ÿWPC G`‹µ¯ÖÁ g%C;W¤ø¾<™=!­Ž>ö–-Ì/¸¶­¸äì¥NA ³ý·ÖÂV+ùˆÄý÷IøÂ/¼ÂòXFa; È lñ{ {TP´bÑ'²/­©:%p±)Yø:¯ÿ^þ•CœÙ•Oym,ÒU-¹žS€˜@©êÉ„`Z8þ›h1*+nûï“4ö¯'Ü/!:;a ¥S‚@ ®ó²ãíÎ7ò{má¿<(¯%K÷à¸Ç7¤0ÚVQÛm{µ\ã ì¹±Z{˜V½ fÁ]b¼[‹NŸ¯Tv)]¶ìIqrjrÉiƉ½û º6n <à Åwcû+1”AØ}pvíæõo?îìžÏÄæúµŽ.ôÛ»|ô €Ø¾ÉïÚ`emêµßŠâŽÃ¢{ö=õÎËÓ{¨xfšUƒ£`yð¤4õŠDÚñõ_¼—¹ìÇ öZ’É Ô¦Î‚L#L ¬àb|ÅÒp盀¶+6’F3®‹_ûq„‚ºÅ6.¯x’— +=Vkæ)p èHª‚õ¼b°qž&Cæœ Ò|ÙšDéLó™»Ô½H`†3VÁ`×üq¨ ®è瀀Ð2hG¿$Ódâȯð%v õƒÂXY|ïzsO¾Ub#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ UN· w 4 z Ò— i x mz UN‘ Æß Æ¥ Æk Æ1÷NÿÿÿEb 0ë     Böö 0¤ D3· D-ê 0K ASbƵ 0¤{ 0D A«c˜HP LaserJet 4,ü,,,,,ü0»¢bK)L (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular˜L-(¢Ø+00 ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 - ù-(|G2æÿ$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€³œ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôÙDò»»Ô d(|3 $££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€³œ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3 $¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€³œ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€¾Ô»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼¾Ô»»»ÔÑ8€¬#XXdð»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@ü ü ìàÔ‡îü—¾ÔÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼¾Ô»îîü— #ԈРÜ, ÐÓ  ÓAugust€30,€2000€SessionÐ X ÐÔ‡X¬#X»¼¾ÔÔÌò òÔ#†¼¾Ô»XX¬#ò#ÔALFRED€TOMPKINS,€òòet€al.óó€v.€ANNIEððS€NANNIES,€INC.,€òòet€alóó.Ô‡X¬#X»¼¾ÔÔó óÐ  ` ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ  h Ðà@@øøìàNo.€89950€T.D.€€€€€€George€H.€Brown,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ  X ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<×` AßÐ Ø(  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W1999„00372„Ô_ÔCOAÔ_Ô„R3„CV€„€Filed€October€9,€Ô_Ô2000Ô_ÔÐ ×'  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<¶` AßÐ ·  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡ X4“XXX¬#ÔÓÓÌÓÓPlaintiffsðð€nine€year€old€child,€Alexandria,€while€under€the€direction€of€her€day€care€center,€brokeÐ ŽÞ Ðboth€kneecaps€while€participating€in€a€downhill€race.€€Plaintiffs€sued€the€day€care€center€on€aÐ zÊ Ðnegligence€theory,€arguing€that€the€day€care€center€breached€their€duty€of€care.€€The€trial€courtÐ f¶ Ðdirected€a€verdict€for€the€day€care€center,€finding€that€the€injuries€sustained€by€the€nine€year€old€wereÐ R¢ Ðnot€foreseeable,€and,€thus,€no€duty€of€care€arose.€€Additionally,€at€trial,€plaintiffsðð€counsel€made€anÐ >Ž Ðoffer€of€proof€whereby€testimony€was€introduced€that€two€girls€fell€and€bumped€heads€in€a€raceÐ *z Ðimmediately€preceding€Alexandriaððs.€€The€trial€court€excluded€this€testimony€from€the€jury.€Ð f ÐPlaintiffs€allege€error.€€We€affirm.Ð R ÐÌÔ#†X¬#XX X4“×#ÔÔ#†¼¾Ô»XX¬##ÔÔ‡X¬#X»¼¾ÔÔÓËÓò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmed;€andÐ Ú* ÐRemandedó óÐ Ê ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼¾Ô»àX¬#å#ÔÔ‡X¬#X.¼¾ÔÔDavid€R.€Farmer,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòW.€Frank€Crawford,€P.J.,€W.S.,€óóÐ ªú Ðand€òòHolly€K.€Lillard,€J.óó,€joined.Ð š ê ÐÌBrian€S.€Miller€and€Justin€Ross,€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellants,€Alfred€Tompkins€andÐ z"Ê! ÐJacqueline€Tompkins,€Individually,€Guardians€and€Next€Friends€of€Alexandria€Tompkins,€a€minor.Ð j#º" ÐÌDixie€White€Ô_ÔIsheeÔ_Ô,€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellees,€Annieððs€Nannies,€Inc.,€Joyce€Tockey,Ð J%š $ ÐAnn€Devos,€Alice€Hunter,€Taressia€R.€Simpson€and€Clay€Morgan.Ð :&Š!% ÐÓ¢ ÓÌò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼¾Ô»XX¬#Ñ #ÔÔ‡X¬#X»¼¾ÔÔÐ (j#' ÐÌÔ#†¼¾Ô»XX¬#º #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X¬#X»¼¾ÔÔÔ‡ X4“XXX¬#Ôà  àOn€September€10,€1996,€nine€year€old€Alexandria€Tompkins€(Alexandria)€was€enrolled€inÐ ú)J%) Ðthe€aftercare€program€at€Annieððs€Nannies,€Inc.€(Annieððs€Nannies).€€Alexandriaððs€aftercare€teachersÐ æ*6&* Ðon€that€day€were€Taressia€Simpson€(Ms.€Simpson)€and€Clay€Morgan€(Mr.€Morgan).€€Ms.€SimpsonÐ Ò+"'+ Ðand€Mr.€Morgan€took€Alexandria€and€the€other€children€to€Cameron€Brown€Park.€€Upon€arriving€atÐ ¾,(, Ðthe€park,€Ms.€Simpson€and€Mr.€Morgan€organized€races€whereby€the€children€were€groupedÐ ª-ú(-ý Ðaccording€to€age€and€gender.€€The€children€lined€up€at€the€top€of€a€hill€leading€into€the€park€and,€atÐ ° Ðthe€word€ð ðGo,ðð€they€ran€down€the€hill€to€where€Mr.€Morgan€was€standing.€€Ð œì ÐÌà  àPlaintiffsðð€attorneys€made€an€offer€of€proof€at€trial€whereby€Alexandria€testified€that€she€sawÐ tÄ Ðtwo€girls€fall€and€bump€heads€in€the€race€immediately€preceding€hers€and€that€she€told€Ms.€SimpsonÐ `° Ðthat€she€did€not€want€to€run€but€was€told€that€she€had€to€run.€€Ð L œ ÐÌà  àAlexandria€participated€in€the€ð ðnine€and€upðð€race.€€While€running€in€the€downhill€race,Ð $ t ÐAlexandria€felt€her€knees€pop,€and€she€fell€backwards.€€Ms.€Simpson€picked€Alexandria€up€andÐ  ` Ðcarried€her€to€a€park€bench€while€Mr.€Morgan€tried€to€call€the€Annieððs€Nannies€office.€€AlexandriaÐ ü L  Ðwas€picked€up€by€her€mother€shortly€after€the€accident€occurred€and€was€taken€to€the€hospital€whereÐ è 8  Ðshe€was€diagnosed€as€having€two€broken€kneecaps.€€It€was€undisputed€that€Alexandria€had€no€priorÐ Ô$  Ðproblems€with€her€knees.Ð À  ÐÌà  àAt€trial,€the€deposition€testimony€of€two€orthopedic€surgeons€was€introduced.€€Dr.€E.€B.Ð ˜è  ÐWilkinson,€Jr.€testified€that€Alexandriaððs€knee€injuries€were€rare€and€were€most€likely€caused€by€theÐ „Ô  Ðstress€put€on€the€tendons€pulling€on€the€kneecaps€while€Alexandria€was€running.€€Dr.€RommelÐ pÀ ÐChildress€agreed€with€Dr.€Wilkinson€that€Alexandriaððs€broken€kneecaps€were€an€extremely€rareÐ \¬ Ðinjury€to€get€from€running.€€Dr.€Childress,€however,€stated€that€the€downhill€nature€of€the€runningÐ H˜ Ðwas€a€factor€in€Alexandriaððs€knee€fractures€because€more€forces€are€put€on€the€muscles€while€runningÐ 4„ Ðdownhill€that€can€literally€pull€the€kneecap€apart.€€Ð  p ÐÌà  àAt€the€close€of€all€proof,€counsel€for€Annieððs€Nannies€moved€for€a€directed€verdict.€€The€trialÐ øH Ðcourt€granted€the€directed€verdict,€holding€that€in€order€to€recover,€there€must€be€a€legal€cause€ofÐ ä4 Ðinjury€and€that€the€injury€must€be€foreseeable.€€The€trial€court€found€that€Alexandriaððs€injuries€wereÐ Ð  Ðnot€foreseeable€in€that€they€did€not€occur€as€the€result€of€a€fall,€but€rather€occurred€while€running.€Ð ¼  ÐThus,€the€trial€court€held€that€negligence€was€not€proven€as€a€matter€of€law;€hence,€there€was€noÐ ¨ø Ðfactual€issue€to€present€to€the€jury.€€Plaintiffsðð€counsel€timely€filed€a€notice€of€appeal,€raising€theÐ ”ä Ðfollowing€issues,€as€we€perceive€them,€for€this€courtððs€review:Ð €Ð ÐÌà0  à1.à0` (#(#àWhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€granting€a€directed€verdict€in€favor€of€AnnieððsÐ X ¨ ÐNannies€and€its€employees€based€upon€its€determination€that€the€defendants€could€notÐ D!” Ðforesee€injury€to€Alexandria.Ð0"€ ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  à2.à0` (#(#àWhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€excluding€testimony€that€two€girls€fell€and€bumpedÐ $X" Ðheads€while€running€in€a€downhill€race€prior€to€the€race€in€which€Alexandria€wasÐ ô$D # Ðinjured.Ðà%0!$` (#` (# ÐÌà  àOn€review€of€the€grant€of€a€directed€verdict€on€motion€of€a€defendant,€it€is€not€this€courtððsÐ ¸'#& Ðduty€to€weigh€the€evidence.€€Rather,€we€must€take€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€inÐ ¤(ô#' Ðfavor€of€the€plaintiffs,€indulging€in€all€reasonable€inferences€in€their€favor,€and€disregarding€anyÐ )à$( Ðevidence€to€the€contrary.€€The€trial€courtððs€action€may€be€sustained€only€where€the€evidence€isÐ |*Ì%) Ðuncontradicted€and€a€reasonable€mind€could€draw€only€one€conclusion.€€òòò òAlexander€v.€Armentroutóóó ó,Ð h+¸&* Ð24€S.W.3d€267,€271€(Tenn.€2000);€òòò òWilliams€v.€Brownóóó ó,€860€S.W.2d€854,€857€(Tenn.€1993);€ò òòò€BowersÐ ° Ðv.€Pottsóóó ó,€617€S.W.2d€149,€152€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1981).òòò òóóó óÐ œì ÐÌà  àIn€order€to€be€successful€in€a€negligence€action,€the€plaintiff€must€prove€the€followingÐ tÄ Ðessential€factors€of€negligence:€€(1)€a€duty€of€care€existed€which€the€defendant€owed€to€the€plaintiff;Ð `° Ð(2)€the€defendantððs€conduct€fell€below€the€applicable€standard€of€care€amounting€to€a€breach€of€thatÐ L œ Ðduty;€(3)€an€injury€or€loss€resulted;€(4)€causation€in€fact€existed;€and€(5)€defendantððs€act€or€omissionÐ 8 ˆ Ðwas€the€proximate€or€legal€cause€of€the€injury.€€òòò òSee€Bradshaw€v.€Danielóóó ó,€854€S.W.2d€865,€869Ð $ t Ð(Tenn.€1993).€€Whether€a€defendant€owes€a€duty€to€a€plaintiff€in€any€given€situation€is€a€question€ofÐ  ` Ðlaw€for€the€court.€€òòò òId.óóó ó€€A€court€should€consider€the€following€when€determining€whether€a€dutyÐ ü L  Ðexists:Ð è 8  ÐÌà0  à[Ô_ÔW]hetherÔ_Ô,€upon€the€facts€in€evidence,€such€a€relation€exists€between€the€parties€that€theÐ À  Ðcommunity€will€impose€a€legal€obligation€upon€one€for€the€benefit€of€others€ð!ð€or,€moreÐ ¬ü  Ðsimply,€whether€the€interest€of€the€plaintiff€[who]€has€suffered€invasion€was€entitled€to€legalÐ ˜è  Ðprotection€at€the€hands€of€the€defendant.€€This€is€entirely€a€question€of€law€to€be€determinedÐ „Ô  Ðby€reference€to€the€body€of€statutes,€rules,€principles€and€precedents€which€make€up€the€law;Ð pÀ Ðand€it€must€be€determined€only€by€the€court.€.€.€.€€A€decision€by€the€court€that,€upon€anyÐ \¬ Ðversion€of€the€facts,€there€is€no€duty€must€necessarily€result€in€judgment€for€the€defendant.ÐH˜(#(# ÐÌòòò òBradshawóóó ó,€854€S.W.2d€at€869„70€(quoting€òòò òLindsey€v.€Miami€Dev.€Corp.óóó ó,€689€S.W.2d€856,€859Ð  p Ð(Tenn.€1985)).Ð  \ ÐÌà  àForeseeability€is€the€test€of€negligence.€€Everyone€has€a€duty€to€use€reasonable€care€to€refrainÐ ä4 Ðfrom€conduct€that€will€foreseeably€cause€injury€to€another.€€òòò òSee€Doe€v.€Ô_ÔLinderÔ_Ô€Constr.€Co.óóó ó,€845Ð Ð  ÐS.W.2d€173,€178€(Tenn.€1992).€€No€person,€however,€is€expected€to€protect€against€harm€from€eventsÐ ¼  Ðwhich€one€cannot€reasonably€anticipate€or€foresee€or€which€are€so€unlikely€to€occur€that€the€risk,Ð ¨ø Ðalthough€recognizable,€would€commonly€be€disregarded.€€òòò òSeeóóó ó€òòò òW.€Page€Keeton€et€al.,€Prosser€andÐ ”ä ÐKeeton€on€the€Law€of€Tortsóóó ó€ðð€31,€at€170€(5th€ed.€1984).€€Specifically,€ð ð[t]he€defendant,€in€order€toÐ €Ð Ðbe€liable,€must€have€been€able€to€anticipate€or€reasonably€foresee€what€usually€will€happen.ðð€Ð l¼ Ðòòò òLancaster€v.€Montesióóó ó,€390€S.W.2d€217,€221€(Tenn.€1965).€€It€logically€follows,€then,€that€the€scopeÐ X ¨ Ðof€the€defendantððs€duty€is€based€upon€the€foreseeability€of€the€risk€of€harm€involved.Ð D!” ÐÌà  àThere€are€two€views€regarding€the€extent€of€a€defendantððs€duty€based€upon€foreseeability.€Ð #l! ÐThe€first€view,€referred€to€as€the€ð ðlimitation€of€liability€to€risk,ðð€is€that€no€defendant€is€liable€forÐ $X" Ðconsequences€which€no€reasonable€person€would€expect€to€follow€from€the€defendantððs€conduct.€Ð ô$D # Ðòòò òSeeóóó ó€òòò òW.€Page€Keeton€et€al.,€Prosser€and€Keeton€on€the€Law€of€Tortsóóó ó€ðð€43,€at€281€(5th€ed.€1984).€Ð à%0!$ ÐThe€second€view,€ð ðliability€beyond€the€risk,ðð€is€that€a€negligent€defendant€must€take€existingÐ Ì&"% Ðcircumstances€as€he€finds€them,€and€he€may€be€liable€for€consequences€occurring€as€a€result€of€hisÐ ¸'#& Ðacts,€regardless€of€whether€they€could€reasonably€be€anticipated.€€òòò òSee€idóóó ó.€at€290.€€In€Tennessee,Ð ¤(ô#' Ðliability€is€imposed€upon€a€defendant€when€the€injury€caused€could€reasonably€have€been€anticipatedÐ )à$( Ðor€foreseen.€€òòò òSee€generallyóóó ó€òòò òStratton€v.€United€Statesóóó ó,€213€F.€Supp.€556,€560€(E.D.€Tenn.€1962€)Ð |*Ì%) Ð(ð ðThe€general€rule€in€Tennessee€is€that€negligence,€to€be€actionable,€must€result€in€damage€to€theÐ h+¸&* Ðplaintiff€which€the€defendant€could€reasonably€have€anticipated€or€foreseen.ðð)€(citing€òòò òTidwell€v.Ð ° ÐKayððs€of€Nashville,€Inc.óóó ó,€250€S.W.2d€75,€77€(Tenn.€1952);€òòò òJones€v.€Stewartóóó ó,€191€S.W.2d€439€(Tenn.Ð œì Ð1946);€òòò òMoody€v.€Gulf€Refining€Co.óóó ó,€218€S.W.€817€(Tenn.€1920)òòò òóóó ó).€€Foreseeability€requires€anÐ ˆØ Ðawareness€of€a€general€character€of€injuries€similar€to€those€suffered€by€the€plaintiff.€€òòò òSee€Lancasteróóó ó,Ð tÄ Ð390€S.W.2d€at€220.€€If€plaintiffððs€injuries€are€of€a€type€that€could€not€have€been€reasonably€foreseen,Ð `° Ða€duty€of€care€never€arises.€€òòò òSee€Doeóóó ó,€845€S.W.2d€at€178.€Ð L œ ÐÌà  àIn€the€instant€case,€two€orthopedic€surgeons€testified€that€Alexandriaððs€knee€injuries€occurredÐ $ t Ðas€a€result€of€her€running.€€Neither€doctor€testified€that€her€injuries€were€the€result€of€falling.€Ð  ` ÐAlthough€Annieððs€Nannies€owed€Alexandria€a€duty€of€reasonable€care,€Annieððs€Nannies€could,€inÐ ü L  Ðno€way,€foresee€that€Alexandria€would€be€injured€ò òòòwhileóóó ó€running.€€Annieððs€Nannies€may€have€beenÐ è 8  Ðliable,€if€a€jury€had€determined€such,€if€Alexandriaððs€injuries€were€the€result€of€a€fall.€€For€instance,Ð Ô$  Ðif€Alexandria€had€fallen€and€had€broken€her€arm€or€her€ankle,€a€reasonable€jury€could€haveÐ À  Ðdetermined€that€Annieððs€Nannies€could€have€foreseen€that€such€an€injury€could€occur€duringÐ ¬ü  Ðdownhill€races,€and€thus,€if€negligence€was€proven,€Annieððs€Nannies€would€be€liable.€€€Although€theÐ ˜è  Ðfact€that€an€accident€may€be€ð ðfreakishðð€in€nature€does€not,€per€se,€make€it€unpredictable€or€unforseen,Ð „Ô  Ðòòò òsee€City€of€Elizabethton€v.€Sluderóóó ó,€534€S.W.2d€115€(Tenn.€1976),€the€failure€to€take€specialÐ pÀ Ðprecaution€against€a€danger€that€is€only€remotely€possible€is€not€negligence.€€òòò òSee€Union€Ry.€Co.€v.Ð \¬ ÐWilliamsóóó ó,€187€F.2d€489€(6th€Cir.€1951),€òòò òcert.€deniedóóó ó,€342€U.S.€839€(1951).€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àThe€Tompkins€place€emphasis€on€the€fact€that€Ms.€Simpson€testified€that€if€she€had€thoughtÐ  p Ðabout€it,€she€would€have€felt€that€it€was€unsafe€to€have€the€children€run€down€the€hill.€€In€òòò òDoeóóó ó,Ð  \ Ðhowever,€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€held€that€ð ð[t]he€actorððs€conduct€must€be€judged€in€the€lightÐ øH Ðof€the€possibilities€apparent€to€him€at€the€time,€and€not€by€looking€backward€ððwith€the€wisdom€bornÐ ä4 Ðof€the€event.ðð€€The€standard€is€one€of€conduct,€rather€than€of€consequences.€€It€is€not€enough€thatÐ Ð  Ðeveryone€can€see€now€that€the€risk€was€great,€if€it€was€not€apparent€when€the€conduct€occurred.ðð€Ð ¼  Ðòòò òDoe€v.€Ô_ÔLinderÔ_Ô€Constr.€Co.óóó ó,€845€S.W.2d€173,€178€(Tenn.€1992)€(quoting€òòò òW.€Page€Keeton€et€al.,Ð ¨ø ÐProsser€and€Keeton€on€the€Law€of€Tortsóóó ó€ðð€31,€at€170€(5th€ed.€1984)).€òòò òó óóó€Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àOn€review€of€this€case,€we€have€determined€that€the€evidence€in€favor€of€the€plaintiff,€namelyÐ l¼ Ðthe€testimony€of€Alexandria€and€the€two€orthopedic€surgeons,€suggests€that€Alexandriaððs€injuriesÐ X ¨ Ðoccurred€while€she€was€running.€€No€evidence€to€the€contrary€was€introduced€at€trial.€€Based€uponÐ D!” Ðthis€and€the€foregoing,€we€find€that€Alexandriaððs€injuries€were€too€remote€to€be€reasonablyÐ 0"€  Ðforeseeable€and,€thus,€no€duty€of€care€arose.€€We€affirm€the€trial€courtððs€directing€a€verdict€in€favorÐ #l! Ðof€the€defendant,€Annieððs€Nannies.Ð $X" ÐÌà  àWe€now€turn€to€the€issue€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€excluding€testimony€regarding€two€girlsÐ à%0!$ Ðfalling€and€bumping€heads€while€running€in€a€downhill€race€prior€to€the€race€in€which€AlexandriaÐ Ì&"% Ðwas€injured.€€Our€review€of€a€trial€courtððs€evidentiary€rulings€is€whether€the€trial€court€abused€itsÐ ¸'#& Ðdiscretion:Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà0  àIn€Tennessee€admissibility€of€evidence€is€within€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€judge.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐWhen€arriving€at€a€determination€to€admit€or€exclude€even€that€evidence€which€is€consideredÐ h+¸&* Ðrelevant€trial€courts€are€generally€accorded€a€wide€degree€of€latitude€and€will€only€beÐ ° Ðoverturned€on€appeal€where€there€is€a€showing€of€abuse€of€discretion.€Ðœì(#(# ÐÌòòò òOtis€v.€Cambridge€Mut.€Fire€Ins.€Co.óóó ó,€850€S.W.2d€439,€442€(Tenn.€1992)€(citations€omitted).Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àAt€trial,€plaintiffsðð€counsel€made€an€offer€of€proof€whereby€Alexandria€testified€that€she€sawÐ L œ Ðtwo€girls€fall€and€bump€their€heads€in€a€race€immediately€prior€to€Alexandriaððs€race.€€The€trial€courtÐ 8 ˆ Ðexcluded€the€jury€from€hearing€this€testimony.€€Counsel€for€the€Tompkins€argue€on€appeal€that€thisÐ $ t Ðtestimony€was€relevant€to€show€that€Annieððs€Nannies€had€notice€or€knowledge€of€danger.€€TheÐ  ` Ðdeterminative€issues€in€this€case,€however,€are€whether€it€was€foreseeable€that€Alexandria€couldÐ ü L  Ðsuffer€a€general€type€of€injury€similar€to€that€which€she€suffered€and€whether,€based€on€thatÐ è 8  Ðforeseeability,€a€duty€was€owed.€€Testimony€about€two€little€girls€falling€and€bumping€their€headsÐ Ô$  Ðis€irrelevant€to€the€determination€of€whether€the€injuries€sustained€by€Alexandria€were€foreseeable.€Ð À  ÐFalling€and€bumping€heads€is€almost€certain€to€occur€when€children€run€and€play.€€Breaking€bothÐ ¬ü  Ðkneecaps€while€running€is€not,€and€this€court€fails€to€see€how€testimony€of€one€is€relevant€to€theÐ ˜è  Ðdetermination€of€foreseeability€of€the€other.€€We€find€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretionÐ „Ô  Ðin€refusing€to€allow€such€testimony.Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àBased€on€the€foregoing,€we€affirm€the€trial€courtððs€granting€of€a€directed€verdict€in€favor€ofÐ H˜ Ðthe€defendant.€€The€costs€of€this€appeal€are€taxed€to€the€Tompkins€and€their€surety,€for€whichÐ 4„ Ðexecution€may€issue€if€necessary.Ð  p ÐÌÌÌÔ#†X¬#XX X4“= #ÔÔ‡ X4“XXX¬#Ôà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÔ#†X¬#XX X4“K#Ô___________________________________€Ð Ð  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDAVID€R.€FARMER,€JUDGE