€delineated€situations.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€29„9„102€(2000).€€For€instance,€courts€can€useÐ \¬ Ðcontempt€powers€to€punish€ð ð[Ô_Ôt]heÔ_Ô€wilful€misbehavior€of€any€person€in€the€presence€of€the€court,€orÐ H˜ Ðso€near€thereto€as€to€obstruct€the€administration€of€justice.ðð€€ò òòòId.óóó ó€at€ðð€29„9„102(1).Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€the€proof€establishes€that€Mr.€Roberts€acted€in€a€contentious€and€disruptiveÐ  \ Ðmanner€before€the€court.€€The€proof€further€establishes€that€Mr.€Roberts€failed€to€follow€the€courtððsÐ øH Ðorders.€€The€court€had€the€right€and€the€responsibility€to€punish€this€conduct.€€The€fact€that€the€courtÐ ä4 Ðdid€not€hold€Mr.€Roberts€in€contempt€is€of€no€effect.׃X×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€courtððs€use€of€its€power€to€punish€forÐ Ð  Ðcontempt€is€discretionary€and€further,€the€courtððs€chosen€manner€of€discipline€in€this€case€wasÐ ¼  Ðreasonable.€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àThe€court€did€not€act€arbitrarily€in€ordering€Mr.€Roberts€to€sit€in€the€area€of€benches€whenÐ €Ð ÐMr.€Roberts€made€inappropriate€gestures€before€the€court.€€Further,€once€Mr.€Roberts€failed€toÐ l¼ Ðcomply€with€the€courtððs€order,€the€court€did€not€act€arbitrarily€when€it€instructed€the€officer€to€takeÐ X ¨ ÐMr.€Roberts€to€the€holding€cell.€€Accordingly,€there€is€no€need€to€address€Mr.€RobertsððsÐ D!” Ðconstitutional€concerns€regarding€section€39„16„602(b)€of€the€Tennessee€Code€in€this€case.€€It€is€well„Ð 0"€  Ðsettled€in€Tennessee€that€courts€will€only€decide€a€constitutional€question€when€it€is€absolutelyÐ #l! Ðnecessary€in€order€to€properly€resolve€the€case.€€òòò òÔ_ÔDeLaneyÔ_Ô€v.€Thompsonó óóó,€982€S.W.2d€857,€858€(Tenn.Ð $X" Ð1998).€€We€affirm€the€juryððs€decision€to€find€Mr.€Roberts€guilty€of€assault€and€resisting€arrest.Ð ô$D # Ðâ âÐ à%0!$ Ðà  àIn€Mr.€Robertsððs€final€issue,€he€contends€that€court€erred€by€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€toÐ ° Ðâ âdisregard€certain€remarks€offered€by€Judge€Peeler€during€his€direct€examination.€€In€Judge€PeelerððsÐ œì Ðtestimony,€he€stated€that€he€did€not€like€Mr.€Robertsððs€home€school€study€program.€€Judge€PeelerÐ ˆØ Ðfurther€stated€that€Mr.€Roberts€ð ðwas€borderline€being€put€out€of€that€program€for€not€complying€withÐ tÄ Ðthe€rules.ðð€€Mr.€Roberts€objected€to€this€testimony,€and€the€court€sustained€the€objection.€€When€Mr.Ð `° ÐRoberts€asked€the€court€to€ð ðinstruct€the€jury€to€disregard€the€remark€about€the€bad€report€orÐ L œ Ðwhatever,ðð€the€court€refused.€€Mr.€Roberts€maintains€that€the€court€erred€in€failing€to€instruct€the€juryÐ 8 ˆ Ðto€disregard€those€comments.€Ð $ t ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€has€a€great€deal€of€discretion€in€making€its€evidentiary€decisions.€€òòò òWhite€v.Ð ü L  ÐVanderbilt€Universityó óóó,€21€S.W.3d€215,€222€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1999);€ò òòòTire€Shredders,€Inc.€v.€Ô_ÔERMÔ_Ô„Ð è 8  ÐNorth€Centralóóó ó,€15€S.W.3d€849,€859€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1999).€€In€refusing€to€instruct€the€jury€as€Mr.Ð Ô$  ÐRoberts€requested,€the€court€did€not€abuse€that€discretion.€€The€jury€had€already€heard€testimonyÐ À  Ðregarding€Mr.€Robertsððs€lack€of€compliance€with€the€compulsory€attendance€law.€€Mr.€Roberts€failedÐ ¬ü  Ðto€object€to€this€testimony.€€Therefore,€the€jury€already€knew€that€Mr.€Roberts€was€in€court€originallyÐ ˜è  Ðto€address€matters€regarding€his€lack€of€compliance€with€attendance€laws.€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àAdditionally,€even€if€we€were€to€determine€that€the€court€erred€by€refusing€to€issue€a€curativeÐ \¬ Ðinstruction€to€the€jury,€the€error€would€be€harmless.€€The€record€contains€ample€evidence€in€supportÐ H˜ Ðof€the€juryððs€findings;€moreover,€any€effect€of€this€comment€is€speculative€at€best.€€€€Accordingly,Ð 4„ Ðwe€do€not€find€that€the€courtððs€refusal€to€issue€a€curative€instruction€more€probably€than€not€affectedÐ  p Ðthe€judgment€of€the€jury€or€prejudiced€the€judicial€process.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(b);€ò òòòSee,€e.g.óóó ó,€ò òòòStateÐ  \ Ðv.€Speckóóó ó,€944€S.W.2d€598,€602€(Tenn.€1997).€€This€issue€is€without€merit.€Ð øH ÐÌà  àWe€affirm€the€decision€of€the€trial€court.€€Costs€of€this€appeal€are€taxed€to€the€Appellant,Ð Ð  ÐÔ_ÔKristopherÔ_Ô€Roberts,€for€which€execution€may€issue€if€necessary.Ô#†Xº;XXXm oG#ÔÐ ¼  ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð xÈ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDAVID€R.€FARMER,€JUDGE