ÿWPC6 …# VUFa %§ 0@­4í  w@ 0„P 0DÔ  0J 0Tj 0^¾ 0h 0r„ 0|ö 0†r 0ø 1uˆ 0dý U6aB)—DCÀ B AM U*m1— D3ÈÜû× 0@ß!v~@vÓ¾ AO‘Æà 0D¦ D/ê B˜HP LaserJet 4 PlusHPPCL5MS,ð,,,,,ð0nLhÎ<¾½Q 9Z ‹.Courier New RegularX(ù$¡¡Ó  ÓÓ  ÓÚƒç"¡Ó 3|x„ pqDrs{tuEvwxDyÓ€(4(3DX$¤¤Ý ƒù!ÝÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Courier New% Line 7 d$$$$7Border 1dd d€-%Cþÿ << Gÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial 'Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€(ÔÔ€(ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€(XÔÌÌò òNovember€13,€1997ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€(ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó&&&&'ÿÿdxd ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝòòDusty€is€not€a€party€to€this€action.óóÌ þÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝòòNo€issue€is€raised€on€appeal€regarding€the€negligent€maintenance€of€theÏvehicle.óóÌ("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝòòDusty€had€previously€owned€a€"four„wheeler"€which€was€traded€for€theÏmotor€scooter€involved€in€this€case.óóÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHØ(d'`Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  ion-F Geneva ÒÒ  ion-F Geneva Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€#ÔÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7€¹÷XXdÖXXdÖ7ÑÙ€€ÙßR€')%A1-j|` Å `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALSÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌLARRY€W.€SHORTER€and€JANET€€€€€€)à àKNOX€CIRCUITÌSHORTER,€as€parents€of€NICHOLAS€)à àC.A.€NO.€03A01„9704„CV„00132ÌG.€SHORTER,€deceased€and€€€€€€€€)Ìindividually,€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€Plaintiffs„Appellants€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ìvs.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)à àHON.€WHEELER€A.€ROSENBALMÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)à àJUDGEÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)ÌJAMES€STEWART€McMANUS€and€€€€€€€)à àAFFIRMED€AND€REMANDEDÌKATHERYN€LOUISE€McMANUS,€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€Defendants„Appellees€€)ÌÌÌÌÌWILLIAM€A.€REEVES,€Wise€&€Reeves,€P.C.,€Knoxville€for€Appellants.ÌÌÌLINDA€J.€HAMILTON€œMOWLES›,€Lewis,€King,€œKrieg›,€œWaldrop›€&€œCatron›,ÏP.C.,€Knoxville,€for€Appellees.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÓÓà@ àòòO€P€I€N€I€O€NóóÌÌà€ àMcMurray,€J.ÌÌà àThis€case€arises€out€of€a€tragic€motor€scooter€accident€inÏwhich€Nick€Shorter,€the€thirteen€year€old€son€of€the€plaintiffs,Ïwas€killed.€€The€plaintiffs€sued€the€parents€of€Nick's€friendÏDusty€McManus,€who€had€driven€the€scooter€to€Nick's€house.€DustyÏallowed€Nick€to€ride€the€scooter.€€Nick€was€involved€in€an€acci…dent€which€resulted€in€his€death.€€Plaintiffs€seek€damages€fromÏDusty's€parents€alleging€that€the€defendants€are€liable€under€theÏtheories€of€negligent€entrustment,€negligent€supervision,€negli…gent€maintenance€of€the€vehicle€and€negligence€òòper€seóó.× ƒ+ ××  ×€The€defen…dants€moved€for€summary€judgment€which€was€granted€by€the€trialÏcourt.€€This€appeal€resulted.× ƒ, ××  ×€€We€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trialÏcourt.ÌÌà àPlaintiffs€raise€the€following€issues€on€appeal€which€areÏtaken€verbatim€from€their€brief:ÌÌÓÓà8 àà0 àà à1.à àWhether€a€legal€duty€exists€to€a€neighborhood€childÏunder€the€theories€of€Negligent€Entrustment,€Negli…gent€Supervision,€or€Negligence€per€se?ÌÌà8 àà0 àà à2.à àWhether€[the]€death€of€Plaintiffs'€son€was€reason…ably€foreseeable?ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àà àà à3.à àWhether€Summary€Judgment€was€appropriate€for€à àà àà àDefendants€in€[a]€Negligence€Action?ÓÓÌÌà àThe€appellants'€œissues›€are€stated€somewhat€abstractly,€howev…er,€we€will€address€them€as€they€apply€to€the€circumstances€ofÏthis€case.€€We€will€first€look€to€the€propriety€of€summary€judg…ments€in€negligence€actions.€€It€is€now€well„settled€that€summaryÏjudgments€are€appropriate€in€negligence€actions€when€the€require…ments€of€Rule€56,€Tennessee€Rules€of€Civil€Procedure€have€beenÏmet.ÌÌÓÓà8 àà àThe€Supreme€Court€initially€expressed€some€reluc…tance€concerning€the€use€of€summary€judgments€in€negli…gence€cases.€òòBowman€v.€œHenard›óó,€547€S.W.2d€527,€530Ï(Tenn.€1977).€However,€it€has€now€held€unequivocallyÏthat€summary€judgments€are€not€disfavored€proceduralÏdevices€and€that€they€may€be€used€to€conclude€any€caseÏthat€can€and€should€be€resolved€on€legal€issues€alone.ÏòòByrd€v.€Hallóó,€847€S.W.2d€208,€210€(Tenn.€1993).€Thus,Ïour€role€on€appeal€is€not€to€dwell€on€the€nature€of€theÏcause€of€action€but€rather€to€determine€whether€theÏrequirements€of€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€56€have€been€satisfied.ÏòòœCowden›€v.€œSovran›€Bank/Central€Southóó,€816€S.W.2d€741,€744Ï(Tenn.€1991);€òòHill€v.€City€of€Chattanoogaóó,€533€S.W.2dÏ311,€312€(Tenn.€App.€1975).€ÌÌòòMansfield€v.€Colonial€Freight€œSys›óó.,€862€S.W.2d€527€(Tenn.€App.Ï1993).ÌÌÓÓÌà àWe€will€now€turn€our€attention€to€whether€summary€judgmentÏwas€proper€in€this€case.€€The€standard€of€review€of€the€trialÏcourt's€action€in€granting€a€motion€for€summary€judgment€is€soÏwell„settled€that€we€do€not€deem€it€necessary€to€state€it€in€thisÏopinion.ÌÌà@ àFACTSÌÌà àIn€August€of€1995,€the€defendants€allowed€their€son€Dusty€toÏtrade€his€four„wheel€all„terrain€vehicle€for€a€Honda€Aero€125Ïmotor€scooter.€€The€scooter€had€a€certificate€of€title€and€wasÏ"street€legal."€Both€defendants,€Mr.€and€Mrs.€McManus,€testifiedÏby€deposition€that€their€family€rule€was€that€no€one€was€to€rideÏthe€scooter€on€a€public€road€under€any€circumstances,€and€thatÏDusty€was€well€aware€of€the€rule.€€Portions€of€the€parties'€depo…sitions€and€affidavits€will€be€set€out€in€more€detail€later€inÏthis€opinion.Ì€€Ìà àà àOn€September€12,€1995,€Nick€Shorter€called€Dusty€andÏasked€him€to€bring€his€motor€scooter€over€because€he€wanted€toÏride€it.€€Both€Dusty€and€Mrs.€McManus€testified€that€Dusty€askedÏhis€mother€if€he€could€go€to€the€œShorters›'€house.€€She€declined€toÏgive€permission€because€the€trip€entailed€driving€on€public€roadsÏin€contravention€of€the€family€rule.€€€Mrs.€McManus€stated€thatÏafter€she€told€Dusty€no,€it€was€her€understanding€that€he€was€justÏgoing€to€ride€on€their€property€as€he€often€did.€€However,€DustyÏdisregarded€his€mother's€directive€and€went€over€to€the€plain…tiffs'€residence.Ì€Ìà àDusty€testified€that€Mrs.€Shorter€was€at€the€house€when€heÏarrived€but€that€she€left€shortly€thereafter.€€She€told€the€boysÏnot€to€ride€their€vehicles€until€Mr.€Shorter€got€home.€€DustyÏstated€that€he€assumed€she€meant€by€this€remark€that€Nick€was€notÏto€ride€his€four„wheeler€until€his€dad€was€there.€€Both€of€theÏplaintiffs€testified€in€their€affidavits€that€Nick€was€strictlyÏforbidden€to€ride€any€two„wheeled€motorized€vehicles.€€€ÌÌà àMr.€Shorter€arrived€about€five€minutes€after€Mrs.€ShorterÏleft€the€house.€€He€testified€that€"at€no€time€had€I€given€permis…sion€to€my€son€Nick€to€ride€the€McManus€motor€scooter"€and€that€heÍwas€unaware€that€Dusty€had€let€Nick€ride€until€it€had€alreadyÏhappened.€€Dusty€stated€that€Nick€asked€him€if€he€could€ride€theÏscooter,€and€he€said€yes,€and€watched€Nick€ride€it€down€the€roadÏand€back.€€On€this€first€trip,€Dusty€said€Nick€was€on€the€scooterÏ"about€one€minute"€and€that€he€never€left€his€sight.€€Dusty€testi…fied€that€Nick€had€never€ridden€the€scooter€before.ÌÌà àAfter€the€first€ride,€the€two€boys€went€inside€for€a€shortÏtime€and€Dusty€got€ready€to€leave€because€it€was€approaching€timeÏfor€football€practice.€€At€this€point,€Dusty€testified€that€theÏfollowing€conversation€occurred:ÌÓÓÌà8 àà à[Nick]€said,€let€me€ride€your€scooter€again.€€IÏsaid,€no.€€You€can€some€other€time,€and€he€said,€well,Ïokay€and€bye,€and€I€was€walking€out.€€I€was€fixing€toÏleave,€and€he€came€out€there€and€kept€on€begging,€so€IÏsaid,€all€right.€ÌÌÌÓÓà àDusty€told€Nick€to€"go€where€he€did€the€first€time,"€but€thisÏtime,€"he€kept€on€going."€€Nick€drove€the€scooter€out€of€Dusty'sÏsight,€and€after€a€few€minutes,€Dusty€went€inside€to€tell€Mr.ÏShorter€what€was€going€on.€€They€got€in€Mr.€Shorter's€truck€toÏlook€for€Nick.ÌÌà àThe€circumstances€of€the€fatal€accident€are€not€clear€fromÏthe€record.€The€plaintiffs€in€their€brief,€without€a€citation€toÏthe€record,€state€that€"the€Plaintiffs'€thirteen„year„old€son€wasÏkilled€after€losing€control€of€the€cycle,€and€striking€a€pickupÏtruck€across€the€center€line€of€the€roadway."€The€driver€of€theÏother€vehicle€has€never€been€a€party€to€this€lawsuit.ÌÌà@ àDISCUSSIONÌÌà àWe€will€first€examine€the€question€of€"negligent€entrust…ment."€€"There€are€four€elements€in€a€claim€for€negligent€entrust…ment:€(1)€an€entrustment€of€a€chattel,€(2)€to€a€person€incompetentÏto€use€it,€(3)€with€knowledge€that€the€person€is€incompetent,€andÏ(4)€that€is€the€proximate€cause€of€injury€or€damage€to€another."ÏòòœNichols›€v.€œAtnip›óó,€844€S.W.2d€655,€659€(Tenn.€App.€1992).€€à àÌÌà àAssuming,€without€deciding,€that€the€first€three€elements€ofÏnegligent€entrustment€have€been€established,€the€critical€andÏdeterminative€question€is€that€of€"proximate€cause."€€Our€SupremeÏCourt€has€carefully€established€the€analysis€to€be€used€for€deter…mining€whether€proximate€cause€exists.ÌÌà@ à*€€€€€*€€€€€*€€€€€*ÌÓÓà8 àà à...€Our€opinions€have€recognized€that€proximateÏcausation€is€the€"ultimate€issue"€in€negligence€cases.ÏòòLancaster€v.€œMontesi›óó,€216€Tenn.€50,€390€S.W.2d€217,€220Ï(Tenn.€1965);€òòRoberts€v.€Robertson€County€œBd›.€of€Edóó.,Ï692€S.W.2d€863,€871€(Tenn.€App.€1985).€...ÌÌà8 àà àTaken€as€a€whole,€our€cases€suggest€a€three„prongedÏtest€for€proximate€causation:€(1)€the€tortfeasor'sÏconduct€must€have€been€a€"substantial€factor"€in€bring…ing€about€the€harm€being€complained€of;€and€(2)€there€isÏno€rule€or€policy€that€should€relieve€the€wrongdoer€fromÏliability€because€of€the€manner€in€which€the€negligenceÏhas€resulted€in€the€harm;€and€(3)€the€harm€giving€riseÏto€the€action€could€have€reasonably€been€foreseen€orÏanticipated€by€a€person€of€ordinary€intelligence€andÏprudence.€€(Citations€omitted).ÌÌòòœMcClenahan›€v.€Cooleyóó,€806€S.W.2d€767€(Tenn.€1991).ÌÌÌÌÓÓà àWe€believe€that€the€determination€of€the€issue€of€negligentÏentrustment€rests€upon€the€question€of€foreseeability€on€the€partÏof€the€defendants.€€In€òòœPittman›€v.€œUpjohn›€Coóó.,€890€S.W.2d€425,€428Ï(Tenn.€1994)€(citing€òòDoe€v.€œLinder›€œConstr›.€Coóó.,€845€S.W.2d€173,Ï177€(Tenn.€1992))€we€find€the€following€explanation€of€the€princi…ple:ÌÌÓÓà8 à€€€The€term€reasonable€care€must€be€given€meaning€inÏrelation€to€the€circumstances.€Ordinary,€or€reasonable,Ïcare€is€to€be€estimated€by€the€risk€entailed€throughÏprobable€dangers€attending€the€particular€situation€andÏis€to€be€commensurate€with€the€risk€of€injury.€The€riskÏinvolved€is€that€which€is€foreseeable;€a€risk€is€fore…seeable€if€a€reasonable€person€could€foresee€the€proba…bility€of€its€occurrence€or€if€the€person€was€on€noticeÏthat€the€likelihood€of€danger€to€the€party€to€whom€isÏowed€a€duty€is€probable.€€Foreseeability€is€the€test€ofÏnegligence.€If€the€injury€which€occurred€could€not€haveÏbeen€reasonably€foreseen,€the€duty€of€care€does€notÏarise,€and€even€though€the€act€of€the€defendant€in€factÏcaused€the€injury,€there€is€no€negligence€and€no€liabil…ity.€'The€plaintiff€must€show€that€the€injury€was€aÏreasonably€foreseeable€probability,€not€just€a€remoteÏpossibility,€and€that€some€action€within€the€[defen…dant's]€power€more€probably€than€not€would€have€prevent…ed€the€injury.'€...€The€pertinent€question€is€whetherÏthere€was€any€showing€from€which€it€can€be€said€that€theÏdefendants€reasonably€knew€or€should€have€known€of€theÏprobability€of€an€occurrence€such€as€the€one€whichÏcaused€the€plaintiff's€injuries.ÌÓÓœÌÌ›à àThe€question€here€is€whether,€from€the€undisputed€evidenceÏand€all€reasonable€inferences€to€be€drawn€therefrom,€the€œdefen…dants›€could€have€reasonably€foreseen,€that€Dusty€would,€in€contra…vention€of€direct€denial€of€permission€to€ride€the€scooter€to€theÏShorter€residence,€disregard€his€œparents'›€instructions.€€Further,Ïwas€it€reasonably€foreseeable€that€Nick€(the€deceased)€would€inÏcontravention€of€his€parents'€express€instructions€not€to€ride€theÏscooter,€nevertheless€do€so?ÌÌà àThe€deposition€of€the€plaintiff,€Larry€W.€Shorter,€was€filedÏin€support€of€the€defendants'€motion€for€summary€judgment.€€In€hisÍdeposition,€Mr.€Shorter€was€asked€the€following€questions€and€gaveÏthe€following€answers:ÌÌÓÓà8 àà0 àà àQ.à àWhen€you€saw€the€motor€scooter€and€saw€Dusty,€didÏyou€say€anything€to€him€on€that€day,€SeptemberÏœ12th›,€about€the€incident€with€Tyler€Kitts?ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àA.à àTo€Dusty?ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àQ.€à àYes.ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àA.à àI€did€not.ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àQ.à àDid€you€say€anything€to€Dusty€on€that€time€or€anyÏother€time€about€whether€or€not€Nick€was€to€rideÏthe€motor€scooter.ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àA.à àNever.ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àQ.à àSo€the€only€person€you€had€told€anything€aboutÏwhether€or€not€Nick€could€ride€the€motor€scooterÏwas€Nick,€and€you€told€him€he€was€not€to€do€so.ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àA.à àThat€is€true.ÌÌÓÓÌà àAn€affidavit€of€Mr.€Shorter€was€also€filed.€€In€the€affida…vit,€Mr.€Shorter€stated:ÌÌÓÓà8 àà àAt€no€time€had€I€given€permission€for€my€son€NickÏto€ride€the€McManus€motor€scooter.€€There€were€no€dis…cussions€on€September€12,€1995,€or€at€any€other€time,Ïabout€œNick›€being€allowed€to€ride€the€motor€scooter.€€IÏhad€instructed€Nick€to€never€ride€any€two€wheeled€motor…ized€cycle,€specifically€including€the€McManus€motorÏscooter.ÌÌÓÓÌà àThe€deposition€of€the€plaintiff,€Janet€Shorter€was€also€filedÏin€support€of€the€defendants'€motion€for€summary€judgment.€€In€herÏdeposition,€she€was€asked€the€following€question€and€answered€asÏindicated:ÌÌÓÓà8 àà0 àà àQ.à àDid€you€yourself€ever€have€any€discussions€withÏNick€about€whether€or€not€he€was€allowed€to€ride€aÏmotor€scooter€or€motorcycle?ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àA.à àHe€was€absolutely€not€to€ride€a€motorcycle€and€heÏwas€told€that.ÌÌÌÓÓà àThe€affidavit€of€Janet€Shorter€was€also€filed€in€which€sheÏstated:€"[œA]t›€no€time€had€I€given€permission€for€my€son€Nick€toÏride€the€McManus€motor€scooter.€€I€instructed€Nick€not€to€ride€theÏMcManus€motor€scooter€on€September€12,€1995,€in€Dusty's€presence."Ìà àÌà àIt€is€clear€from€the€above€testimony€and€affidavits€of€theÏplaintiffs,€Larry€W.€Shorter€and€Janet€Shorter,€Nick's€parents,Ïthat€Nick€had€been€expressly€denied€permission€to€ride€the€motorÏscooter.€€He,€as€did€Dusty,€ignored€his€œparents'›€instructions.ÌÌà àThe€depositions€of€the€defendants,€Mr.€&€Mrs.€McManus€wereÏalso€filed.€€The€deposition€of€Mr.€McManus€established€that€he€hadÏnever€given€permission€to€Dusty€to€ride€the€scooter€on€publicÏroads,€but€on€the€contrary,€had€expressly€forbidden€him€to€do€so.€ÏIt€also€established€that€Dusty€on€other€occasions€had€disobeyedÏhis€parents€and€was€duly€disciplined.€€The€deposition€of€Mrs.ÏMcManus€contained€the€following€questions€and€answers:ÌÌÓÓà8 àà0 àà àQ.à àDid€you€or€your€husband€have€a€rule€about€using€theÏheadlight€on€the€four„wheeler?× ƒ. ××  ×ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àA.à àI€don't€know.ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àà0 àà àQ.à àDid€you€have€any€rules€about€where€the€four„wheelerÏcould€be€used€or€driven?ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àA.à àYes,€on€our€property.ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àQ.à àWhat€does€that€include?ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àA.à àI€don't€understand€what€you€mean.ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àQ.à àWhat€do€you€mean?€€How€do€you€ð"ð€when€you€say€on€ourÏproperty,€what€does€that€include€or€involve?ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àA.à àWe€live€on€a€farm.€€It's€a€family€ð"ð€a€big€family€ð"ðÏhis€family€has€a€big€farm.€€All€through€the€woods,ÏI€mean,€they€can€go€through€the€woods.€€I€mean€itsÏjust€a€big€area.€€They€had€plenty€of€space€to€ride.ÌÌà@ à*€€€€€*€€€€€*€€€€*ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àQ.à àWho€made€these€rules?ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àA.à àJim€and€I€made€the€rules.ÌÌà@ à*€€€€€*€€€€€*€€€€*ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àQ.à àWe€have€been€talking€ð"ð€I€asked€first€about€theÏfour„wheeler.€€Did€the€same€general€rules€apply€toÏthe€motor€œscooter?›ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àA.à àYes.ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àQ.à àWas€its€use€restricted€to€the€property,€the€farmÏyou€have€described,€of€the€relatives.ÌÌà8 àà0 àà àA.à àœYes.Ì›ÌÌÌÓÓà àWe€are€cognizant€of€the€multitude€of€cases€which€hold€thatÏforeseeability€is€generally€a€question€for€the€jury.€€"...€fore…seeability€as€the€key€to€the€duty€issue,€is€generally€a€questionÏof€fact€for€the€jury,€unless€no€reasonable€person€could€disputeÏthe€only€reasonable€outcome.€€òòMcClenahan€v.€Cooleyóó,€806€S.W.2d€767Ï(Tenn.€1991);€òòCity€of€œElizabethton›€v.€œSluder›óó,€534€S.W.2d€115Ï(Tenn.€1976)."€€òòMcCall€v.€Wilderóó,€913€S.W.2d€150€(Tenn.€1995).ÌÌà àUnder€all€the€circumstances€of€the€case,€we€are€not€preparedÏto€say€that€a€person€of€ordinary€intelligence€and€prudence€couldÏhave€foreseen€that€Dusty€would€disregard€his€parents'€expressÏinstructions,€especially€his€mother's€express€denial€of€permissionÍto€ride€to€the€Shorter€residence€on€the€date€of€the€œaccident,›€norÏthat€Nick€would€likewise€disregard€his€œparents'›€express€instruc…tions€regarding€two„wheeled€œvehicles›€generally€and€the€expressÏprohibition€to€ride€the€McManus€scooter€on€the€date€of€the€acci…dent.€€We€are,€therefore,€of€the€opinion€that€there€is€no€genuineÏissue€of€a€material€fact€as€to€the€requirement€of€foreseeabilityÏas€defined€by€òòMcClenahanóó,€supra.€€Viewing€the€evidence€in€theÏlight€most€favorable€to€the€non„moving€party,€the€plaintiffs,€weÏare€of€the€opinion€that€the€undisputed€evidence€in€the€record€andÏall€reasonable€inferences€that€may€be€drawn€therefrom€entitle€theÏdefendants€to€judgment€as€a€matter€of€law€in€accordance€with€RuleÏ56,€Tennessee€Rules€of€Civil€Procedure€on€the€issue€of€negligentÏentrustment.ÌÌà àWe€will€next€discuss€briefly€the€question€of€negligent€super…vision€on€the€part€of€the€defendants.€€The€œleading›€case€on€paren…tal€liability€for€negligent€supervision€is€òòBocock€v.€Roseóó,€373ÏS.W.2d€441€(Tenn.€1963).€€òòBocockóó€makes€it€clear€that€parentalÏliability€in€this€context€is€by€no€means€vicarious,€but€is€basedÏon€the€parent's€own€negligence€in€failing€to€properly€superviseÏhis€or€her€child.€€The€òòBocockóó€court€enunciated€the€following€ruleÏregarding€negligent€supervision:ÌÌÓÓà8 àà àWe€find€and€so€hold€parents€may€be€held€liable€forÏthe€dangerous€habits€of€their€minor€children€causingÏinjuries€and€damages€to€others,€when,€(1)€the€parent€hasÏopportunity€and€ability€to€control€the€child,€and€(2)Ïthe€parent€has€knowledge,€or€in€the€exercise€of€due€careÏshould€have€knowledge,€of€the€child's€habit,€propensityÏor€tendency€to€commit€specific€wrongful€acts,€and€(3)Ïthe€specific€acts€would€normally€be€expected€to€causeÏinjury€to€others,€and€(4)€the€parent€fails€to€exerciseÏreasonable€means€of€controlling€or€restraining€theÏchild.ÌÌÌòòIdóó.€at€445.ÌòòÓÓÌà àBocockóó€involved€children€who€committed€an€òòintentionalóó€tort,Ïassault€and€battery,€and€the€parents€were€alleged€to€have€knownÏthe€children's€tendency€or€proclivity€to€commit€assault€and€bat…tery€on€others,€and€failed€to€restrain€them€from€doing€so.€€òòIdóó.€ÏWe€believe€the€distinction€between€intentional€torts€and€negli…gence€in€this€context€is€important,€and€that€the€òòBocockóó€analysisÏis€better€suited€to€cases€involving€parental€liability€for€theÏintentional€torts€of€their€minor€children.€€The€language€of€theÏthird€element€of€the€test,€requiring€a€showing€that€the€specificÏact€"would€normally€be€expected€to€cause€injury€to€others,"€lendsÏsupport€to€this€conclusion.€€An€intentional€tort,€such€as€theÏassault€and€battery€in€òòBocockóó,€is€much€more€likely€to€be€the€kindÏof€act€which€would€"normally€be€expected"€to€cause€injury.ÌÌà àIt€is€apparent€that€the€plaintiffs'€negligent€supervisionÏclaims€would€fail€even€under€a€òòBocockóó€analysis,€however,€becauseÏit€requires€a€showing€that€the€"parent€œfail[ed›]€to€exercise€rea…sonable€means€of€controlling€or€restraining€the€child."€€In€thisÏcase,€the€unrefuted€evidence€in€the€record€is€that€on€each€occa…sion€that€the€defendants€discovered€Dusty€had€been€on€a€publicÏroad€in€disregard€of€their€family€rule,€they€punished€him€byÏtaking€his€keys€to€the€scooter€away€for€at€least€a€week.€€On€theÏoccasion€at€issue,€Mrs.€McManus€told€Dusty€he€could€not€go€to€theÏœShorters›,€and€there€was€no€particular€reason€why€she€should€haveÏsuspected€he€would€disobey€her.ÌÌà àIt€might€well€be€argued€that€the€plaintiffs€also€failed€toÏsupervise€their€child€and€that€their€failure€to€supervise€was€aÏsuperseding€or€intervening€cause€of€the€accident.ÌÌÓÓà8 àà àThe€intervening€cause€doctrine€is€a€common„lawÏliability€shifting€device.€It€provides€that€a€negligentÏactor€will€be€relieved€from€liability€when€a€new,€inde…pendent€and€unforseen€cause€intervenes€to€produce€aÏresult€that€could€not€have€been€foreseen.€òòGlenn€v.ÏConneróó,€533€S.W.2d€297,€301„02€(Tenn.€1976);€òòBrown€v.ÏCity€of€Kingsportóó,€711€S.W.2d€607,€609€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.Ï1986).€The€doctrine€only€applies€when€(1)€the€interven…ing€act€was€sufficient€by€itself€to€cause€the€injury,ÍòòUnderwood€v.€œWaterslides›€of€Mid„America,€Incóó.,€823ÏS.W.2d€171,€180€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1991),€(2)€the€interven…ing€act€was€not€reasonably€foreseeable€by€the€negligentÏactor,€€òòœEvridge›€v.€American€Honda€Motor€Coóó.,€685€S.W.2dÏ632,€635€(Tenn.€1985),€and€(3)€the€intervening€act€wasÏnot€a€normal€response€to€the€original€negligent€actor'sÏconduct.€òòMcClenahan€v.€Cooleyóó,€806€S.W.2d€at€775;€òòSolo…mon€v.€Hallóó,€767€S.W.2d€158,€161€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1988).ÌÌòòWaste€Mgmt.€v.€South€Cent.€Bell€Tel.€Coóó.,€1997€Tenn.€App.€LEXISÏ117Ìfiled€at€Nashville€February€21,€1997.€€òòSee€Alsoóó€€òòœMcClung›€v.€DeltaÏSquare€Ltd.€Partnershipóó,€937€S.W.2d€œ891›€(Tenn.€œ1996);›€òòHaynes€v.ÏHamilton€Countyóó,€883€S.W.2d€606,€612€(Tenn.€1994);€òòFord€Motor€Co.Ïv.€Wagoneróó,€183€Tenn.€392,€401,€192€S.W.2d€840,€844€(1946).ÌÌÌÌÓÓà àIt€is€difficult€to€see€what€other€precautions€the€defendantsÏcould€have€taken€to€enforce€their€family€rule,€short€of€disallow…ing€Dusty€to€have€or€ride€a€scooter€at€all.€€Since€the€œMcManuses›Ïown€a€farm€large€enough€for€their€children€to€ride€around€onÏwithout€going€on€the€road,€we€are€not€prepared€to€dictate€thatÏthese€parents€should€not€have€allowed€their€son€to€have€a€scooterÏin€order€to€avoid€liability€for€negligent€supervision.€€The€Su…preme€Court€has€recently€recognized€that€"imposing€a€parental€dutyÏof€'constant€surveillance€and€instruction'€would€place€an€over…whelming€burden€on€parents€since€it€is€virtually€impossible€toÏsupervise€a€child€24€hours€a€day."€€òòœBroadwell›€v.€Holmesóó,€871ÏS.W.2d€471€(Tenn.1994)€(citing€òòœHolodook›€v.€Spenceróó,€364€œN.Y.S.›Í859,€324€œN.E.2d›€338€œ(1974)).›€€€This€principle€is€applicable€to€theÏpresent€case.ÌÌà àThe€General€Assembly€has€also€spoken€on€the€subject€of€paren…tal€liability€for€acts€of€their€children.€€T.C.A.€ðð€37„10„103Ïprovides€as€follows:ÌÌÓÓà8 à(a)€€A€parent€or€guardian€shall€be€liable€for€the€tor…tious€activities€of€a€minor€child€that€cause€injuries€toÏpersons€or€property€where€the€parent€or€guardian€knows,Ïor€should€know,€of€the€child's€tendency€to€commit€wrong…ful€acts€which€can€be€expected€to€cause€injury€to€per…sons€or€property€and€where€the€parent€or€guardian€has€anÏopportunity€to€control€the€child€but€fails€to€exerciseÏreasonable€means€to€restrain€the€tortious€conduct.Ì€Ìà8 à(b)€€A€parent€or€guardian€shall€be€presumed€to€know€of€aÏchild's€tendency€to€commit€wrongful€acts,€if€the€childÏhas€previously€been€charged€and€found€responsible€forÏsuch€œactions.Ì›ÌÌÓÓà àThere€is€nothing€in€the€record€to€suggest€that€the€require…ments€necessary€to€create€a€presumption€in€accordance€with€para…graph€(b)€œabove€have€been€met.›€€Further,€the€uncontroverted€evi…dence€in€the€record€establishes€that€the€defendants€did€not€haveÏthe€requisite€knowledge€required€in€paragraph€(a)€to€establishÏstatutory€liability.ÌÌà àWe€resolve€all€issues€relating€to€negligent€supervision€inÏfavor€of€the€defendants.ÌÌà àThe€remaining€issue€is€whether€the€defendants€were€guilty€ofÏnegligence€òòper€seóó.€€In€their€complaint,€the€plaintiffs€charge€theÏdefendants€with€œviolation€of›€T.C.A.€ðððð€55„50„301,€(licensingÏrequirement),€55„4„101€(motor€vehicle€registration),€and€55„12„101,€(financial€responsibility).€€œEvidence€that€a€driver€is€unli…censed€or€a€vehicle€is€unregistered€is€relevent€and€material€onÏthe€issue€of€negligent€entrustment.€òòSeeóó€òòBowers€v.€Thompsonóó,€688ÏS.W.2d€827€(Tenn.€App.€1984).€€The€mere€fact€that€the€borrower€isÏunlicensed,€however,€does€not€automatically€make€the€owner€liableÏfor€negligence€absent€the€establishment€of€a€causal€connection€toÏthe€injuries€or€damages€sustained.€òòSmith€v.€Hensonóó,€214€Tenn.Ï541,381€S.W.2d€892€(Tenn.€1964)€It›€would€seem€incomprehensibleÏthat€a€violation€of€any€of€the€above€statutes€could€have€been€aÏœproximate€or€legal›€cause€of€the€accident€in€question€here.ÌÌà àIn€their€brief,€the€plaintiffs€assert€that€the€defendantsÏwere€guilty€of€violation€of€T.C.A.€ðð€55„50„504(c)€and€(d)€whichÏprovide€as€follows:ÌÌÓÓà8 àà à(c)€€No€person€shall€cause€or€knowingly€permit€suchÏperson's€child€or€ward€under€eighteen€(18)€years€of€ageÏto€drive€a€motor€vehicle€upon€any€highway€when€suchÏminor€is€not€authorized€hereunder€or€in€violation€of€anyÏof€the€provisions€of€this€chapter.ÌÌà8 àà à(d)€€No€person€shall€authorize€or€knowingly€permitÏa€vehicle€owned€by€such€person€or€under€such€person'sÏcontrol€to€be€driven€upon€any€highway€by€any€person€whoÏis€not€authorized€hereunder€or€in€violation€of€anyÏprovisions€of€this€chapter.ÌœÓÓÌ›à àThe€undisputed€evidence€in€the€record€clearly€demonstratesÏthat,€while€Dusty,€age€13,€did€in€fact€ride€his€scooter€on€aÏpublic€way,€the€defendants€were€unaware€of€the€transgressionsÏuntil€after€the€fact.€€Therefore,€they€cannot€be€chargeable€asÏhaving€knowingly€allowed€Dusty€to€ride€on€the€public€roads.€€WeÏfind€no€merit€in€this€issue.ÌÌà àWe€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€in€all€respects.€ÏCosts€of€this€appeal€are€taxed€to€the€appellants€and€this€case€isÏremanded€to€the€trial€court.ÌÌÓÓà€ à______________________________Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Don€T.€McMurray,€J.ÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌœHerschel€P.€Franks,›€JudgeÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌWilliam€H.€Inman,€Senior€JudgeÌœ›Ñ  ÑÑ7€¹÷XXdÖXXdÖ7Ñœ›