’WPC# kY$ŗ‚»i?#śG>XŁāƒ(-IéÅMŠŲ£×s5ū*ŹXƒ< Ž1cocX²Öfe2˜ążÖ:™/Ą—ÕÉÄ6żŒŸB®es¼š3@8„NM53Rp×¶ŸŌž†’ŽŚ…D_3{:cņˆē‰°ńćņ÷ʇšyók5 ģ0nرā,rseÖ3ūF/ģ,ŅćIŅv'‡ ÷愱,ļŗe}A ošŹ§>¦õ±™÷ßį  Xm“äEc$ ŃhP 00›Œ2ā™ĮŚjӛ(TĄ®1:¦wFoÕK“W±rI;~™ü(‘kUõłįfRרĆÜÆvž.§ąÉ•†'cå›d@}ĖJ32¤·W‘dŻ3Žä¾$tį6Ų¾Özē*·3ĄĒ›fĖĘADS7[X/¢‚DE«bAś?†‡ __“N(9ūąL.63ōWݟFøŃwŻæŹZĻÕ 2&X—&7ą\īæo‡6L(„·ƒ Év)ž>itxX1Ī ^g*ĘšĻ‘…÷’ķGJ5 §žs‹-Y T­6¤ešHŚ]īgÖ`ļ3ĪŊˆˆmżńÅšj6Qš…;›pax#š)ˆ-ž(9`m˜qõ~†%?Ū)»B\Z`4@T 0(c‹w “UNŸ 0lķ 0DY m#!“NÕ ^ × UNć 1 1 1 59 U:n n n n n n UBØ %ź ź ź ź ź ź ź ź ź ź ź ź Bš š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š š AQ Ę^ 0D$ 0Dh 0D¬ ¬ D3š tpO'ŌųŌō3|x($””E(ČhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular((3śŻ$¤¤Ż ƒ!ŻŻ  Żą  ąņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó(#Ć$ņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó’U‹’ĄĄĄ˜HP LaserJet 8000 DN PSŲŚŲŚŚŲŲŚ0k…S'L (ČhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular  +Ż ƒ[Æ"ŻŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŌ€XäXXXŌŌ€čr ēXXäŌÓ  Óņ ņŌ Ad ŌFILEDŌ€źčēčr ŌŠ  ŠĢOctober€15,€1999ĢĢCecil€Ō_ŌCrowsonŌ_Ō,€Jr.ĢAppellate€Court€ClerkŌdAxŌó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular<ž6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiX dZ[\]_Cž’<<C’’ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3Æ$¢¢Ż ƒ!ŻŻ  Ż(3Æ$££Ż ƒ!ŻŻ  Ż($$””ņ ņŚ  Ś1Ś  Śó ó&&&&'’’dxdŻ ƒ!ŻŻ  ŻŌ_ŌѰŃŅܰŅŃ ż ŃŃTR[° AŲ'’ Legal3Ų' AŲ'’ Legal’3Ų'TŃŃ8€łĪXXdźdČ8ŃŌ€XŠKXXXŌŌ€ŠĻ‹XXŠKŌßx€Y_B2.jzŲ’ː `€€@’EpӐŽttØ¦Ø  xßŌ_Ō€€€€ą@M M ‚ąņ ņIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€Ō_ŌTENNESSEEńńŠ  ŠńńŌ_ԈŠ  Šą 4 ąą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąą œ ąą ō ąĢą@44%‚ąAT€KNOXVILLEˆĢó óĢĢĢŌ_ŌJAMENSENAŌ_Ō€WHITE,€ET€AL.,ą0 ” ąą0ģ”(#”(#ą)€C/A€NO.€03A01„9904„CV„00145Š ģ(#ģ(# Šą 4 ąą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ą)Ģą 4 ąPlaintiffs„Appellants,ą0 ” ąą0ģ”(#”(#ą)€KNOX€CIRCUITŠ ģ(#ģ(# Šą 4 ąą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ą)Ģvs.ą0 4 ąą0Œ 4(#4(#ąą0ä Œ (#Œ (#ąą0<ä (#ä (#ąą0”<(#<(#ąą0ģ”(#”(#ą)€HON.€DALE€C.€WORKMAN,Š  ģ(#ģ(# Šą 4 ąą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ą)€JUDGEĢREVCO€DISCOUNT€DRUG€ą0 ” ąą0ģ”(#”(#ą)Š  ģ(#ģ(# ŠCENTERS,€INC.,ą0 ä ąą0<ä (#ä (#ąą0”<(#<(#ąą0ģ”(#”(#ą)€AFFIRMEDŠ  ģ(#ģ(# Šą 4 ąą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ą)€ANDĢą 4 ąDefendant„Appellee.ą0 ” ąą0ģ”(#”(#ą)€REMANDEDŠ ģ(#ģ(# ŠĢĢĢA.€PHILIP€Ō_ŌLOMONACOŌ_Ō,€Knoxville,€for€Plaintiffs„Appellants.ĢĢBARRY€K.€MAXWELL€and€RONALD€T.€HILL,€Ō_ŌEGERTONŌ_Ō,€Ō_ŌMcAFEEŌ_Ō,ĻŌ_ŌARMISTEADŌ_Ō€&€DAVIS,€P.C.,€Knoxville,€for€Defendant„Appellee.ĢĢĢĢĢą@%‚ąņ ņņņO€P€I€N€I€O€Nóóó óˆŠ  " ŠĢĢą 4 ąą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąą œ ąFranks,€J.ĢĢĢÓÓņ ņŌ‡ŠĻ‹‹ŠĻŌó óą0 4 ąą0Œ 4(#4(#ąPlaintiffsšš€complaint€named€as€defendants,€€the€City€of€Knoxville,€the€Š (!!Œ (#Œ (# ŠChief€of€Police€of€Knoxville,€six€Police€Officers,€Knoxville€CommunityĻDevelopment€Corporation,€and€Revco€Discount€Drug€Centers,€Inc.,€(Revco).€€TheĻcomplaint€alleged€that€the€officers€acted€negligently€in€their€use€of€deadly€forceĻagainst€the€deceased,€and€are€therefore€liable€for€his€pain,€suffering€and€death.€ĻDefendant€Revco€filed€a€Motion€to€Dismiss€on€the€grounds€that€the€Complaint€failedĻto€state€a€claim€against€it.€€The€Trial€Judge€granted€judgment,€and€the€action€wasĻdismissed€as€to€Revco,€and€an€appeal€has€been€properly€perfected€from€that€dismissal.Ģą 4 ąą Œ ąDefendant€Boone€is€a€police€officer€for€the€City€of€Knoxville,€and€whileĻoff€duty,€works€as€a€security€guard€for€the€Revco€drug€store€located€on€UniversityŠ  :33ż ŠŌ_ŌAvenue€in€Knoxville.€€On€May€4,€1997,€the€deceased€entered€the€Revco€store€andĻallegedly€caused€a€disturbance.€€Boone,€while€off€duty€as€a€police€officer€and€whileŠ   Šworking€as€a€security€guard€for€Revco,€issued€deceased€a€citation€for€disorderlyŠ   Šconduct,€and€warned€deceased€to€stay€out€of€the€store.€€Š   ŠŅ'ÜŅą  ąą × ąOn€June€4,€1997,€Boone€while€working€as€a€security€guard€at€RevcoŠ  Šwas€informed€by€the€store€manager,€James€Lavin,€that€the€deceased€had€returned€toŠ   Šthe€store.€€It€is€alleged€that€while€under€the€direction€and€control€of€Revco€and€withinŠ   Šthe€scope€of€his€employment€there,€Boone€checked€with€the€Knoxville€PoliceŠ  ŠDepartment€and€learned€that€deceased€did€not€report€to€jail€for€booking€on€May€19,Š  Š1997,€as€ordered€under€the€citation.€€As€a€result€of€his€failure€to€appear,€a€benchŠ  Šwarrant€had€been€issued€for€deceasedššs€arrest.€€Boone€then€went€to€the€deceasedššsŠ  Šapartment€š šwith€the€consent,€condonance,€and€direction€of€James€Lavin€.€.€.€to€serveŠ  Šthe€bench€warrant€to€prevent€Woodfin€[deceased]Ō#†ŠŚvˆˆŠŚvC #ŌŌ‡ŠŚvˆˆŠŚvŌ€from€ever€returning€to€Revco€andŠ  Što€punish€WoodfinŌ#†ŠŚvˆˆŠŚvĘ#ŌŌ‡ŠŚvˆˆŠŚvŌ€for€disregarding€Revcoššs€no€trespass€order.šš€€Boone€contactedŠ ! Šseveral€other€police€officers,€who€are€named€as€Defendants,€to€assist€him€in€arrestingŠ # Šthe€deceased.€€At€the€deceasedššs€premises,€Boone€and€the€other€officers€demandedŠ % Šthat€the€deceased€come€out€of€his€apartment.€€He€refused€and€told€Boone€and€theŠ '  Šofficers€that€he€would€shoot€them€if€they€entered€his€apartment,€and€closed€andŠ )"" Šlocked€the€door€to€his€apartment.Š +$$ Šą  ąą × ąBoone€and€the€other€officers€contacted€deceasedššs€landlord,€requestingŠ -&& Šthat€they€send€a€maintenance€person€with€a€key€so€that€they€could€gain€access€to€theŠ /(( Šapartment.€€Prior€to€the€arrival€of€the€key,€Boone€was€called€by€Revco€to€issue€aŠ 1** Šcitation€to€a€shoplifter.€€Boone€later€returned€to€the€apartment€where€he€was€given€theŠ 3,, Škey,€and€proceeded€to€unlock€and€open€the€back€door€of€deceasedššs€apartment.€€OnceŠ 5.. Šinside,€Boone€and€the€officers€realized€that€deceased€had€locked€himself€in€theŠ 700 Šbathroom.€€The€officers€ordered€him€out€of€the€bathroom,€but€he€refused€and€toldŠ 922 Šthem€that€he€had€a€shotgun.€€Defendant€Maxwell€kicked€the€bathroom€door€open€andŠ  Šfired€upon€deceased,€killing€him.€€Š   Šą  ąą × ąPlaintiffs€allege€that€Boone€used€š šexcessive€force,€unlawful€battery,Š   Šand€assisted€in€causing€the€wrongful€death€of€Woodfin€[deceased].šš€€They€assert€thatŠ   ŠRevco€is€liable€as€the€employer€of€Boone€under€the€doctrine€of€respondeat€superior.€Š  Šą  ąą × ąOur€review€of€the€granting€of€a€Tennessee€Rule€of€Civil€ProcedureŠ   Š12.02(6),€motion€to€dismiss€for€failure€to€state€a€claim€is€a€question€of€law.€Š   ŠAccordingly,€the€standard€of€review€is€ņņde€novoóó€with€no€presumption€of€correctness€inŠ  Šfavor€of€the€trial€courtššs€action.€€T.R.A.P.€Rule€13(d);€ņņOwens€v.€Truckstops€ofŠ  ŠAmericaóó,€915€S.W.2d€420€(Tenn.1996).€€When€considering€a€motion€to€dismiss,€weŠ  Šare€required€to€construe€the€complaint€liberally€in€favor€of€the€plaintiff,€taking€allŠ  Šallegations€of€fact€as€true,€and€deny€the€motion€unless€it€appears€the€plaintiff€canŠ  Šprove€no€set€of€facts€in€support€of€her€claim€that€would€entitle€the€plaintiff€to€relief.€Š  ŠņņStein€v.€Davidson€Hotel€Co.óó,€945€S.W.2d€714€(Tenn.€1997).€Š ! Šą  ąą × ąGenerally,€to€hold€an€employer€liable€under€the€doctrine€of€respondeatŠ # Šsuperior,€the€tort€victim€must€prove€that€the€person€who€caused€the€injury€was€anŠ % Šemployee,€that€the€employee€was€on€the€employerššs€business,€and€that€the€employeeŠ '  Šwas€acting€within€the€š šscope€of€employmentšš€when€the€injury€occurred.€€ņņTennesseeŠ )"" ŠFarmer€Mut.€Ins.€Co.€v.€American€Mut.€Liability€Ins.€Co.óó,€840€S.W.2d€933Š +$$ Š(Tenn.App.€1992).€€However,€an€employer€may€also€be€liable€for€acts€of€his€employeeŠ -&& Šthat€are€outside€the€scope€of€employment€if€done€at€the€direction€of€the€employer.€Š /(( ŠņņKinnard€v.€Rock€City€Const.€Co.óó,€286€S.W.2d€352€(Tenn.App.€1955).€€ņ ņó óŠ 1** Šą  ąą × ąThe€complaint€alleges€that€Boone€was€an€š šemployeešš€of€Revco€at€allŠ 3,, Šrelevant€times€and€was€acting€under€the€direction€and€control€of€Revco.€€RevcoŠ 5.. Šargues€that€Boone€was€acting€in€his€official€capacity€as€a€police€officer€at€the€time€ofŠ 700 Šthe€incident,€and€not€as€an€employee€of€Revco.€€It€bases€this€assertion€on€the€theoryŠ 922 Šthat€a€police€officer€retains€the€right€to€make€an€arrest€at€any€time,€even€when€offŠ  Šduty.€€ņņSee€óóKnoxville€City€Code,€šš19„29.€€However,€even€though€a€police€officerŠ   Šretains€his€status€as€a€police€officer€at€all€times,€not€all€of€his€actions€are€necessarilyŠ   Šwithin€the€scope€of€his€duty€as€an€officer.Š   Šą  ąą × ąIn€ņņNishan€v.€Godseyóó,€166€F.Supp.€6€(E.D.€Tenn.€1958),€the€Court€heldŠ  Šthat€although€the€officer€was€technically€š šon„dutyšš€24€hours€a€day,€the€City€was€notŠ   Šresponsible€when€the€officer€accidentally€discharged€his€revolver€after€he€hadŠ   Šfinished€his€shift€for€the€day€and€was€at€a€gas€station€filling€his€personal€motorŠ  Švehicle.€€The€Court€reasoned€that€at€the€time€of€the€incident,€the€officer€was€notŠ  Šacting€within€the€scope€of€his€duty€as€a€police€officer.€€Š  Šą  ąą × ąA€police€officer€not€acting€within€his€official€duties€is€liable€for€hisŠ  Šprivate€actions€as€is€any€other€private€citizen.€€ņņSee€People€in€Interest€of€J.J.C.óó,€835Š  ŠP.2d€553,€555€(Col.App.1992)€(affirmed€in€ņņPeople€in€Interest€of€J.J.C.šóó€854€P.2d€802Š  Š(Col.€1993)).€€It€follows€that€if€the€police€officer€was€acting€for€a€private€employerŠ ! Šand€not€in€his€official€capacity€as€a€police€officer,€that€employer€may€be€held€liable€ifŠ # Šthe€requirements€for€liability€under€the€doctrine€of€respondeat€superior€are€met.€Š % ŠHowever,€there€is€a€significant€split€of€authority€among€the€states€as€to€the€role€of€off„Š '  Šduty€police€officers€while€working€as€private€security€guards.€€Š )"" Šą  ąą × ąThe€majority€holds€that€police€officers€retain€their€official€status€as€aŠ +$$ Špoliceman€when€employed€privately€during€off„duty€hours,€because€a€police€officerššsŠ -&& Šduties€are€continual.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņHutto€v.€Alabamaóó,€304€So.2d€29€(Ala.Crim.App.€1974);Š /(( ŠņņCarr€v.€Stateóó,€335€S.E.2d€622€(Ga.App.€1985);€ņņMonroe€v.€Stateóó,€465€S.W.2d€757Š 1** Š(Tex.Crim.App.€1971).€€Public€policy€considerations,€including€the€notion€thatŠ 3,, Šauthority€placed€in€security€guards€furthers€the€objective€of€deterring€unlawful€acts,€isŠ 5.. Šalso€a€deciding€factor€for€many€courts.€€ņņTapp€v.€Stateóó,€406€N.E.2d€296€(Ill.App.Š 700 Š1980);€ņņState€v.€Wilenóó,€539€N.W.2d€650€(Neb.App.€1995).€€Š 922 Šą  ąą × ąOn€the€other€hand,€some€courts€have€refused€to€accept€this€principle,Š  Šand€have€held€that€a€police€officerššs€duties€end€when€the€officer€accepts€privateŠ   Šemployment€and/or€is€paid€by€an€entity€other€than€the€city€or€police€department.€€ņņSeeŠ   ŠCervantez€v.€J.€C.€Penny€Co.óó,€595€P.2d€975€(Cal.€1979),,€and€ņņStewart€v.€Stateóó,€527Š   ŠP.2d€22€(Okla.Crim.App.€1974).Š  Šą  ąą × ąThe€practice€of€municipalities€allowing€police€officers,€while€off„dutyŠ   Šand€in€uniform,€to€serve€as€peace„keepers€in€private€establishments€open€to€theŠ   Šgeneral€public,€is€generally€considered€to€be€in€the€public€interest.€€€In€ņņState€v.€Wilenóó,Š  Š539€N.W.2d€650,€660€(Neb.App.€1995);ņņ€óóthe€Court€observed:Š  ŠÓÓą0  ąą0× (#(#ąThe€presence€of€uniformed€officers€in€places€susceptible€to€breaches€ofŠ  Šthe€peace€deters€unlawful€acts€and€conduct€by€patrons€of€those€places.€Š  ŠThe€public€knows€the€uniform€and€the€badge€stand€for€the€authority€ofŠ  Šthe€government.€€The€public€generally€knows€that€law€enforcementŠ  Šofficers€have€the€duty€to€serve€and€protect€them€at€all€times.€€A€holdingŠ  Šthat€law€enforcement€officers€have€no€official€duty€to€maintain€theŠ  Špeace€under€these€circumstances€would€be€in€contravention€of€theŠ  Špolicy€we€seek€to€further.Š × (#× (# ŠĢÓÓņņSee€also€State€v.€Brownóó,€672€P.2d€1268€(Wash.App.€1983);ņņ€Duncan€v.€Stateóó,€294Š " ŠS.E.2d€365€(Ga.App.€1982).Š $ Šą  ąą × ąHowever,€as€some€courts€have€acknowledged,€not€all€acts€by€off„dutyŠ & Špolice€officers€fall€within€the€scope€of€their€public€duty.€ņņ€See€Brandon€v.€Allenóó,€516Š (!! ŠF.Supp.€1355€(W.D.€Tenn.€1981);€ņņState€v.€Wilenóó,€539€N.W.2d€650,€659€(Neb.App.Š *## Š1995).€€These€courts€have€adopted€a€balancing€test€in€which€they€examine€the€specificŠ ,%% Šacts€and€circumstances€of€the€case€to€determine€whether€the€officer€was€acting€in€hisŠ .'' Šofficial€capacity€of€serving€the€public€or€was€acting€in€the€interest€of€his€privateŠ 0)) Šemployer.€€Š 2++ Šą  ąą × ąIn€the€case€of€ņņState€v.€Kurtzóó,€278€P.2d€406€(Ariz.€1954),€the€Court€wasŠ 4-- Šfaced€with€the€question€of€whether€off„duty€officers€engaged€in€private€employmentŠ 6// Šlose€their€official€status€to€the€extent€that€their€acts€necessarily€become€those€ofŠ 811 Šprivate€citizens.€€The€Court€asked€whether€the€officers€were€š šacting€in€ššvindication€ofŠ :33 Špublic€right€and€justicešš€or€were€they€merely€performing€acts€of€service€to€theirŠ  Šprivate€employer?šš€€The€Court€cited€the€following€language€from€ņņNeallus€v.Š   ŠHutchinson€Amusement€Co.óó,€139€A.€671€(Me.€1927).Š   ŠÓÓą0  ąą8× (#(#ąą / ąThe€decisions€hold€generally€that€such€officers€actŠ   Šsometimes€as€officers€and€sometimes€as€servants€of€the€personŠ  Šemploying€them;€that€they€are€not,€although€paid€for€all€theirŠ  Šservices€by€the€persons€at€whose€instance€they€are€appointed,Š   Šservants€of€such€persons€in€respect€to€all€the€acts€they€performŠ   Šby€virtue€of€their€offices€but€only€in€respect€to€services€renderedŠ   Što€these€persons,€such€as€protecting€and€preserving€their€propertyŠ   Šor€maintaining€order€on€their€premises;€that€the€line€ofŠ   Šdistinction,€sometimes€hard€to€recognize€under€theŠ  Šcircumstances€of€a€given€case,€marks€the€point€at€which€the€actŠ  Šceases€to€be€one€of€service€to€the€employer€and€becomes€one€ofŠ  Švindication€of€public€right€and€justice,€of€apprehension€orŠ  Špunishment€of€a€wrongdoers,€not€for€the€injury€done€to€theŠ  Šemployer€but€to€the€public€at€large.Š× Š × Š  ŠĢÓÓIn€ņņKurtzóó,€the€Court€found€that€the€officers€were€acting€in€their€official€capacity€inŠ  Šcontrolling€a€disturbance€outside€the€ballroom€where€they€were€working€as€securityŠ  Šguards.€€The€Court€in€ņņState€v.€Wilenóó,€539€N.W.2d€650€(Neb.App.1995)€adopted€aŠ   Šsimilar€test.€€In€determining€whether€an€off„duty€officer€is€engaged€in€official€duties,Š " Šthe€Court€examined€the€nature€of€the€secondary€employment€and€the€nature€of€theŠ $ Šacts€being€performed€at€the€time€of€the€incident,€and€noted:€€Š & ŠÓÓą8  ąą0× Š Š ąą / ą[W]e€examine€(1)€the€specific€nature,€extent,€andŠ (!! Šcircumstances€of€the€secondary€employment;€(2)€the€manner€inŠ )"" Šwhich€such€secondary€employment€is€regarded€by€the€employerŠ *## Šand€employee;€and€(3)€the€nature€of€the€acts€the€peace€officer€.€.€.Š +$$ Šis€performing€at€the€time€in€question.Š,%%× Š × Š  ŠĢÓÓThe€Court€recognized€that€š šcertain€off„duty€activities€are€unrelated€to€police€officerŠ .'' Šstatus€or€do€not€resemble€the€police€officerššs€obligation€to€keep€the€peace,€and€suchŠ 0)) Šoff„duty€conduct€is€not€viewed€as€engaging€in€the€performance€of€official€duties.šš€Š 2++ ŠThe€court€decided€that€a€police€officer€retains€her€police€officer€status€even€whileŠ 4-- Šprivately€employed,€unless€it€is€clear€from€the€nature€of€the€officerššs€activities€thatŠ 6// Šshe€is€š šacting€exclusively€in€a€private€capacity€or€is€engaging€in€his€or€her€ownŠ 811 Šprivate€business.ššŠ :33 Šą  ąą × ąŌ#†ŠŚvˆˆŠŚvO#ŌWe€adopt€the€balancing€test€set€forth€in€ņņKurtzóó€and€ņņWilen.óó€€In€this€case,Š  Šwhile€Revco€initiated€the€issuance€of€the€citation,€the€failure€of€deceased€to€appear€inŠ   Šcourt€resulted€in€a€warrant€being€issued€by€the€Court.€€Serving€the€Courtššs€warrantŠ   Šwas€a€vindication€of€a€public€right€and€clearly€a€policemanššs€duty€and€function€as€aŠ   Špolice€officer.€€We€conclude€that€the€Trial€Judge€appropriately€dismissed€this€suit€asŠ  Što€the€police€officerššs€private€employer.Š   Šą  ąą × ąWe€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€and€remand€with€cost€of€theŠ   Šappeal€assessed€to€the€appellants.Š  ŠÓÓĢĢņņóóą  ąą × ąą / ąą ‡ ąą ß ąą 7 ą__________________________Š  Šą  ąą × ąą / ąą ‡ ąą ß ąą 7 ąHerschel€P.€Franks,€J.Š  ŠĢĢCONCUR:Š  ŠĢĢĢĢĢ___________________________Š # ŠŌ‡ŠŚvˆˆŠŚvŌCharles€D.€Susano,€Jr.,€J.Š $ ŠŌ#†ŠŚvˆˆŠŚvQK#ŌĢĢĢĢ___________________________Š )"" ŠŌ‡ŠŚvˆˆŠŚvŌD.€Michael€Swiney,€J.Ō#†ŠŚvˆˆŠŚvöK#ŌŠ *## Š