ÿWPCÚ f—É4E );ס4“8..B…*Jêå4¿“1pµç¯[V:PVY¡£n¶qÚ”•b6hö½¬+…OùÙ¡sÈÜí(œêK8ç‡C…Q)g“SQðºõ¡åZ/lNv9„›·ØÔ/íêa=ò掄ö¦ºq(B¥]Û4I!ó6´+Á°u dh8¬fͳñeܸ1‰ù%ŒÓ¢·í¶h/…éY2¹§5sŒ†¦MdÐ(B¿‘,xTg¨(8šKräø•êWA×3åÙ7m_ÛSAŒ…×Nˆ·(›¦ ˆIÓÛP"¸ìk‹ºÿây¸ë.QÅ&îØ¡˜%DξOPÈLêªMåÆê‚ˆ}ê’ $¬|În¶œNA2ê'^ÉK&‘¨MÃ~?ñtœÓÉîÎ'5ÈÛ‹³Ãæ*ÝÎ1¶‘Ô7–°b#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ UN· w 4 z Ò— i x mz UN‘ Æß Æ¥ Æk Æ1 0D÷N;=hEE­¯ 1uÅ 72: 0cllllllllllllllllllllbÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 0ë×××× B 0¤ß D3ƒ D-¶ 0Kãã AS.Æ 0¤G 0Dë A«/˜HP LaserJet 4050 SeriÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0»œ+â (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularÑuV)ê:i¢Ø+00 ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó  ^Ý ƒR[Õ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€XIX»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôð ðSuits€in€Chanceryðð€are€words€of€art€and€refer€to€cases€of€an€equitable€nature.€€òòSee€óóGibsonððsÐ ° ÐSuits€in€Chancery,€Higgins€&€Ô_ÔCrownoverÔ_Ô,€4òòthóó€Ed.,€for€their€historical€origin.€€In€cases€of€this€nature,Ð œì Ðthe€Statute€affords€the€right€to€a€jury€to€try€and€determine€all€material€facts€in€dispute.€€It€is€thusÐ ˆØ Ðdistinguishable€from€the€common€law€right€to€a€jury€trial€as€guaranteed€by€the€Constitution.€€òòSeeÐ tÄ ÐÔ_ÔMyintÔ_Ô€v.€Allstate€Insurance€Co.óó,€970€S.W.2d€920€(Tenn.€1998).€€While€the€General€Assembly€placedÐ `° Ðjurisdiction€to€try€Tennessee€Human€Rights€Act€cases€in€either€Chancery€or€Circuit€Court,€actionsÐ L œ Ðunder€the€Act€are€equitable€in€nature,€and€the€right€to€a€jury,€as€explained,€is€applicable,€and€is€notÐ 8 ˆ Ðdependent€upon€where€the€action€is€filed.Ð $ t Ð Ñ ° Ñ3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à- ù-(|G2[Õ$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€L%»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€XIX»»Ô d(|3Çw$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€L%»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3Çw$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€L%»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€L%»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€¼L%»»»ÔÑ8€IXXdì»»d8ÑÑ€OYÑà@¦ ¦ ìàIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@””$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEˆÐ  Ðà@ëë ìàJuly€11,€2001€SessionˆÐ Ô$ ÐÔ‡XIX»¼L%ÔÌò òÔ#†¼L%»XXI°#ÔÓ  ÓTHE€UNIVERSITY€OF€TENNESSEE€OF€CHATTANOOGA€v.€KARENÐ Ò" ÐFARROW€and€HARRIET€WHITE,€CONSOLIDATED€WITH€SARAHÐ æ 6 ÐSHARP€v.€THE€UNIVERSITY€OF€TENNESSEE€and€JOYCE€MERRYMANÐ ú J Ðv.€THE€UNIVERSITY€OF€TENNESSEEòòóóÔ‡XIX»¼L%Ôó óÐ  ^ ÐÓöÓÌà@M M ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Chancery€Court€for€Knox€CountyˆÐ ^  Ðà@Å Å ìàNos.€146101„3€and€144421„3€€€€€€Hon.€Sharon€Bell,€ChancellorˆÐ úJ  Ðà@à à ìàAppeal€from€the€Chancery€Court€for€Hamilton€CountyˆÐ æ6  Ðà@§ § ìàNo.€98„0619€€€€€Hon.€W.€Frank€Brown,€ChancellorˆÐ Ò"  ÐÔ_Ôà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àÔ_Ôà h àFILED€AUGUST€16,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÌà@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` A߈Ð ªú  ÐÌà@¶¶ìàNo.€E2000„02386„COA„R9„CV€ˆÐ ¥õ ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í Ðó óÌÌRule€9,€T.R.A.P.€Appeals€granted€on€the€issue€of€whether€the€parties€are€entitled€to€a€jury€in€claimsÐ d´ Ðbrought€under€the€Tennessee€Human€Rights€Act,€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð4„21„101€òòet€seq.óó€€WeÐ P  Ðhold€the€parties€have€the€right€to€a€jury€trial.Ð <Œ ÐÔ#†¼L%»XXI#ÔÔ‡XIX»¼L%ÔÌÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€R.9€Appeals;€Judgments€of€the€Chancery€Court€of€Knox€County€are€reversed,Ð P Ðand€the€Judgment€of€the€Chancery€Court€of€Hamilton€County€is€affirmed.ó óÐ ì< ÐÌòòÌHerschel€Pickens€FranksÔ#†¼L%»àXI³#ÔÔ‡XIX.¼L%Ô,óó€J.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€whichòò€Houston€M.€Goddard,Ô#†¼L%»àXIà#ÔÔ‡XIX.¼L%ÔÐ ° ÐP.J.,óó€andòò€D.€Michael€Swiney,Ô#†¼L%»àXIn #ÔÔ‡XIX.¼L%Ô€J.óó,€joined.Ð œ ì ÐÌSamuel€W.€Brown€and€Arthur€F.€Knight,€III,€Knoxville,€Tennessee,€for€Appellants,€Sarah€Sharp€andÐ t"Ä! ÐJoyce€Merryman.Ð `#°" ÐÌPamela€R.€OððDwyer€and€Randall€D.€Larramore,€Chattanooga,€Tennessee,€for€Appellees,€KarenÐ 8%ˆ $ ÐFarrow€and€Harriet€White.Ð $&t!% ÐÌAlan€M.€Parker,€Deputy€General€Counsel,€The€University€of€Tennessee,€Knoxville,€Tennessee,€forÐ ü'L#' ÐAppellee€The€University€of€Tennessee.Ð è(8$( ÐÌÌÌÌà@66'ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼L%»XXIç #ÔÔ‡XIX»¼L%ԈР„-Ô(-ý ЇòòóóÔ‡ XIXXXIÔÌà  àà ` àIn€each€of€these€actions,€the€plaintiff€alleged€discrimination€under€the€TennesseeÐ œì ÐHuman€Rights€Act€(THRA),€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€4„21„101,€òòet.€seq.óó,€and€demanded€a€jury€trial.€€In€theÐ ˆØ Ðcases€of€Sharp€and€Merryman,€the€Chancellor€at€the€instance€of€the€University,€struck€the€demandsÐ tÄ Ðfor€a€jury.€€But€in€the€case€of€Farrow€and€White€against€the€University€of€Tennessee€at€Chattanooga,Ð `° Ðthe€Chancellor€denied€the€Universityððs€Motion€to€Strike€the€jury€demand.€€Interlocutory€appeals€wereÐ L œ Ðgranted€in€each€case,€and€the€cases€were€combined€on€appeal.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àà ` à€The€sole€issue€on€appeal€is€whether€the€plaintiffs€are€entitled€to€a€trial€by€jury€onÐ  ` Ðemployment€discrimination€claims€under€the€Tennessee€Human€Rights€Act,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð4„21„Ð ü L  Ð101,€òòet€seqóó?€€Utilizing€the€Supreme€Ô_ÔCourtððsÔ_Ô€analysis€in€òòSmith€County€Education€Association€v.Ð è 8  ÐAndersonóó,€676€S.W.2d€328€(Tenn.€1984),€we€hold€that€there€is€a€right€to€a€jury€trial€under€the€THRA,Ð Ô$  Ðbecause€the€Act€does€not€expressly€exempt€that€right€when€creating€a€civil€cause€of€action€forÐ À  Ðaggrieved€persons.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€THRA€provides€two€distinct€avenues€of€redress€in€discrimination€cases.€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àà ` àFirst,€under€T.C.A.€ðð€4„21„302,€an€individual€claiming€to€be€aggrieved€by€aÐ \¬ Ðdiscriminatory€practice€may€file€an€administrative€complaint€with€the€Tennessee€Human€RightsÐ H˜ ÐCommission€within€180€days€after€the€commission€of€an€alleged€discriminatory€practice.€€TheÐ 4„ ÐCommission€is€authorized€to€ð ðtake€such€affirmative€action€as€in€the€judgment€of€the€commission€willÐ  p Ðcarry€out€the€purpose€of€this€Act.ðð€€T.C.A.€ðð€4„21„305(b).€€Affirmative€action€may€include€an€awardÐ  \ Ðof€ð ðdamages€for€injury,€including€humiliation€and€embarrassment,ðð€together€with€attorneyððs€fees.€€Ð øH Ðà  àÌà  àà ` àAny€action€taken€by€the€Commission€is€subject€to€a€limited€judicial€review.€€If€aÐ Ð  Ðcomplainant,€respondent€or€intervenor€is€aggrieved€by€an€order€of€the€Commission,€including€anÐ ¼  Ðorder€dismissing€a€compliant€or€stating€the€terms€of€a€conciliation€agreement,€he€or€she€may€obtainÐ ¨ø Ðjudicial€review€in€chancery€or€circuit€court€pursuant€to€T.C.A.€ðð€4„21„207€of€the€THRA.€€TheÐ ”ä ÐUniform€Administrative€Procedures€Act,€codified€at€T.C.A.€ðð€4„5„101,€òòet.€seqóó.,€provides€that€judicialÐ €Ð Ðreview€of€a€contested€case€determination€by€an€agency€or€commission,€shall€be€without€a€jury€andÐ l¼ Ðshall€be€confined€to€the€record.€€T.C.A.€ðð€4„5„322.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àà ` àAdministrative€relief€is€not€exclusive.€€The€aggrieved€individual,€without€exhaustingÐ 0"€  Ðadministrative€remedies,€may€file€a€direct€action€in€chancery€or€circuit€court€pursuant€to€T.C.A.€ðð€4„Ð #l! Ð21„311,€which€provides€in€full:Ð $X" Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ ` x` x Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àò òAdditional€remedies€preserved.ó 󀄄€(a)€Any€person€injured€by€any€act€in€violation€ofÐ à%0!$ Ðthe€provisions€of€this€chapter€shall€have€a€civil€cause€of€action€in€chancery€court€orÐ Ð& "% Ðcircuit€court.м' #&` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#à(b)€In€such€an€action,€the€court€may€issue€any€permanent€or€temporaryÐ ”)ä$( Ðinjunction,€temporary€restraining€order,€or€any€other€order€and€may€award€toÐ €*Ð%) Ðthe€plaintiff€actual€damages€sustained€by€such€plaintiff,€together€with€theÐ l+¼&* Ðcosts€of€the€lawsuit,€including€a€reasonable€fee€for€the€plaintiffððs€attorney€ofÐ ° Ðrecord,€all€of€which€shall€be€in€addition€to€any€other€remedies€contained€inÐ œì Ðthis€chapter.Јظ (#¸ (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#à(c)€In€cases€involving€discriminatory€housing€practices,€the€court€may€awardÐ `° Ðpunitive€damages€to€the€plaintiff,€in€addition€to€the€other€relief€specified€inÐ L œ Ðthis€section€and€this€chapter.€€In€addition€to€the€remedies€set€forth€in€thisÐ 8 ˆ Ðsection,€all€remedies€described€in€ðð€4-21-306,€except€the€civil€penaltyÐ $ t Ðdescribed€in€ðð€4-21-306(a)(9),€shall€be€available€in€any€lawsuit€filed€pursuantÐ  ` Ðto€this€section.Ðü L ¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#à(d)€A€civil€cause€of€action€under€this€section€shall€be€filed€in€chancery€courtÐ Ô$  Ðor€circuit€court€within€one€(1)€year€after€the€alleged€discriminatory€practiceÐ À  Ðceases,€and€any€such€action€shall€supersede€any€complaint€or€hearing€beforeÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€commission€concerning€the€same€alleged€violations,€and€any€suchÐ ˜è  Ðadministrative€action€shall€be€closed€upon€such€filing.Ð„Ô ¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€4„21„311.Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àà ` àòòò òóóó óThe€plaintiffs€in€the€consolidated€cases€all€took€the€latter€route,€filing€their€claimsÐ 4„ Ðdirectly€in€Chancery€Court.€€Relying€upon€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€21„1„103's€grant€of€the€right€to€a€juryÐ  p Ðtrial€in€chancery€court,€the€plaintiffs€each€included€in€their€complaints€a€demand€for€a€jury€to€decideÐ  \ Ðthe€factual€issues€in€their€cases.€òòóóò òó óÐ øH ÐÌà  àà ` àArticle€I,€Section€6€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€guarantees€the€right€to€a€jury€trialÐ Ð  Ðas€it€existed€at€common€law€when€our€Constitution€was€adopted€in€1796,€but€does€not€guarantee€aÐ ¼  Ðjury€trial€in€every€case.€€In€our€common€law€system€of€courts,€matters€inherently€legal€in€nature€wereÐ ¨ø Ðtried€in€the€law€courts€by€a€jury€while€matters€inherently€equitable€were€tried€by€the€ChancellorÐ ”ä Ðwithout€a€jury.€€Accordingly,€there€is€no€constitutional€right€to€a€trial€by€jury€in€a€matter€inherentlyÐ €Ð Ðequitable.€€The€common€law€also€did€not€require€a€trial€by€jury€in€summary€proceedings,€proceedingsÐ l¼ Ðfor€the€punishment€of€small€offenses,€or€for€paternity€proceedings.€€Seeòòò ò€ó óClark€v.€Crowóó,€37€S.W.3dÐ X ¨ Ð919,€921„922€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2000)€(citingòòò ò€ó óJones€v.€Greeneóó,€946€S.W.2d€817€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.Ð D!” Ð1996)).Ð 0"€  Ðà  àÌà  àà ` àIn€addition€to€the€proceedings€that€did€not€permit€a€trial€by€jury€prior€to€1796,€Tenn.Ð $X" ÐConst.€Art€I,€ðð€6€does€not€apply€to€claims€or€proceedings€established€after€the€adoption€of€theÐ ô$D # ÐTennessee€Constitution,€and€the€General€Assembly€is€free€to€fashion€new€claims€and€remedies€thatÐ à%0!$ Ðdo€not€include€the€right€to€a€jury.€€See€òòClarkóó€at€922.€€Ð Ì&"% Ðà  àÌà  àà ` àThe€legislature€may€choose€to€specifically€include€the€right€to€a€jury€trial€in€enactingÐ ¤(ô#' Ðnew€laws,€as€it€did€in€the€divorce€laws.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„4„113€(1996).€€Additionally,€theÐ )à$( ÐGeneral€Assembly€created€a€statutory€right€to€a€jury€trial€in€equitable€matters€by€enacting€Tenn.€CodeÐ |*Ì%) ÐAnn.€ðð€21„1„103,€which€reads:Ð h+¸&* Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ ` x` x Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àò ò21„1„103.€Right€to€trial€by€jury.€„„ó ó€Either€party€to€a€suit€in€chancery׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€is€entitled,Ð œì Ðupon€application,€to€a€jury€to€try€and€determine€any€material€fact€in€dispute,€save€inÐ ŒÜ Ðcases€involving€complicated€accounting,€as€to€such€accounting,€and€those€elsewhereÐ xÈ Ðexcepted€by€law€or€by€provisions€of€this€Code,€and€all€the€issue€of€fact€in€any€properÐ d´ Ðcase€shall€be€submitted€to€one€(1)€jury.ÐP  ` (#` (# ÐÌWhen€the€legislature€enacted€this€section,€it€intended€to€give€a€ð ðbroad€right€to€trial€by€jury.ðð€€€òòSmithÐ ( x ÐCounty€Education€Association€v.€Andersonóó,€676€S.W.2d€328,€337€(Tenn.€1984).€€The€scope€of€theÐ  d Ðright€provided€in€this€section,€was€construed€by€the€Supreme€Court€in€òòSmithò òóóó ó,€where€the€CourtÐ  P  Ðinterpreted€the€section€to€find€a€right€to€a€jury€trial€under€the€Open€Meetings€Act,€T.C.A.€ðð€8„44„101Ð ì <  Ðòòet€seqóó.,€and€the€Education€Professional€Negotiations€Act,€T.C.A.€ðð€49„5„601€òòet€seqóó.€Both€of€theseÐ Ø(  ÐActs€created€causes€of€action€that€are€purely€equitable€in€nature,€and€both€speak€in€terms€of€what€theÐ Ä  Ðð ðcourtðð€shall€have€the€power€to€do.€€Moreover,€these€were€not€causes€of€action€that€existed€at€theÐ °  Ðtime€our€Constitution€was€adopted.€€Therefore,€at€common€law,€there€would€have€been€no€right€toÐ œì  Ða€jury€trial€in€these€cases,€and€the€Supreme€Court,€in€considering€the€applicability€of€T.C.A.€ðð€21„1„Ð ˆØ  Ð103€to€these€causes€of€action,€said:Ð tÄ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àÐ ` x` x Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà ¸ àIt€is€our€conclusion,€therefore,€...€that€only€those€cases€are€excepted€from€theÐ Lœ Ðabove€quoted€Code€sections€which€are€expressly€excepted€by€the€provisions€of€theÐ 8ˆ ÐCode,€and€those€statutory€exceptions€not€found€in€the€Code;€and€such€as€by€their€veryÐ $t Ðnature€must€necessarily€be€deemed€inappropriate€and€not€a€proper€case€to€beÐ ` Ðsubmitted€to€a€jury€such€asòò€Pass€v.€Stateóó,€181€Tenn.€613,€184€S.W.2d€1€[1944]€(aÐ üL Ðcontempt€proceeding€for€violation€of€an€injunction),€unless€in€such€case€expressÐ è8 Ðprovision€for€a€jury€trial€is€made€by€statute;€or€in€cases€of€such€a€complicated€andÐ Ô$ Ðintricate€nature€involving€mixed€questions€of€law€and€fact€not€suitable€for€solutionÐ À Ðby€a€jury€such€as€laches€or€estoppel.€€Ð¬ü` (#` (# ÐÌòòSmith€County€Educ.€Assððnò ò.ó óóó,€676€S.W.2d€at€336€(òòquoting€Moore€v.€Mitchellóó,€329€S.W.2d€821,€823„Ð „Ô Ð824€(Tenn.€1959)).€€Following€the€reasoning€in€òòMooreóó,€the€Supreme€Court€found€that€because€theÐ pÀ Ðright€to€a€jury€trial€was€not€ð ðexpressly€exceptedðð€by€the€two€acts,€the€parties€were€entitled€to€haveÐ \ ¬ Ða€jury€determine€the€material€facts€of€the€case,€and€the€case€dealt€solely€with€statutory€causes€ofÐ H!˜ Ðaction€with€only€equitable€remedies.Ð 4"„  Ðà  àÌà  àà ` àFollowing€the€decisions€of€òòMooreóó€and€òòSmith€County€Educ.€Assððnò ò.ó óóó,€the€most€commonÐ œì Ðexamples€of€situations€where€the€Court€has€found€there€was€no€right€to€a€jury€trial,€involvedÐ ˆØ Ðsummary€review€by€a€Judge€or€provided€for€administrative€processes.€€For€example,€in€òòState€v.Ð tÄ ÐHarleyóó,€790€S.W.2d€276€(Tenn.€1990),€the€Court€held€there€was€no€right€to€a€jury€in€a€proceedingÐ `° Ðconducted€pursuant€to€T.C.A.€ðð€44„17„120,€which€explicitly€provides€for€a€summary€procedure€forÐ L œ Ðthe€destruction€of€vicious€or€rabid€dogs.€€Likewise,€a€defendant€was€held€not€entitled€to€a€jury€trialÐ 8 ˆ Ðin€a€contempt€proceeding€for€violating€an€injunction€against€illegal€sale€of€intoxicating€liquorÐ $ t Ðbecause€the€law€explicitly€provides€that€an€abatement€of€public€nuisance€case€should€be€conductedÐ  ` Ðsummarily€by€the€Chancellor.€€òòPass€v.€Stateóó,€184€S.W.2d€1€(Tenn.€1944).Ð ü L  Ðà  àÌà  àà ` àA€jury€is€not€available€in€forfeiture€proceedings€where€the€legislature€mandatedÐ Ô$  Ðproceedings€in€conformance€with€the€Administrative€Procedures€Act€which€expressly€provides€forÐ À  Ða€trial€by€a€judge€without€a€jury.€€òòHelms€v.€Tennessee€Department€of€Safetyóó,€987€S.W.2d€545€(Tenn.Ð ¬ü  Ð1999);òòò ò€ó óJones€v.€Greeneóó,€946€S.W.2d€817€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1996).€The€Court€in€òòJonesóó€made€theÐ ˜è  Ðfollowing€observations€about€forfeiture€proceedings:Ð „Ô  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àÐ ` x` x Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà ¸ àEvery€state€has€enacted€statutes€permitting€the€confiscation€and€forfeiture€ofÐ \¬ Ðproperty€used€in€or€derived€from€the€sale€of€illegal€drugs.€€Most€of€these€statutesÐ H˜ Ðfollow€a€judicial€model€that€requires€the€seizing€agency€to€commence€forfeitureÐ 4„ Ðproceedings€in€court.€€Tennessee€is€one€of€five€states€that€follow€an€administrativeÐ  p Ðmodel€in€which€forfeiture€cases€are€processed€by€an€administrative€agency€with€theÐ  \ Ðright€of€judicial€review€of€the€agencyððs€decision.€€òòThe€choice€between€the€judicial€orÐ øH Ðadministrative€model€influences€the€claimantððs€right€to€a€jury€trial.óóÐä4` (#` (# ÐÌ946€S.W.2d€at€824€(emphasis€added).€€Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àà ` àBoth€òòJonesóó€and€òòHelmsóó€emphasized€that€the€legislature€is€free€to€create€new€claims€andÐ ”ä Ðremedies€that€do€not€include€a€trial€by€jury,€which€is€what€the€legislature€did€in€the€instance€of€drugÐ €Ð Ðforfeiture€cases€in€creating€an€administrative€procedure€and€remedy€that€specifically€excluded€theÐ l¼ Ðright€to€a€jury€trial.Ð X ¨ Ðà  àÌà  àà ` àLikewise,€in€òòClark,€óóthis€Court€found€that€the€Domestic€Abuse€Act€is€expresslyÐ 0"€  Ðexcepted€from€Tennesseeððs€statutory€right€to€a€jury€trial€in€equity€matters.€€37€S.W.3d€919€(Tenn.€Ct.Ð #l! ÐApp.€2000).€€Because€the€Domestic€Abuse€Act€does€not,€on€its€face,€provide€for€or€exclude€a€juryÐ $X" Ðtrial,€the€Court€looked€to€legislative€intent€in€its€interpretation€of€that€law.€€The€statute€provided€thatÐ ô$D # Ðthe€ð ðcourtðð€would€issue€a€protective€order,€and€that€a€ð ðhearingðð€should€be€provided€within€15€days.€Ð à%0!$ ÐThe€Court€interpreted€these€words€to€connote€action€of€the€Court€without€a€jury.€€37€S.W.3d€at€923.€Ð Ì&"% ÐThe€Court€also€found€support€for€its€interpretation€in€the€purpose€and€intent€of€the€statute,€which€wasÐ ¸'#& Ðto€provide€a€victim€of€domestic€abuse€with€an€expedited€process€and€to€protect€that€person€fromÐ ¤(ô#' Ðfurther€harm.€€òòIdóó.€at€924.€€Significantly,€the€specific€language€used€by€the€Court€in€òòClarkóó€evinces€aÐ )à$( Ðrecognition€of€the€fact€that€in€order€to€remove€a€cause€of€action€from€the€right€to€a€jury€trial,€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðcause€must€be€ð ðexpressly€exceptedðð€by€its€language€and€intent.€€òòIdóó.€at€922.Ð h+¸&* ÐÑOYÑâ âѰ°Ñâ âÑ  Ñà  àÌà  àà ` àThis€Court€has€addressed€the€specific€issue€of€whether€a€plaintiff€bringing€a€claimÐ œì Ðunder€the€Tennessee€Human€Rights€Act€has€the€right€to€a€jury€trial.€€In€an€unreported€case€out€of€theÐ ˆØ ÐMiddle€Section,€we€held€there€was€a€right€to€a€jury€trial€for€a€plaintiff€bringing€an€action€forÐ tÄ Ðretaliatory€discharge€under€the€THRA.€€òòSledge€v.€Phillipsóó,€1990€WL€62852€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€May€16,Ð `° Ð1990).€€On€appeal,€the€plaintiff€argued€that€the€Chancellor€erred€in€treating€the€jury€as€advisory€only,Ð L œ Ðthus€depriving€her€of€her€right€to€a€trial€by€jury.€€This€Court€agreed:€€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àIn€our€opinion€the€plaintiff€had€a€right€to€a€trial€by€jury€on€all€factual€issues€unless€theÐ  ` Ðright€had€been€effectively€waived.€€See€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€21„1„103€(1980);òò€SmithÐ ü L  ÐCounty€Education€Association€v.€Andersonóó,€676€S.W.2d€328,€337€(Tenn.€1984).€Ð è 8  ÐEven€if€the€cause€of€action€were€classified€as€purely€equitable,€the€result€would€be€theÐ Ô$  Ðsame€and€the€findings€of€the€jury€would€be€entitled€to€the€same€weight€as€a€commonÐ À  Ðlaw€verdict.€€òòIdóó.€Ð¬ü ` (#` (# ÐÌ1990€WL€62852€at€*3.Ð „Ô  Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àà ` àòòAccordóó:€òòHannah€v.€Pitney€Bowes,€Incóó.,€739€F.Supp.€1131€(E.D.€Tenn.€1989).€Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€THRA€neither€expressly€provides€for€or€excludes€the€right€to€a€trial€by€jury€inÐ 4„ Ðemployment€discrimination€cases.€€Rather,€it€provides€a€claimant€with€a€choice€between€anÐ  p Ðadministrative€procedure€with€judicial€review€or€a€direct€civil€cause€of€action€in€chancery€or€circuitÐ  \ Ðcourt.€€Specifically,€T.C.A.€ðð€4„21„311€provides:Ð øH Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àò òû°ÿ°dûà ¸ àü°ÿ°düó óÐ ` x` x Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà ¸ à(a)€Any€person€injured€by€any€act€in€violation€of€the€provisions€of€this€chapterÐ Ð  Ðshall€have€a€civil€cause€of€action€in€chancery€court€or€circuit€court.м ` (#` (# Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à€€€€€à ¸ àШø` x` x Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà ¸ à(b)€In€such€an€action,€the€court€may€issue€any€permanent€or€temporaryÐ ”ä Ðinjunction,€temporary€restraining€order,€or€any€other€order€and€may€award€to€theÐ €Ð Ðplaintiff€actual€damages€sustained€by€such€plaintiff,€together€with€the€costs€of€theÐ l¼ Ðlawsuit,€including€a€reasonable€fee€for€the€plaintiffððs€attorney€of€record,€all€of€whichÐ X ¨ Ðshall€be€in€addition€to€any€other€remedies€contained€in€this€chapter.ÐD!”` (#` (# ÐÌThis€language€goes€beyond€that€language€of€the€statutes€at€issue€in€òòSmith€County€Educ.€Assððnóó,€in€thatÐ #l! Ðit€specifically€confers€a€civil€cause€of€action€upon€any€aggrieved€person€instead€of€merely€speakingÐ $X" Ðin€terms€of€what€the€Court€is€given€the€authority€to€do.€€There€is€no€indication€in€the€Act€that€theÐ ô$D # Ðlegislature€intended€to€exclude€the€right€to€a€jury€trial.€€Following€the€rationale€in€òòSmith€CountyÐ à%0!$ ÐEduc.€Assððnóó€and€òòMooreóó,€because€there€is€no€express€exception€to€a€partyððs€right€to€a€jury,€such€partiesÐ Ì&"% Ðhave€the€statutory€right€to€a€jury€in€cases€of€discrimination€under€the€Tennessee€Human€Rights€Act.Ð ¸'#& Ðà  àÌà  àà ` àThe€University€takes€a€strong€exception€to€Chancellor€Brownððs€decision,€which€weÐ )à$( Ðaffirm.€€First,€the€University€readsòòò ò€ó óMoore€v.€Mitchellóó€to€say€that€T.C.A.€ðð€21„1„103€does€not€applyÐ |*Ì%) Ðto€statutorily€created€remedies€unless€the€statute€expressly€provides€for€the€right€to€a€jury€trial.€Ð h+¸&* ÐHowever,€this€reading€of€òòMooreóó€is€incongruous€with€òòSmith€County€Educ.€Ô_ÔAssððnÔ_Ô€óóÔ#†XIXX XI— #ÔÔ‡ XIXXXIÔÔ#† ¼L%»X XIW #ÔÔ‡ XIX» ¼L%Ôand€is€an€inaccurateÐ ° Ðinterpretation€of€òòMooreóó€itself.€€In€òòMooreóó,€the€Court€held€that€only€cases€that€were€excluded€from€theÐ œì Ðgrant€of€the€right€to€a€jury€trial€were€those€in€which€the€statute€expressly€excepted€the€right€or€thoseÐ ˆØ Ðthat€by€their€very€nature€were€inappropriate€for€a€jury.€€òòMooreóó,€329€S.W.2d€821,€823„824€(Tenn.Ð tÄ Ð1959).€€The€Court€then€held€that€in€these€situations€in€which€a€jury€would€be€improper,€there€mayÐ `° Ðbe€a€jury€if€there€is€an€express€provision€for€a€jury€trial€in€that€statute.€€òòIdóó.Ð L œ Ðà  àÌà  àà ` àThe€Supreme€Court€made€it€clear€in€òòSmith€County€Education€Associationóó€that€a€partyÐ $ t Ðhas€the€right€to€a€jury€trial€Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔwhereÔ_Ô€the€statute€neither€provides€for,€nor€excludes€the€right€to€a€jury€trial.€Ð  ` ÐòòId.€óó336„337.€€The€Court€did€not€require€the€statutes€in€question€to€have€an€express€grant€of€the€rightÐ ü L  Ðto€a€jury€in€order€for€the€parties€to€have€that€right.€Moreover,€òòClarkò òó óóó€recognized€that€to€exclude€a€caseÐ è 8  Ðfrom€T.C.A.€ðð€21„1„103,€there€must€be€an€express€exception€to€the€right€to€the€jury€in€the€statute.€Ð Ô$  ÐòòId.€óóat€922.Ð À  Ðà  àÌà  àà ` àThe€University€also€relies€on€òòPlasti„Line,€Inc.€v€Tennessee€Human€RightsÐ ˜è  ÐCommissionóó,€746€S.W.2d€691€(Tenn.€1988),€arguing€that€the€question€before€the€court€in€that€caseÐ „Ô  Ðwas€whether€there€was€a€right€to€demand€a€jury€when€seeking€a€statutory€remedy€under€the€THRA,Ð pÀ Ðto€which€the€court€answered€in€the€negative.€€This€too€is€an€inaccurate€reading€of€the€case.€€The€issueÐ \¬ Ðbefore€the€Court€in€òòPlasti„Lineóó,€was€the€constitutionality€of€the€provision€of€the€Human€Rights€ActÐ H˜ Ðregarding€the€formation€and€powers€of€the€Human€Rights€Commission.€€Specifically,€an€employerÐ 4„ Ðwas€challenging€a€decision€rendered€by€the€Commission€on€the€grounds€that€the€power€granted€toÐ  p Ðthe€Commission€violated€separation€of€powers€and€the€constitutional€right€to€a€jury.€€Ð  \ Ðà  àÌà  àà ` àThe€language€in€òòPlasti„Lineóó€that€is€so€heavily€relied€upon€by€the€University,€states€thatÐ ä4 Ðð ðthe€fact€that€a€trial€by€jury€is€not€available€under€the€statutes€in€question€does€not€render€themÐ Ð  Ðunconstitutional.ðð€€The€statutes€in€question€were€those€portions€of€the€Act€relating€to€the€creation€ofÐ ¼  Ðthe€Human€Rights€Commission€and€the€administrative€remedies€afforded€to€an€aggrieved€person.€Ð ¨ø ÐIf€an€individual€elects€for€administrative€relief€and€then€seeks€judicial€review€of€the€CommissionerððsÐ ”ä Ðdecision,€it€is€clear€under€the€Uniform€Administrative€Procedures€Act€that€they€are€not€afforded€theÐ €Ð Ðright€to€a€jury.€€However,€in€òòPlasti„Lineóó,€the€provisions€relating€to€the€direct€civil€action€were€not€atÐ l¼ Ðall€addressed.€€Accordingly,€not€only€is€the€language€in€òòPlasti„Lineóó€dicta,€it€does€not€apply€to€theÐ X ¨ Ðissue€before€us.Ð D!” Ðà  àÌà  àà ` àThe€Universityððs€final€argument€involves€a€provision€of€the€Human€Rights€ActÐ #l! Ðregarding€discriminatory€housing€practices€that€specifically€states€that€the€parties€have€a€right€to€aÐ $X" Ðjury.€€Ð ô$D # Ðà  àÌà  àà ` àWhile€a€plaintiff€bringing€a€claim€under€most€sections€of€the€THRA€has€the€choiceÐ Ì&"% Ðbetween€the€administrative€procedure€or€filing€directly€in€state€court,€in€cases€involvingÐ ¸'#& Ðdiscriminatory€housing€practices,€there€is€a€third€procedural€option.€€If€an€aggrieved€individual€optsÐ ¤(ô#' Ðfor€administrative€relief€and€the€Commission€has€determined€that€there€is€reasonable€cause€to€believeÐ )à$( Ðthat€the€respondent€has€engaged€in€a€discriminatory€housing€practice,€and€if€the€complaint€has€notÐ |*Ì%) Ðbeen€resolved€through€a€conciliation€agreement,€either€of€the€parties€may€elect€to€have€the€claims€andÐ h+¸&* Ðissues€of€the€complaint€decided€in€a€civil€action€commenced€and€maintained€by€the€commission.€Ð ° ÐT.C.A.€ðð€4„21„312.€€In€a€civil€action€brought€in€this€specific€manner,€the€parties€are€explicitly€givenÐ œì Ðthe€right€to€a€jury€trial.€€T.C.A.€ðð€4„21„312(d).Ð ˆØ Ðà  àÌà  àà ` àThe€University€contends€that€because€the€statute€explicitly€provides€for€a€jury€trialÐ `° Ðin€one€type€of€case,€the€legislature€must€have€meant€to€exclude€the€right€to€a€jury€trial€in€all€otherÐ L œ Ðcases.€€However,€the€University€implies€in€its€reasoning€that€the€statute€specifically€grants€a€jury€trialÐ 8 ˆ Ðin€housing€discrimination€cases€that€are€brought€directly€in€state€court.€€That€is€not€the€case.€€TheÐ $ t Ðspecific€reference€to€a€jury€trial€is€directed€at€the€particular€administrative€procedure€outlined€in€ððÐ  ` Ð4„21„312€that€is€unique€to€housing€discrimination€cases.€€Normally,€if€a€party€opts€for€theÐ ü L  Ðadministrative€remedy,€there€is€no€right€to€a€jury€trial€before€the€Commission€or€upon€judicial€review.€Ð è 8  ÐClearly€the€legislature€felt€it€necessary€to€specify€that€a€jury€would€be€available€under€ðð€4„21„312Ð Ô$  Ðwhen€the€case€was€brought€to€state€court€by€the€Commission€in€a€quasi„administrative€procedure.€Ð À  Ðà  àÌà  àà ` àIt€is€a€general€rule€of€statutory€construction€that€the€mention€of€one€subject€in€a€statuteÐ ˜è  Ðmeans€the€exclusion€of€other€subjects€that€are€not€mentioned.€€òòCarver€v.€Citizens€Utilities€Co.óó,€954Ð „Ô  ÐS.W.2d€34,€35€(Tenn.€1997)€Omissions€are€significant€when€statutes€are€expressed€in€certainÐ pÀ Ðcategories€but€not€others.€€òòIdóó.€€In€òòCarveróó,€the€issue€was€whether€punitive€damages€are€available€underÐ \¬ Ððð€4„21„306(8)€as€ð ðother€remedies.ðð€€The€Court€held€that€they€were€not,€focusing€in€part€on€the€factÐ H˜ Ðthat€the€statute€expressly€authorized€punitive€damages€in€ðð€4„21„311(c)€only€in€cases€involvingÐ 4„ Ðdiscriminatory€housing€practices.€€The€reasoning€in€òòCarveróó€is€not€controlling€because€in€the€caseÐ  p Ðbefore€us,€there€is€an€underlying€rule€that€allows€for€a€jury€trial€unless€the€case€is€elsewhere€exceptedÐ  \ Ðby€law.€€Conversely,€there€is€no€underlying€statutory€or€constitutional€right€to€punitive€damages.€Ð øH ÐMoreover,€the€provision€in€the€THRA€that€specifically€addresses€the€jury€issue€relates€to€a€veryÐ ä4 Ðspecific,€quasi„administrative€procedure€that€is€unique€to€certain€housing€discrimination€cases.€Ð Ð  ÐClearly€the€legislature€felt€the€need€to€expressly€provide€for€a€jury€trial€in€this€instance€to€distinguishÐ ¼  Ðit€from€the€judicial€review€of€the€Commissionððs€decision€that€are€not€afforded€a€jury€trial.€€StatedÐ ¨ø Ðanother€way,€the€question€is€not€whether€a€jury€trial€is€provided€for€by€the€THRA,€but€rather,€whetherÐ ”ä Ðthe€THRA€is€expressly€exempted€from€T.C.A.€ðð€21„1„103.€€Taking€into€account€the€text€of€theÐ €Ð Ðstatutes€and€the€interpretations€given€to€that€text€in€the€foregoing€decisions,€we€hold€the€THRA€isÐ l¼ Ðnot€exempt€from€the€statutory€grant€of€the€right€to€a€jury€trial€by€the€parties.€€Ð X ¨ Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àà ` àWe€affirm€the€ruling€of€the€Chancery€Court€in€Hamilton€County,€and€reverse€theÐ 0"€  Ðrulings€by€the€Chancery€Court€in€Knox€County,€and€remand€with€the€cost€of€the€appeals€assessed€toÐ #l! Ðthe€University€of€Tennessee.€€Ô#†XIXX XIZ#ÔÔ#†¼L%»XXIÒZ#ÔÔ‡XIX»¼L%ÔòòÐ $X" ÐóóÔ#†¼L%»XXIË{#ÔÔ‡XIX»¼L%Ôà0  àà0` (#(#àÐ ` (#` (# ÐÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à_________________________Ð ¸'#& Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àòòHerschel€Pickens€Franks,€J.Ð ¤(ô#' Ðóó