ÿWPCÝ 9# .UN9 %‡ 0(w@µ4õ  1m 0¶… 0D; 0cU:â 0J$LnU:º 0Tô 0^H 0h¦ 0r 0|€ 0†ü 0‚ AQ Æc 0D) 0@m 0D­ Bñ D/ 1u= B² D3Ï 0dU>fU*¤B)ÎDC÷ AM:‡Šv~ŒvÓ ˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLLÎ(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ ÷_Uø_Eù_Uú_Dû_aü_Dý_Eþ_Ó€ ` `n~<$xúÿÿú, ú3|x ` #,e37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(f(2°¸$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÓ  ÓÔ€XƒÖXXXÔÔ€ô|ôXXƒÖÔà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(;³º$´´Ô2,eÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à, øð AZ‹"Arial Regular2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  ÔC:\OFFICE\WPWIN\TEMPLATE\STANDARD.WPT‡"Arial Regular2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô !"#%Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó d'''÷ÿ dxd ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)üÿP Pd$$$$'ÿÿdxdP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d22227Border 1dd "3Cþÿ << Gÿÿ ùÝ ƒ!ÝÔ€0ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ!"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€1ÔÔ€1ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€1XÔÌÌò òJuly€16,€1998ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€1ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó øÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€0ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÓ  ÓÔ€1ÔÔ€1ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝIn€this€regard,€the€State€appears€to€concede€that€these€individual€Defendants€do€have€aÏconstitutional€right€to€a€jury€trial,€provided€such€right€is€timely€asserted.€€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòJohnsonv.€Kingóó,€426ÏS.W.2d€196,€199€(Tenn.€1968)€(indicating€that€litigant€in€tort€case€has€right€to€jury€trial).ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€0ÔÝ  ÝÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓ ` p›XÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€1ÔÑ7€ÆXXdìXXdð7ÑÑ X ÑÒ X ÒÒ X ÒÑ X ÑÞ ÞÌà@ àò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€JACKSONÌÌÌSUSAN€K.€TODD,à àà àà àà à)€€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àó óPlaintiff,à àà àò òà à)€€Trial€Court€No.€2718Ìandà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)€€Appeal€No.€02A01„9708„CV„00197ÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà àà à)ÌÙ€ ÙßR€453A1-j|Bö9` Å `€€@ÿRßà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àó óIntervening€Plaintiff/à àò ò)Ìà àà àó óAppellant,à àà àà àò ò)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌVS.à àà àà àà àà àà à)€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌWEAKLEY€COUNTY€d/b/a€WEAKLEYà à)ÌCOUNTY€NURSING€HOME,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àó óDefendant,à àà àà àò ò)Ìandà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌNINA€SNYDER,€Individually,à àà à)ÌDAVID€BRADLEY,€Individually,à àà à)ÌSHIRLEY€INSCO,€Individually,€andà à)ÌSHARON€JENNINGS,€Individually,à à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àó óDefendants/Appellees.à àò ò)Ìó óÌà@ àAPPEAL€FROM€THE€CIRCUIT€COURT€OF€WEAKLEY€COUNTYÌà@ àAT€DRESDEN,€TENNESSEEÌà@ àTHE€HONORABLE€WILLIAM€B.€ACREE,€JUDGEÌÌÌò òJOHN€KNOX€WALKUPÌAttorney€General€&€ReporterÌMICHAEL€E.€MOOREÌSolicitor€GeneralÌMARY€BYRD€FERRARAÌAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌó óNashville,€TennesseeÌAttorneys€for€Appellant€State€of€TennesseeÌÌò òTHOMAS€H.€RAINEYó óÌò òANGELA€C.€YOUNGBERGó óÌò òRAINEY,€KIZER,€BUTLER,€REVIERE€&€BELL,€P.L.C.ó óÌAttorneys€for€Defendants/AppelleesÌÌÌò òAFFIRMED€IN€PART,€REVERSED€IN€PARTÌAND€REMANDEDÌÌÌÌÌó óà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àò òALAN€E.€HIGHERS,€J.ÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌW.€FRANK€CRAWFORD,€P.J.,€W.S.ÌÌHOLLY€KIRBY€LILLARD,€J.ó ó›à àœÌÓÓà àÌÑ ° ÑÑ ° ÑÑ7€n"òòdÈXXdì7ÑÒ ° ÒÒ ° Òà àThe›€State€of€Tennessee,€as€the€intervenor€in€this€medical€malpractice€actionÏbrought€by€Plaintiff€SusanK.€Todd,€appeals€the€trial€courtððs€order€which€granted€theÏmotion€to€dismiss€filed€by€Defendants€Nina€Snyder,€David€Bradley,€Shirley€Insco,€andÏSharon€Jennings.€€In€granting€the€Defendantsðð€motion€to€dismiss,€the€trial€court€ruledÏthat€certain€provisions€of€the€Tennessee€Governmental€Tort€Liability€Act€relating€toÏhealth€care€practitioners€were€unconstitutional€in€that€they€were€vague,€they€violatedÏequal€protection€principles,€and€they€violated€the€Defendantsðð€right€to€a€jury€trial.€ÏContrary€to€the€trial€courtððs€ruling,€we€conclude€that€the€challenged€statutory€provisionsÏwithstand€constitutional€scrutiny€and,€thus,€we€reverse€that€portion€of€the€trial€courtððsÏjudgment€eliding€the€provisions.ÌÌà@ àÔ&  ÔòòI.€€Factual€and€Procedural€HistoryóóÌÌà àIn€September€1995,€Plaintiff€SusanK.€Todd€filed€this€medical€malpractice€actionÔ'  ÔÏagainst€the€individual€Defendants€and€against€Weakley€County,€d/b/a€Weakley€CountyÍNursing€Home,€pursuant€to€the€Tennessee€Governmental€Tort€Liability€Act(GTLA).€ÏœTodd,›€a€resident€of€the€Weakley€County€Nursing€Home,€alleged€that€she€was€injured€inÏMay€1995€when€two€nurseððs€aides,€Defendants€Shirley€Insco€and€Sharon€Jennings,Ïnegligently€dropped€Todd€as€they€attempted€to€move€her€from€her€wheelchair€to€herÏbed.€€œThe›€complaint€further€alleged€that€Defendant€Nina€Snyder,€the€Nursing€HomeððsÏadministrator,€and€Defendant€David€Bradley,€the€licensed€practical€nurse€who€was€theÏcharge€nurse€at€the€time€of€Toddððs€injury,€negligently€failed€to€provide€and€maintainÏadequate€care€and€supervision€of€Todd.€€œToddððs›€complaint€sought€$750,000€inÏdamages€for€her€injuries.€ÌÌà àThe€individual€Defendants€responded€by€filing€a€motion€to€dismiss€in€which€theyÏasserted,€òòinter€aliaóó,€that€they€were€immune€from€suit€under€the€GTLA€because€theyÏwere€employees€of€a€governmental€entity.€€œThe›€Defendants€further€contended€that€theyÏwere€not€subject€to€suit€under€the€exception€for€ð ðhealth€care€practitionersðð€found€inÏsection€29„20„310€of€the€GTLA€because€the€Defendants€were€not€ð ðhealth€careÏpractitioners.ðð€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðððð29„20„310(b),€(c)€(Supp.€1994).€€œThe›€Defendants€laterÏmoved€for€summary€judgment,€apparently€on€the€same€grounds€asserted€in€theirÏmotion€to€dismiss.€€œThe›€trial€court€denied€the€Defendantsðð€motion€for€summaryÏjudgment,€however,€finding€that€the€record€contained€insufficient€evidence€toÏdetermine€whether€the€individual€Defendants€met€the€definition€of€ð ðhealth€careÏpractitioner.ðð€ÌÌà àAfter€Todd€was€permitted€to€amend€her€complaint,€the€Defendants€filed€anÏanswer€and€another€motion€to€dismiss.€€œThis›€time,€in€support€of€their€motion€to€dismiss,Ïthe€Defendants€contended€that€the€GTLAððs€exception€for€health€care€practitioners€wasÏunconstitutional€because,€òòinter€aliaóó,€the€exception€was€impermissibly€vague€and€itÏviolated€the€guaranty€of€equal€protection€and€the€right€to€a€trial€by€jury.€€œThe›€State€ofÏTennessee,€through€the€Office€of€the€Attorney€General,€then€filed€a€motion€requestingÏleave€to€intervene€in€this€action€for€the€sole€purpose€of€defending€the€constitutionalityÏof€section€29„20„310€of€the€GTLA.€€œThe›€trial€court€granted€the€Stateððs€motion€toÏintervene.€ÌÌà àAfter€considering€the€arguments€of€the€Defendants€and€the€State,€the€trial€courtÏentered€an€order€granting€the€individual€Defendantsðð€motion€to€dismiss€and€ruling€thatÏthe€challenged€portions€of€section€29„20„310€were€unconstitutional.€€The€trial€courtÏlater€entered€an€order€directing€the€entry€of€a€final€judgment€as€to€the€individualÏDefendants€pursuant€to€Tennessee€Rule€of€Civil€Procedure€54.02.€€œThis›€appeal€by€theÏState€followed.€€Ìà@ àÔ&  ÔòòII.€€The€Challenged€Provisions€of€the€GTLAóóÌÌà àAs€pertinent,€section€29„20„310€of€the€GTLA€contains€the€following€provisions:Ô'  ÔÌÓÓà8 àà8 àà à(b)à àNo€claim€may€be€brought€against€anÏemployee€or€judgment€entered€against€an€employee€forÏdamages€for€which€the€immunity€of€the€governmental€entityÏis€removed€by€this€chapter€unless€the€claim€is€one€forÏmedical€malpractice€brought€against€a€health€careÏpractitioner.€€No€claim€for€medical€malpractice€may€beÏbrought€against€a€health€care€practitioner€or€judgmentÍentered€against€a€health€care€practitioner€for€damages€forÏwhich€the€governmental€entity€is€liable€under€this€chapter,Ïunless€the€amount€of€damages€sought€or€judgment€enteredÏexceeds€the€minimum€limits€set€out€in€ðð29„20„403€or€theÏamount€of€insurance€coverage€actually€carried€by€theÏgovernmental€entity,€whichever€is€greater,€and€theÏgovernmental€entity€is€also€made€a€party€defendant€to€theÏaction.ÌÌà8 àà8 àà à(c)à àNo€claim€may€be€brought€against€anÏemployee€or€judgment€entered€against€an€employee€forÏinjury€proximately€caused€by€an€act€or€omission€of€theÏemployee€within€the€scope€of€the€employeeððs€employmentÏfor€which€the€governmental€entity€is€immune€in€any€amountÏin€excess€of€the€amounts€established€for€governmentalÏentities€in€ðð29„20„403,€unless€the€act€or€omission€wasÏwillful,€malicious,€criminal,€or€performed€for€personalÏfinancial€gain,€or€unless€the€act€or€omission€was€one€ofÏmedical€malpractice€committed€by€a€health€care€practitionerÏand€the€claim€is€brought€against€such€health€careÏpractitioner.ÌÌÓÓT.C.A.€ðððð29„20„310(b),€(c)€(Supp.€1994).€€In€essence,€the€challenged€provisions€of€theÏGTLA€remove€the€immunity€of€certain€governmental€employees€in€the€event€that€(1)theÏgovernmental€employee€is€a€health€care€practitioner€against€whom€a€medicalÏmalpractice€action€has€been€brought,€and€(2)the€amount€of€damages€sought€orÏjudgment€entered€exceeds€the€GTLAððs€minimum€limits€set€out€in€section€29„20„403.€ÏòòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð29„20„403(b)(2)(A)€(for€actions€arising€on€or€after€July1,€1987,€minimumÏlimits€of€ð ðnot€less€than€one€hundred€thirty€thousand€dollars€($130,000)€for€bodily€injuryÏor€death€of€any€one(1)€person€in€any€one(1)€accident,€occurrence€or€actðð).€€AlthoughÏthe€GTLA€creates€this€exception€from€immunity€for€health€care€practitioners,€the€GTLAÏdoes€not€specifically€define€the€term€ð ðhealth€care€practitioner.ððÌÌà@ àÔ&  ÔòòIII.€€The€Trial€Courtððs€RulingóóÌÌà àIn€granting€the€Defendantsðð€motion€to€dismiss,€the€trial€court€sustained€three€ofÏtheÔ'  Ô€Defendantsðð€constitutional€attacks€on€section€29„20„310's€provisions€relative€toÏhealth€care€practitioners.€€œThe›€trial€court€first€ruled€that€the€challenged€statutoryÏprovisions€violated€the€constitutional€guaranty€of€equal€protection,€reasoning€that€theÏcourt€could€not€ð ðconceive€of€any€rational€basis€for€classifying€health€care€practitionersÏdifferently€than€other€governmental€employees€or€for€classifying€them€with€those€whoÏact€willfully,€maliciously,€criminally,€or€for€personal€financial€gain.ðð€€œThe›€trial€court€alsoÏruled€that€the€challenged€statutory€provisions€were€unconstitutionally€vague€becauseÏthe€legislature€did€not€define€the€term€ð ðhealth€care€practitionerðð€and,€thus,€theÏdetermination€of€ð ðwhether€or€not€a€nursing€home€administrator,€a€licensed€practicalÏnurse€and€two€nurseððs€aids€are€health€care€practitioners...€would€require€conjectureÏas€to€the€meaning€of€the€term€health€care€practitioner.ðð€€€Finally,€the€trial€court€ruled€thatÏthe€provisions€violated€the€Defendantsðð€constitutional€right€to€a€jury€trial€because,€whenÏread€in€conjunction€with€other€provisions€of€the€GTLA,€the€challenged€provisions€didÏnot€entitle€the€Defendants€to€a€jury€trial.€€œTo›€effectuate€its€ruling,€the€trial€court€appliedÏthe€doctrine€of€elision€and€elided€section€29„20„310's€provisions€relating€to€health€careÏpractitioners.€ÌÌà@ àÔ&  ÔòòIV.€€The€Defendantsðð€Vagueness€ChallengeóóÌÌà àIn€light€of€the€GTLAððs€failure€to€define€the€term€ð ðhealth€care€practitioner,ðð€we€firstÔ'  ÔÏaddress€the€trial€courtððs€ruling€that€the€challenged€provisions€are€unconstitutionallyÏvague.€€When€a€party€attacks€a€statute€on€constitutional€grounds,€such€as€vagueness,Ïthe€trial€court€and€this€court€are€required€to€indulge€every€presumption€in€favor€of€theÏstatuteððs€validity€and€to€resolve€any€doubt€in€favor€of,€rather€than€against,€theÏconstitutionality€of€the€statute.€€òòDorrierv.€Darkóó,€537€S.W.2d€888,€891€(Tenn.€œ1976);ÏòòEstrinv.€Mossóó,€430€S.W.2d€345,€351€(Tenn.€1968),€òòappeal€dismissedóó,€393€U.S.€318Ï(1969).›€€Despite€this€presumption€of€validity,€however,€the€courts€must€declare€a€statuteÏvoid€for€vagueness€if€persons€ð ðof€common€intelligence€must€necessarily€guess€at€itsÏmeaning€and€differ€as€to€its€application.ðð€€òòWilliamsv.€Department€of€Health&€Envððtóó,€880ÏS.W.2d€955,€959€(Tenn.€App.€1994)€(quoting€òòLeechv.€American€Booksellers€Assððnóó,Ï582€S.W.2d€738,€746€(Tenn.€1979)).ÌÌà àIn€the€present€case,€the€trial€court€ruled€that€the€challenged€provisions€of€theÏGTLA€were€void€for€vagueness€because€the€legislature€failed€to€define€the€term€ð ðhealthÏcare€practitionerðð€and,€thus,€persons€of€common€intelligence€must€necessarily€guess€atÏthe€termððs€meaning€and€differ€as€to€the€statuteððs€application.€€œWe›€respectfully€disagreeÏwith€the€trial€courtððs€ruling€on€this€issue.€€The€legislatureððs€failure€to€define€a€specificÏstatutory€term€is€not€fatal€to€a€statute€which€has€been€challenged€on€vaguenessÏgrounds.€€òòPatyv.€McDanielóó,€547€S.W.2d€897,€908€(Tenn.€1977),€òòrevððd€on€otherÏgroundsóó,€435€U.S.€618€(1978);€òòDorrierv.€Darkóó,€537€S.W.2d€888,€œ893›€(Tenn.€1976);ÍòòArutanoffv.€Metropolitan€Govððtóó,€448€S.W.2d€408,€412€(Tenn.€1969).€€When€theÏlegislature€fails€to€define€a€statutory€term,€the€undefined€term€must€be€given€its€usualÏand€ordinary€meaning.€€òòWoods€Lumber€Co.v.€MacFarlandóó,€355€S.W.2d€448,€451Ï(Tenn.€1962);€€òòBrookside€Mills,€Inc.v.€Atkinsóó,€322€S.W.2d€217,€218€(Tenn.€1959);ÏòòCarbide&€Carbon€Chems.€Corp.v.€Carsonóó,€239€S.W.2d€27,€37€(Tenn.€1951),€òòaffððdóó,€342ÏU.S.€232€(1952);€òòSouthern€Coal€Co.v.€McCanlessóó,€192€S.W.2d€1003,€1005€(Tenn.Ï1946).ÌÌà àòòBlackððs€Law€Dictionaryóó€defines€ð ðpractitionerðð€as€one€ð ðwho€is€engaged€in€theÏexercise€or€employment€of€any€art€or€profession.ðð€€òòBlackððs€Law€Dictionaryóó€1172€(6thÏEd.€1990).€€Another€source€defines€ð ðpractitionerðð€as€ð ðone€who€practices€a€profession.ðð€ÏòòWebsterððs€Ninth€New€Collegiate€Dictionaryóó€923€(1990).€€These€sources,€in€turn,€defineÏð ðprofessionðð€as€a€ð ðvocation€or€occupation€requiring€special,€usually€advanced,Ïeducation,€knowledge,€and€skillðð€and€ð ða€calling€requiring€specialized€knowledge€andÏoften€long€and€intensive€academic€preparation.ðð€€òòBlackððs€Law€Dictionaryóó€1210€(6th€Ed.Ï1990);€òòWebsterððs€Ninth€New€Collegiate€Dictionaryóó€939€(1990).ÌÌà àIn€Tennessee,€the€practice€of€the€healing€arts€is€governed€and€regulated€byÏTitle63€of€the€Tennessee€Code€Annotated.€€T.C.A.€ðððð63„1„102(2),€63„1„115,€63„1„119Ï(1997).€€Although€they€do€not€specifically€define€the€term€ð ðhealth€care€practitioner,ððÏTitle63€and€other€Code€provisions€generally€use€the€terms€ð ðhealth€care€practitioner,ððÏð ðhealth€practitioner,ðð€ð ðpractitioner€of€a€health€care€discipline,ðð€and€ð ðpractitioner€of€theÏhealing€artsðð€to€refer€to€persons€who€practice€one€of€the€professions€of€the€healing€artsÍlicensed€and€regulated€under€Title63.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€T.C.A.€ðð36„3„621€(Supp.€1997)Ï(referring€to€ð ð[a]ny€health€care€practitioner€licensed€or€certified€under€title€63");€T.C.A.Ïðð63„1„116€(1997)€(authorizing€the€boards€of€the€respective€branches€of€the€healingÏarts€to€regulate€advertising€by€ð ðpractitioners€of€such€healing€arts€who€are€under€theÏjurisdiction€of€such€boardsðð),€œT.C.A.€ðð63„1„120(6)€(1997)€(referring€to€ð ðpractitioners€ofÏsuch€healing€artsðð);€T.C.A.›€ðð63„1„122€(1997)€(referring€to€ð ðpractitioners€of€the€variousÏbranches€of€the€healing€artsðð),€T.C.A.€ðð63„1„136(a)€(1997)€(referring€to€ð ðhealthÏpractitionersðð),€T.C.A.€ðð63„6„703(1)€(1997)€(defining€ð ðhealth€care€providerðð€as,€òòinterÏaliaóó,€any€ð ðother€practitioner€of€a€health€care€discipline,€the€professional€practice€ofÏwhich€requires€licensure€or€certification€under€the€provisions€of€[Title63]ðð);€òòsee€alsoóóÏòòRichardsonv.€Board€of€Dentistryóó,€913€S.W.2d€446,€449€(Tenn.€1995)€(noting€that€T.C.A.Ïðð63„1„134€authorizes€health€related€boards€to€assess€civil€penalties€againstÏð ðunlicensed€practitioners€in€health€related€professionsðð);€òòSpuntv.€Fowinkleóó,€572ÏS.W.2d€259,€262€(Tenn.€App.€1978)€(noting€that,€under€T.C.A.€ðð63„122€(nowÏðð63„1„122),€the€Licensing€Board€of€Healing€Arts€has€jurisdiction€of€all€ð ðlicensedÏpractitioners€of€the€healing€arts€in€Tennesseeðð).ÌÌà àIn€light€of€these€authorities,€we€hold€that€the€term€ð ðhealth€care€practitionerðð€is€notÏunconstitutionally€vague€and€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€so€ruling.€€In€accordance€withÏthe€usual€and€ordinary€meaning€of€the€term€ð ðhealth€care€practitioner,ðð€and€inÏaccordance€with€the€legislatureððs€use€of€this€term€in€the€Code,€we€conclude€that€theÏterm€ð ðhealth€care€practitionerðð€means€one€who€is€engaged€in€the€exercise€orÏemployment€of€a€health€care€vocation€or€occupation€which€requires€advanced€orÍspecialized€education,€knowledge,€and€skill,€and€which€requires€licensure€orÏcertification€under€the€provisions€of€Title63.€€This€definition€includes,€but€is€not€limitedÏto,€physicians,€physician€assistants,€pharmacists,€psychologists,€physical€therapists,Ïand€registered€nurses.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðððð63„6„201,€63„6„207,€63„6„209,€63„7„105,Ï63„9„104,€63„10„506,€63„11„208,€63„13„301€to€„303,€63„19„105,€63„19„202€(1997).€€AsÏpertinent€to€this€appeal,€this€definition€also€includes€licensed€practical€nurses€andÏnursing€home€administrators,€but€it€does€not€include€nurseððs€aides.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.Ïðððð63„7„110,€63„16„104€to€„108€(1997).ÌÌà àDefendants€David€Bradley€and€Nina€Snyder€are€included€in€this€definition€ofÏð ðhealth€care€practitionerðð€because€both€are€engaged€in€the€exercise€or€employment€ofÏan€advanced€or€specialized€health€care€vocation€or€occupation,€the€practice€of€whichÏrequires€licensure€or€certification€under€the€provisions€of€Title63.€€Defendant€DavidÏBradley€is€a€licensed€practical€nurse€(LPN).€€œòòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð63„7„110€(1997)€(governingÏthe€licensure€of€practical€nurses).€€In€order€to€become€licensed€as€an€LPN,€BradleyÏattended€nursing€school€at€Dresden€Vocational€Technical€School,€completed€aÏpractical€experience€requirement,€and€passed€a€written€examination.€€Defendant€NinaÏSnyder€is€the€licensed€nursing€home€administrator€who€was€in€charge€of€all€operationsÏat€the€Weakley€County€Nursing€Home,€including€health€care€operations,€at€the€time€ofÏToddððs€injury.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðððð63„16„104€to€„108€(1997)€(governing€the€licensure€ofÏnursing€home€administrators).€€In€order€to€obtain€her€license,€Snyder€worked€for€aÏperiod€of€time€with€another€licensed€nursing€home€administrator,€took€aÏcorrespondence€course€through€George€Washington€University,€and€passed€a€state„administered€examination.€€To€maintain€her€license,€Snyder€must€fulfill€minimumÏcontinuing€education€requirements€each€year.€ÌÌà àIn€contrast,€we€conclude€that€Defendants€Shirley€Insco€and€Sharon€Jennings€doÏnot€qualify€as€ð ðhealth€care€practitioners.ðð€€Title63€of€the€Code€regulates€the€ð ð[p]racticeÏof€professional€nursingðð€and,€thus,€governs€the€licensure€of€registered€nurses€andÏlicensed€practical€nurses,€as€well€as€the€certification€of€nurse€practitioners;€however,ÏTitle€63€does€not€provide€for€the€licensure€or€certification€of€nurseððs€aides.€€T.C.A.Ïðððð63„7„103(a)(1),€63„7„105,€63„7„110,€63„7„123€(1997).€€In€general,€nurseððs€aides€areÏworkers€who€assist€ð ðtrained€nurses€in€a€hospital€by€performing€unspecializedÏservices,ðð€such€as€ð ðmaking€beds€or€giving€baths.ðð€€òòMerriam„Websterððs€Medical€DeskÏDictionaryóó€485€(1993).€€Specifically,€in€the€nursing€home€setting,€nurseððs€aides,€alsoÏknown€as€nursing€assistants,€are€persons€who€are€trained€to€assist€licensed€nursesÏ(both€registered€nurses€(RNððs)€and€LPNððs)€by€performing€ð ðfunctions€which€can€safely,Ïefficiently€and€lawfully€be€done€by€unlicensed€personnel.ðð€€Tenn.€Comp.€R.&€Regs.Ï1200„8„6„.04(1)(b)€(revised€Aug.€1997).€€By€definition,€therefore,€nurseððs€aides€are€notÏhealth€care€practitioners€because€they€are€not€licensed€to€practice€professionalÏnursing€pursuant€to€Title63€and€because€their€job€is€to€perform€unspecialized€servicesÏfor€which€a€licensed€practitioner€is€not€needed.€€òòSee€alsoóó€Tenn.€Op.€Attððy€Gen.€96„112Ï(opining€that€certified€nursing€assistants€employed€by€local€school€board€could€notÏprovide€health€care€procedures€under€T.C.A.€ðð49„5„415(b)€because€statute€requiredÏsuch€procedures€to€be€performed€by€ð ðappropriately€licensed€health€careÏprofessionalsðð).›ÌÌà àIn€concluding€that€nurseððs€aides€are€not€health€care€practitioners,€we€haveÏconsidered€the€requirement€that€all€nurseððs€aides€who€work€in€Tennessee€nursingÏhomes€must€be€ð ðcertifiedðð€by€the€Board€for€Licensing€Health€Care€Facilities.€€œòòSeeóóÏT.C.A.›€œðððð›œ68„11„209(e)(1),€68„11„803(c)(22)›€(1996œ&€Supp.€1997);›€Tenn.€Comp.€R.&ÏRegs.€œ1200„8„6„.04(1)(h),›€(2)(e)€(revised€May€1995).€€œA€nursing€home€may€not€employÏan€individual€as€a€nurseððs€aide€unless€the€individual€has€satisfactorily€completed€aÏseventy„five€hour€training€and€testing€program€approved€by€the€Board.€€T.C.A.Ïðððð68„11„209(e)(1),€68„11„803(c)(22)€(1996&€Supp.€1997);€Tenn.€Comp.€R.&€Regs.Ï1200„8„6„.04(2)(e)›€(revised€May€1995).€€We€note,€however,€that€this€certificationÏrequirement€œis€imposed€on€the€nursing€home€itself€and€does€not€appear›€to€be€œan›Ïattempt€to€regulate€any€recognized€ð ðprofessionðð€of€ð ðnurseððs€aides.ðð€€œòòSeeóó€T.C.A.Ïðððð68„11„209(e)(1),€68„11„803(c)(22)€(1996&€Supp.€1997).€€This›€observation€isÏbuttressed€by€the€fact€that€the€same€certification€œrequirement€does›€not€apply€to€nurseððsÏaides€who€work€in€the€hospital€setting,€as€opposed€to€the€nursing€home€setting.€ÏAlthough€a€hospital€is€authorized€to€employ€ð ð[o]ther€personnel,ðð€such€as€nurseððs€aides,Ïð ðto€assist€the€licensed€personnel€in€patient€care€activities,ðð€the€rules€and€regulationsÏapparently€impose€no€minimum€requirements€for€the€hospitalððs€training€of€suchÏpersonnel.€€Tenn.€Comp.€R.&€Regs.€œ1200„8„3„.03(3)(c),›€(f)€(revised€Aug.€œ1997).ÌÌà àIn›€sum,€we€conclude€that€nurseððs€aides€are€not€engaged€in€the€exercise€of€œtheÏprofession€of€nursing›€and€that€they€are€not€health€care€practitioners€as€that€term€isÏused€in€the€Code.€€Inasmuch€as€Insco€and€Jennings€are€not€health€care€practitioners,Íwe€further€hold€that€they€can€have€no€individual€liability€under€the€provisions€ofÏTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€29„20„310€and€that€the€trial€court€properlyÏdismissed€Toddððs€complaint€as€to€these€two€Defendants.ÌÌà@ àÔ&  ÔòòV.€€The€Defendantsðð€Equal€Protection€ChallengeóóÌÌà àAs€for€the€two€remaining€Defendants,€the€trial€court€also€ruled€that€sectionÏ29„20„310Ô'  Ô€was€unconstitutional€on€equal€protection€grounds.€€Both€the€United€StatesÏConstitution€and€the€Tennessee€Constitution€guarantee€to€citizens€the€equal€protectionÏof€the€laws.€€òòBrownv.€Campbell€County€Bd.€of€Educ.óó,€915€S.W.2d€407,€412€(Tenn.Ï1995)€(citing€U.S.€Const.€amend.€XIV;€Tenn.€Const.€art.I,€ðð8,€art.XI,€ðð8),€òòcert.€deniedóó,Ï517€U.S.€1222€(1996).€€The€concept€of€equal€protection€guarantees€that€all€personsÏsimilarly€situated€shall€be€treated€alike.€€òòDoev.€Norrisóó,€751€S.W.2d€834,€841€(Tenn.Ï1988)€(citing€òòF.S.€Royster€Guano€Co.v.€Virginiaóó,€253€U.S.€412,€415€(1920)).€ÏConversely,€the€guaranty€of€equal€protection€does€not€require€things€which€areÏdifferent€in€fact€or€opinion€to€be€treated€the€same.€€òòDoev.€Norrisóó,€751€S.W.2d€at€841.ÌÌà àThe€ð ðdrawing€of€lines€that€create€distinctions€is€peculiarly€a€legislative€task€andÏan€unavoidable€one,ðð€and€ð ð[p]erfection€in€making€the€necessary€classifications€isÏneither€possible€nor€necessary.ðð€€òòHarrisonv.€Schraderóó,€569€S.W.2d€822,€825€(Tenn.Ï1978)€(quoting€òòMassachusetts€Bd.€of€Retirementv.€Murgiaóó,€427€U.S.€307,€314€(1976)).€ÏAs€our€supreme€court€has€stated,€ð ððð[t]he€initial€discretion€to€determine€what€is€ððdifferentððÏand€what€is€ððthe€sameðð€resides€in€the€legislatures€of€the€States,ðð€and€legislatures€areÍgiven€considerable€latitude€in€determining€what€groups€are€different€and€what€groupsÏare€the€same.ðð€€òòDoev.€Norrisóó,€751€S.W.2d€at€841€(quoting€òòPlylerv.€Doeóó,€457€U.S.€202,Ï216€(1982)).€€Accordingly,€statutes€which€create€classifications€are€presumed€valid,Ïand€they€will€be€upheld€if€ð ðsome€reasonable€basis€can€be€found€for€the€classification,Ïor€if€any€state€of€facts€may€reasonably€be€conceived€to€justify€it.ðð€€òòHarrisonv.€Schraderóó,Ï569€S.W.2d€at€825.ÌÌà àOur€supreme€court€has€summarized€the€test€to€be€applied€as€follows:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àà àThe€test€to€be€applied€has€been€set€forth€in€numerousÏcases.€€The€classification€must€rest€upon€a€reasonableÏbasis.€€If€it€has€a€reasonable€basis,€it€is€not€unconstitutionalÏmerely€because€it€results€in€some€inequality.€ÏReasonableness€depends€upon€the€facts€of€the€case€andÏno€general€rule€can€be€formulated€for€its€determination....ÌÌà8 àà8 àà àThe€burden€of€showing€that€a€classification€isÏunreasonable€and€arbitrary€is€placed€upon€the€individualÏchallenging€the€statute;€and€if€any€state€of€facts€canÏreasonably€be€conceived€to€justify€the€classification€or€if€theÏreasonableness€of€the€class€is€fairly€debatable,€the€statuteÏmust€be€upheld....ÌÌà8 àà8 àà àBefore€the€classification€will€be€held€to€violate€theÏequal€protection€guaranty,€it€must€be€shown€that€it€has€noÏreasonable€or€natural€relation€to€the€legislativeÏobjective....€€In€addition,€the€statute€must€apply€alike€to€allÏwho€fall€within,€or€can€Ô&  Ôreasonably€be€brought€within€theÏclassification.ÌÌÓÓòòœHarrison›v.€Schraderóó,€569€S.W.2d€at€825„26€(citations€omitted).Ô'  ÔÌÌà àApplying€the€foregoing€standard,€we€cannot€say€that€no€reasonable€or€rationalÏbasis€exists€for€the€legislatureððs€distinction€between€medical€malpractice€actionsÍagainst€health€care€practitioners€and€actions€against€other€governmental€employeesÏunder€the€GTLA.€€The€ð ð[c]lassification€of€businesses€and€occupations€and€callings...Ïand€other€things€of€the€kind€which€deal€with€the€public€may€be€classified€by€ordinanceÏwhenever€the€partial€application€or€discrimination€in€the€classification€is€based€on€realÏand€reasonable€distinctions€existing€and€affects€all€persons€of€the€same€class€orÏpursuing€the€same€conditions€under€the€same€circumstances.ðð€€òòHughesv.€Board€ofÏCommððrsóó,€319€S.W.2d€481,€485€(Tenn.€1958).€€Our€supreme€court€previously€hasÏupheld€a€statute€which,€for€limitation€of€actions€purposes,€treats€ð ðhealth€care€providersððÏdifferently€than€other€tort€defendants€by€imposing€a€three„year€statute€of€repose,€orÏð ðcap,ðð€on€medical€malpractice€actions.€€òòHarrisonv.€Schraderóó,€569€S.W.2d€822,€825„27Ï(Tenn.€1978)€(upholding€the€constitutionality€of€T.C.A.€ððœ23„3415›€(now€ðð29„26„116)).€ÏIn€òòHarrisonv.€Schraderóó,€the€supreme€court€noted€the€legislatureððs€concern€with€theÏrising€costs€of€medical€malpractice€insurance€and€the€potential€effects€of€this€increaseÏon€the€cost€and€availability€of€health€care.€€òòIdóó.€at€826„27.€€In€upholding€the€validity€ofÏthe€challenged€classification,€the€court€held€that€the€classification€was€reasonablyÏrelated€to€the€legislatureððs€ð ðobjective€of€reducing€and€stabilizing€insurance€and€healthÏcosts€and€protecting€the€public€as€a€whole.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€827.ÌÌà àWe€similarly€uphold€the€validity€of€the€classification€of€ð ðhealth€care€practitionersððÏunder€the€GTLA.€€Although€some€of€the€policy€considerations€behind€the€distinctionÏmade€in€the€GTLA€are€different€from€those€present€in€imposing€a€statute€of€repose€forÏmedical€malpractice€actions,€both€classifications€may€be€justified€by€the€legislativeÏobjective€of€protecting€the€public€health.€€As€recognized€in€òòHarrisonv.€Schraderóó,€theÍlegislature€has€an€interest€in€ensuring€the€availability€of€quality€health€care€to€theÏcitizens€of€this€state.€€òòHarrisonv.€Schraderóó,€569€S.W.2d€at€826.€€One€method€ofÏachieving€this€legislative€objective€is€to€hold€the€health€care€practitioner€who€alsoÏhappens€to€be€a€governmental€employee€to€the€same€standard€of€care€as€health€careÏpractitioners€who€are€employed€in€the€private€sector.€€By€exposing€governmentalÏhealth€care€practitioners€to€personal€liability€for€any€recovery€in€excess€of€the€GTLAÏlimits,€the€legislature€has€created€an€added€incentive€for€such€practitioners€to€conformÏwith€the€standard€of€care€applicable€to€their€œprofessions.›€€Inasmuch€as€a€reasonableÏjustification€exists€for€the€classification€or,€at€the€very€least,€the€reasonableness€of€theÏclass€is€fairly€debatable,€we€must€uphold€the€challenged€statute.€€Accordingly,€weÏreverse€that€portion€of€the€trial€courtððs€judgment€invalidating€the€challenged€statutoryÏprovisions€on€equal€protection€grounds.ÌÌà@ àÔ&  ÔòòVI.€€The€Defendantsðð€Right€to€Jury€Trial€ChallengeóóÌÌà àWe€also€reverse€that€portion€of€the€trial€courtððs€judgment€which€invalidated€theÔ'  ÔÏchallenged€statutory€provisions€on€the€ground€that€they€violated€the€individualÏDefendantsðð€right€to€a€jury€trial.€€The€circuit€courts€have€jurisdiction€over€actionsÏbrought€under€the€GTLA,€and€they€are€required€to€hear€and€decide€such€actionsÏð ðwithout€the€intervention€of€a€jury,€except€as€otherwise€provided€in€ðð29„20„313(b).ðð€ÏT.C.A.€ðð29„20„307€(Supp.€1994).€€Section€29„20„313,€in€turn,€contains€the€followingÏprovisions:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àà à(a)à àWhen€one(1)€or€more€defendants€to€a€lawsuitÏclaims€to€be€an€employee€of€a€governmental€entity€asÏdefined€by€ðð29„20„107€and€is€therefore€entitled€to€theÏgovernmental€immunity€granted€by€this€chapter,€it€shall€be€aÏquestion€of€fact€whether€the€defendant€claiming€immunity€isÏsuch€an€employee.€€If€the€trier€of€fact€determines€that€theÏdefendant€claiming€immunity€is€not€a€governmental€entityÏemployee,€the€lawsuit€as€to€that€defendant€shall€proceedÏlike€any€other€civil€case.€€If€the€trier€of€fact€determines€thatÏthe€defendant€claiming€immunity€is€a€governmental€entityÏemployee,€the€lawsuit€as€to€that€defendant€shall€proceed€inÏaccordance€with€the€provisions€of€this€chapter.ÌÌà8 àà8 àà à(b)à àWhen€suit€is€brought€in€circuit€court€in€a€caseÏin€which€there€are€multiple€defendants,€one(1)€or€more€ofÏwhich€is€a€governmental€entity€or€a€governmental€entityÏemployee€whose€liability€or€lack€thereof€is€to€be€determinedÏbased€upon€the€provisions€of€this€chapter€and€one(1)€orÏmore€of€which€is€not€such€governmental€entity€orÏgovernmental€entity€employee,€the€case€shall€be€heard€andÏdecided€by€a€jury€upon€the€demand€of€any€party.€€Nothing€inÏthis€section€shall€be€construed€to€abridge€the€right€of€anyÏparty€to€a€trial€by€jury€otherwise€granted€by€the€state€orÏfederal€constitution€or€any€Ô&  Ôstatute.ÌÌÓÓœT.C.A.›€ðð29„20„313€(Supp.€1994).Ô'  ÔÌÌà àThe€trial€court€ruled€that€the€provisions€of€section€29„20„310€relating€to€healthÏcare€practitioners€are€unconstitutional€because,€under€sections€29„20„307€andÏ29„20„313€of€the€GTLA,€health€care€practitioners€who€are€employees€of€aÏgovernmental€entity€are€not€entitled€to€a€jury€trial.€œSection›€29„20„313(a)€provides€œthat›€ifÏthe€defendant€is€a€governmental€employee,€the€lawsuit€as€to€that€defendant€shallÏproceed€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€the€GTLA,€òòi.e.óó€by€the€circuit€court€withoutÏthe€intervention€of€a€jury.€€T.C.A.€ðððð29„20„307,€29„20„313(a)€(Supp.€1994).€ÏNevertheless,€we€believe€that€the€trial€courtððs€ruling€is€erroneous€for€two€reasons.ÌÌà àIn€the€first€place,€even€if€section€29„20„313€is€construed€as€denying€theseÏDefendants€the€right€to€a€jury€trial,€we€fail€to€see€why€the€challenged€provisions€ofÏsection€29„20„310€(as€opposed€to€section€29„20„313)€should€be€declaredÏunconstitutional.€€Section€29„20„310€does€not€deprive€the€Defendants€of€the€right€to€aÏjury€trial;€it€merely€removes€the€immunity€of€health€care€practitioners€for€any€damagesÏsought€or€judgments€entered€in€excess€of€the€GTLAððs€minimum€limits.€€T.C.A.Ïðððð29„20„310(b),€(c)€(Supp.€1994).€€Rather€than€striking€the€challenged€provisions€ofÏsection€29„20„310€on€the€ground€that€they€unconstitutionally€deny€the€Defendants€theÏright€to€a€jury€trial,€we€think€that€the€more€appropriate€judicial€approach€would€beÏmerely€to€hold€that€section€29„20„313(a),€as€applied€to€these€Defendants,Ïimpermissibly€infringes€on€their€right€to€a€jury€trial.€€In€that€case,€the€proper€remedyÏwould€be€to€uphold€section€29„20„310's€provisions€relative€to€health€care€practitionersÏbut€to€grant€such€defendants€a€jury€trial€upon€a€timely€demand€therefor.œ× ƒ6 ××  ×€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,ÏòòB.J.Y.v.€M.A.óó,€617€So.€2d€1061,€1064€(Fla.€1993)€(invalidating€portion€of€statute€whichÏdenied€putative€father€right€to€jury€trial€in€paternity€proceeding,€but€expressly€upholdingÏremainder€of€paternity€statute).ÌÌà àSecondly,€and€perhaps€more€importantly,€we€do€not€construe€section€29„20„313Ïas€denying€the€Defendants€the€right€to€a€jury€trial.€€The€last€sentence€of€subsection(b)Ïof€the€statute€provides€that€ð ð[n]othing€in€òòthis€sectionóó€shall€be€construed€to€abridge€theÍright€of€any€party€to€a€trial€by€jury€otherwise€granted€by€the€state€or€federal€constitutionÏor€any€statute.ðð€€T.C.A.€ðð29„20„313(b)€(Supp.€1994)€(emphasis€added).€€TheÏDefendants€contend€that€this€sentenceððs€reference€to€ð ðthis€sectionðð€refers€only€toÏsection€29„20„313(b)€and€not€to€the€entire€section€29„20„313€and€that,€therefore,€theÏsentence€does€not€save€section€29„20„313(a)€from€being€declared€unconstitutional.ÌÌà àWe€disagree.€€This€court€has€the€obligation€to€uphold€the€constitutionality€of€theÏchallenged€statutory€provisions€ð ðif€there€exists€any€reasonable€construction€whichÏwould€satisfy€the€requirements€of€the€constitution.ðð€€òòShelby€County€Election€Commððnv.ÏTurneróó,€755€S.W.2d€774,€777€(Tenn.€1988);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòNLRBv.€Jones&€Laughlin€SteelÏCorp.óó,€301€U.S.€1,€30€(1937)€(indicating€that€the€ð ðcardinal€principle€of€statutoryÏconstruction€is€to€save€and€not€to€destroyðð€and›€that,€ð ðas€between€two€possibleÏinterpretations€of€a€statute,€by€one€of€which€it€would€be€unconstitutional€and€by€theÏother€valid,€our€plain€duty€is€to€adopt€that€which€will€save€the€actðð).€€In€enacting€statutes,Ïthe€legislature€routinely€refers€to€individual€statutes€as€ð ðsectionsðð€and€to€subpartsÏthereof€as€ð ðsubsections.ðð€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€T.C.A.€ððððœ1„3„113,›€„116€(1985&€Supp.€1997).€€WeÏconclude,€therefore,€that€a€reasonable€construction€of€the€final€sentence€ofÏsubsection(b)€of€section€29„20„313€is€that€the€sentence€applies€to€the€entire€sectionÏ29„20„313€and€not€just€to€subsection(b).€€Inasmuch€as€this€construction€of€sectionÏ29„20„313€preserves€a€defendantððs€constitutional€right€to€a€jury€trial€under€bothÏsubsections€(a)€and€(b),€we€conclude€that€neither€section€œ29„20„313›€nor€sectionÏœ29„20„310›€is€unconstitutional.ÌÌœ›œà@ àÔ&  ÔòòVII.›€€ConclusionóóÌÌà àHaving€upheld€the€constitutionality€of€the€challenged€provisions€of€the€GTLAÏrelatingÔ'  Ô€to€health€care€practitioners,€we€reverse€the€trial€courtððs€judgment€to€the€extentÏthat€it€dismisses€Defendants€Snyder€and€Bradley€from€this€lawsuit,€and€we€remand€thisÏcause€for€further€proceedings€consistent€with€this€opinion.€€The€trial€courtððs€dismissal€ofÏDefendants€Insco€and€Jennings,€however,€is€hereby€affirmed.€€Costs€on€appeal€areÏtaxed€to€Defendants€Snyder€and€Bradley,€for€which€execution€may€issue€if€œnecessary.ÌÌÓÓÌà àà àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ïóóà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àHIGHERS,€J.ÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌCRAWFORD,€P.J.,€W.S.ÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌLILLARD,€J.›