ÿWPC2 4# èUNó %A 0cGU<ªw@æ4&: AQI 0@šÚ 0Dâ 0J& 0Tp 0^Ä 0h" 0rŠ 0|ü 0†x 0þ 1uŽ 0d Bg Æ„ 0DJ 0§Ž 0D5 D/y B¨ D3Å U>ø B)6 DC_ AM¢ U*ï ^jwv~ávÓ_˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX(;cW$¡¡Ò°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€XaBXXXÔ-šBu Z‹$Arrus BT Roman -T.E/0U1U2D3U4î5Ó€An~<$TS Ô3|xA ! %Cþÿ<< Cÿÿ("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ dƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(W(3Ñl$¤¤Ý ƒcW!ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€X¤XXXÔÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó'''÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd'ÿÿdxd< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman% Line 7 d,,,,7Border 1dd -Cþÿ << Gÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial TÝ ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€+ÔÒ  ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ!"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€/ÔÔ€/ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€/XÔÌÌò òJulyÏ22,Ï1998ÌÌCecilÏCrowson,ÏJr.ÌÔ€/ôÔAppellateÏCourtÏClerkó ó `Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€+ÔÒ  ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ"$Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  Ý€There€was€no€testimony€from€any€medical€witness.€€The€parties€byÏagreement€à àread€the€office€records€of€the€treating€physician€in€lieu€of€hisÏtestimony.ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€+ÔÒ  ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7€¼ÁXXdðdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÞ ÞÌà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€JACKSONÌà àà à€€€€______________________________________________ÌÌÙ€ Ùò òßR€.0-A1-j|½h` à. `€€@ÿRßWORTHER€WILLIAMS,€ó óÌÌà àPlaintiff„Appellee,Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àShelby€Circuit€No.€61390€T.D.ÌVs.à àà àà àà àà àà àà àNo.€02A01„9712„CV„00311ÌÌò òROBERT€W.€STEWARD,€ó óÌÌà àDefedant„Appellant.Ì____________________________________________________________________________ÌÌà@ àFROM€THE€SHELBY€COUNTY€CIRCUIT€COURTÌà@ àTHE€HONORABLE€JAMES€E.€SWEARENGEN,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà@ àAndrew€Hume€Owens€of€MemphisÌà@ àFor€Defendant„AppellantÌÌà@ àMarvin€S.€Bernatsky€of€MemphisÌà@ àFor€Plaintiff„AppelleeÌÌÌÌà@ àò òòòAFFIRMEDó óÌÌà@ àóóOpinion€filed:€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àò òW.€FRANK€CRAWFORD,Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àPRESIDING€JUDGE,€W.S.ÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌALAN€E.€HIGHERS,€JUDGEÌÌHOLLY€KIRBY€LILLARD,€JUDGEó óÌÌÌÓÓ›à àThis€is€an€automobile€personal€injury€case.€€Defendant€Robert€W.ÏSteward€€€appeals€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€on€a€jury€verdict€for€plaintiff,ÏWorther€œWilliams.›Ìà àDuring€the€evening€rush€hour,€on€May€11,€1993,€Williams€was€travelingÏnorthbound€on€Sycamore€View€Road€in€the€inside€lane,€intending€to€turn€leftÏonto€Summer€Avenue.€€Sycamore€View€has€three€northbound€lanes,€threeÏsouthbound€lanes,€and€a€center,€two„way,€turn€lane.€€Traffic€was€backed€up€fromÏthe€intersection€in€the€normal€lanes€of€travel,€so€plaintiff€entered€the€centerÏturn€lane€over€500€feet€from€the€intersection€and€proceeded€northbound.€ÏMeanwhile,€Steward€pulled€from€a€private€driveway€on€the€east€side€ofÍSycamore€View€proceeding€west€and€intending€to€turn€and€proceed€south.€ÏSteward€crossed€the€three€northbound€lanes€of€traffic€through€a€gap€betweenÏcars€stopped€for€the€traffic€light€and€the€partiesðð€vehicles€collided€in€the€centerÏturn€lane€approximately€500€feet€from€the€intersection.€€€The€front„end€ofÏplaintiffððs€1972€Chevy€Chevelle€was€severely€damaged,€but€due€to€the€age€of€theÏvehicle,€damage€was€estimated€to€be€only€$500.00.€€Ìà àMike€Richardson,€the€Police€Service€Technician€who€arrived€on€the€sceneÏto€investigate€the€accident,€testified€that€plaintiff€made€no€complaint€of€injuryÏat€that€time.€€Both€vehicles€were€towed€from€the€scene,€with€plaintiff€getting€aÏride€home€with€the€wrecker€driver.€€Later€that€evening,€plaintiff€beganÏexperiencing€pain€in€his€right€shoulder€and€lower€arm€and€was€taken€by€his€wifeÏto€the€emergency€room€at€Baptist€East€Hospital.€€After€x„rays€were€taken,Ïplaintiff€was€given€medication€for€treatment€of€a€ð ðright€shoulder€contusionðð€andÏreleased€with€instructions€to€see€his€family€physician.€€Ìà àPlaintiff€was€seen€two€days€later€by€his€family€physician,€Dr.€Castellaw,Ïwho€provided€medication€for€right€shoulder€pain€and€a€ð ðleft€knee€bruise.ððÏPlaintiff€was€Ñ7€¼ÁXXdðXXdð7Ñthen€referred€to€a€specialist,€Dr.€Lynch,€whose€recordsœ× ƒ1 ××  ×›€indicateÍthat€plaintiff€complained€of€continued€pain€in€the€right€shoulder€and€aÏsensation€of€weakness€in€the€shoulder€joint.€€Physical€examination€revealed€theÏfollowing:€ð ðPatient€has€full€active€and€passive€motion€with€the€right€shoulderÏwith€pain€in€all€directions€and€significant€weakness€in€external€rotation.€€He€hasÏno€significant€pseudocromial€creptis.€€No€tenderness€on€palpating€about€theÏrotator€cuff€or€any€other€abnormal€findings€on€examination.€€X„rays€of€theÏshoulder€are€negative.ðð€Approximately€two€weeks€later,€plaintiff€returned€for€aÏfollow„up€visit€with€Dr.€Lynch.€€Dr.€Lynch€noted€that€plaintiff€ð ðhas€gottenÏalmost€complete€relief€of€his€shoulder€pain,€has€excellent€strength€in€his€rotatorÏcuff€and€abductors€and€has€regained€near€normal€function€of€his€shoulder.ðð€ÏPlaintiff€was€allowed€to€return€to€work€at€that€point,€but€records€indicate€thatÏplaintiff€sought€treatment€for€continued€shoulder€pain€on€at€least€two€occasionsÏduring€the€following€year.€€Ìà àAt€trial,€in€September€1997,€plaintiff€claimed€that€he€still€had€pain€in€hisÏshoulder,€but€admitted€that€there€was€nothing€he€œcould€not›€do€now€that€heÏcould€do€before€the€accident.€€Plaintiffððs€wife,€however,€testified,€over€objection,Ïthat€plaintiff€could€no€longer€do€mechanical€work€on€her€car,€or€do€certainÏthings€around€the€house.€€Plaintiff€introduced€evidence€of€medical€bills€totalingÏ$924.00,€$500.00€in€property€damage,€and€lost€wages€of€$2,213.75.€€The€juryÍreturned€a€verdict€finding€that€plaintiff€had€sustained€$35,000.00€in€damages,Ïbut€that€he€was€also€10%€negligent.€After€reduction€for€the€portion€of€damagesÏattributable€to€plaintiffððs€negligence,€plaintiff€was€awarded€$31,500.00.€€€Ìà àDefendant€Robert€Steward€appeals€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€on€theÏjury€verdict€for€plaintiff€and€has€enumerated€eleven€issues€for€review.€€AppellantÏprays€that€a€new€trial€be€granted,€or,€in€the€alternative,€for€remittitur.€€We€haveÏsummarized€appellantððs€issues€as€follows:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à1.€€Whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€wife€toÏtestify€about€husbandððs€impairment€when€there€wasÏno€medical€proof€of€such.€ÌÌà8 àà8 à2.€Whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€instructÏthe€jury€that€there€was€no€medical€proof€sufficient€toÏallow€an€award€for€future€pain€and€suffering€or€futureÏmedical€bills.ÌÌà8 àà8 à3.€€Whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€rejectingÏdefendantððs€requested€jury€instructions€on€theÏTennessee€statutes€regarding€improper€turns€and€œno„passing›€zones.ÌÌà8 àà8 à4.€Whether€the€trial€court€committed€prejudicialÏerror€when€explaining€the€concept€of€comparativeÏfault€by€using€a€damage€figure€of€$100,000.00€in€itsÏexample,€possibly€leading€the€jury€to€believe€thatÏnumber€was€ð ðin€the€ballpark.ððÌÌà8 àà8 à5.€€Whether€the€verdict€was€supported€by€theÏevidence,€or€was€the€result€of€the€passion,€prejudice,Ïor€caprice€of€the€jury.ÌÌà8 àà8 à6.€€Should€any€of€the€above€not€independentlyÏconstitute€error€sufficient€to€justify€grantingÏdefendant€a€new€trial,€does€their€cumulative€effectÏwarrant€a€new€trial?Ìà àÌÓÓà àWe€will€address€appellantððs€issues,€as€modified,€in€the€order€presentedÏabove.ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à1.€€Whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€wife€toÏtestify€about€husbandððs€impairment€when€there€wasÏno€medical€proof€of€such.€ÌÌÓÓà àAppellant€asserts€that€the€trial€court€wrongly€allowed€plaintiffððs€wife€toÏrender€ð ðwhat€was€tantamount€to€a€medical€opinionðð€in€response€to€a€questionÏfrom€plaintiffððs€counsel.€€We€quote€the€exchange€complained€of€in€its€entirety:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àMR.€BERNATSKY€[plaintiffððs€counsel]:€Are€thereÏthings€that€he€canððt€do€now€that€he€did€before?ÌÌà8 àà8 àMR.€OWENS€[defendantððs€counsel]:€Objection.ÏCompetency€what€he€can€or€canððt€do,€thatððs€beyondÏher€capacity.ÌÌà8 àà8 àTHE€COURT:€I€donððt€know.€€Iððll€overrule€that.ÌÌà8 àà8 àMRS.€WILLIAMS:€Yes.€€Thereððs€things€then€he€couldÏdo€that€he€cannot€do€them€now,€and€as€like,€he€was€aÏmechanic€and€stuff€that€he€done€on€my€car€a€wholeÏlot,€and€also€like€working€around€in€the€house.ÌÌà8 àà8 àMR.€BERNATSKY:€€Are€there€limitations€on€things€heÏcan€pick€up?ÌÌà8 àà8 àA.€€Yes.ÌÌÓÓPerhaps€plaintiffððs€counsel€could€have€laid€a€better€foundation€for€the€question,Ïbut€that€was€not€the€basis€for€the€objection.€€It€is€well€settled€that€a€lay€witnessÏcan€testify€to€the€physical€condition€of€another€person€provided€that€theÏwitness€firsts€states€the€detailed€facts€and€then€gives€her€opinion€or€conclusion.€Ïòòò òAmerican€Surety€Co.€v.€Kizeró óóó,€212€Tenn.€328,€369€S.W.2d€736€(1963).€€In€theÏinstant€case,€plaintiffððs€wife€testified€about€her€husbandððs€condition€after€theÏaccident,€discussed€the€treatment€she€observed€him€receive,€stated€that€thereÏwere€good€days€and€bad€days€and€that€she€would€often€wake€up€at€night€to€findÏhim€rubbing€his€shoulder.€€Her€conclusion€that€her€husband€cannot€doÏeverything€that€he€could€do€before€the€accident€was€based€on€her€dailyÏobservations€of€him.€€In€any€event,€the€credibility€of€the€witnessððs€observationsÏand€conclusions€goes€to€the€weight€to€be€given€the€testimony€by€the€trier€ofÏfact,€and€not€to€its€admissibility.€€It€is€for€the€trier€of€fact€to€determineÏwhether€the€witness€has€stated€any€material€facts€that€justify€the€witnessððsÏconclusion.€€òòò òHamlin€&€Allman€Iron€Works€v.€Jonesó óóó,€200€Tenn.€242,€292€S.W.2dÏ27,€30€(1956).€€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à2.€Whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€instructÏthe€jury€that€there€was€no€medical€proof€sufficient€toÏallow€an€award€for€future€pain€and€suffering€or€futureÏmedical€bills.ÌÌÓÓà àDuring€closing€arguments,€defense€counsel€objected€to€a€statement€madeÍby€plaintiffððs€counsel€that€plaintiff€would€ð ðhave€the€rest€of€his€life€to€suffer€withÏhis€arm.ðð€€Defense€counsel€argued€that€this€statement€was€improper€becauseÏthere€had€been€no€competent€proof€of€permanent€impairment.€€The€trial€courtÏapparently€agreed,€stating:€ð ðWe€donððt€have€medical€proof€to€that€effect.€€AllÏright.ðð€€Appellant€asserts€that€the€trial€courtððs€statement€was€ambiguous€andÏthat€he€was€entitled€to€have€his€objection€properly€sustained.€€In€an€attempt€toÏcure€the€claimed€error,€€counsel€submitted€a€hand„written€jury€instruction€toÏthe€effect€that€the€jury€could€not€consider€an€award€for€future€pain€andÏsuffering€or€future€medical€bills.€€The€trial€court€did€not€read€the€requestedÏinstruction€verbatim,€but€instead€stated:€ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àà àIððm€reminded€that€at€one€point€during€theÏcourse€of€the€trial€there€was€some€reference€to€futureÏpain€and€suffering,€and€proof€of€that€kind€is€usuallyÏrequired€to€be€in€the€form€of€expert€testimony,€thatÏis,€a€medical€person,€a€doctor€testifying€to€that€effect,Ïand€there€has€been€no€proof€of€that€nature€of€futureÏpain€and€suffering.€ÌÌÓÓà àDefense€counsel€asserts€that€the€trial€court€should€have€flat„out€told€theÏjury€that€they€could€not€consider€an€award€for€future€pain€and€suffering,€andÏthat€the€above€ð ðwatered€downðð€statement€to€the€jury€was€insufficient.€€Ìà àThe€standard€for€an€appellate€courtððs€review€of€a€trial€judgeððs€jury€chargeÏwas€stated€in€òòò òCity€of€Johnson€City€v.€Outdoor€West,€Inc.ó óóó,€947€S.W.2d€855Í(Tenn.€App.€1996):ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àWe€review€the€jury€charge€in€its€entirety€to€determineÏwhether€the€trial€judge€committed€reversible€error.€Ïò òòòOtis€v.€Cambridge€Mut.€Fire€Ins.€Co.,óóó ó€850€S.W.2dÏ439,€446€(Tenn.€1992);€ò òòòIn€re€Estate€of€Elamóóó ó,€738ÏS.W.2d€169,€174€(Tenn.€1987);€€and€òòò òGrissom€v.ÏMetropolitan€Gov't€of€Nashville,ó óóó€817€S.W.2d€679,€685Ï(Tenn.€App.€1991).€€Jury€instructions€are€notÏmeasured€against€the€standard€of€perfection.€€òòò òGrissomó óóó,Ï817€S.W.2d€at€685.€€€The€charge€will€not€beÏinvalidated€if€it€"fairly€defines€the€legal€issues€involvedÏin€the€case€and€does€not€mislead€the€jury."€€ò òòòOtisóóó ó,€850ÏS.W.2d€at€446;€òòò òGrissomó óóó,€817€S.W.2d€at€685.€ÏFurthermore,€a€particular€instruction€must€beÏconsidered€in€the€context€of€the€entire€charge.€€òòò òElamó óóó,Ï738€S.W.2d€at€174.ÌÌÓÓò òòòOutdoor€Westóóó ó,€947€S.W.2dat€858.Ìà àUpon€review€of€the€instructions€as€a€whole,€we€conclude€that€the€chargeÏgiven€was€sufficient€to€advise€the€jury€that€an€award€for€future€pain€andÏsuffering€would€be€inappropriate.€€ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à3.€€Whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€rejectingÏdefendantððs€requested€jury€instructions€on€theÏTennessee€statutes€regarding€improper€turns€and€no„passing€zones.ÌÌÓÓà àDefendant€asserts€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€instruct€the€juryÏon€the€following€statutes:ÌÓÓò òà8 àà8 à55„8„142.€Turning€movements.€„„ó ó€(a)€No€personÏshall€turn€a€vehicle€at€an€intersection€unless€theÏvehicle€is€in€a€proper€position€upon€the€roadway€asÍrequired€in€ðð€55„8„140,€or€turn€a€vehicle€to€enter€aÏprivate€road€or€driveway,€or€otherwise€turn€a€vehicleÏfrom€a€direct€course€or€move€right€or€left€upon€aÏroadway,€unless€and€until€such€movement€can€be€madeÏwith€reasonable€safety.€€No€person€shall€so€turn€anyÏvehicle€without€giving€an€appropriate€signal€in€theÏmanner€provided€in€ðððð€55„8„143€and€55„8„144€in€theÏevent€any€other€traffic€may€be€affected€by€suchÏmovement.€ÌÌò òà8 àà8 à55„8„121.€No„passing€zones.€„„ó ó€The€department€ofÏtransportation€is€hereby€authorized€to€determineÏthose€portions€of€any€highway€where€overtaking€andÏpassing€or€driving€to€the€left€of€the€roadway€would€beÏespecially€hazardous€and€may€by€appropriate€signs€orÏmarkings€on€the€roadway€indicate€the€beginning€andÏend€of€such€zones.€€When€such€signs€or€markings€areÏin€place€and€clearly€visible€to€an€ordinarily€observantÏperson,€every€driver€of€a€vehicle€shall€obey€theÏdirections€thereof.ÌÌÓÓà àTrial€courts€should€give€a€requested€jury€instruction€(1)€if€it€is€supportedÏby€the€evidence,€(2)€if€it€embodies€the€partyððs€theory€of€the€case,€(3)€if€it€is€aÏcorrect€statement€of€the€law,€and€(4)€if€its€substance€has€not€already€beenÏincluded€in€other€portions€of€the€charge.€€òòò òLadd€v.€Honda€Motor€Co.,€Ltd.ó óóó,€939ÏS.W.2d€83,€103€(Tenn.€App.€1996).€Ìà àAppellant€asserts€that€the€first€statute€cited€is€applicable€because€ð ðhadÏthe€plaintiff€not€changed€lanes€at€a€time€when€he€was€500€feet€from€theÏintersection,€he€would€have€come€to€a€stop€behind€the€traffic€that€was€lettingÏthe€defendant€through€and€no€collision€would€have€occurred.ðð€œIt€is€undisputedÍthat€the€plaintiff€was€established€in€the€turn€lane€prior€to€the€time€of€theÏaccident,€and€there€was€no€proof,€or€even€an€allegation,€that€the€physical€act€ofÏchanging€lanes€was€performed€negligently.€€Furthermore,€Steward€testified€thatÏhe€never€saw€the€plaintiffððs€car€prior€to€the€accident.€€Perhaps,€as€appellant€alsoÏargues,€it€was€negligent€for€plaintiff€to€enter€the€turn€lane€at€a€point€so€far€fromÏthe€intersection.€€However,€T.C.A.€ðð€55„8„140€contains€a€subsection€relatingÏspecifically€to€the€plaintiffððs€alleged€conduct€in€the€two„way€turn€lane.€€DefenseÏcounsel€read€that€statute€to€the€jury€during€closing€argument€and€the€trial€courtÏspecifically€instructed€the€jury€that€such€was€an€accurate€statement€of€the€law.€ÏRefusal€of€the€trial€court€to€instruct€the€jury€on€T.C.A.€ðð€55„8„142€was€notÏerror.€Ìà àAppellant€also€asserts€that€it€was€error€not€to€instruct€the€jury€on€theÏstatute€dealing€with€no„passing€zones€because€the€pavement€markings€definingÏeach€boundary€of€the€turn€lane€are€the€same€as€the€markings€designating€a€no„passing€zone:€a€solid€yellow€line€adjacent€to€a€broken€yellow€line.€€However,Ïappellant€cites€to€no€authority€which€equates€a€center,€two„way€turn€lane€with€aÏno„passing€zone.€€It€is€true€that€a€center€turn€lane€cannot€be€used€ð ðsolely€for€theÏpurpose€of€passing€another€vehicle,ðð€T.C.A.€ðð€55„8„140(5)(C),€but€it€is€also€trueÏthat€if€we€adopted€appellantððs€theory,€no€driver€would€ever€be€able€to€legallyÍcross€the€painted€boundary€and€enter€the€turn€lane.€€In€any€event,€the€substanceÏof€defendantððs€requested€charge€is€subsumed€in€the€statute€that€defense€counselÏread€to€the€jury€regarding€conduct€in€a€turn€lane€and€the€trial€court€specificallyÏinstructed€the€jury€that€such€was€an€accurate€statement€of€the€law.€€The€trialÏcourt€did€not€err€in€refusing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€T.C.A.€ðð€55„8„121.€€ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à4.€Whether€the€trial€court€committed€prejudicialÏerror€when€explaining€the€concept€of€comparativeÏfault€by€using€a€damage€figure€of€$100,000.00€in€itsÏexample,€possibly€leading€the€jury€to€believe€thatÏnumber€was€ð ðin€the€ballpark.ððÌÌÓÓà à€Appellant€asserts€that€in€explaining€the€concept€of€comparative€fault€toÏthe€jury,€the€following€example€offered€by€the€trial€court€was€ð ðerroneous€andÏprejudicialðð:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àTHE€COURT:€Now,€when€you€consider€damages,€youÏdonððt€take€into€consideration€any€percentages.€€LetððsÏsay€you€figure€if€the€Plaintiff€wasnððt€at€fault,€he€wouldÏhave€been€entitled€to€$100,000,€but€you€have€foundÏthat€he€was€ten€percent€at€fault€in€this.€€So€on€yourÏform,€you€would€say€that€the€Plaintiff,€the€total€valueÏof€his€claim€or€the€damages€that€heððs€entitled€to€isÏ$100,000,€and€then€Iððll€look€at€his€fault€assessment,Ïand€when€I€see€that€itððs€ten€percent,€then€I€will€reduceÏthat€$100,000€by€ten€percent,€but€you€donððt€do€that,Ïyou€just€give€me€his€damages€as€if€his€fleece€wereÏwhite€as€snow,€so€to€speak,€that€is,€not€consideringÏany€fault.€€Have€I€made€myself€clear?€Any€questionÏabout€that€because€sometimes€that€presents€aÏproblem?€€You€donððt€consider€fault€when€you€come€toÏdamages,€but€you€do€consider€fault€when€you€try€toÍsee€which€one€of€the€parties€actually€was€responsibleÏfor€what€happened€or€whether€both€of€them€were.€ÏAny€questions?€€All€right.€€Is€there€anything€else?ÌÌà8 àà8 àMR.€OWENS€[defendantððs€counsel]:€That€$100,000Ïfigure€that€doesnððt€represent€your€opinion€of€the€case,Ïdoes€it€judge?ÌÌà8 àà8 àMR.€BERNATSKY€[plaintiffððs€counsel]:€I€think€thatððsÏmine.ÌÌà8 àà8 àTHE€COURT:€Just€a€number.€€Thatððs€for€the€Jury.€ÏThey€might€even€think€more€or€less.€€Thatððs€right.€ÏThey€didnððt€sue€for€more€than€$100,000€so€they€couldÏnot€consider€more.ÌÌÓÓà àThe€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€has€held€that€ð ð[e]ven€if€a€portion€of€theÏjudgeððs€charge€might€be€objectionable,€if€it€is€explained€and€corrected€in€otherÏparts€of€the€charge€so€that€the€jury€would€not€be€misled,€this€will€not€beÏreversible€error.ððòòò ò€€Smith€v.€Parkeró óóó,€213€Tenn.€147,€156,€373€S.W.2d€205,€209Ï(1963).€€Upon€review€of€the€transcript€of€the€entire€jury€charge,€we€think€thatÏit€is€clear€that€the€judge€was€merely€using€the€$100,000.00€figure€as€a€means€ofÏclarifying€the€concept€of€comparative€fault.€€Furthermore,€the€amount€of€theÏverdict€awarded€indicates€that€the€jury€did€not€agree€that€$100,000.00€was€ð ðinÏthe€ballpark.ðð€€Ìà àAppellant€also€asserts€that€the€comment€made€by€plaintiffððs€counsel,€ð ðIÏthink€thatððs€mine,ðð€in€reference€to€the€$100,000.00€figure,€was€prejudicial€inÍthat€it€led€the€jury€to€believe€that€it€was€counselððs€opinion€of€the€value€of€theÏcase.€€This€statement€€was€not€objected€to€at€trial€and€therefore€cannot€now€beÏthe€basis€for€granting€a€new€trial.€€Moreover,€plaintiffððs€counsel€had€already€toldÏthe€jury€that€$25,000€would€be€reasonable.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à5.€€Whether€the€verdict€was€supported€by€theÏevidence,€or€was€the€result€of€the€passion,€prejudice,Ïor€caprice€of€the€jury.ÌÌÓÓà àAppellant€asserts€that€the€jury€verdict€assessing€plaintiffððs€damages€atÏ$35,000.00€was€excessive€when€considering€that€there€was€no€expert€medicalÏtestimony€presented,€there€was€no€proof€of€permanent€injury,€medical€billsÏtotaled€only€$924.00,€plaintiff€had€not€visited€a€doctor€within€the€three€yearsÏpreceding€trial,€plaintiff€claimed€lost€wages€of€only€$2,213.75,€and€there€wasÏonly€$500.00€in€property€damage.€Ìà àWhen€factual€determinations€made€by€a€jury€have€been€approved€by€theÏtrial€judge,€an€appellate€court€may€only€set€aside€these€factual€findings€in€theÏabsence€of€any€material€evidence€in€the€record€to€support€the€verdict.€€ò òòòJacksonÏv.€Pattonó óóó,€952€S.W.2d€404,€405€(Tenn.€1997);€T.R.A.P.€13(d).€€In€ò òòòEllis€v.€WhiteÏFreightliner€Corp.ó óóó,€603€S.W.2d€125€(Tenn.€1980),€our€Supreme€Court€said:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àà àThe€trial€judgeððs€approval€of€a€jury€verdictÏinvokes€the€material€evidence€rule€with€respect€to€allÏother€issues€of€fact€and€we€know€of€no€reason€whyÏthat€rule€should€not€have€the€same€effect€when€thatÍapproval€includes€the€amount€of€the€award.€€ThatÏaction€by€the€trial€judge€means€that€he€has€accreditedÏthe€testimony€of€the€witnesses€on€the€issue€ofÏdamages€and€has€evaluated€the€evidence€as€supportingÏthe€amount€awarded.€€Nevertheless,€when€the€questionÏof€remittitur€is€raised,€the€Court€of€Appeals€has€theÏduty€to€review€the€proof€of€damages€and€the€authorityÏto€reduce€an€excessive€award.€€But€when€the€trialÏjudge€has€approved€the€verdict,€the€review€in€theÏCourt€of€Appeals€is€subject€to€the€rule€that€if€there€isÏany€material€evidence€to€support€the€award,€it€shouldÏnot€be€disturbed.ÌÌÓÓò òòòId.óóó ó€at€129.€€€Ìà àUpon€careful€review€of€the€entire€record,€we€find€that€there€is€materialÏevidence€to€support€the€juryððs€award.€€Despite€the€lack€of€expert€medicalÏtestimony,€there€is€evidence€from€which€a€reasonable€jury€could€find€that€theÏplaintiff€suffered€shoulder€pain€throughout€the€four„year€period€between€theÏaccident€and€trial,€and€that€the€plaintiff€stopped€going€to€see€his€doctor€becauseÏhe€was€told€there€was€nothing€more€that€could€be€done€for€his€shoulder.€ÏAlthough€the€juryððs€award€is€quite€liberal,€the€amount€of€the€award€is€not€soÏunreasonable€as€to€indicate€that€any€improper€influences€were€at€work.€ÌÓÓà8 à6.€€Should€any€of€the€above€not€independently€constitute€errorÏsufficient€to€justify€granting€defendant€a€new€trial,€does€theirÏcumulative€effect€warrant€a€new€trial?€ÌÌÓÓà àIn€light€of€our€findings€that€none€of€the€issues€raised€by€appellantÏconstitute€error,€we€hold€that€their€cumulative€effect€is,€at€most,€negligible€andÍdoes€not€warrant€a€new€trial.Ìà àThe€judgment€of€the€trial€court€on€the€jury€verdict€in€favor€of€plaintiff€isÏaffirmed.€€Costs€of€the€appeal€are€assessed€against€the€appellant.Ô€+ÔÌÓÓÔ€Ôà àà àà àà àà àà àà à_________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àò òW.€FRANK€CRAWFORD,€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àPRESIDING€JUDGE,€W.S.ó óÔ€+ÔÌÌò òÔ€Ô____________________________________ÌALAN€E.€HIGHERS,€JUDGEó óÔ€+ÔÌÌò òÔ€Ô____________________________________ÌHOLLY€KIRBY€LILLARD,€JUDGEó óœÔ€+ÔÔ€+Ô