WPC xS1}o*n|:#+a7;k!WYC ڗ.^y[ZGzf>^43ydq.Gý[<V>9` IZSWޓ{u$rnH_je8sX!B4)ꅽUɬ2Ϫ^=ռv-} Ǩ _ ߙվ dFIfAՊIk`9H(̠oP 5"۞#VG^Yn/lXF/m;3r2?ba0K6:tEqاly1qic'7 GSxg%T~>.z;:2QKXe3/Eo f p(aյm' IάJZ7!QA d(,ۦk~`UN@ % 0(U:w4 0z 0D   N    m #0 ^ pU:mmmmmmmmmmmm B AS 0V 0V3 0D D5(hH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($,  AZ"Arial Regularsp'3|x(*(2$ !   `   0   $ `   1    Atsentencing,thetrialcourtproperlymergedthetwomurderconvictionsand  imposedasinglelifesentenceuponeachdefendant.(#$  0    $ `   2    AfterhearingtheproofonJune3,1997,thestatefiledanadditionaljuvenile  petitionchargingdefendantswithespeciallyaggravatedkidnapping,undertheincorrect  assumptionthattheGrandJurycouldindictdefendantsonlyontheoffensesforwhich | theyweretransferred.Althoughwenotethejuvenilecourtjudgeerredinreasserting b jurisdictionforpurposesoftheJuly3,1997,transferhearing,seeTenn.CodeAnn.37 H 1134(c),anyissueinthisregardismootsincetheGrandJuryindicted,andthe . ~ defendantswereconvictedonallchargedoffenses.       UHP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 604(L  f ["USUS.,  _XbXXXXXb   Ad FILEDXbX  December21,1999  Cecil_Crowson_,Jr. dd AppellateCourtClerkdA ,  AZ"Arial Regular dZ[\]_E<<CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(.3$ !USUS.,  (.3$ !USUS.,  ($$   1  """")!dxdx !  _XbXXX  TR[A' LegalX3' Letter A' Legal3'TxY_B2.jz `  `@E` ttx0 x@  INTHECOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEALSOFTENNESSEE  @(ATJACKSON | @"SEPTEMBER1999SESSION H STATEOFTENNESSEE, @-)  0 @-) p NO.W199800531CCAR3CD      ` Appellee,@-)    @-) p _TIPTON_ԀCOUNTY     VS. @-) x  @-) p HON.JOSEPHH.WALKER, ^  KENNETHA.ADAMSand @-) p JUDGE  D   JEREMIAHA._LEAVY_ @-) *z  @-) `  ` Appellants.@-) p (FirstDegreeMurder,Aggravated F @-) p Robbery,EspeciallyAggravated , @-) p _Kidnapping_)  (  @(#(#( FORTHEAPPELLANTS: Z GARYF._ANTRICAN_  &v DistrictPublicDefender  \ (ForAppellantAdams)  B DAVIDS.STOCKTON   AssistantPublicDefender    P.O.Box700   Somerville,TN380680700 p!  (ForAppellantAdams) V"!  FRANKM._DESLAURIERS_  "$r# 214WPleasant %X $ P.O.Box1156 %>!% Covington,TN38019 &$"& (ForAppellant_Leavy_) ' #'  FORTHEAPPELLEE: Z' PAULG.SUMMERS  &v) AttorneyGeneralandReporter  \*  R.STEPHEN_JOBE_  (, AssistantAttorneyGeneral - _Cordell_ԀHullBuilding,2ndFloor . 425FifthAvenueNorth  / Nashville,TN372430493 p!0  ELIZABETHT.RICE  <#2 DistrictAttorneyGeneral "$r3  JAMESWALTER_FREELAND_Ԁ  %>!5 AssistantDistrictAttorneyGeneral &$"6 302MarketStreet ' #7 Somerville,TN38068 (#8  )$9 (  @( R+&9  OPINIONFILED:򀀀 0,? AFFIRMED N4/C JOEG.RILEY,JUDGE  763G _ 8VXXdd8PP@qq* OPINION    ` Upontransfertocircuitcourtfortreatmentasadults,juveniledefendants H KennethA.AdamsandJeremiahA.LeavywereconvictedbyaTiptonCountyjury  d forthepremeditatedfirstdegreemurder,felonymurder,aggravatedrobbery,and  0 especiallyaggravatedkidnappingofJamesTerry,Sr.   #  1      ׀Inthisappealasofright,    defendantschallenge: x  8 ` 1.8 ` ` whethertheirpretrialdetentionwithoutbondrendered D  thesubsequentprosecution,convictionandsentencing *z  aviolationofdoublejeopardyand/ordueprocess;and` x x 8 ` 2.8 ` ` whethertheevidencewassufficienttosupportthe , convictionsforpremeditatedfirstdegreemurderand/or  felonymurder.G x x Uponourreviewoftherecord,wefindnoerrorand AFFIRM thejudgmentofthe t trialcourt. @ @[[) I.FACTS    ` OnApril27,1997,atapproximately11:00a.m.,juveniledefendantsAdams <#" andLeavy,alongwithtwoadultcodefendants,enteredthe71yearoldvictims %X $ home.Theyintendedtostealalargeamountofmoneyrumoredtobekeptinthe &$"& house.Afterfruitlesslyransackingtheresidence,theysatdowntowatchbasketball (#( ontelevisionandawaitthevictimsreturn.Sometimeshortlybefore2:00p.m.,the l*%* victimreturnedfromvisitinghisconvalescentwifeinanursinghome. 8,',  ` Whenthevictimenteredthekitchen,thefouryoungmenambushedhim. / +0 Theadultsboundthevictimshandsandfeetwithcoathangersandducttape. 1,2 Then,hewasplacedinthebathtub,whichtheperpetratorspreviouslyfilledwith h3.4 waterandkerosene.Beforeleaving,theycoveredthevictimwithvariousblankets, 4506 drapes,andpiecesoffurniture.Thevictimdiedofasphyxia. 7P28 Ї ` Thejuvenileandadultdefendantstooktwentydollarsfromthevictimswallet,  amicrowaveoven,andakerosenespaceheater.Theyleftinthevictimscar | shortlyafter2:00p.m.andspenttheafternoondrivingaroundeatingsnacks H purchasedwiththevictimsmoney.Theyabandonedthecarinamuddyfieldafter  d gettingstuckandhitchhikedbackhomesometimebetween4:00and4:30p.m.  0  ` Subsequently,bothjuveniledefendantsgavestatementsadmittingtheir x  involvementinthecrimes.AuthoritiestookthejuvenilesintocustodyonApril28, D  1997.ThejuvenilecourtenteredadetentionorderonMay1,1997.OnJune3, ` 1997,thejuvenilecourtconductedthefirstoftwotransferhearingsandtransferred , thejuvenilestocircuitcourtonthechargesofpremeditatedfirstdegreemurder,  felonymurder,andaggravatedrobbery.Thejuvenilecourtorderedthatboth t juvenilesbeheldwithoutbond.Atasecondtransferhearing,conductedJuly3, @ 1997,thejuvenilecourttransferredthejuvenilestocircuitcourtonthechargeof  \ especiallyaggravatedkidnapping.   #  2      ׀Atthecloseofthesecondhearing,thejuvenile ( courtagainrefusedtosetabondfordefendants.However,attheirappearancein  circuitcourtonJuly18,1997,thetrialjudgeset$100,000bondsforeach. p!  @v v  II.DOUBLEJEOPARDY/DUEPROCESS  8,',  ` Intheirfirstissue,defendantsclaimthetrialcourterredbyfailingtodismiss / +0 theindictmentagainstthemforviolationoftheirdoublejeopardyanddueprocess 1,2 rights.Defendantscontendthejuvenilecourtwasrequiredtosetbondupontheir  transfertocircuitcourt.SeeTenn.R.Juv.P.24(b)(7).Defendantsarguethattheir | pretrialdetentionwithoutbondconstitutedpunishmentforthechargedoffenses H whichrenderedsubsequentprosecution,conviction,andsentencingaviolationof  d doublejeopardyanddueprocess.  0  ` AuthoritiestookdefendantsAdamsandLeavyintojuvenilecustodyonApril x  28,1997.Itappearsfromtherecordthatthejuvenilecourthelda detention D  hearingsoonthereafter.Therecordissilentastowhetherthesettingofbondwas ` anissueatthedetentionhearing,butdoesrevealthatdefendantswereonjuvenile , courtprobationinanothercountyforaggravatedburglaryatthetimeofthepresent  offenses. t  ` Thejuvenilecourtdenieddefendantsrequestforabondatbothtransfer  \ hearings.InJune,itrefusedbecause themomentthattheyaretransferredit ( terminatesthejurisdictionoftheJuvenileCourt...itisnowaCircuitCourtmatter.  ЀInJuly,itrefused becauseitisafirstdegreemurdercaseandextremelyheinous p!  innature. <#"  ` OnJuly18,1997,thecircuitcourtset$100,000bondsforeachdefendant. &$"& @OO$ A.DoubleJeopardy  l*%*  ` Constitutionalprovisionsagainstdoublejeopardyprotectanaccusedfrom 8,', theperilofasecondpunishmentandasecondtrialforthesameoffense.Whitwell .T). v.State,520S.W.2d338,341(Tenn.1975);Statev.Taylor,912S.W.2d183,185 / +0 (Tenn.Crim.App.1995);Statev.Carter,890S.W.2d449,452(Tenn.Crim.App. 1,2 1994).However,jeopardydoesnotattachinapretrialproceedingunless h3.4 defendantis subjecttocriminalprosecutionandputtotrial.Statev.Johnson, 4506 980S.W.2d414,420(Tenn.Crim.App.1998)(citationsomitted);seealsoStatev. 7P28 Pennington,952S.W.2d420,42224(Tenn.1997). 84: Ї ` Pretrialdetentiondoesnotresultintheattachmentofjeopardybarring  prosecutiononthechargedoffenses.Pennington,952S.W.2dat423.Ifthe | detentionspurposeisremedialratherthanpunitive,thendoublejeopardyisnot H implicatedatall.Johnson,980S.W.2dat420(citationsomitted).  d  ` Weconcludethatjeopardydidnotattachasaresultofthedefendantspre    trialdetention.Furthermore,wenotethattheproperrecourseforbonddenialwas x  toseekreliefincircuitcourt.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.4011144(b). D   ` Inanyevent,thisissueiswithoutmeritanddoesnotwarrantdismissalofthe , indictmentagainstdefendants.  @& B.DueProcess  @  ` Defendantsnextcontendtheirpretrialdetentionviolatesdueprocess.  \ Procedurally,authoritiesarresteddefendantsonApril28,1997,onedayafterthe ( offense.ThejuvenilecourtconductedadetentionhearingonoraboutMay1,1997.  ThefirstmentionofanyquestionregardingbailcomesattheJune3,1997,transfer p!  hearing;thenextisattheJuly3,1997,transferhearing.Fifteendayslater,the <#" circuitcourtsetabond. %X $  ` Dueprocessprohibitspunitivepretrialdetention,butpermitsremedialpre (#( trialdetentionprovidedtheindividualisaffordedsufficientproceduraldueprocess. l*%* Pennington,952S.W.2dat423;Johnson,980S.W.2dat421.Wefindno 8,', proceduraldueprocessviolation.Again,theproperremedyforthejuvenilecourts .T). denialofbondwastoseekreliefincircuitcourt.Tenn.CodeAnn.4011144(b). / +0 Furthermore,anerroneousbaildeterminationdoesnotgiverisetoadismissalof 1,2 theindictment.Johnson,980S.W.2dat421. h3.4  ` Thisissueiswithoutmerit. 7P28  84: Ї@.. III.SUFFICIENCYOFTHEEVIDENCE    ` Nextdefendantsavertheevidencewasinsufficienttosupportconvictionsfor H premeditatedmurderandfelonymurder.  d  ` Indeterminingthesufficiencyoftheevidence,thisCourtdoesnotreweigh    orreevaluatetheevidence.Statev.Cabbage,571S.W.2d832,835(Tenn.1978). x  Ajuryverdictapprovedbythetrialjudgeaccreditsthestate'switnessesand D  resolvesallconflictsinfavorofthestate.Statev.Bigbee,885S.W.2d797,803 ` (Tenn.1994);Statev.Harris,839S.W.2d54,75(Tenn.1992).Onappeal,thestate , isentitledtothestrongestlegitimateviewoftheevidenceandalllegitimateor  reasonableinferenceswhichmaybedrawntherefrom.Id.ThisCourtwillnotdisturb t averdictofguiltduetothesufficiencyoftheevidenceunlessthedefendant @ demonstratesthatthefactscontainedintherecordandtheinferenceswhichmay  \ bedrawntherefromareinsufficient,asamatteroflaw,forarationaltrieroffactto ( findtheaccusedguiltybeyondareasonabledoubt.Statev.Brewer,932S.W.2d  1,19(Tenn.Crim.App.1996).Accordingly,itistheappellatecourt'sdutytoaffirm p!  theconvictioniftheevidence,viewedunderthesestandards,wassufficientforany <#" rationaltrieroffacttohavefoundtheessentialelementsoftheoffensebeyonda %X $ reasonabledoubt.Tenn.R.App.P.13(e);Jacksonv.Virginia,443U.S.307,317, &$"& 99S.Ct.2781,2789,61L.Ed.2d560(1979);Statev.Cazes,875S.W.2d253,259 (#( (Tenn.1994). l*%* @-- A.PremeditatedFirstDegreeMurder  .T).  ` Defendantsarguethatthereisnoevidenceofapremeditateddesigntokill / +0 thevictiminthiscase.Theapplicabledefinitionoffirstdegreemurderinthiscase 1,2 is, [a]premeditatedandintentionalkillingofanother.Tenn.CodeAnn.3913 h3.4 202(a)(1).Premeditationnecessitates apreviouslyformeddesignorintenttokill, 4506 Statev.West,844S.W.2d144,147(Tenn.1992)(citationsomitted),and anact 7P28 doneaftertheexerciseofreflectionandjudgment...[meaning]thattheintenttokill 84: P     musthavebeenformedpriortotheactitself.Tenn.CodeAnn.3913202(d).  Italsorequiresthattheaccusedbe sufficientlyfreefromexcitementandpassion | astobecapableofpremeditation.Id. H  ` Althoughthejurymaynotengageinspeculation,itmayinferpremeditation  0 fromthemannerandcircumstancesofthekilling.Statev.Bland,958S.W.2d651,    660(Tenn.1997);Statev.Bordis,905S.W.2d214,222(Tenn.Crim.App.1995). x  OurSupremeCourtdelineatedseveralcircumstancesthatmaybeindicativeof D  premeditation,including theparticularcrueltyofthekilling...preparationsbefore ` thekillingforconcealmentofthecrime,andcalmnessimmediatelyafterthekilling. , Bland,958S.W.2dat660(citationsomitted).   ` Adefendantiscriminallyresponsiblefortheconductofanotherwhen @  [a]ctingwithintenttopromoteorassistthecommissionoftheoffense,ortobenefit  \ intheproceedsorresultsoftheoffense,thepersonsolicits,directs,aids,or ( attemptstoaidanotherpersontocommittheoffense.Tenn.CodeAnn.3911  402(2). p!   ` Inthisinstance,allfourdefendantsbrokeintothevictimshousewiththe %X $ intenttosteal.Ratherthanleavewhentheirsearchprovedfruitless,theyprepared &$"& fortheelderlyvictimsreturn,filledthebathtubwithwaterandkerosene,and (#( watchedbasketballonthevictimstelevision.Uponthevictimsreturn,theyoung l*%* menessentiallyhogtiedthevictim,bindinghishandsandfeetwithcoathangers 8,', andducttape,andconnectedhishandsandfeetwithaleatherbelt.Theyplaced .T). himinthetubfilledwithwaterandkeroseneandcoveredhimsocompletelythat / +0 severalwitnessesfailedtoseehimwhentheylookeddirectlyatthetub.Afterward, 1,2 theyoungmenspentthedayjoyridinginthevictimscarandhitchhikedhomewhen h3.4 itgotstuckinthemud. 4506   7P28  ` Takeninthelightmostfavorabletothestate,thisevidenceamplysupports   theconvictionforpremeditatedfirstdegreemurder. |  @%B.FelonyMurder   d  ` Next,defendantsarguethattheevidenceisinsufficienttosupporttheir  0 convictionforfelonymurdersince:(1)thereisnoshowingthattheyacted     recklesslywithinthemeaningofthefelonymurderstatute;(2)thereisnoevidence x  thatthehomicideoccurredduringtheperpetrationofburglaryasallegedinthe D  indictment;(3)theindictmentallegesmurderintheperpetrationofa burglary ` ratherthanan aggravatedburglary;and(4)thefelonymurderstatutedoesnot , encompassaggravatedburglary.Weconsiderdefendantsargumentstobewithout  merit. t @# 1.RecklessBehavior   \  ` Defendantsclaimtheycannotbefoundtohaveengagedinrecklessbehavior ( sincetherewasnoproofthattheywere awareofbutconsciouslydisregard[ed]a  substantialandunjustifiableriskthatthecircumstancesexist[ed]ortheresult p!  [would]occur.Thisissueiswithoutmeritfortworeasons. <#"  ` One,thefelonymurderstatuteineffectatthetimeofthisoffensedidnot &$"& requireafindingofrecklessness.Asamendedin1995,Tenn.CodeAnn.3913 (#( 202(b)nowprovides: [n]oculpablementalstateisrequiredforconvictionunder l*%* subdivision(a)(2)[felonymurder]...excepttheintenttocommittheenumerated 8,', offensesoracts....Id.Inthiscase,defendantsadmittedtheirintenttobreak .T). intothevictimshometotakemoney,i.e.,theintenttocommitaggravatedburglary. / +0 Thisissufficienttosupportaconvictionforfelonymurder.Theinclusionof 1,2  recklesslyintheindictmentwassurplusage.Statev.Hopper,695S.W.2d530, h3.4 535(Tenn.Crim.App.1985). 4506   7P28  ` Two,werejectthedefendantsclaimthatthevictimspreexistingmedical   conditions,whichcontributedtohisdemise,insulatedthemfromahomicide | conviction.Thevictimsphysicalconditionisnodefense. Onewhounlawfully H inflictsadangerouswounduponanotherisheldfortheconsequencesflowingfrom  d suchinjury,whetherthesequencebedirectorthroughtheoperationofintermediate  0 agenciesdependentuponandarisingoutoftheoriginalcause.Statev.Ruane,    912S.W.2d766,775(Tenn.Crim.App.1995)(quotingOdenealv.State,157S.W. x  419,421(1913)).Regardless,theevidenceclearlyrevealsactive,andapparently D  willing,participationbythedefendantsintheactivitieswhichleadtothevictims ` death. , @II 2.KillingInPerpetrationofBurglary  t  ` Next,defendantsclaimthattheevidencefailstoshowthehomicideoccurred @ duringtheperpetrationofaburglary.Wefinddefendantsargumentoverly  \ technical,andareinaccordwiththestatesargumentthat thefactthatthekilling ( occurredaftertheburglarywastechnicallycompleteddoesnotmakethekilling  collateraltotheburglary.Thekillingmaybeconsidered inperpetrationofthe p!  felony solongasthereisaconnectionintime,place,andcontinuityofaction. <#" Statev.Buggs,995S.W.2d102,106(Tenn.1999).Theintenttocommitthe %X $ underlyingfelonymustexistpriorto,orconcurrentwith,theactcausingthevictims &$"& death.Id.at107. (#(  ` Here,theintenttocommitaggravatedburglaryclearlyexistedpriortothe 8,', actscausingthevictimsdeath.Furthermore,therewasasufficientconnectionin .T). time,place,andcontinuityofaction.Afterunlawfullyenteringtheresidence,the / +0 defendantsremainedintheresidence,awaitedthevictimsreturn,tookmoneyfrom 1,2 hiswalletandotherproperty,andplacedhiminthebathtub. h3.4  ` Thisissueiswithoutmerit. 7P28  84: P      @' 3.Variance    ` Defendantsnextclaimthereisafatalvariancebetweentheunderlyingfelony | offensechargedintheindictment, burglary,andtheunderlyingfelonyoffense H provenattrial, aggravatedburglary.Againwefindthisargumentoverlytechnical  d andwithoutmerit.  0  ` Avariancebetweenindictmentandproofisfatalif:(1)defendantis x  insufficientlyinformedofthechargesagainsthim,suchthatheisunabletoprepare D  adequatelyfortrial;and(2)defendantisnotprotectedagainstasubsequent ` prosecutionforthesameoffense.Statev.Mayes,854S.W.2d638,640(Tenn. , 1993)(citingStatev.Moss,662S.W.2d590,592(Tenn.1984)).   ` Theindictmentmorethansufficientlyadviseddefendantsthatthelocationof @ theburglaryandthemurderwerethesamelocation:thevictimshome.  \ Furthermore,thetrialtranscriptclearlyrevealsdefensecounselwasableto ( adequatelypreparefortrial.Defendantswereamplyprotectedagainstsubsequent  prosecutionforthesameoffense.Anyallegedvariancebetweentheindictmentand p!  theproofattrialwasnotfatal. <#" @I I  4.AggravatedBurglaryAnUnderlyingFelony  &$"&  ` Finally,wealsorejectdefendantsargumentthatthefelonymurderstatute (#( doesnotinclude aggravatedburglaryasanunderlyingfelonysinceitonlylists l*%*  burglary.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.3913202(a)(2).Aggravatedburglaryisatype 8,', ofburglaryandsupportsafelonymurderconviction.Cf.Statev.Langford,994 .T). S.W.2d126(Tenn.1999)(affirmingfelonymurderconvictionbasedonunderlying / +0 felonyofaggravatedburglary). 1,2 @& IV.CONCLUSION  7P28  84:  ` Basedupontheforegoing,we AFFIRM thejudgmentofthetrialcourt.  /(#____________________________     `     h      p JOEG.RILEY,JUDGE      CONCUR: *z   ____________________________   DAVIDG.HAYES,JUDGE   ____________________________   \ THOMAST.WOODALL,JUDGE