ÿWPCk$ …4Vj 0(y¡w@© 0lé 0DUUN™ 0Jç 0T1 %… 0^‹ 0hé 0rQ 0|à 0†? 0Å 1uU 0dÊ U>. B)l DC• BØ AMõ U*B0l D3œhÏñ7 0@( hv~uvÓó AOÆ"Æ# 0DÛ# D/$ BN$Úƒç"ÔøÔô3|x6($¡¡ D!D"D#D$U%D&D'(Ó€4((3úÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó( £  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôˆ2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman% Line 7 d$$$$7Border 1dd d€-%Cþÿ << Gÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial &Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÔ€#ŠÔÝ  ÝÔ€(ÔÔ€(ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€(XÔÌÌò òDecember€17,€1997ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€(ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó&&&&'ÿÿdxd ^Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÔ€#ŠÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€#&ÔK.R.S.€ðð186A.220(1)€states€in€part:Ìà8 àà8 à[W]hen€any€motor€vehicle€dealer€licensed€in€this€state€buys€or€acceptsÏsuch€a€vehicle€in€trade,€which€has€been€previously€registered€or€titledÏfor€use€in€this€or€another€state,€and€which€he€holds€for€resale,€he€shallÏnot€be€required€to€obtain€a€certificate€of€title€for€it,€but€shall,€withinÏfifteen€(15)€days€after€acquiring€such€vehicle,€notify€the€county€clerkÏof€the€assignment€of€the€motor€vehicle€to€his€dealership€and€pay€theÏrequired€transfer€fee.€Ìà àKy.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð186A.220(1)€(Banks„Baldwin€1996).Ìà àK.R.S.€ðð€190.071(2)€provides:Ìà8 àà8 àAny€motor€vehicle€dealer€.€.€.€who€is€found€by€the€commission€to€haveÏacquired€a€used€motor€vehicle€for€cash,€trade„in,€or€in€any€otherÏmanner€and€fails€to€have€the€registration€transferred€to€him€prior€toÏthe€time€the€vehicle€is€sold€or€otherwise€transferred€to€another€personÏshall€be€subject€to€suspension,€fine,€or€revocation€of€his€motor€vehicleÏdealerððs€license.Ìà àKy.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð190.071(2)€(Banks„Baldwin€1992).Ìà àK.R.S.€ðð€186.190(2)€states:Ìà8 àà8 àA€person€shall€not€purchase,€sell,€or€trade€any€motor€vehicle€withoutÏdelivering€to€the€county€clerk€of€the€county€in€which€the€sale€or€tradeÏis€made€the€current€registration€receipt€issued€on€the€motor€vehicleÏand€bill€of€sale.Ìà àKy.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð186.190(2)€(Banks„Baldwin€1994).Ì çÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÔ€#ŠÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€#&ÔK.R.S.€ðð€190.015€states€that€the€purpose€of€K.R.S.€Chapter€190€(regulating€motor€vehicleÏsales)€à0 àis€to€promote€the€public€interest€and€public€welfare€and€to€prevent€frauds,€impositions€andÏother€abuses€upon€the€citizens€of€Kentucky.€Ky.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð€190.015€(Banks„BaldwinÏ1982).Ì("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÔ€#ŠÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€#&ÔK.R.S.€ðð186A.220(1)€states€in€part:Ìà8 àà8 à[W]hen€any€motor€vehicle€dealer€licensed€in€this€state€buys€or€acceptsÏsuch€a€vehicle€in€trade,€which€has€been€previously€registered€or€titledÏfor€use€in€this€or€another€state,€and€which€he€holds€for€resale,€he€shallÏnot€be€required€to€obtain€a€certificate€of€title€for€it,€but€shall,€withinÏfifteen€(15)€days€after€acquiring€such€vehicle,€notify€the€county€clerkÏof€the€assignment€of€the€motor€vehicle€to€his€dealership€and€pay€theÏrequired€transfer€fee.€Ìà àKy.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð186A.220(1)€(Banks„Baldwin€1996).ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHØ(d'`Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  ion-F Geneva ÒÒ  ion-F Geneva Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€#ÔÔ€#ŠÔÝ  ÝÒ Ü ÒÒ ° ÒÑ ý ÑÑ  ÑÑ Ü ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7€cëXˆddÈ7ÑÙ€€ÙßR€')%A1-j|` Å `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌ€€€€à@ àò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌà@ àEASTERN€SECTIONÌó óÌÌÌERNEST€JAMES€WAYLAND,à àà à)€C/A€NO.€03A01„9705„CV„00172Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àPlaintiff„Appellant,à àà àà à)€ANDERSON€CIRCUITÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìv.à àà àà àà àà àà à)€HON.€JAMES€B.€SCOTT,€JR.,Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)€JUDGEÌCARL€and€LOLA€PETERS,€à àà à)Ìindividually€and€d/b/a€SCOTT€COUNTY)ÌMOTORS,€INC.,€a€Kentucky€à àà à)ÌCorporation,à àà àà àà àà à)€REVERSEDÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)€ANDÌà àDefendants„Appellees.à àà à)€REMANDEDÌÌÌÌÌBRUCE€D.€FOX,€RIDENOUR,€RIDENOUR€&€FOX,€Clinton,€for€Plaintiff„Appellant.ÌÌDEBRA€L.€FULTON€and€ROBERT€L.€KAHN,€FRANTZ,€MCCONNELL€&ÏSEYMOUR,€LLP,€Knoxville,€for€Defendants„Appellees.Ì̛̜Ìà@ àò òòòO€P€I€N€I€O€NÌÌœ›Ìóóó óà@ àà àà àà àà àFranks,€J.Ìà àÌœ›ÌÓÓÔ€#XÔà àÔ€#ŠÔà àPlaintiff€alleged€in€his€complaint€that€defendants€did€not€comply€withÏKentucky€statutes€relative€to€titling€and€transferring€motor€vehicles,€and€the€financialÏresponsibility€requirements€in€the€State€of€Kentucky.€€Further,€that€defendants€areÏrequired€to€know€and€follow€the€applicable€laws€relative€to€automobile€dealers,€andÏthat€the€defendants€in€this€matter€ignored€these€laws€and€should€be€responsible€toÍthe€plaintiff€for€œdamages›€as€legal€owner€of€the€1973€Buick€involved€in€the€collisionÏwith€the€plaintiff.Ìà àà àThe€Trial€Judge€ultimately€granted€defendantððs€motion€for€a€summaryÏjudgment€and€plaintiff€has€appealed.€€The€material€facts€are€not€in€dispute.Ìà àà àPlaintiff€essentially€argues€on€appeal€that€Kentucky€law€is€applicable€toÏthe€facts€of€this€case,€and€that€under€Kentucky€law,€plaintiff€is€entitled€to€œrecoverÏdamages›€from€these€defendants.Ìà àà àThis€case€arose€from€an€automobile€accident€that€occurred€in€AndersonÏCounty,€Tennessee,€on€November€2,€1989.€€A€1973€Buick,€driven€by€Milton€DowneyÏcollided€with€Plaintiffððs€vehicle.€€Downey€was€apparently€intoxicated€at€the€time€ofÏthe€accident€and€driving€on€the€wrong€side€of€the€road.€€Plaintiff€sued€Downey€andÏwas€awarded€$750,000.00€in€damages€in€the€Circuit€Court€for€Anderson€County.€ÏPlaintiff€then€sued€these€defendants,€and€the€record€shows€that€Scott€County€MotorsÏsold€the€1973€Buick€to€Downey€on€August€22,€1989,€but€it€did€not€obtain€aÏcertificate€of€title€when€it€bought€the€car€from€Terry€Darnell,€the€previous€owner.€ÏThus,€it€did€not€sign€a€certificate€of€title€to€Downey€at€the€time€of€his€purchase.€ÏDefendants€made€application€for€transfer€of€title€from€Darnell€to€Scott€CountyÏMotors,€and€Scott€County€Motors€to€Downey€on€July€27,€1990.Ìà àà àPlaintiff€insists€that€defendantsðð€failure€to€transfer€title€properly€meantÏthey€owned€the€vehicle€on€the€date€of€the€accident€and€were€liable€for€damages€œforÏfailure€to€comply€with€Kentucky€law.€€This›€claim€is€based€upon€defendantððs€allegedÏviolation€of€several€Kentucky€motor€vehicle€statutes€concerning€licensing€andÍregistration× ƒ+ ××  ×.Ô€#XÔÌÔ€#ŠÔà àà àAs€a€preliminary€issue€to€deciding€which€state€law€applies,€it€must€beÏdetermined€whether€an€actual€conflict€of€law€exists.ðð€òòSeals€v.€Delta€Air€Lines,€Incòòóó.óó,Ï924€F.Supp.€854,€859€(E.D.€Tenn.€1996).€€In€Tennessee,€ð ðthe€intention€of€the€parties,Ïnot€the€certificate€of€title,€determines€the€ownership€of€an€automobile.ðð€òòSmith€v.ÏSmithóó,€650€S.W.2d€54,€56€(Tenn.App.€1983).€€Kentucky€ð ðis€a€certificate€of€title€stateÏfor€the€purposes€of€determining€ownership€of€a€motor€vehicle€and€requiring€liabilityÏinsurance€coverage.ððòò€Potts€v.€Draper,óó€864€S.W.2d€896,€898€(Ky.€1993);€Ky.€Rev.ÏStat.€Ann.€ðð€186A€(Banks„Baldwin€1996).€€Generally,€the€titleholder€is€considered€theÏowner€of€the€vehicle€in€the€absence€of€a€valid€conditional€sale.€òòPotts,óó€864€S.W.2d€atÏ898;€Ky.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð€186.010(7)€(Banks„Baldwin€1996).€€Kentucky€hasÍchanged€from€ð ðan€equitable€title€state€to€a€certificate€of€title€state€for€the€purposes€ofÏdetermining€ownership€of€a€motor€vehicle€for€liability€insurance€purposes.ðð€òòPottsóó,Ï864€S.W.2d€at€898.€Kentucky€courts€have€also€held€that€an€automobile€dealerððsÏfailure€€to€comply€with€licensing,€registration€and€insurance€statutes€makes€him€anÏowner€and€the€buyer€a€permissive€user.òò€€Rogers.vÔ€#XÔ€Wheeleróó,€864€S.W.2d€892€(Ky.€1993).€ÏUnder€Kentucky€law,€Downey€was€not€the€titleholder€on€the€date€of€the€accident€and€thereforeÏwas€not€the€owner.€€Accordingly,€the€laws€of€Kentucky€and€Tennessee€are€in€conflict.€€Ìà àà àTennessee€has€adopted€the€ð ðmost€significant€relationshipðð€approach€of€€ðð€6,Ï145,€146€and€175€of€the€Restatement€(Second)€of€Conflict€of€Laws€(1971),€for€resolving€tortÏcases.òò€€Hataway€v.€McKinleyóó,€830€S.W.2d€53€(Tenn.€1992).€€Ìà àà àSection€145,€€is€the€general€provision€dealing€with€tort€cases€and€provides:€ÌÓÓà8 àà0 à(1)€The€rights€and€liabilities€of€the€parties€with€respect€to€an€issue€in€tortÏare€determined€by€the€local€law€of€the€state€which,€with€respect€to€thatÏissue,€has€the€most€significant€relationship€to€the€occurrence€and€theÏparties€under€the€principles€stated€in€ðð€6.ÌÌÓÓðð€146,€which€specifically€addresses€personal€injury€cases,€states:ÌÓÓà8 àà0 àIn€an€action€for€a€personal€injury,€the€local€law€of€the€state€where€theÏinjury€occurred€determines€the€rights€and€liabilities€of€the€parties,Ïunless,€with€respect€to€the€particular€issue,€some€other€state€has€a€moreÏsignificant€relationship€under€the€principles€stated€in€ðð€6€to€theÏoccurrence€and€the€parties,€in€which€event€the€local€law€of€the€other€stateÏwill€be€applied.€ÌÌÓÓà àà àGenerally,€the€law€of€the€state€where€the€injury€occurred€will€have€the€mostÏsignificant€relationship€to€the€litigation.€òòHatawayóó,€830€S.W.2d€53€at€59.€€In€this€case,€althoughÏthe€injury€occurred€in€Tennessee,€€Kentucky€has€a€more€significant€relationship€to€the€partiesÏand€events€at€issue.€Ìà àà àIn€analyzing€ðð145(2),€it€is€improper€merely€to€count€contacts€.€€òòSee€Hatawayóó,Í830€S.W.2d€at€57.€€Rather,€these€contacts€should€be€used€to€guide€the€analysis€of€the€interestÏand€policies€to€be€considered€under€ðð6.€€While€Tennessee€is€the€place€of€injury,€the€place€ofÏinjury€is€less€important€when€it€is€ð ðfortuitous.ðð€€The€Restatement€does€not€define€ð ðfortuitous.ðð€ÏÔ€#ŠÔThe€Comments,€however,€refer€to€situations€when€the€place€of€injury€is€fortuitous€ð ðorÏwhen€for€other€reasons€it€bears€little€relation€to€the€occurrence€and€the€parties€withÏrespect€to€the€particular€issue.ðð€ðð€145(2)€cmt.€e.€€òòHatawayóó€supports€this€proposition.€ÏAlthough€òòHatawayóó€did€not€define€ð ðfortuitous,ðð€it€€determined€that€the€injuryÏoccurrence€in€Arkansas€was€ð ðmerely€a€fortuitous€circumstance.ðð€830€S.W.2d€at€60.ÏÓ  Óà àà àÓ  Óà àà àNext,€the€parties€dispute€the€location€of€the€conductÏcausing€the€injury.€€The€Appellant€contends€the€conduct€occurred€in€KentuckyÏbecause€that€is€where€the€Appellees€transferred€possession€of€the€car€to€Downey.€ÏAppellees€maintain€the€conduct€causing€œappellantððs€damages€was€the›€œaccidentÔ€#XÔ.›€€InÏthis€case,€the€primary€choice€of€law€issue€involves€ownership€of€the€automobile,€and€thisÏconduct€took€place€in€Kentucky.€€ÌÓ  ÓÔ€#ŠÔà àÓ  Óà àà àThe€Appellant€is€a€Tennessee€resident,€and€the€appellees€areÏKentucky€residents.€€The€partiesðð€domicile€or€residence€will€ð ðusually€carry€littleÏweight€of€itselfðð.€€Restatement€(Second)€of€Conflict€of€Laws€ðð145(2)€cmt.€e,€unlessÏall€of€the€parties€reside€in€a€single€state.€òòId.óó€€Although€Tennessee€is€the€place€of€œtheÏaccident,›€Kentucky€has€the€most€significant€relationship€to€the€events€at€issue.€ÏAppellees€acted€in€Kentucky€and€violated€Kentucky€statutes.€€Thus,€it€is€not€unfair€toÏthe€appellees€to€apply€Kentucky€law€to€their€actions.€€The€Tennessee€rule€ofÏownership€is€based€on€our€€Courtððs€interpretations€of€Tennessee€statutes.€€ItsÍapplication€to€events€outside€Tennessee€is€therefore€less€important.€€Kentucky€has€anÏinterest€in€applying€its€laws€regulating€automobile€sales€which€are€made€in€Kentucky.€€ÌÔ€#XÔà àà àœÔ€#ŠÔGenerally,›€ð ðthe€state€whose€interests€are€most€deeply€affected€shouldÏhave€its€local€law€applied.ðð€Restatement€(Second)€of€Conflict€of€Laws€ðð6(2)€cmt.€f.€ÏKentucky€is€a€certificate€of€title€state€for€purposes€of€determining€motor€vehicleÏownership€and€insurance€obligationsòò.€Potts€v.€Draperóó,€864€S.W.2d€896,€898€(Ky.Ï1993);€Ky.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð€186A€(Banks„Baldwin€1996).€€Kentucky€law€requiresÏð ðthe€seller€of€a€motor€vehicle€to€take€statutory€steps€to€properly€complete€the€saleÏand€until€this€is€done€the€seller€will€be€considered€the€owner€for€purposes€of€liabilityÏinsurance.ðð€òòPottsóó,€864€S.W.2d€at€900.€€The€effect€of€the€rule€is€to€insure€ð ðthat€all€theÏpublic€will€be€protected€from€uninsured€motorists.ðð€€òòId.óó€Ìà àIn€this€case,€the€only€person€seeking€protection€from€an€uninsured€motorist€isÏthe€Appellant,€a€Tennessee€resident.€€The€òòPottsóó€court€noted€the€goal€of€the€law€isÏprotecting€ð ðall€the€publicðð.€€Kentucky€also€seeks€to€regulate€the€conduct€ofÏKentucky€automobile€sellers.œ× ƒ, ××  ×›€€Kentucky€has€an€interest€in€assuring€that€localÏautomobile€dealers€comply€with€the€statute,€thereby€reducing€the€number€ofÏuninsured€motorists€on€the€road.Ìà àà àKentucky€courts€have€held€that€a€motor€vehicle€dealerððs€failure€toÏcomply€with€a€registration€statute€makes€him€the€owner,€and€the€purchaser€aÍpermissive€user.€€òòRogers€v.€Wheeleróó,€864€S.W.2d€892€(Ky.€1993).€€The€purpose€ofÏthis€rule€is€to€protect€the€public€from€uninsured€motorists.òò€Potts,óó€864€S.W.2d€at€900.Ìà àà àAppellees€argue€that€they€were€not€the€owners€of€the€vehicle€sinceÏthey€had€not€received€title€from€Terry€Darnell€at€the€time€of€the€accident.€€InÏKentucky,€however,€a€dealer€can€become€the€owner€of€an€automobile€withoutÏactually€acquiring€the€title.€€òòHartford€Accident€&€Indemnity€Co.€v€Maddix,óó€842ÏS.W.2d€871€(Ky.App.€1992);€òòSee€óóK.R.S.€ðð€186A.220.€€In€òòMaddix,€óóthe€court€notedÏthat,€at€the€time€of€the€accident,€the€dealer€had€done€everything€necessary€to€acquireÏownership.€842€S.W.2d€at€872.€€Specifically,€he€was€within€the€fifteen€dayÏð ðwindowðð€of€K.R.S.€ðð€186A.220× ƒ. ××  ×.€€In€this€case,€Appellees€did€not€œcome€within€theÏfifteen€day€ð ðwindowðð.›€Ìà àà àThe€primary€purpose€of€the€rule€in€òòRogers€óóand€òòPotts€óóis€to€protect€theÏpublic€by€ensuring€that€the€dealerððs€omnibus€insurance€policy€will€continue€to€coverÏvehicles€when€there€has€been€an€improper€transfer€of€title.€€œAs›€a€Kentucky€Court€hasÏobserved:€ÌÓÓà0 àà0 àð ðthe€significant€changes€brought€about€by€the€MVRA€were€aimed€at€aÏspecific€objective:€to€ensure€continuous€liability€coverage€in€order€toÏprotect€the€victims€of€motor€vehicle€accidents,€and€to€ensure€that€oneÍwho€suffers€a€loss€as€the€result€of€an€automobile€accident€would€have€aÏsource€and€means€of€€recovery.€€òòNational€Insurance€Assoc.€v€Peachóó,Ï926€€S.W.2d€859€(Ky.€App.€1996).€€ÌÌÓÓà àà àKentucky€courts€have€determined€that€ð ðthe€MVRA€is€a€socialÏlegislation€that€must€be€liberally€construed€to€accomplish€these€objectives.€€òòId.óó€(CitingÏòòBeacon€Ins.€Co.€Of€America€v.€State€Farm€Mutual€Ins.€Co.óó,€795€S.W.2d€62€(1990).€ÏArguably,€the€most€effective€way€to€ensure€that€victims€have€a€means€of€recovery€isÏto€hold€that€the€owner€is€responsible€for€complying€with€the€financial€responsibilityÏlaw€for€any€accidents€caused€by€the€owned€vehicle.ÌÔ€#XÔà àÔ€#ŠÔà àThe€Motor€Vehicle€Reparations€Act€(ð ðMVRAðð),€was€enacted€toÏcompensate€accident€victims€promptly€and€without€regard€to€fault.€KRS€304.39„010(2).€€The€first€$10,000.00€worth€of€injuries,€known€as€ð ðbasic€reparation€benefitsððÏare€paid€without€regard€to€fault.€KRS€304.39„040(1).€€Generally,€these€benefits€areÏpaid€by€the€victimððs€insurer.€KRS€304.39„050(1).€€The€victimððs€insurer,€however,€mayÏseek€subrogation€from€the€insurer€of€the€alleged€tortfeasor.€KRS€304.39„070(3).€ÏThus,€the€MVRA€abolishes€tort€liability€only€in€the€amount€of€basic€reparationsÏbenefits€and€only€between€insureds.€€òòSafeco€Ins.€Co.€Of€America€v.€Brownóó,€887ÏF.Supp.€974€(W.D.€Ky.€1995).€€Additionally,€there€is€no€limit€on€recovery€for€propertyÏdamage.Ìà àà àBecause€the€accident€took€place€in€Tennessee,€the€MVRAððs€limitationsÏœwould›€not€apply.€€K.R.S.€ðð€304.39„060(2)(a)€provides€:€ð ðTort€liability€with€respect€toÏaccidents€occurring€òòin€this€Commonwealthóó€and€arising€from€the€ownership,Ïmaintenance,€or€use€of€a€motor€vehicle€is€ððabolishedðð€for€damages€because€of€bodilyÍinjury,€sickness€or€disease€to€the€extent€the€basic€reparation€benefits€provided€in€thisÏsubtitle€are€payable€therefor€.€.€.ð ð€(emphasis€added).€€Additionally,€K.R.S.€ðð€304.39„060(2)(c)€states€that€ð ð[t]ort€liability€is€not€so€limited€for€injury€to€a€person€who€is€notÏan€owner,€operator,€maintainer€or€user€of€a€motor€vehicle€within€subsection€(1)€of€thisÏsection€.€.€.ðð€€Subsection€(1)€provides€:€ð ð[a]ny€person€who€registers,€operates,Ïmaintains€or€uses€a€motor€vehicle€on€the€public€roadways€of€this€CommonwealthÏshall,€as€a€condition€of€such€registration,€operation,€maintenance€or€use€of€such€motorÏvehicle€and€use€of€the€public€roadways,€be€deemed€to€have€accepted€the€provisionsÏof€this€subtitle€.€.€.ðð€€There€is€also€no€evidence€that€the€Appellant€ever€maintained€orÏregistered€his€car€within€Kentucky.€€Thus,€the€abolition€of€tort€liability€œis›€inapplicableÏto€the€Appellant.€€The€Sixth€Circuit€determined€that€it€did€not€violate€the€KentuckyÏConstitution€to€apply€the€MVRA€to€bar€a€nonresident€from€recovering€medical€andÏhospital€expenses€arising€from€an€automobile€accident€in€Kentucky.€òòRussell€v.ÏProffittóó,€765€F2d€72€(6th€Cir.€1985).€€In€the€instant€case,€however,€the€accidentÏoccurred€in€Tennessee.Ìà àà àThe€only€portion€of€the€MVRA€that€significantly€addresses€out„of„stateÏaccidents€is€K.R.S.€ðð304.39„030(2)€which€states:ÌÓÓà0 àà0 àIf€the€accident€causing€injury€occurs€outside€this€Commonwealth€butÏwithin€the€United€States,€its€territories€and€possessions,€or€Canada,€theÏfollowing€persons€and€their€survivors€suffering€loss€from€injury€arisingÏout€of€maintenance€or€use€of€a€motor€vehicle€have€a€right€to€basicÏreparation€benefits:ÌÌà0 àà0 à(a)€basic€reparation€insureds;€andÌà0 àà0 à(b)€the€driver€and€other€occupants€of€a€secured€vehicle€who€have€notÏrejected€the€limitation€upon€their€tort€rights.€.€.€.ÌÌÓÓThis€section€is€apparently€designed€to€protect€Kentucky€residents€when€travelingÏout„of„state.€€Since€the€appellant€is€not€insured€under€a€policy€covering€a€KentuckyÏvehicle,€he€is€not€a€ð ðbasic€reparation€insured.ðð€€K.R.S.€ðð304.39„080(5)€requires€thatÏowners€maintain€security€for€the€payment€of€basic€reparations€benefits€for€vehiclesÏoperated€in€Kentucky€oròò€registered€œthereóó.€€(Emphais€supplied).›Ìà àà àFinally,€K.R.S.€ðð446.070,€states€that:ÌÓÓà0 àà0 à[a]€person€injured€by€the€violation€of€any€statute€may€recover€from€theÏoffender€such€damages€as€he€sustained€by€reason€of€the€violation,Ïalthough€a€penalty€or€forfeiture€is€imposed€for€such€violation.ÌÌÓÓThis€statute€œaffords›€the€appellant€an€avenue€of€recovery€for€appelleeððs€violation€ofÏthe€registration€statutes.€€In€order€to€prevail€under€this€statute,€however,€a€plaintiffÏmust€demonstrate€that€the€defendantððs€violation€of€the€statute€was€the€proximateÏcause€of€the€damages€sustained.€€òòSee€generally,€Real€Estate€Marketing,€Inc.€v.€ÏFranz,€Kyòòóó.óó,€885€S.W.2d€921(Ky.€1994).€€In€this€case,€appellees€argued€the€proximateÏcause€of€œappellantððs€damages€was›€Downeyððs€consumption€of€alcohol€œand€collidingÏwith€appellant,›€but€appelleesðð€failure€to€comply€with€the€titling€and€registrationÏstatutes€of€Kentucky€made€it€possible€for€Downey€to€have€possession€and€operateÏthe€vehicle€without€having€to€comply€with€the€financial€responsibility€law.Ìà àà àAlthough€appellees€did€not€have€possession€of€the€title€at€the€time€ofÏthe€accident,€they€are€owners€under€Kentucky€law€and€Downey€was€a€permissiveÏuser.€€The€purpose€of€the€Kentucky€œlaw›€is€to€protect€the€public€by€ensuring€that€aÏvehicle€œlicensed€by€the€state€is›€insured.Ìà àà àWe€vacate€the€Trial€Courtððs€judgment€and€remand€the€Trial€Court€toÏdetermine€to€what€extent€œthe€appellant€was€damaged€by€the€failure€of€the€appelleesÏto€comply€with€the€statutes€of€Kentucky€as€detailed€in€this€opinion.€€›Ìà àà àThe€costs€of€the€appeal€are€assessed€to€appellees.ÌÓÓòòœÌ›Ìóóà àà àà àà àà àà à__________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àHerschel€P.€Franks,€J.ÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ___________________________ÌHouston€M.€Goddard,€P.J.Ìœ›ÌÌ___________________________ÌClifford€E.€Sanders,€œJ.›Ì