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<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔó ó<Ÿ§ÿÿ:PreformattedÓ  ÓÓ/%° °Ïî ,KkŠ©È %#/ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡ <þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ/%° °Ïî ,KkŠ©È %#/ÓÓ  Ó<Ûïÿÿ:z©Bottom of Ó7€D(€X7ÓÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÔ‡ÔÔ?‡%ä2¼A`‹Arial?ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ7€Z(€X7ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó&ÿÿ  d dC)1dxd $Ý ƒR#Û$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôâ4ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€According€to€trial€Exhibit€3,€Settle€pled€guilty€to€two€counts€of€robbery,€four€counts€of€aggravated€robbery,Ð ° Ðand€one€count€of€theft€over€$1,000.<Ûïÿÿ:z©Top of ForÓ7€G(€X7ÓÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÔ‡ÔÔ?‡%ä2¼A`‹Arial?ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ7€Z(€X7ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  ÓC)2dxd0KSÿÿ.SampleÔK‡ <þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ0ÿÿ.Strongò òó ó8dlÿÿ6TypewriterÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡ <þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ4ÿÿ2Variableòòóó: ÿÿ8HTML MarkupÔB  ÔÔ ÿ ÔÔ  Ô2 ÿÿ0CommentÔB  Ô !"#$ ÿÿ35;AGMSY_11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ ;Ý ƒR#Û$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôâ4ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVandiverÔ_Ô€acknowledged€that€Settle€must€have€had€a€handcuff€key€hidden€on€his€person€in€order€to€haveÐ ° Ðenabled€him€to€remove€the€leg€iron. sÝ ƒR#Û$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôâ4ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Settle€was€an€original€Defendant€in€this€suit.€However,€on€February€21,€2003,€the€trial€court€entered€an€ð ðOrderÐ ° Ðof€Dismissal€for€Failure€to€Prosecute€as€to€Defendant€Mike€Settle.ðð€€Settle€is€not€a€party€to€this€appeal.(|G2#Û$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Íi»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôâ4ò»»Ô ÉÝ ƒR#Û$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôâ4ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€It€is€undisputed€that€Settle€was€classified€as€a€medium€security€inmate.€€ GÝ ƒR#Û$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôâ4ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Dr.€Spring€testified€that€Willis€does€not€suffer€from€full€Post„Traumatic€Stress€Disorder€(ð ðPTSDðð).€€RatherÐ ° Ðshe€has€ð ðresidual€vulnerability,ðð€or€ð ðPartial€PTSDðð.€€¹Ž:1Ï  d3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(|3w$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Íi»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3w$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Íi»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKK6hö0ê:i¢×+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜\\IB01S02\CLERKJACÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0 ¹Ý ƒR#Û$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôâ4ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Appellantððs€counsel€was€not€trial€counsel€in€this€case. Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Íi»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼Íi»»»ÔÑ8€‰ÇXXdé»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@ò ò ìàÔ‡î9úÍiÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@òò%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼Íi»îî9ú #ԈРÓ# ÐÓ  ÓJuly€20,€2004€SessionÐ öF ÐÔ‡X‰ÇX»¼ÍiÔÌò òÔ#†¼Íi»XX‰Çð#ÔROSETTA€WILLISòòóó€v.€MIKE€SETTLE,€ET€ALòòóóÔ‡X‰ÇX»¼ÍiÔó óÐ ï? ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òA€Direct€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Madison€CountyÐ é 9 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€C„00„279€€€€€€The€Honorable€Roger€A.€Page,€JudgeÐ Ó # ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` AßÐ ‘á  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2004„00636„COA„R3„CV€„€Filed€September€20,€2004Ð ŠÚ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<]` AßÐ ^®  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡X9XXXX‰ÇÔà  àThis€is€an€appeal€from€a€judgment€entered€on€a€jury€verdict€for€Plaintiff/Appellee.€Ð V¦  ÐPlaintiff/Appellee€was€taken€hostage€by€a€prisoner€who€escaped€from€the€control€and€custody€ofÐ ? ÐDefendant/Appellant,€a€private€corporation€contracting€with€the€State€of€Tennessee€to€provide€prisonÐ (x Ðsecurity.€€Defendant/Appellant€asserts€that€it€is€entitled€to€immunity€under€the€Public€Duty€Doctrine,Ð a Ðthat€there€was€no€material€evidence€on€which€the€jury€could€have€based€its€verdict,€that€the€awardÐ úJ Ðof€compensatory€damages€was€excessive€and€not€supported€by€the€evidence,€thatÐ ã3 ÐDefendant/Appellant€cannot€be€held€responsible€for€the€actions€of€its€employees€under€the€doctrineÐ Ì Ðof€respondeat€superior,€and€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€not€granting€a€mistrial.€€We€affirm.€Ð µ ÐÔ#†X‰ÇXXX9X‰#ÔÔ#†¼Íi»XX‰Çf#ÔÔ‡X‰ÇX»¼ÍiÔÌÓ}ÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmedó óÐ pÀ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼Íi»àX‰ÇŽ#ÔÔ‡X‰ÇX.¼ÍiÔW.€Frank€Crawford,€P.J.,€W.S.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€R.€Farmer,Ð C“ ÐJ.óó€and€òòHolly€M.€Kirby,€J.óó,€joined.Ð ,| ÐÌJames€I.€Pentecost€and€William€B.€Mauldin€of€Jackson€for€Appellant,€Corrections€Corporation€ofÐ þN ÐAmerica׃g×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ç 7  ÐÌDavid€W.€Camp€of€Jackson€for€Appellee,€Rosetta€WillisÐ ¹" " ÐÓ, ÓÌò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼Íi»XX‰Ç[ #ÔÔ‡X‰ÇX»¼ÍiÔÐ ‹$Û$ ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼Íi»XX‰Ç  #ÔÔ‡X‰ÇX»¼ÍiÔÓ  ÓÑ8€9XXXdéXXdé8Ñà  àCorrections€Corporation€of€America€(ð ðCCA,ðð€ð ðDefendantðð€or€ð ðAppellantðð)€is€a€private,€for„Ð ^&®!& Ðprofit€corporation€that€contracts€with€the€State€of€Tennessee€to€provide€management€of€the€StateððsÐ G'—"' Ðcorrectional€facilities.€€CCA€operates€numerous€facilities,€including€the€prison€located€in€Whiteville,Ð 0(€#( ÐHardeman€County,€Tennessee,€€known€as€the€Hardeman€County€Correctional€Facility€(ð ðHCCFðð).€Ð )i$) ÐOn€August€16,€1999,€Officer€Lee€Vandiver€(ð ðVandiverðð)€and€Officer€Shannon€Crowder€(ð ðCrowderðð)Ð *R%* Ðwere€Correctional€Officers€employed€by€CCA.Ð ë*;&+ýÀ Ðà  àMike€Settle€(ð ðSettleðð)€is€a€medium€security€inmate,€housed€at€HCCF.׃E×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€On€August€14,€1999,Ð ° ÐSettle€was€brought€to€the€Jackson„Madison€County€General€Hospital€for€an€apparent€drug€overdose.€Ð ™é ÐOn€August€16,€1999,€Vandiver€and€Crowder€were€assigned€to€provide€security€for€Settle.€€ThatÐ ‚Ò Ðmorning,€Crowder€left€Settleððs€room€to€obtain€a€meal€ticket€for€himself€and€Vandiver.€€AfterÐ k» ÐCrowder€left€the€room,€Settle€informed€Vandiver€that€he€had€to€use€the€bathroom€immediately.€€AtÐ T¤ Ðthat€time,€Settle€was€lying€in€bed€with€an€I.V.€in€each€arm€and€a€catheter€inserted.€€One€of€SettleððsÐ =  Ðlegs€was€locked€in€a€leg€iron€and€the€other€end€of€the€leg€iron€was€attached€to€the€hospital€bed.€Ð & v ÐVandiver€was€aware€that€Settle€had€been€given€tar€and€a€laxative€to€help€him€pass€the€tar.€€VandiverÐ  _ Ðhad€also€been€told€by€hospital€staff€that€it€would€be€the€responsibility€of€the€Correctional€OfficersÐ ø H Ðto€get€Settle€up€and€to€the€bathroom€when€the€laxative€took€effect.€€To€that€end,€Vandiver€unlockedÐ á 1  Ðthe€leg€iron€from€the€bed€but€did€not€reattach€it€to€Settleððs€other€leg.€€With€the€leg€iron€dangling€fromÐ Ê   Ðone€leg,€Settle€got€out€of€bed€and€started€toward€the€bathroom€with€an€I.V.€pole€in€each€hand€andÐ ³  Ðthe€catheter€bag€also€in€his€left€hand.€€As€Settle€approached€the€bathroom,€he€dropped€the€catheterÐ œì  Ðbag€and€bent€over€to€pick€it€up.€€He€then€rammed€Vandiver€and€hit€him€in€the€groin€with€his€fist.€Ð …Õ  ÐSettle€grabbed€Vandiverððs€weapon,€threatened€the€officer€with€physical€harm,€grabbed€a€pair€ofÐ n¾  Ðtennis€shoes€and€ran€from€the€hospital€room.€€Vandiver€gave€chase€but€stopped€once€Settled€reachedÐ W§  Ðthe€doorway€leading€to€the€stairwell.€€Vandiver€then€returned€to€the€nursesðð€station€where€he€notifiedÐ @ Ðhospital€security€that€Settle€had€escaped€and€also€notified€the€Warden€at€HCCF.€€Settle€removed€theÐ )y Ðcatheter€bag€and€the€leg€iron,׃P×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€put€on€his€shoes.€€Ð b ÐÌà  àAt€the€same€time€as€the€escape,€Rosetta€Willis€(ð ðWillis,ðð€ð ðPlaintiff,ðð€or€ð ðAppelleeðð)€was€inÐ ä4 Ðthe€payroll€department€of€the€hospital€to€make€sure€that€her€paycheck€accurately€reflected€theÐ Í Ðovertime€she€had€worked.€€Security€cameras€photographed€Settle€during€his€escape€from€theÐ ¶ Ðhospital.€Still€photographs€were€taken€from€the€security€camera€videotape€and€admitted€as€ExhibitÐ Ÿï Ð8€during€the€trial.€€These€photographs€show€Settle€leaving€the€hospital€with€Vandiverððs€gun€in€hisÐ ˆØ Ðright€hand.€€Upon€reaching€the€parking€lot,€the€photos€show€Settle€approaching€Willis€as€she€beginsÐ qÁ Ðto€open€her€car€door.€€At€this€point,€Settle€put€Vandiverððs€gun€to€Willisðð€side€and€she€screamed.€Ð Zª ÐSettle€told€her€to€shut€up€and€then€forced€her€into€the€car€with€him.Ð C“ ÐÌà  àAlthough€Willis€was€unaware€at€the€time,€her€scream€was€heard€by€a€hospital€employee€whoÐ e Ðcalled€security€to€report€the€incident€and€gave€a€description€and€license€plate€number€of€Willisðð€car.€Ð þN ÐSettle€ordered€Willis€to€drive€him€away€from€the€hospital.€€She€drove€on€West€Forest€towardÐ ç 7 ÐHollywood.€€She€then€turned€onto€Hollywood€and€got€on€the€Bypass.€€She€took€the€Bypass€toÐ Ð!   ÐAirways€and€turned€onto€Airways€heading€toward€the€airport.€€This€road€would€eventually€take€herÐ ¹" ! Ðto€Exit€66€at€Interstate€40.€€Willis€got€onto€Interstate€40€and€began€to€head€west€toward€Memphis.€Ð ¢#ò" ÐFrom€this€point,€a€car€chase€ensued.€€Trooper€Greg€Regan,€of€the€Tennessee€Highway€PatrolÐ ‹$Û# Ðâ âtestified,€in€relevant€part,€as€follows€concerning€this€chase:Ð t%Ä $ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Would€you€relate€to€the€ladies€and€gentlemen€of€the€jury,€please,Ð ° Ðâ âwhat€your€recollection€is€of€the€incident€and€events€that€occurred€thatÐ ™é Ðmorning€as€it€concerns€the€interception€of€that€automobile.ЂÒ` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  à*à0 h àà0Àh(#h(#à*à0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#à*ÐT¤p(#p(# ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Somewhere€around€7:30€and€8:00€I€canððt€specifically€say€exactlyÐ & v Ðwhat€time€frame,€I€was€radioed€by€dispatch€that€there€was€a€pursuitÐ  _ Ðinvolving€a€vehicle,€escaped€prisoner,€from€Jackson€that€had€aÐ ø H Ðhostage€in€the€vehicle€and€I€was€to€proceed€to€the€interstate€to€help€inÐ á 1  Ðapprehension€of€the€vehicle€and€the€suspect,€so€I€and€another€trooperÐ Ê   Ðð!ð€a€few€more€troopers€went€to€the€county€line€where€Shelby€andÐ ³  ÐFayette€County€line€is€somewhere€around€the€28€mile€marker€on€I„40Ð œì  Ðand€waited€for€the€vehicle.€€A€few€minutes€later€I€saw€some€blueÐ …Õ  Ðlights€and€a€vehicle€coming€up€so€I€pulled€out€into€traffic€to€try€toÐ n¾  Ðslow€the€vehicle€down.€€The€vehicle€got€behind€me,€I€was€trying€toÐ W§  Ðblock€him€in€and€somehow€he€got€in€the€median€and€come€back€outÐ @ Ðof€the€median€and€passed€me€and€continued€on.€€At€that€time€I€noticedÐ )y Ða€Fayette€County€Deputy€pass€me,€which€was€behind€the€suspectÐ b Ðvehicle,€and€they€continued€forward.€€I€donððt€know€exactly€what€mileÐ ûK Ðmarker€it€was.€€The€Fayette€County€Deputy€passed€the€suspectÐ ä4 Ðvehicle€and€the€vehicle€was€between€me€and€the€Fayette€CountyÐ Í ÐDeputy€in€the€inside€lane.€€The€Fayette€County€Deputy€slowed€down.€Ð ¶ ÐThe€suspect€vehicle€struck€the€deputyððs€vehicle€in€the€rear,€and€thenÐ Ÿï Ðwent€on€around€in€the€outside€lane€and€the€deputy€slowed€down€aÐ ˆØ Ðlittle€bit.€€I€proceeded€to€catch€up€with€the€vehicle,€got€behind€theÐ qÁ Ðvehicle€and€pulled€into€ð!ð€he€was€in€the€outside€lane.€€I€pulled€into€theÐ Zª Ðinside€lane€and€got€up€beside€the€vehicle€and€thatððs€when€I€noticed€ð!ðÐ C“ ÐI€saw€the€hostage€in€the€back€and€I€could€see€the€suspect€did€have€aÐ ,| Ðweapon€on€him€and€he€was€reaching€back€in€the€back€seat€andÐ e Ðpushing€the€victimððs€head€back€down€in€the€floorboard.€€At€that€timeÐ þN Ðwhen€he€seen€me€beside€of€him€ð!ð€when€he€seen€me€pull€up€beside€ofÐ ç 7 Ðhim€he€reached€his€weapon€around€ð!ð€the€window€was€up€but€he€wasÐ Ð!   Ðpointing€the€gun€at€me€and€thatððs€when€I,€without€hesitation,€pulledÐ ¹" ! Ðmy€service€weapon€out€and€then€I€slowed€back€down.€€SomewhereÐ ¢#ò" Ðabout€ð!ð€a€few€seconds€later€his€car€started€overheating€or€losing€someÐ ‹$Û# Ðradiator€fluid€and€it€was€slowing€down€and€at€that€time€I€ð!ð€we€wereÐ t%Ä $ Ðcoming€up€on€somewhere€around€the€22€ð!ð€22€or€23€mile€marker€andÐ ]&­!% Ðit€was€rush€hour€traffic€in€Memphis€and€I€knew€if€he€got€to€the€18Ð F'–"& Ðmile€marker€that€we€was€going€to€have€probably€a€catastrophe€on€ourÐ /(#' Ðhands€so€at€that€time€I€tried€to€ease€over€and€I€was€about€to€bump€himÐ )h$( Ðoff€the€road€when€all€of€a€sudden€he€just€veered€off€onto€theÐ *Q%) Ðemergency€shoulder€and€went€down€and€stopped€in€what€I€like€to€callÐ ê*:&* Ðsmall€brush,€like€briers€and€stuff€like€that,€in€a€brushy€area,€and€heÐ Ó+#'+ Ðjumped€ð!ð€I€went€in€front€of€him€and€he€had€stopped€and€he€jumpedÐ ° Ðout€of€the€vehicle€and€takes€off€in€the€woods€and€thatððs€when€I€beganÐ ™é Ðfoot€pursuit€after€the€escaped€prisoner€and€he€ran€for€several€ð!ð€I€donððtÐ ‚Ò Ðknow,€several€hundred€yards€and€I€lost€sight€of€him,€and€thatððs€whenÐ k» ÐI€called€dispatch€to€have€them€get€a€search€unit€out€so€we€could€findÐ T¤ Ðthe€escaped€prisoner.Ð= ` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  à*à0 h àà0Àh(#h(#à*à0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#à*Ð _p(#p(# ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€During€the€course€of€the€chase€were€you€able€to€record€or€clockÐ á 1  Ðthe€speeds€that€you€were€traveling€when€you€pulled€along€side€theÐ Ê   Ðvehicle€that€was€being€driven€at€that€time,€I€believe,€by€the€suspect?г ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€I€wasnððt€exactly€clocking€the€vehicle.€€I€did€notice€we€wereÐ …Õ  Ðtraveling€in€excess€of€110€miles€an€hour€at€times€and€then€we€tried€ð!ðÐ n¾  Ðwe€were€trying€to€block€him€to€keep€him€out€of€the€Memphis€traffic,Ð W§  Ðor€to€slow€him€down€and€we€were€traveling€sometimes€over€110€andÐ @ Ðsometimes€as€low€as€90€but€I€donððt€think€we€got€below€75€or€80€milesÐ )y Ðan€hour€until€he€went€off€the€road.Ðb` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Is€there€any€doubt€in€your€mind€that€it€was€the€suspect,€Mr.€Settle,Ð ä4 Ðthat€was€actually€driving€the€vehicle€at€or€around€the€time€you€pickedÐ Í Ðit€up?ж` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Yes,€sir,€it€was€him.ЈØ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Where€was€Ms.€Willis€located€in€the€car€then?ÐZª` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€When€I€seen€the€victim€she€was€in€the€back€seat€and€he€wouldÐ ,| Ðpush€her€down€in€the€back€seat.€€Several€times,€I€donððt€know€howÐ e Ðmany€times€he€was€pushing€her€down€in€the€back€seat.ÐþN` x` x ÐÌConcerning€Ms.€Willisðð€condition€when€the€troopers€got€to€the€car€after€Settle€fled,€Sergeant€W.P.Ð Ð!   ÐSonny€Taylor,€of€the€Fayette€County€Sherriffððs€Department,€testified,€in€relevant€part,€as€follows:Ð ¹" ! ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€At€the€time€that€the€car€eventually€stopped€or€the€accidentÐ ‹$Û# Ðoccurred,€were€you€ð!ð€did€you€actually€stop€at€that€point€in€time,€alongÐ t%Ä $ Ðwith€the€rest€of€the€troopers?Ð]&­!%` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Yes,€sir?€€I€jumped€out€with€the€other€trooper€that€he€[Settle]€wasÐ /(#' Ðtrying€to€hit€his€car€with€ð!ð€that€he€pulled€the€weapon€on.€€We€bothÐ )h$( Ðjumped€out€of€our€vehicles€and€went€running€down€the€tree€line.€€TheÐ *Q%) Ðtrooper€took€off€after€him€and€I€pulled€the€lady€out€of€the€car.€€SheÐ ê*:&* Ð[Willis]€was€about€to€go€in€shock€and€by€that€time€some€otherÐ Ó+#'+ Ðtroopers€pulled€up€and€there€was€a€female€trooper€there€and€I€took€herÐ ° Ðover€and€asked€the€female€trooper€to€watch€her.€€I€set€her€downÐ ™é Ðbecause€she€was€fixing€to€ð!ð€she€was€in€bad€shape.€€She€was€shakingÐ ‚Ò Ðall€over.€Ðk»` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Can€you€give€us€a€ð!ð€you€are€giving€a€little€bit€of€generalÐ =  Ðdescription€as€to€Ms.€Willis.Ð& v` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Yes,€sir.Ðø H` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Can€you€give€me€your€best€physical€description€of€what€sheÐ Ê   Ðlooked€like€at€the€end€of€that€chase,€if€you€can?г ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€I€mean,€she€was€a€nervous€wreck.€€The€only€thing€I€could€see,€youÐ …Õ  Ðknow,€physically,€she€was€shaking€all€over€and€she€was€crying€and,Ð n¾  Ðyou€know,€the€only€thing€I€could€tell€was€thinking€she€was€going€intoÐ W§  Ðshock,€because€she€was€really€addled€at€the€time.€€She€didnððt€knowÐ @ Ðwhat€to€do€and€he€was€hunkered€up€in€the€car€and€I€wanted€to€get€herÐ )y Ðaway€from€the€car€right€away.Ðb` x` x ÐÌà  àWillis€was€taken€back€to€Jackson€to€the€hospital,€where€she€was€treated€and€released€thatÐ ä4 Ðsame€day.€€On€August€17,€1999,€Willis€had€her€first€appointment€with€Dr.€Richard€Spring,€aÐ Í Ðpsychologist.€€Willis€continued€to€see€Dr.€Spring€through€November€of€2001.Ð ¶ ÐÌà  àOn€August€14,€2000,€Willis€filed€suit€against€Settle€and€CCA.׃Q×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Willis€specifically€assertedÐ ˆØ Ðthat€CCA€had€breached€the€duty€it€owed€to€Willis€in€the€following€ways:Ð qÁ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àa)€Failure€to€properly€supervise€inmate,€Mike€Settle.ÐC“` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àb)€Failure€to€keep€a€known€violent€felon€in€custody.Ð,|` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àc)€By€failing€to€protect€the€general€public€and€the€plaintiff€by€keepingÐ e Ð[Settle]€in€custody.ÐþN` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àd)€By€removing€the€defendant€from€a€lockdown€facility€and€takingÐ ç 7 Ðthis€defendant€to€a€public€hospital€where€there€was€an€increasedÐ Ð!   Ðlikelihood€of€harm€being€caused€to€the€public€at€large.й" !` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àe)€Failing€to€take€adequate€precaution€to€protect€the€plaintiff€fromÐ ¢#ò" Ðharm.Ћ$Û#` x` x ÐÌWillis€prayed€for€both€compensatory€and€punitive€damages€stemming€from€medical€bills,€lostÐ ]&­!% Ðearnings,€and€severe€emotional€and€psychological€injury.€CCA€filed€its€Answer€on€September€26,Ð F'–"& Ð2000,€in€which€it€denied€any€breach€of€duty.€€The€case€was€tried€to€a€jury€on€February€20€and€21,Ð /(#' Ð2003.€€The€jury€found€CCA€liable€to€Willis€and€assessed€damages€at€Five€Hundred€Thousand€DollarsÐ )h$( Ð($500,000).€€Judgment€was€entered€for€Willis€in€this€amount€on€March€3,€2003.€€On€April€2,€2003,Ð ° ÐCCA€filed€its€ð ðMotion€for€Directed€Verdict€or€Alternatively€for€New€Trial,ðð€along€with€aÐ ™é ÐMemorandum€of€Law€in€support€thereof.€€Willis€filed€her€Response€to€CCAððs€Motion€on€July€22,Ð ‚Ò Ð2003.€€CCAððs€Motion€was€denied€by€Order€of€February€3,€2003.Ð k» ÐÌà  àCCA€appeals€and€raises€five€(5)€issues€for€review€as€stated€in€its€brief:Ð =  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à1.€€Whether€or€not€the€Public€Duty€Doctrine€applies€to€Defendant,Ð  _ ÐCorrections€Corporation€of€America€and€specifically,€whether€or€notÐ ø H ÐDefendant€only€owes€a€duty€to€the€public€as€a€whole€and€not€toÐ á 1  Ðspecific€individuals,€such€as€the€Plaintiff.ÐÊ  ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à2.€€Whether€the€jury€erred€in€granting€a€verdict€to€the€Plaintiff€whenÐ œì  Ðthe€injury€inflicted€upon€the€Plaintiff€was€not€foreseeable.€Ð …Õ  ÐAdditionally,€CCA,€was€not€shown€to€be€negligent€or€at€fault€inÐ n¾  Ðguarding€the€prisoner€at€the€time€of€the€incident€at€issue€in€this€matterÐ W§  Ðor€as€to€the€properly€enacted€policies€and€procedures.€€Therefore,Ð @ ÐCCA€should€not€have€been€liable€in€this€ruling.Ð)y` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à3.€€Whether€the€jury€award€was€against€the€weight€of€the€evidenceÐ ûK Ðpresented€at€trial€and€was€not€within€the€range€of€reasonableness.Ðä4` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à4.€€Whether€the€jury€award€of€compensable€damages€to€Plaintiff€wasÐ ¶ Ðexcessive.Пï` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à5.€€Whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€not€granting€Defendantððs€MotionÐ qÁ Ðfor€a€Mistrial.ÐZª` x` x ÐÌà  àWe€first€note€that€our€review€of€the€judgment€entered€on€the€juryððs€verdict€is€governed€byÐ ,| ÐTenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(d),€which€provides€that€ð ð[f]indings€of€fact€by€a€jury€in€civil€actions€shall€be€setÐ e Ðaside€only€if€there€is€no€material€evidence€to€support€the€verdict.ðð€Under€this€standard€of€review,€weÐ þN Ðð ðare€not€at€liberty€to€weigh€the€evidence€or€to€decide€where€the€preponderance€lies,€but€are€limitedÐ ç 7 Ðto€determining€whether€there€is€material€evidence€to€support€the€verdict.ðð€òòò òCrabtree€Masonry€Co.Ð Ð!   Ðv.€C€&€R€Constr.,€Incó óóó.,€575€S.W.2d€4,€5€(Tenn.1978).€€In€making€this€determination,€we€areÐ º" ! Ðð ðrequired€to€take€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€all€the€evidence€in€favor€of€the€verdict,€to€assumeÐ ¤#ô" Ðthe€truth€of€all€that€tends€to€support€it,€allowing€all€reasonable€inferences€to€sustain€the€verdict,€andÐ $Ý# Ðto€discard€all€to€the€contrary.ðð€òòò òId.óó€ó ó€€If€the€record€contains€any€material€evidence€to€support€theÐ v%Æ $ Ðverdict,€we€must€affirm€the€trial€courtððs€judgment.€òòò òSee€id.ó óóó;€òòò òaccord€Forrester€v.€Stockstilló óóó,€869Ð b&²!% ÐS.W.2d€328,€329€(Tenn.1994).ò òÐ L'œ"& Ðó óÌÌò òÓ  ÓWhether€or€not€the€Public€Duty€Doctrine€applies€to€Defendant,€Ð *W%) ÐCorrections€Corporation€of€America€and€specifically,€whether€Ð ñ*A&* Ðor€not€Defendant€only€owes€a€duty€to€the€public€as€a€whole€and€Ð Û++'+ Ðnot€to€specific€individuals,€such€as€the€Plaintiff.ó óÐ ° ÐÌÓ Ž Ðdeclines€to€extend€sovereign€immunity€to€private€prison€operators,€to€wit:Ð ' w ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThe€sovereign€immunity€of€the€state€shall€not€apply€to€the€contractor.€Ð ù I ÐNeither€the€contractor€nor€the€insuror€of€the€contractor€may€plead€theÐ â 2  Ðdefense€of€sovereign€immunity€in€any€action€arising€out€of€theÐ Ë   Ðperformance€of€the€contract.ÓÓд ` x` x Ðò òòòÓÓId.óóó ó;€òòò òaccord€Richardson€v.€McKnightó óóó,€521€U.S.€399,€412€(1997);€ò òòòMartin€v.€State€of€Tennesseeó óóó,€No.Ð †Ö  ÐM1999„01642„COA„R3„CV,€2001€WL€747640€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€July€5,€2001).€€In€the€absence€ofÐ pÀ  Ðsovereign€immunity,€we€decline€to€address€the€question€of€whether€CCA€is€entitled€to€immunityÐ Y©  Ðunder€the€Public€Duty€Doctrine.€€The€Public€Duty€Doctrine€is€an€affirmative€defense.€€ò òòòChase€v.€CityÐ B’ Ðof€Memphisó óóó,€971€S.W.2d€380,€385€(Tenn.€1998).€€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€8.03€requires€that€ð ða€party€shallÐ ,| Ðset€forth€affirmatively€facts€in€short€and€plain€terms€relied€upon€to€constitute€...€an€avoidance€orÐ f Ðaffirmative€defense.ðð€The€Rules€of€Civil€Procedure€also€provide€for€the€waiver€of€such€a€defense.Ð ÿO ÐRule€12.08€states€that€ð ð[a]€party€waives€all€defenses€and€objections€which€the€party€does€not€presentÐ è8 Ðeither€by€motion€as€hereinabove€provided,€or,€if€the€party€has€made€no€motion,€in€the€party's€answerÐ Ñ! Ðor€reply.ðð€€As€noted€above,€CCA€did€not€raise€the€Public€Duty€Doctrine€in€its€Answer,€or€at€trial.€€Ð º  ÐConsequently,€CCA€waived€the€defense.€€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€8.03;€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€12.08.€Ð £ó ÐFurthermore,òòóó€CCA€did€not€set€out€any€alleged€error,€concerning€the€Public€Duty€Doctrine,€in€itsÐ ŒÜ ÐMotion€for€New€Trial.€Tenn.R.App.P.€3(e)€provides€in€pertinent€part:€Ð uÅ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àProvided,€however,€that€in€all€cases€tried€by€a€jury,€no€issue€presentedÐ G— Ðfor€review€shall€be€predicated€upon€error€in€the€admission€orÐ 0€ Ðexclusion€of€evidence,€jury€instructions€granted€or€refused,Ð i Ðmisconduct€of€jurors,€parties€or€counsel,€or€other€action€committed€orÐ  R Ðoccurring€during€the€trial€of€the€case,€or€other€ground€upon€which€aÐ ë ; Ðnew€trial€is€sought,€òòò òunless€the€same€was€specifically€stated€in€aÐ Ô!$  Ðmotion€for€a€new€trialó óóó;€otherwise€such€issues€will€be€treated€asÐ ¾"! Ðwaived.€...€Ð¨#ø"` x` x ÐÌ(Emphasis€added).Ð z%Ê $ ÐÌà  àBecause€the€motion€for€new€trial€filed€by€CCA€does€not€specifically€set€out€any€alleged€errorÐ L'œ"& Ðconcerning€the€Public€Duty€Doctrine,€under€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(e),€this€issue€is€waived.€€We€nowÐ 5(…#' Ðturn€to€Appellantððs€remaining€issues.Ð )n$( ÐÓ  Óò òÌWhether€the€jury€erred€in€granting€a€verdict€to€the€Plaintiff€Ð ñ*A&* Ðwhen€the€injury€inflicted€upon€the€Plaintiff€was€not€foreseeable.€€Ð Û++'+ ÐAdditionally,€CCA,€was€not€shown€to€be€negligent€or€at€fault€Ð ° Ðin€guarding€the€prisoner€at€the€time€of€the€incident€at€issue€in€this€Ð šê Ðmatter€or€as€to€the€properly€enacted€policies€and€procedures.€€Ð „Ô ÐTherefore,€CCA€should€not€have€been€liable€in€this€ruling.Ð n¾ ÐÌÓ  Óó óà  àò òó óA€negligence€claim€requires€a€plaintiff€to€prove€the€following€elements:€(1)€a€duty€of€careÐ B ’ Ðowed€by€the€defendant€to€the€plaintiff;€(2)€conduct€by€the€defendant€falling€below€the€standard€ofÐ + { Ðcare€amounting€to€breach€of€the€duty;€(3)€an€injury€or€loss;€(4)€causation€in€fact;€and€(5)Ð  d Ðproximate€causation.€€òòò òSee,€e.g.,€Bradshaw€v.€Danieló óóó,€854€S.W.2d€865,€869€(Tenn.€1993).€€TheÐ ý M Ðduty€element€is€a€question€of€law€requiring€the€court€to€determine€"whether€the€interest€of€theÐ ç 7  Ðplaintiff€which€has€suffered€invasion€was€entitled€to€legal€protection€at€the€hands€of€theÐ Ð  Ðdefendant."€€òòò òIdó óóó.€at€870€(quoting€W.€Page€Keeton,€Prosser€&€Keeton€on€Torts,€ðð€37€at€236€(5th€ed.Ð ¹  Ð1984)).€Consequently,€we€must€review€the€issue€of€whether€CCAððs€owed€a€duty€to€Willis€ò òòòdeÐ £ó  Ðnovoó óóó€upon€the€record€with€no€presumption€of€correctness.à p àÐ Ý  ÐÌà  àThe€Complaint€alleges€that€CCA€ð ðhad€a€responsibility,€duty€and€obligation€to€secure,Ð `°  Ðprotect€and€guard€the€prisoner€who€was€being€treated€at€Jackson„Madison€County€GeneralÐ I™ ÐHospital.ðð€€In€Paragraph€11€of€its€Answer,€CCA€admits€that€it€€ð ðwas€responsible€for€transportingÐ 2‚ ÐInmate€Settle€to€Jackson„Madison€County€General€Hospital,€and€that€it€was€responsible€forÐ k Ðproviding€security€for€Inmate€Settle€during€his€stay€at€Jackson„Madison€County€GeneralÐ T ÐHospital.ðð€€The€specific€responsibilities€of€the€CCA€officers,€in€carrying€out€this€duty,€are€moreÐ í= Ðfully€outlined€in€the€Post€Order,€admitted€into€evidence€as€Exhibit€1.€€The€Post€Order€reads,€inÐ Ö& Ðpertinent€part,€as€follows:Ð ¿ ÐÓ  ÓÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àò òI.€€REQUIREMENT:Бá` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àó óOne€(1)€or€two€(2)€correctional€officers€as€appropriate.Ðeµ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ð7‡` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àò òIV.ó ó€€ò òPREFACE:Ð Y` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àó óWhen€performing€duties€in€an€outside€hospital,€you€as€the€officer€inÐ ß!/  Ðcharge,€are€expected€to€provide€a€safe€and€secure€environment€forÐ È"! Ðinmate€patients€in€your€charge€and€the€general€public...б#"` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ѓ%Ó $` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àò òVI.€€SPECIFIC€DUTIES:ÐU'¥"&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àó óA.€€Supervision€of€inmates€in€outside€hospitals€will€be€as€follows:Ð))y$(` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ðû*K&*` x` x ÐÐ ä+4'+ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à2.€€Minimum€restricted€through€maximum€custody€inmatesÐ ° Ðrequire€two€(2)€armed€correctional€officers€per€inmate€with€restraintsÐ ™é Ð(leg€irons)€required,€unless€medically€prohibited.׃S×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ЂÒ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*ÐT¤` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àH.€€You€are€to€remain€with€the€inmate€at€all€times.€€Should€the€doctorÐ & v Ðtell€you€to€leave€the€inmate,€you€will€inform€the€doctor€that€you[r]Ð  _ Ðinstructions€require€your€presence€at€all€times.€€If€the€doctor€stillÐ ø H Ðinsists€that€you€leave€the€inmate,€you€will€contact€the€institution€forÐ á 1  Ðfurther€instructions.ÐÊ  ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àI.€€All€inmates€shall€be€shackled€to€their€beds€as€an€added€securityÐ œì  Ðmeasure.€€Shackles€will€not€be€removed€until€approval€is€receivedÐ …Õ  Ðfrom€the€shift€supervisor€or€higher.€€When€approval€is€received,€youÐ n¾  Ðwill€remove€the€shackles€just€prior€to€treatment,€and€reapplyÐ W§  Ðimmediately€upon€completion€of€treatment.€€If€restraints€areÐ @ Ðmedically€prohibited,€you€will€get€authorization€from€the€shiftÐ )y Ðsupervisor,€or€higher,€before€leaving€the€restraints€off.€€If€restraintsÐ b Ðneed€to€be€removed,€one€(1)€correctional€officer€will€give€his/herÐ ûK Ðweapon€with€the€action€open€to€the€other€correctional€officer€beforeÐ ä4 Ðtaking€off€the€restraints.ÐÍ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Пï` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àK.€€When€you€require€personal€relief,€the€relief€person€will€be€aÐ qÁ Ðcorrectional€officer.ÐZª` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ð,|` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àN.€€You€are€to€remain€in€the€room€occupied€by€the€inmate€at€all€times.€Ð þN ÐYou€are€to€never€leave€the€inmate€unattended.€€The€officer€shouldÐ ç 7 Ðposition€himself/herself€in€a€manner€that€will€provide€security€toÐ Ð!   ÐInmates€while€being€observant€to€individuals€entering€the€room.й" !` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ћ$Û#` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Security€of€Weapons:Ð]&­!%` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà0¸ ` x` xàa.€€Officers€assigned€a€firearm€or€other€security€type€à8@4` x` xàÐ /(#' Ðequipment€shall€be€constantly€alert€to€the€possibility€ofÐ )h$( Ðpersonal€assault€by€the€inmate€or€other€nearby€persons.€Ð ° ÐOfficers€assigned€these€types€of€equipment€shall€be€onÐ ™é Ðcontinuous€guard€for€such€events€and€limit,€as€much€asÐ ‚Ò Ðpossible,€close€contact€with€the€inmates€and€others.Ðk»¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàb.€€Revolvers€shall€remain€secured€in€the€holster€withÐ =  Ðthe€retaining€strap€buckled.€€The€holster€shall€beÐ & v Ðfastened€to€the€belt€in€a€manner€that€does€not€allowÐ  _ Ðthe€holster€to€be€pulled€apart€or€away€from€the€body.Ðø H¸ ¸  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàc.€€When€escorting€an€inmate€or€group€of€inmates,€theÐ Ê   Ðarmed€officer(s)€shall€position€himself/herself€toÐ ³  Ðreduce€exposure€of€the€weapon€toward€theÐ œì  Ðinmate(s)....Ð…Õ ¸ ¸  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*ÐW§ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àò òVIII.€€KEY€CONTROL:Ð)y` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àó óA.€€Handling€of€Security€Keys:ÐýM` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*ÐÏ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà0¸ ` x` xà7.€€Do€not€permit€an€inmate€to€handle€any€security€keys€underÐ ¡ñ Ðany€circumstances.Њڸ x¸ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ð\¬` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àò òXIV.€€SUMMARY:Ð.~` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àó óA.€€It€is€essential€for€each€employee€to€have€a€good€workingÐ  R Ðknowledge€of€these€post€orders.€€The€employee€must€study€them,Ð ë ; Ðunderstand€them,€and€implement€them.ÐÔ!$ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àB.€€Post€orders€cite€general€and€specific€duties€for€operation€of€thisÐ ¦#ö" Ðpost.€€They€cannot,€however,€cover€every€incident€or€situation€whichÐ $ß# Ðmay€occur.€€The€employee€assigned€to€this€post€shall€use€goodÐ x%È $ Ðjudgment,€tact,€and€give€careful€attention€to€detail€in€dischargingÐ a&±!% Ðhis/her€duties€whether€referenced€in€post€orders€or€not.ÐJ'š"&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àC.€€If€an€employee€is€unclear€what€the€post€orders€require,€he/sheÐ )l$( Ðshall€contact€their€supervisor€and€obtain€clarification.Ð*U%)` x` x Ðâ âÐ î*>&* Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àD.€€No€employee€shall€be€allowed€to€work€this€post€before€they€haveÐ ° Ðâ âread€and€understood€the€post€orders€and€have€signed€the€signatureÐ ™é Ðsheet...ЂÒ` x` x ÐÓ%nÓÌà  àWe€now€turn€to€the€record€to€determine€whether€there€is€any€material€evidence€on€whichÐ T¤ Ðthe€jury€could€have€found€that€CCA,€through€its€employees,€breached€a€duty.€€Officer€CrowderÐ =  Ðtestified,€in€relevant€part,€as€follows:Ð & v ÐÓ  ÓÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Now,€Mr.€Crowder,€you€left€the€room€at€some€point€in€time€priorÐ ø H Ðto€Mr.€Settle€escaping,€isnððt€that€correct?Ðá 1 ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Yes,€sir.г ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ð…Õ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€And€it€was€required€that€two€of€you€[correctional€officers]€remainÐ W§  Ðin€the€room€with€him€[Settle]€at€all€times,€wasnððt€it?Ð@` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Yes,€sir.Ðb` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€And,€so,€knowing€that€that€was€a€requirement€of€your€facility€youÐ ä4 Ðleft€Mr.€Vandiver€there€alone€with€Mr.€Settle?€€Do€you€recall€that?ÐÍ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Yes.Пï` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*ÐqÁ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Exhibit€1€[the€Post€Order].€€Do€you€see€where€it€specifiesÐ C“ Ðð ðSpecific€dutiesðð?Ð,|` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€€Yes,€sir.ÐþN` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€All€right.€€Do€you€see€where€it€says€ð ðSupervision€of€inmates€inÐ Ð!   Ðoutside€hospitals€will€be€as€follows:ððй" !` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Yes,€sir.Ћ$Û#` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Read€for€us,€if€you€would,€A„2.Ð]&­!%` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Minimum€restricted€through€maximum€custody€inmates€requireÐ /(#' Ðtwo€(2)€armed€correctional€officers€per€inmate€with€restraints€(legÐ )h$( Ðirons)€required,€unless€medically€prohibited.Ð*Q%)` x` x Ðâ âÐ ê*:&* Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€It€doesnððt€say€two€unless€somebody€gets€hungry€and€wants€a€mealÐ ° Ðâ âticket,€does€it?Йé` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€No,€sir.Ðk»` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€And,€it€doesnððt€say€that€you€are€permitted€to€leave€the€facility€orÐ =  Ðto€leave€that€prisoner€with€one€guard€at€any€given€time,€does€it?Ð& v` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€No,€sir.Ðø H` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*ÐÊ  ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€So€you€agree€with€me€then,€Mr.€Crowder,€that€you€violated€yourÐ œì  Ðown€companyððs€policy€when€you€made€the€decision€to€leave€Mr.Ð …Õ  ÐVandiver€there€alone€to€go€down€and€get€a€meal€ticket?Ðn¾ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Yes,€sir.Ð@` x` x ÐÓgÓÌOfficer€Vandiverððs€testimony€indicates€numerous€policy€violations:Ð b ÐÌÓ  Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€So,€what€type€of€training€do€you€have€as€it€relates€to€the€properÐ ä4 Ðprotocol€and€procedure€as€far€as€carrying€firearms€around€prisoners?ÐÍ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€In€this€hospital€duty,€we€are€supposed€to€hand€our€weapons€overÐ Ÿï Ðto€the€other€officer€if€we€get€close€to€the€inmates€[pursuant€to€SectionÐ ˆØ ÐVI(I)€of€the€Post€Order].ÐqÁ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà ` à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*ÐC“Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€And,€where€was€your€revolver€when€you€unleashed€or€unshackledÐ e ÐMr.€Settle?ÐþN` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€I€still€had€it€[the€revolver]€on.ÐÐ!  ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€And€,€where€was€it€precisely€on€your€person?Т#ò"` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Right€side.Ðt%Ä $` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€And,€was€it€strapped€[pursuant€to€Section€VI(Q)(b)€of€the€PostÐ F'–"& ÐOrder]?Ð/(#'` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ð*Q%)` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€No,€it€wasð!ð€ÐÓ+#'+` x` x Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Was€it€strapped€on€this€particular€day?а` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€No,€sir,€there€wasnððt€no€strap€on€the€weapon€holder.ЂÒ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*ÐT¤` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Mr.€Vandiver,€at€the€time€Mr.€Crowder€left€to€get€the€meal€ticketÐ & v Ðwas€Mr.€Settle€chained€to€the€bed€[pursuant€to€Section€VI(I)€of€theÐ  _ ÐPost€Order]?Ðø H` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Yes,€sir.ÐÊ  ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€And,€how€exactly€was€he€secured€to€the€bed?Мì ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€One€leg€to€the€foot€of€the€bed....Ðn¾ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ð@` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€It€[the€Post€Order]€says€ð ðAll€inmates€shall€be€shackled€to€theirÐ b Ðbeds....€€Shackles€will€not€be€removed€until€approval€is€received€fromÐ ûK Ðthe€shift€supervisor€or€higher.ðð...€You€[Vandiver]€never€sought€to€getÐ ä4 Ðapproval€prior€to€releasing€Mr.€Settle€from€the€bed,€did€you?ÐÍ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€No,€sir.Пï` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€So,€would€you€agree€with€me,€then,€as€it€relates€to€that€provisionÐ qÁ Ðof€your€facility€policy€that€you€violated€it,€as€well€when€you€releasedÐ Zª ÐMr.€Settle?ÐC“` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Yes,€sir.Ðe` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ðç 7` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Mr.€Vandiver,€did€it€ever€occur€to€you€that€you€were€puttingÐ ¹" ! Ðyourself€at€risk€as€well€as€other€people€at€the€hospital€when€you€madeÐ ¢#ò" Ðthat€decision€to€unshackle€this€prisoner€with€no€strap€on€your€holsterÐ ‹$Û# Ðand€you€the€only€guard€in€the€room€at€the€time?€€Did€that€ever€occurÐ t%Ä $ Ðto€you€at€all?Ð]&­!%` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Yes,€sir.€€I€thought€about€it.Ð/(#'` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€But€in€spite€of€having€thought€about€it€you€went€ahead€and€did€itÐ *Q%) Ðanyway?Ðê*:&*` x` x ÐÐ Ó+#'+ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Yes,€sir.а` x` x ÐÓUšÓÌFrom€this€testimony,€there€is€ample€evidence€from€which€the€jury€could€have€found€that€a€dutyÐ ‚Ò Ðwas€breached.Ð k» Ðò òòòÌForeseeabilityÐ > Ž Ðó óóóÌà  àIn€order€to€establish€proximate€causation€and,€ultimately,€negligence,€the€claimant€mustÐ  a Ðshow€that€ð ðthe€harm€giving€rise€to€the€action€could€have€reasonably€been€foreseen€or€anticipatedÐ ú J Ðby€a€person€of€ordinary€intelligence€and€prudence.ðð€òòò òMcClenahan€v.€Cooleyó óóó,€806€S.W.2d€767,Ð ã 3  Ð775€(Tenn.1991).€As€stated€in€òòò òRay€Carter,€Inc.€v.€Edwardsó óóó,€436€S.W.2d€864,€867€(Tenn.€1969),Ð Í   Ðð ðan€injury€which€could€not€have€been€foreseen€nor€reasonably€anticipated€as€a€probable€result€ofÐ ·  Ðan€act€or€omission€is€not€actionable,€and€such€an€act€is€either€the€remote€cause€or€no€cause€of€theÐ  ð  Ðinjury.ðð€€As€the€Supreme€Court€stated€in€òòò òMcClenahanó óóó,€the€foreseeability€requirement€Ð ‰Ù  ÐÓ  ÓÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àis€not€so€strict€as€to€require€the€tortfeasor€to€foresee€the€exact€mannerÐ \¬  Ðin€which€the€injury€takes€place,€provided€it€is€determined€that€theÐ E• Ðtortfeasor€could€foresee,€or€through€the€exercise€of€reasonableÐ .~ Ðdiligence€should€have€foreseen,€the€general€manner€in€which€theÐ g Ðinjury€or€loss€occurred.€[citations€omitted]€"The€fact€that€an€accidentÐ P Ðmay€be€freakish€does€not€per€se€make€it€unpredictable€or€unforeseen."Ð é9 Ðòòò òCity€of€Elizabethton€v.€Sluderó óóó,€534€S.W.2d€115,€117€(Tenn.1976).€ItÐ Ò" Ðis€sufficient€that€harm€in€the€abstract€could€reasonably€be€foreseen.Ð ¼  Ðòòò òShell€Oil€Co.€v.€Blanksó óóó,€46€Tenn.App.€539,€330€S.W.2d€569,€572Ð ¥õ Ð(1959).Ðß` x` x ÐÓŒ¯ÓÌòòò òMcClenahanó óóó,€806€S.W.2d€at€775.€€Foreseeability€is€a€question€of€fact€to€be€determined€by€theÐ a± Ðjury.€òòò òCity€of€Elizabethton€v.€Sluderó óóó,€534€S.W.2d€115€(Tenn.€1976).€Ð K› ÐÌà  àFrom€our€review€of€the€entire€record€in€this€case,€we€find€that€it€was€foreseeable€thatÐ n ÐSettle€could€escape€and,€having€escaped,€it€was€foreseeable€that€he€could€take€a€hostage.€€It€isÐ  W Ðundisputed€that€Settle€was€a€medium€security€prisoner€at€all€times€pertinent€to€this€case.€€It€is€alsoÐ ð @ Ðuncontested€that€CCA€required€its€officer€to€keep€leg€irons€on€Settle€at€all€times,€unless€theÐ Ù!)  Ðofficer€obtained€permission€from€his€or€her€supervisor€prior€to€removing€the€shackles.€€AsÐ Â"! Ðdiscussed€in€detail,€òòsupraóó,€there€were€numerous€precautionary€policies€in€place€all€for€theÐ «#û" Ðpurpose€of€insuring€that€this€prisoner€would€not€escape.€€Given€the€nature€of€these€policies,€it€isÐ ”$ä# Ðreasonably€foreseeable€that,€should€any€of€them€be€disregarded,€as€in€this€case,€the€prisonerÐ }%Í $ Ðmight€escape.€€Ð f&¶!% ÐÌà  àOnce€Settle€escaped,€given€the€fact€that€he€had€Officer€Vandiverððs€weapon,€it€wasÐ 8(ˆ#' Ðreasonably€foreseeable€that€he€might€use€that€weapon€against€someone.€€In€his€testimony,€OfficerÐ !)q$( ÐVandiver€admits€that€the€situation€that€occurred€with€Willis€was€foreseeable:Ð  *Z%) Ðâ âÐ ó*C&* Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Mr.€Vandiver,€was€it€not€foreseeable,€sir,€that€he€[Settle]€hadÐ ° Ðâ âthe€weapon€pointed€at€your€head€that€he€could€have€also€haveÐ ™é Ðtaken€the€weapon€and€pointed€it€at€someone€elseððs€head,€such€as€anÐ ‚Ò Ðemployee€of€the€hospital€,€such€as€somebody€like€Ms.€Willis?Ðk»` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Yes,€sir,€thatððs€the€reason€I€didnððt€force€him€to€shoot€me€heÐ =  Ðwould€have€been€out€shooting€the€rest€of€the€way€down€theÐ & v Ðhallway.Ð _` x` x ÐÌà  àWe€find€that€the€record€supports€the€juryððs€finding€that€the€events€of€August€16,€1999Ð á 1  Ðwere€foreseeable.€€We€now€address€the€elements€of€cause€in€fact€and€proximate€causation.Ð Ê   ÐÌà  àð ðCausation,€or€cause€in€fact,€means€that€the€injury€or€harm€would€not€have€occurred€'butÐ œì  Ðfor'€the€defendant's€negligent€conduct."€òòò òKilpatrick€v.€Bryantó óóó,€868€S€.W.2d€594,€598€(Tenn.1993).Ð …Õ  Ð"Proximate€causation€is€a€jury€question€unless€the€uncontroverted€facts€and€inferences€to€beÐ o¿  Ðdrawn€from€them€make€it€so€clear€that€all€reasonable€persons€must€agree€on€the€proper€outcome."Ð X¨  Ðòòò òMcClenahan€v.€Cooleyó óóó,€806€S.W.2d€767,€775€(Tenn.1991).Ð A‘ ÐÌà  àInòòò ò€Kilpatrick€v.€Bryantó óóó,€868€S.W.2d€594€(Tenn.1993),€our€Supreme€Court€said:€Ð d ÐÓ  ÓÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àCausation€and€proximate€cause€are€distinct€elements€of€negligence,Ð ç7 Ðand€both€must€be€proven€by€the€plaintiff€by€a€preponderance€of€theÐ Ð  Ðevidence.€Bradshaw€[v.€Daniel€],€854€S.W.2d€[865,€869€(Tenn.1993)Ð ¹  Ð];€McClenahan€v.€Cooley,€806€S.W.2d€767,€774€(Tenn.1991);€SmithÐ ¢ò Ðv.€Gore,€728€S.W.2d€738,€749€(Tenn.1987).€"Causation€(or€cause€inÐ ‹Û Ðfact)€is€a€very€different€concept€from€that€of€proximate€cause.Ð tÄ ÐCausation€refers€to€the€cause€and€effect€relationship€between€theÐ ]­ Ðtortious€conduct€and€the€injury.€The€doctrine€of€proximate€causeÐ F– Ðencompasses€the€whole€panoply€of€rules€that€may€deny€liability€forÐ / Ðotherwise€actionable€causes€of€harm."€King,€Causation,€Valuation,Ð h Ðand€Chance€in€Personal€Injury€Torts€Involving€Preexisting€InjuriesÐ  Q Ðand€Future€Consequences,€90€Yale€L.J.€1353,€1355€n.€7€(1981).€Thus,Ð ê : Ðproximate€cause,€or€legal€cause,€concerns€a€determination€of€whetherÐ Ó!#  Ðlegal€liability€should€be€imposed€where€cause€in€fact€has€beenÐ ¼" ! Ðestablished.€McKellips€v.€Saint€Francis€Hosp.,€741€P.2d€467Ð ¥#õ" Ð(Okla.1987).€"Cause€in€fact,€on€the€other€hand,€deals€with€the€'but€for'Ð Ž$Þ# Ðconsequences€of€an€act.€'The€defendant's€conduct€is€a€cause€of€theÐ w%Ç $ Ðevent€if€the€event€would€not€have€occurred€but€for€that€conduct.'€"€Id.Ð `&°!% Ðat€470€(quoting€Prosser€and€Keeton,€The€Law€of€Torts€266€(5thÐ I'™"& Ðed.1984)).€Ð2(‚#'` x` x ÐÌÓT¿Óòòò òIdó óóó.€at€598.Ð *T%) Ðâ âÐ î*>&* ÐIn€Tennessee,€there€is€a€three-pronged€test€for€proximate€causation:€(1)€the€tortfeasor's€conductÐ ° Ðâ âmust€have€been€a€"substantial€factor"€in€bringing€about€the€harm€being€complained€of;€and€(2)Ð ™é Ðthere€is€no€rule€or€policy€that€should€relieve€the€wrongdoer€from€liability€because€of€the€mannerÐ ‚Ò Ðin€which€the€negligence€has€resulted€in€the€harm;€and€(3)€the€harm€giving€rise€to€the€action€couldÐ k» Ðhave€reasonably€been€foreseen€or€anticipated€by€a€person€of€ordinary€intelligence€and€prudence.Ð T¤ ÐMcClenahan€v.€Cooley,€806€S.W.2d€767,€775€(Tenn.1991).€€Ð =  ÐÌà  àWe€find€that€the€record€in€this€case€supports€the€juryððs€finding€that€the€actions€of€CCAððsÐ  _ Ðemployees€were€both€the€cause€in€fact€and€the€proximate€cause€of€Willisðð€injuries.Ð ø H Ðò òòòÌRespondeat€SuperiorÐ Ë   Ðó óóóÌà  àCCA€contends€that€it€cannot€be€held€responsible€for€the€actions/inactions€of€itsÐ žî  Ðemployees,€Vandiver€and€Crowder,€under€the€doctrine€of€respondeat€superior,€because€OfficersÐ ‡×  ÐVandiver€and€Crowder€deviated€from€the€course€and€scope€of€their€employment€by€actingÐ pÀ  Ðoutside€the€policies€and€procedures€set€in€place€by€CCA.€€We€disagree.Ð Y©  ÐÌà  àThe€general€rule€in€Tennessee€is€that€a€principal€is€liable€for€the€negligence€or€wrongfulÐ +{ Ðacts€of€his€agent€acting€within€the€actual€or€apparent€scope€of€his€employment€in€the€principal'sÐ d Ðservice.€òòò òSee,€e.g.ó óóó,€1€Tenn.€Juris.,€Agency,€ðð€47€(1982);€òòò òV.L.€Nicholson€Co.€v.€Transcon€Inv.€andÐ ýM ÐFinancial€Ltd.,€Inc.ó óóó,€595€S.W.2d€474,€483€(Tenn.1980);€òòò òMcGee€v.€County€of€Wilsonó óóó,€574Ð ç7 ÐS.W.2d€744,€746-€47€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.1978).€This€respondeat€superior€liability€exists€where€theÐ Ñ! Ðprincipal€has€a€right€to€control€the€agent.€òòò òSee€Doane€Agric.€Serv.,€Inc.€v.€Colemanó óóó,€254€F.2d€40,Ð º  Ð43€(6th€Cir.1958),€cert.€denied,€358€U.S.€818€(1958).€Our€Supreme€Court€has€recognized€that€"aÐ ¤ô Ðservant,€acting€within€the€general€scope€of€his€authority,€makes€the€master€responsible,€evenÐ Ý Ðthough€he€act€without€instructions,€or€exceed€his€instructions."€òòò òLouisville€&€N.R.€Co.€v.€Marlinó óóó,Ð vÆ Ð186€S.W.€595,€596€(Tenn.1916).€This€responsibility€on€the€part€of€the€principal€exists€even€whereÐ `° Ðthe€injured€party€is€"wholly€a€stranger"€to€the€principal.€òòò òIdó óóó.€The€question€of€whether€an€agencyÐ I™ Ðrelationship€exists€and€the€scope€of€the€agent's€authority€are€questions€of€fact.€òòò òSee€Mays€v.Ð 3ƒ ÐBrighton€Bankó óóó,€832€S.W.2d€347€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.1992);€òòò òBoard€of€Directors€of€City€of€HarrimanÐ m ÐSchool€Dist.€v.€Southwestern€Petroleum€Corp.ó óóó,€757€S.W.2d€669€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.1988).òòÐ  W ÐÌà  àóóThe€gravamen€of€respondeat€superior€is€that€the€master€may€be€sued€even€though€theÐ Ú!*  Ðmaster€is€not€personally€at€fault.€ò òòòSee,€e.g.,€Rankhorn€v.€Sealtest€Foodsó óóó,€479€S.W.2d€649€(Tenn.Ð Ã"! ÐCt.€App.€1971).€€Here,€CCA€had€policies€in€place€to€prevent€the€escape€of€prisoners.€€While€weÐ ­#ý" Ðmay€concede€that€Officer€Crowder€was€outside€the€scope€of€his€employment€when€he€leftÐ –$æ# ÐSettleððs€hospital€room€to€retrieve€the€meal€tickets,€at€all€times€pertinent€to€this€case,€the€recordÐ %Ï $ Ðreflects€that€Officer€Vandiver€was€at€his€post.€€The€fact€that€Vandiver€disregarded€CCA€policiesÐ h&¸!% Ðin€carrying€out€his€duties€does€not€remove€him€from€the€scope€of€his€employment.€€Rather,€itÐ Q'¡"& Ðevinces€negligence€in€the€performance€of€those€duties,€which€makes€CCA€answerable€forÐ :(Š#' ÐVandiverððs€actions€under€the€doctrine€of€respondeat€superior.€òòóóÐ #)s$( ÐÌà  àWe€will€now€address€Appellantððs€second€and€third€issues,€concerning€the€award€ofÐ õ*E&* Ðdamages,€together.€We€first€note€that€counsel€for€Willis€withdrew€the€question€of€punitiveÐ Þ+.'+ Ðdamages€prior€to€the€trial.€ò òó ó€€Concerning€its€award€of€damages,€the€jury€was€instructed,€in€relevantÐ ° Ðpart,€as€follows:Ð ™é ÐÓ  ÓÌà8 @ àà8@` Ð Ð àò òPERSONAL€INJURYð!ðPAIN€AND€SUFFERINGÐ k» ÐÌÓ  ÓÓ  Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àó óPlaintiff€may€be€awarded€the€following€elements€of€damageÐ ?  Ðexperienced€in€the€past:Ð( x` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àPhysical€pain€and€sufferingÐ a` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMental€or€emotional€pain€and€sufferingÐú J` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àLoss€of€capacity€for€the€enjoyment€of€lifeÐã 3 ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àYou€may€also€award€compensation€for€the€present€cash€value€of:ÐÌ  ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àPhysical€pain€and€sufferingе ` x` x Ðà0  àà ° àà0(#(#àà ° àà  àà ` àMental€or€emotional€pain€and€sufferingОî (#(# Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àLoss€of€capacity€for€the€enjoyment€of€life€reasonably€certain€to€beÐ ‡×  Ðexperienced€by€the€Plaintiff€in€the€future.ÐpÀ ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àPain€and€suffering€encompasses€the€physical€discomfort€caused€by€anÐ Y©  Ðinjury.€€Mental€or€emotional€pain€and€suffering€encompasses€anguish,Ð B’ Ðdistress,€fear,€humiliation,€grief,€shame€or€worry.€€Damages€for€lossÐ +{ Ðof€enjoyment€of€life€compensate€the€injured€person€for€the€limitationsÐ d Ðplaced€on€the€ability€to€enjoy€the€pleasures€of€life.ÐýM` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThere€is€no€mathematical€formula€for€computing€reasonableÐ æ6 Ðcompensation€for€[physical€pain€and€suffering]€[mental€or€emotionalÐ Ï Ðpain€and€suffering]€[loss€of€capacity€for€the€enjoyment€of€life],€nor€isÐ ¸ Ðthe€opinion€of€any€witness€required€as€to€the€amount€of€suchÐ ¡ñ Ðcompensation.ЊÚ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIn€making€an€award€for€such€damages,€you€must€use€your€bestÐ sà Ðjudgment€and€establish€an€amount€of€damages€that€is€fair€andÐ \¬ Ðreasonable€in€light€of€the€evidence€before€you.ÐE•` x` x ÐÓØÓÌThe€jury€awarded€Willis€$500,000€in€compensatory€damages.€€CCA€asserts€that€this€award€isÐ g Ðabove€the€range€of€reasonableness€and,€as€such,€is€not€supported€by€the€evidence.€In€a€personalÐ  P Ðinjury€cases,€the€amount€of€damages€to€be€awarded€is€primarily€for€the€jury.€òòò òBrown€v.€Nulló óóó,€863Ð é 9 ÐS.W.2d€425,€430€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.1993);€òòò òClark€v.€Engelbergó óóó,€436€S.W.2d€465,€468€(Tenn.€Ct.Ð Ó!#  ÐApp.€1968).€It€is€not€within€the€appellate€courtððs€province€to€substitute€its€judgment€for€that€ofÐ ½" ! Ðthe€jury.€òòò òIdó óóó.€€€No€verdict€is€valid€until€it€is€approved€by€the€trial€court€judge.€òòò òSee€CumberlandÐ ¦#ö" ÐTel.€&€Tel.€Co.€v.€Smithwickó óóó,€79€S.W.€803,€805€(Tenn.€1904).€Where,€as€in€this€case,€the€judgeÐ $à# Ðsimply€approves€the€jury's€verdict€without€further€comment,€the€appellate€court€presumes€that€theÐ z%Ê $ Ðtrial€judge€adequately€performed€his€or€her€function€as€thirteenth€juror.€òòò òSee€Holden€v.€Rannickó óóó,Ð c&³!% Ð682€S.W.2d€903€(Tenn.1984)€(citing€òòò òCentral€Truckaway€Sys.€v.€Waltneró óóó,€36€Tenn.App.€202,Ð M'"& Ð253€S.W.2d€985,€991€(1952)).€When€the€trial€court€has€approved€the€verdict,€our€review€isÐ 7(‡#' Ðsubject€to€the€rule€that€if€there€is€any€material€evidence€to€support€the€juryððs€award,€it€should€notÐ  )p$( Ðbe€disturbed.€ò òòòSee€Ellis€v.€White€Freightliner€Corp.ó óóó,€603€S.W.2d€125,€129€(Tenn.1980);€òòò òBensonÐ  *Y%) Ðâ âv.€Tennessee€Valley€Elec.€Coopó óóó.,€868€S.W.2d€630,€640€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.1993);€òòò òCoyle€v.€Prietoó óóó,Ð ó*C&* Ð822€S.W.2d€596,€601€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.1991);€òòò òCary€v.€Arrowsmithó óóó,€777€S.W.2d€8,€23€(Tenn.€Ct.Ð ° ÐApp.1989).€As€stated€in€òòò òEllisó óóó,€Ð šê Ðâ âÓ  ÓÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[e]ach€case€must€depend€upon€its€own€facts€and€the€test€to€be€appliedÐ m½ Ðby€us€is€not€what€amount€the€members€of€the€court€would€haveÐ V¦ Ðawarded€had€they€been€on€the€jury,€or€what€they,€as€an€appellateÐ ?  Ðcourt,€think€should€have€been€awarded,€but€whether€the€verdict€isÐ ( x Ðpatently€excessive.€Ð a` x` x ÐÓ¦èÓÌòòò òEllisó óóó,€603€S.W.2d€at€129.Ð ã 3  ÐÌà  àAlthough€CCA€contends€that€Willisðð€damages€should€have€been€limited€to€her€medicalÐ ¶  Ðexpenses€($3,462)€and€her€lost€wages€($1,202),€as€noted€above,€the€jury€was€clearly€instructedÐ Ÿï  Ðthat€compensatory€damages€may€include€ð ðmental€or€emotional€pain€and€sufferingðð€and€ð ðloss€ofÐ ˆØ  Ðcapacity€for€the€enjoyment€of€life.ðð€€As€further€noted€in€the€jury€instructions,€there€is€noÐ qÁ  Ðmathematical€formula€to€place€a€price€on€the€trauma€Willis€suffered€at€the€hands€of€Settle€or€onÐ Zª  Ðthe€long€term€effects€of€that€experience.€€Ð C“ ÐÌà  àConcerning€the€events€of€August€16,€1999,€Willis€testified,€in€relevant€part,€as€follows:Ð e ÐÓ  ÓÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Ms.€Willis,€describe€for€these€folks€on€the€Jury,€if€you€will€please,Ð ç7 Ðwhen€is€the€first€time€you€noticed€Mr.€Mike€Settle€that€morning€ofÐ Ð  ÐAugust€16,€1999?й ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€As€I€was€walking€to€my€car€I€happened€to€look€back€and€I€seenÐ ‹Û Ðthis€man€coming€up€but€I€just€walked€to€my€car€as€I€usually€do€andÐ tÄ Ðget€in€my€car€and€he€came€up€behind€me€and€said€ð ðSister,€let€me€haveÐ ]­ Ðyour€car.ðð€€I€said€ð ðMy€car?ðð€and€he€said€ð ðThatððs€all€right.€€I€donððtÐ F– Ðneed€your€car,€you€can€drive.ðð€€And€I€said€ð ðDrive€where?ðð€€He€saidÐ / Ðð ðI€need€to€get€to€Memphis.ðð€€ð ðI€donððt€know€how€to€get€to€Memphis.ðð€Ð h ÐHe€said€ð ðWeððll€find€a€way€how€to€get€to€Memphis.ðð€€I€said€ð ðBut€IÐ  Q Ðdonððt€know€how.€€I€just€donððt€know€how.ðð€€And€he€said€ð ðWe€will€findÐ ê : Ðour€way.ðð€€By€that€time€he€came€out€with€his€gun€and€put€it€up€to€myÐ Ó!#  Ðhead€and€I€hollered€out€ð ðOh,€help€me€please.ðð€€And€he€told€me€ð ðDonððtÐ ¼" ! Ðdo€that.€€You€do€it€again€and€there€will€be€a€very€big€problem.ðð€€IÐ ¥#õ" Ðdidnððt€want€to€get€hurt€so€I€got€in€the€car€and€did€not€go€on€theÐ Ž$Þ# Ðpassenger€side.€€He€got€in€where€I€was€driving€on€the€driverððs€side,€soÐ w%Ç $ Ðhe€took€the€gun€and€he€put€it€to€my€head€and€then€he€put€it€in€my€ribsÐ `&°!% Ðand€he€grabbed€my€arm€and€said€ð ðGet€in€the€car.ðð€€And€by€that€timeÐ I'™"& ÐI€had€started€crying€and€he€saidð!ðð ðStop€crying,€thereððs€going€to€be€aÐ 2(‚#' Ðproblem€if€you€donððt.ðð€€So€Ið!ð€Ð)k$(` x` x ÐÌÓ®íÓà  àHere,€a€break€was€taken€to€allow€Ms.€Willis€to€compose€herself.€€Her€testimonyÐ í*=&* Ðcontinued€as€follows:Ð Ö+&'+ ÐÓ  Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Where€was€he€[Settle]€in€the€car€with€you€at€the€time€that€youÐ ° Ðwere€leaving€the€hospital?Йé` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€He€was€on€the€passenger€side.Ðk»` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Okay,€where€was€the€gun?Ð= ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Sticking€in€my€side.Ð _` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€At€that€point€did€you€feel€that€he€wasð!ðthat€you€were€in€fear€ofÐ á 1  Ðyour€life?ÐÊ  ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Yes,€I€was.Мì ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€And,€as€you€were€driving€out€of€the€parking€garage€did€he€shoutÐ n¾  Ðor€yell€instructions€to€you€at€that€point?ÐW§ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€He€said€ð ðHurry,€back€out.€€Back€out.ðð€€So€I€was€trying€to€back€outÐ )y Ðand€almost€backed€into€another€car€and€he€said€ð ðStraighten€up.€Ð b ÐStraighten€up€this€car.€€Act€normal,€I€said,€because€if€you€giveÐ ûK Ðattention€to€us€thereððs€going€to€be€a€problem.€€Itððs€going€to€be€you.ððÐä4` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*ж` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€When€you€were€first€approached€by€Mr.€Settleð!ðI€meant€to€ask€youÐ ˆØ Ðthatð!ðin€the€hospital€parking€garage,€as€you€testified€before€the€break,Ð qÁ Ðthat€you€screamed€and€he€told€you€not€to€do€that.ÐZª` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€He€said€if€I€did€it€again€I€was€going€to€be€very€sorry.Ð,|` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Did€you€know€whether€or€not€anyone€heard€you€scream?ÐþN` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€No,€I€didnððt.ÐÐ!  ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€As€you€were€driving€out€of€the€garage€did€you€feel€like€anybodyÐ ¢#ò" Ðknew€where€you€were€or€what€was€going€on€at€all?Ћ$Û#` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€No,€I€didnððt.Ð]&­!%` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ð/(#'` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Was€he€telling€you€how€to€drive?Ð*Q%)` x` x Ðâ âÐ ê*:&* Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Yes,€he€was€ð ðDrive€faster,€drive€faster.ðð€€I€said€ð ðI€will€get€aÐ ° Ðâ âticket.ðð€€He€said€ð ðYou€are€going€to€get€more€than€that€if€you€donððtÐ ™é Ðdrive€faster.ððЂÒ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Did€he€continue€to€use€the€gun€as€a€wayð!ð€ÐT¤` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€He€kept€shoving€it€in€my€side,€yes,€he€did.Ð& v` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ðø H` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€And,€as€you€were€driving€along€I„40€going€to€Memphis€did€youÐ Ê   Ðnotice€any€police€at€that€point€in€time€just€as€you€got€on€theÐ ³  Ðinterstate?Мì ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Yes,€as€I€got€on€the€interstate€I€seen€a€police€pull€off€to€the€sideÐ n¾  Ðlike€he€was€resting€or€something.€€I€donððt€know€what€he€was€doing,Ð W§  Ðbut€it€was€a€police€car€sitting€to€the€side€and€Michael€[Settle]€keptÐ @ Ðshoving€the€gun€in€my€side€and€telling€me€to€drive€faster€and€as€I€wasÐ )y Ðdriving€faster€I€seen€a€state€trooper€on€the€side€of€the€highway€andÐ b Ðthen€as€we€got€a€little€further€on€down€the€highway€a€state€trooperÐ ûK Ðwas€coming€fromð!ðlike€from€Memphis€and€he€passed€right€beside€meÐ ä4 Ðon€the€driverððs€side€and€he€turned€around€and€by€that€time€MichaelÐ Í Ð[Settle]€looked€back€and€he€said€ð ðThere€is€going€to€be€a€problem.€Ð ¶ ÐDrive,€drive.ðð€€And€he€kept€shoving€the€gun€into€my€side.Пï` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*ÐqÁ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€All€right.€€At€some€point€in€time€while€you€were€driving€down€theÐ C“ Ðinterstate€did€Mr.€Settle€become€angry€with€you€and€upset€about€theÐ ,| Ðway€you€were€continuing€to€drive?Ðe` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Yes.Ðç 7` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€What€did€he€do€to€take€care€of€that€problem?й" !` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€He€took€and€stuck€his€feet€on€top€of€my€feet,€on€top€of€the€gasÐ ‹$Û# Ðpedal,€and€pushed€it€to€the€floor?Ðt%Ä $` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€And,€you€were€trying€to€steer€the€car?ÐF'–"&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€I€was€trying€to€steer€the€car€and€then€as€I€was€trying€to€steer€theÐ )h$( Ðcar€and€he€tookð!ðwe€were€like€going€down€an€embankment€as€we€wasÐ *Q%) Ðgoing€into€Memphis,€and€I€was€thinking€the€car€was€going€to€turnÐ ê*:&* Ðover€and€I€was€shaking€by€the[n]€and€he€grabbed€the€carð!ðgrabbed€theÐ Ó+#'+ Ðsteering€wheel€and€straightened€it€back€up€and€by€the€time€I€seenÐ ° Ðsome€state€troopers€and€he€said€ð ðItððs€going€to€be€a€problem;€itððs€goingÐ ™é Ðto€be€a€very€big€problem.ðð€€Just€like€that€and€as€I€noticed€to€the€sideÐ ‚Ò Ðof€me€I€seen€a€Fayette€County€state€trooper€was€pulling€up€by€side€ofÐ k» Ðus€and€he€[Settle]€seen€him€and€he€told€that€state€trooper€to€get€back,Ð T¤ Ðthere€was€going€to€be€a€big€problem.€€He€took€the€gun€and€he€pointedÐ =  Ðit.€€He€said€ð ðItððs€going€to€be€a€problem.€€Going€to€be€a€big€problem.ðð€Ð & v ÐAnd€by€that€time€the€state€trooper€kind€of€slowed€down€to€back€offÐ  _ Ðfrom€us€and€then€I€started€driving€again€and€he€said€ð ðYouððre€notÐ ø H Ðdriving€fast€enough.ðð€€And€he€put€his€foot€back€on€my€foot€to€makeÐ á 1  Ðit€drive€faster€then€all€of€a€sudden€he€just€jumped€over€me€andÐ Ê   Ðknocked€me€into€the€door€and€jumped€in€my€lap€and€he€said€ð ðYou€areÐ ³  Ðgoing€to€get€in€the€back.ðð€€And€about€that€time€he€could€see€moreÐ œì  Ðstate€troopers€had€approached€us€and€he€made€me€get€in€the€back€seat.Ð…Õ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€So€he€switched€places€with€you?ÐW§ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Yes.Ð)y` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Did€he€at€any€time€slow€the€car€down€at€all?ÐûK` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Naw,€he€was€driving€with€one€hand€and€keeping€the€gun€on€meÐ Í Ðwith€the€other€hand€and€told€me€to€ð ðGet€in€the€back;€get€in€the€back,ððÐ ¶ Ðjust€like€that€so€I€did.€€I€went€over€in€the€back€seat.Пï` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€When€you€got€into€the€back€seat€of€the€car€did€you€sit€up€in€theÐ qÁ Ðback€seat€or€where€were€you€asð!ð€ÐZª` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€At€the€time€I€was€sitting€down€and€he€grabbed€my€head€andÐ ,| Ðpushed€it€down€and€then€as€I€went€to€raise€up€he€pushed€me€again€andÐ e Ðhe€said€ð ðI€am€not€going€out€like€this,€I€am€not€going€out€like€this.€€IÐ þN Ðam€not€going€out€like€this.ðð€€And€I€could€hear€him€like€cocking€theÐ ç 7 Ðgun€and€thatððs€when€he€justð!ðseemed€like€he€took€off€and€he€said€ð ðIÐ Ð!   Ðam€not€going€out€like€this.€€I€am€not€going€out€like€this.ððй" !` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ћ$Û#` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Can€you€describe€for€the€Jury€how€it€[the€chase]€ended?Ð]&­!%` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Well,€the€state€troopers€had€us€like€blocked€in€both€ways€andÐ /(#' Ðsome€kind€of€way€he€grabbed€the€steering€wheel€and€wheeled€out€inÐ )h$( Ðfront€of€all€of€the€state€troopers€and€something€exploded€in€my€carÐ *Q%) Ðand€went€ð ðwhoof,ðð€something€like€that,€and€he€lost€control€of€the€carÐ ê*:&* Ðand€thatððs€when€we€went€into€the€woods.ÐÓ+#'+` x` x Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€When€the€car€came€to€rest€were€you€able€to€see€from€where€youÐ ° Ðwere€in€the€carð!ð€Ð™é` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€I€was€down€on€the€floor€of€the€car.€€I€was€on€the€floor€of€the€carÐ k» Ðin€the€back€seat.€€I€was€down€on€the€floor€and€as€he€got€out€of€the€carÐ T¤ Ðhe€said€ð ðI€am€not€going€out€like€this.ðð€€And€I€was€trying€to€open€theÐ =  Ðdoor€but€I€couldnððt€get€it€open€and€as€they€[the€troopers]€approachedÐ & v Ðthe€door€fell€open€and€I€fell€out€on€the€ground€and€thatððs€when€theÐ  _ Ðother€state€troopers€approached€me€with€they€[sic]€guns€on€me.Ðø H` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Did€you€feel€like€even€then,€after€the€car€came€to€a€complete€rest,Ð Ê   Ðthat€you€may€still€be€in€danger?г ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Yes,€I€did.Ð…Õ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Did€you€know€where€he€[Settle]€was€or€what€had€happened€to€himÐ W§  Ðor€where€he€had€gone?Ð@` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€No,€sir,€I€did€not.Ðb` x` x ÐÓ¾õÓà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ ` x` x Ðà  àConcerning€her€symptoms€and€the€disruption€to€her€life€since€August€16,€1999,€WillisÐ ä4 Ðtestified,€in€pertinent€part,€as€follows:Ð Í ÐÓ  ÓÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Ms.€Willis,€what€were€some€of€the€problems€you€were€having€thatÐ Ÿï Ðmade€you€want€to€see€Dr.€Spring€over€the€time€that€you€saw€him?ЈØ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€I€was€having€nightmares.€€I€would€wake€up€crying€and€every€timeÐ Zª ÐI€hear€a€noise€I€was€jumping€and€I€sometimes€I€didnððt€go€to€sleep.€€IÐ C“ Ðwould€sit€up€all€night.Ð,|` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*ÐþN` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Prior€to€August€16,€1999,€had€you€ever€needed€counseling€orÐ Ð!   Ðtherapy€or€sessions€of€any€type€like€that€at€all?й" !` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€No.Ћ$Û#` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€What€effect€did€the€incident€of€August€16,€1999,€have€on€yourð!ðonÐ ]&­!% Ðyour€just€average€daily€life?ÐF'–"&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€I€began€to€stay€in€the€house.€€I€didnððt€want€to€talk€to€nobody.€€IÐ )h$( Ðwould€lock€the€doors€and€stay€in€the€house€all€the€time.€€I€didnððt€talkÐ *Q%) Ðto€nobody€on€the€phone.€€I€stayed€in€the€house€all€the€time.Ðê*:&*` x` x ÐÐ Ó+#'+ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*а` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€And,€even€though€you€have€been€able€to€go€without€having€toÐ ‚Ò Ðcontinue€to€see€him€[Dr.€Spring]€for€some€period€of€time,€are€you€stillÐ k» Ðcontinuing€to€have€problems€dealing€with€what€happened€to€you€onÐ T¤ ÐAugust€16,€1999?Ð= ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Sometimes.Ð _` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€When€are€the€times€that€it€is€the€worst?Ðá 1 ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Mostly€like€when€I€walk€at€work€and€walking€down€the€hall€I€lookÐ ³  Ðbehind€me.€€I€look€behind€to€see€who€is€it€or€something€like€that,Ð œì  Ðbecause€when€I€went€back€to€work€I€had€to€have€security€to€escort€meÐ …Õ  Ðto€my€car€every€night.Ðn¾ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ð@` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Okay,€Ms.€Willis,€is€there€any€other€things€in€your€life€now€thatÐ b Ðare€different€than€they€were€before€August€16,€1999ð!ðthat€are€differentÐ ûK Ðbecause€of€what€happened€on€August€16,€1999?Ðä4` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€I€am€still€a€little€afraid.€€A€lot€of€things€I€used€to€do€I€donððt€doÐ ¶ Ðthem€like€I€used€to.€€I€still€kind€of€shy€off€and€stay€at€home.Пï` x` x ÐÓ×ÓÌà  àCCA€points,€òòinter€aliaóó,€to€the€fact€that€Willis€has€not€required€regular€sessions€with€Dr.Ð qÁ ÐSpring€for€some€time,€and€to€the€notation€that€Dr.€Spring€made€in€February€2001€that€ð ðFinallyÐ Zª Ðmay€be€through€with€it.€€Life€normal€now,ðð€for€the€proposition€that€Willis€is€no€longer€sufferingÐ C“ Ðthe€effects€of€August€16,€1999.€€We€disagree.€€A€closer€examination€of€Dr.€Springððs€testimonyÐ ,| Ðindicates€that,€although€Willis€goes€through€periods€of€normalcy,€certain€events€can€trigger€aÐ e Ðrecurrence€of€her€symptoms€at€any€time,€to€wit:Ð þN ÐÓ  ÓÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Okay.€€What€does€that€[the€time€between€sessions]€indicate€toÐ Ð!   Ðyou,€Doctor,€as€it€relates€to€the€progress€or€recovery€that€Ms.€WillisÐ ¹" ! Ðwas€showing€at€that€time.Т#ò"` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Well,€this€has€really€been€kind€of€a€recurring€theme.€€Any€timeÐ t%Ä $ Ðthat€we€had€a€long€gap€between€meetings€the€reason€that€we€did€wasÐ ]&­!% Ðbecause€I€felt€that€she€had€reached€a€pretty€good€point€in€resolutionÐ F'–"& Ðof€the€symptoms€and€then€what€would€happen€is€that€somethingÐ /(#' Ðwould€come€along€and€trigger€it€again€and€reveal€the€fact€thatÐ )h$( Ðcontrary€to€my€wishes€there€was€a€residual€vulnerability€and€it€wasÐ *Q%) Ðstill€possible€to€mobilize€the€symptoms€to€a€pretty€high€level.€€ThatÐ ê*:&* Ðhappened€again€and€again.ÐÓ+#'+` x` x Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Okay.€€What€does€it€indicate€to€you€as€a€clinical€psychologist€asÐ ° Ðit€relates€to€Ms.€Willisðð€condition€and€the€symptoms€that€she€isÐ ™é Ðexhibiting?ЂÒ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Well,€I€guess€really€I€think€this.€€I€think€on€the€one€hand€that€sheÐ T¤ Ðmade€a€lot€of€progress€and€showed€an€ability€to€benefit€from€therapy.€Ð =  ÐAt€the€same€time€[it]€just€doesnððt€disappear€and€this€is€something€thatÐ & v Ðis€persisting.€€Essentially€it€goes€into€a€latent€state€when€conditionsÐ  _ Ðare€right€and€then€under€conditions€where€something€stimulates€orÐ ø H Ðtriggers€the€traumatic€process€then€once€again€we€get€a€resurgence€ofÐ á 1  Ðsymptoms.ÐÊ  ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Мì ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€Doctor,€what€has€been€your€experience€as€it€relates€to€treatmentÐ n¾  Ðof€patients€who€are€diagnosed€with€Post€Traumatic€Stress€Disorder?€Ð W§  ÐHave€you€treated€several€patients€with€that€condition?׃T×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð@` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Oh,€yes,€quite€a€few.Ðb` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€And,€is€there€any€way€to€realistically€determine€when€or€ifÐ ä4 Ðsomeone€is€going€to€be€able€to€ð ðbe€cured,ðð€for€lack€of€a€better€termÐ Í Ðfor€that€type€of€condition?€€Is€that€even€possible?ж` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€Well,€I€always€hope€that€it€is€possible,€but€I€have€to€say€inÐ ˆØ Ðthinking€back,€I€am€not€able€to€pull€up€a€picture€of€anyone€I€feel€wasÐ qÁ Ðcompletely€cured.à8h` x` xàà8ÀhphpàÐZªÀÀ ÐÓÎ.ÓÌ€We€have€reviewed€the€entire€record€in€this€case€and€we€find€that€there€is€material€evidence€toÐ ,| Ðsupport€the€juryððs€award€of€$500,000€in€compensatory€damages.€The€verdict€is€supported€by,Ð e Ðamong€other€things,€evidence€of€the€following:€the€trauma€Willis€experienced€during€the€actualÐ þN Ðevents€of€August€16,€1999;€her€pain€and€suffering;€the€degree€of€permanent€impairment;€and€theÐ ç 7 Ðimpact€of€the€injury€upon€her€ability€to€work€and€move€about.€As€discussed€òòsupraóó,€€Willis€willÐ Ð!   Ðlikely€continue€to€experience€set„backs€and€recurrent€symptoms.€It€is€well-settled€that€a€negligentÐ ¹" ! Ðparty€takes€a€plaintiff€as€the€defendant€finds€him€or€her,€and€the€injured€plaintiff€is€entitled€toÐ ¢#ò" Ðrecover€all€damages€proximately€caused€by€the€acts€of€the€responsible€party.€òòò òHaws€v.€Bullockó óóó,Ð ‹$Û# Ð592€S.W.2d€588,€591€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.1979);€òòò òFuller€v.€Speightó óóó,€571€S.W.2d€840,€841€(Tenn.€Ct.Ð u%Å $ ÐApp.1978).€Although€some€individuals€might€recover€quickly€from€a€traumatic€experience€ofÐ _&¯!% Ðthis€nature,€the€evidence€does€not€suggest€that€Willis€is€among€this€group.€Ð H'˜"& Ðâ âÐ 1(#' Ðà  àWe€find€that€the€juryððs€verdict€is€supported€by€material€evidence,€òòò òEllisó óóó,€603€S.W.2d€atÐ ° Ðâ â129,€and€that€the€award€is€not€so€excessive€as€to€indicate€that€it€was€influenced€by€passion,Ð šê Ðprejudice,€or€caprice.€Finding€material€evidence€to€support€the€juryððs€verdict,€we€decline€to€set€itÐ ƒÓ Ðaside€or€to€grant€a€remittitur.Ð l¼ ÐÓ  Óò òÌWhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€not€granting€Ð ?  ÐDefendantððs€Motion€for€a€Mistrial.ó óÐ ) y ÐÓ©AÓÌà  àCCA€asserts€that€Willisðð€show€of€ð ðexcessive€emotionðð€at€several€points€during€the€trialÐ ü L Ðprejudiced€the€jury€and€should€have€resulted€in€a€mistrial.€€In€the€instant€case,€the€trial€court€tookÐ å 5  Ðprecautions€(i.e.€asked€counsel€to€switch€tables)€so€that€Willis€would€not€be€in€the€juryððs€directÐ Î   Ðline€of€vision.€€When€Willis€became€emotional€on€the€stand,€the€trial€court€immediately€stoppedÐ ·  Ðtestimony€and€instructed€Willis,€during€a€break,€that€she€would€have€to€keep€her€emotions€inÐ  ð  Ðcheck.€€There€were€no€further€incidents€following€this€instruction.€Ð ‰Ù  ÐÌà  àIt€is€well€settled€that€the€decision€of€whether€to€grant€a€motion€for€mistrial€is€within€theÐ [«  Ðsound€discretion€of€the€trial€court.€òòò òSee€State€v.€McKinneyó óóó,€929€S.W.2d€404,€405Ð D” Ð(Tenn.Crim.App.1996).€This€court€will€not€disturb€a€trial€court's€denial€of€a€motion€for€mistrialÐ .~ Ðabsent€an€abuse€of€discretion.€òòò òState€v.€Adkinsó óóó,€786€S.W.2d€642,€644€(Tenn€.1990);€òòò òState€v.Ð g ÐWilliamsó óóó,€929€S.W.2d€385,€388€(Tenn.Crim.App.1996).Ð Q ÐÌà  àIn€the€instant€case,€the€trial€court€was€in€a€better€position€than€this€Court€to€observe€theÐ Ô$ Ðextent€of€Willisðð€emotions€and€the€effect,€if€any,€Willisðð€behavior€had€upon€the€jury.€€From€theÐ ½  Ðrecord€before€us,€we€cannot€say€that€Willisðð€emotions€were€so€excessive€or€so€prejudicial€as€toÐ ¦ö Ðindicate€an€abuse€of€discretion€by€the€trial€court€in€not€granting€a€mistrial.Ð ß ÐÌà  àFor€the€foregoing€reasons,€we€affirm€the€Judgment€on€the€jury€verdict.€€Costs€of€thisÐ a± Ðappeal€are€assessed€to€the€Appellant,€Corrections€Corporation€of€America,€and€its€surety.€€Ð Jš Ðò òó óÔ#†¼Íi»XX‰Çþ #ÔÔ€X‰ÇX»¼ÍiÔÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h à__________________________________________Ð î > Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àW.€FRANK€CRAWFORD,€PRESIDING€JUDGE,€W.S.