ÿWPC¸B …# VUNa %¯ 0(µBÝU: 4Y m 0§| 0c# U:† U:À 0Jú 0TD 0^˜ 0hö 0r^ 0|Ð 0†L 0Ò 1ub×U,× 0dgw(o B—U,´U>àU *B)HDCq D3´ AMç-4 0@a2¡ÿÓÒNÙE' èl#{T%Ï&$Ö)Rú,L/&d68Š7v~Â9vÓ@; AOAÆbA 0D(B D/lB B›B˜HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀÌÀääÀÀÌ0 (ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡C:\WPWIN60\TEMPLATE\STANDARD.WPT,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular»{s 3|x3(W(2í¥$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€XÛÀXXXÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó("©‰$Ô€ X-®XXXÔòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó,†r‰AZ‹"Arial Regular,†r‰AZ‹"Arial Regular2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(ModernP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓöD÷ Õ%V&D'Ó€3 d< Œ 9p`(Monaco< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d((((7Border 1dd$$$$'ÿÿdxd€-)Cþÿ << Gÿÿ #Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÔ€'ÔÔ€'ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€'XÔÌÌò òMarch€27,€1996ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€'ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò (Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€'Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€'ôÔà àThe€trial€court€conducted€a€pre„trial€hearing€on€the€appellant's€motion€to€suppressÏhis€statement€to€the€police.€€The€motion€was€denied.€€During€the€hearing,€however,€the€appellantÏtestified€to€a€slightly€different€account€of€events€from€that€to€which€Sgts.€Ray€and€Cook€testified.€ÏFirst€of€all,€the€appellant€testified€that€he€did€not€sign€a€waiver€of€rights€form€when€he€first€arrived€atÏthe€station.€€According€to€the€appellant,€he€did€not€sign€the€form€until€after€the€statement€wasÏtaken,€and€that€the€officers€were€lying€when€they€say€it€was€signed€at€1:19€p.m.Ìà àÌà àà àSecondly,€he€testified€that€the€officers€informed€him€if€he€confessed€he€would€beÏcharged€with€a€lesser€degree€of€homicide€because€the€victim€was€shot€below€the€waist.€€TheÏappellant€further€testified€that€the€portion€of€the€written€statement€which€informed€the€appellant€ofÏthe€charge€of€first€degree€murder€was€not€on€the€statement€when€the€secretary€typed€theÏquestions€and€answers.€€The€appellant€also€claimed€that€the€secretary€did€not€type€any€statementÏconcerning€the€rights€of€the€appellant€while€the€appellant€was€watching.ÌÌà àà àThirdly,€the€appellant€testified€that€the€correction€of€the€answer€to€the€questionÏ"who€was€beating€Earnest€Norman?"€was€not€made€by€him.€€Though€the€appellant€initialed€theÏanswer€to€that€question€but€no€other,€he€claimed€that€the€officers€asked€him€to€initial.€€He€testified,Ïhowever,€that€when€he€initialed€it,€the€correction€was€not€there.€€He€also€testified€that€Sgt.€Ray€wasÏthe€only€officer€present€when€he€signed€the€statement.Ì õÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€'Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€'ôÔà àThere€is€some€discrepancy€concerning€the€question€about€the€beating€of€EarnestÏNorman.€€According€to€the€testimony€at€trial,€Earnest€Norman€was€only€hit€one€time€in€the€back€ofÏthe€head€before€he€ran€away.€€Marcel€Nugent,€on€the€other€hand,€was€beat€and€kicked€before€andÏafter€he€was€shot.€€When€the€police€asked€this€question,€therefore,€they€might€have€confused€theÏnames.€€This€is€the€correction€over€which€the€appellant€and€police€officers€have€conflicting€storiesÏas€to€when€the€correction€was€actually€made.Ì ýÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€'Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  Ýà àÔ€'ôÔAlthough€there€was€some€testimony€that€the€appellant€and€his€friends€wereÏdrinking€the€night€of€the€murder,€there€is€no€evidence€in€the€record€that€indicates€the€appellantÏwas€intoxicated.€€Nor€did€the€appellant€raise€the€issue€of€intoxication€at€trial€or€on€appeal.Ì DÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€'Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  Ýà àÔ€'ôÔWe€note€at€the€outset€that€the€appellant€raises€only€three€issues€in€this€appeal.Ì ;Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€'Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  Ýà àÔ€'ôÔIn€his€brief,€the€appellant€also€contends€that€the€state€failed€to€prove€theÏnecessary€elements€to€sustain€the€conviction€under€the€felony€murder€indictment.€€The€jury,Ïhowever,€did€not€convict€the€appellant€of€murder€during€the€perpetration€of€a€robbery.€€ThoughÏthe€jury€initially€returned€with€a€conviction€for€murder€in€the€first€degree€and€murder€in€theÏperpetration€of€a€robbery,€the€trial€judge€instructed€the€jury€it€could€only€return€a€conviction€on€oneÏcount€of€the€indictment.€€After€additional€deliberation,€the€jury€returned€with€a€verdict€for€murder€inÏthe€first€degree.Ì ÞÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€'Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  Ýà àÔ€'ôÔIn€òòBrownóó,€the€Supreme€Court€acknowledged€the€fact€that€premeditation€could€beÏformed€in€an€instant,€but€suggested€abandoning€such€an€instruction€to€the€jury.€€The€Court€alsoÏnoted€that€deliberation€cannot€occur€instantaneously.€€Ì qÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€'Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  Ýà àÔ€'ôÔThe€appellant€raises€questions€concerning€the€admissibility€of€the€appellant'sÏstatement.€€This€issue€will€be€addressed€infra.Ì ýÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€'Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  Ýà àÔ€'ôÔIn€other€words,€"especially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel"€must€be€qualified€byÏlanguage€that€provides€a€"'meaningful€basis€for€distinguishing€the€few€cases€in€which€[the€penalty]Ïis€imposed€from€the€many€cases€in€which€it€is€not.'"€€òòGregg€v.€Georgiaóó,€428€U.S.€153,€188,€96€S.Ct.Ï2909,€2932€(1976)€(òòquotingóó€òòFurman€v.€Georgiaóó,€408€U.S.€238,€313,€92€S.Ct.€2726,€2763€(1972)Ï(White,€J.,€concurring)).€€The€phrase€"in€that€it€involved€torture€or€depravity€of€mind"€is€an€exampleÏof€a€constitutional€qualifier.Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€'Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  Ýà àÔ€'ôÔIn€the€only€other€case€we€have€found€wherein€the€appellant€challenged€theÏconstitutionality€of€the€new€statute,€òòState€v.€Beckhamóó,€02C01„9406„CR„00107€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.ÏJackson,€Sept.€27,€1995),€the€Court€did€not€reach€the€issue.€€In€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€02C01„9305„CR„00080€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Jackson,€Oct.€19,€1994),€in€which€the€appellant€challenged€theÏsufficiency€of€the€evidence€under€this€aggravator,€this€Court€suggested€that€this€aggravatingÏcircumstance€is€constitutionally€valid.€€òòOdomóó€is€currently€on€appeal€to€the€Supreme€Court.Ì HÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€'Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  Ýà àÔ€'ôÔThis€phrase€was€defined€by€this€Court€in€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€02C01„9305„CR„00080Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Jackson,€Oct.€19,€1994)€(òòcitingóó€òòState€v.€Tuttleóó,€780€P.2d€1203,€1217€(UtahÏ1989)):€€"Physical€abuse€has€been€defined€as€qualitatively€and€quantitatively€different€and€moreÏculpable€than€that€necessary€to€accomplish€the€murder."€€Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€'Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ݛԀ'ôÔAlthough€not€raised€as€an€issue€on€this€appeal,€we€note€that€the€trial€courtððs€juryÏinstructions€included€in€the€technical€record€contained€an€arguably€misleading€and€partiallyÏerroneous€instruction€concerning€the€element€of€deliberation.€€Among€other€instructions,€the€juryÏwas€told,€ð ðThe€mental€state€of€the€accused€at€the€time€he€allegedly€decided€to€kill€must€be€carefullyÏconsidered€in€order€to€determine€whether€the€accused€was€sufficiently€free€from€excitement€andÏpassion€as€to€be€capable€of€premeditation,€òòit€is€immaterial€that€the€accused€may€have€been€in€aÏstate€of€passion€or€excitement€when€the€design€was€carried€into€effectóó.ðð€€(emphasis€added).€€ThisÏinstruction€is€somewhat€confusing€and€appears€to€be€out€of€context.€€We€do€not€believe€theÏemphasized€phrase€should€have€been€included.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Brooksóó,€880€S.W.2d€390€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1993).€€However,€the€charge€in€the€case€òòsubóó€òòjudiceóó€did€not€include€other€problematicÏinstructions€noted€by€this€Court€in€òòBrooksóó.€€Also,€this€Court€further€noted€in€òòBrooksóó€that,Ïð ð[B]ecause€the€evidence€from€the€record€could€either€support€or€fail€to€support€a€finding€ofÏdeliberation,€we€cannot€conclude€that€the€erroneous€jury€instructions€were€harmless.ðð€€òòIdóó.€At€393.€ÏIn€the€case€òòsubóó€òòjudiceóó,€overwhelming€evidence€supports€a€finding€of€deliberation.€€òòBrooksóó€isÏclearly€distinguishable€on€its€facts€and€the€questioned€instruction.€€We€conclude€that€any€error€inÏthe€trial€courtððs€instructions€concerning€deliberation€was€harmless.Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€'Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  Ýà àÔ€'ôÔòòSeeóó€òòalsoóó€note€1,€òòsupraóó.Ì .Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€'Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  Ý€à àÔ€'ôÔNo€execution€date€is€set€in€this€opinion.€€T.C.A.€ðð€39„13„206(a)(1)€(1995€Supp.)Ïprovides€for€automatic€review€by€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€upon€affirmance€of€the€deathÏpenalty.€€If€the€death€sentence€is€upheld€by€the€higher€court€on€review,€the€Supreme€Court€will€setÏthe€execution€date.Ô€'XÔÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑMonacoÑÑ ÑÒ  BA: T Monaco ÒÒ  BA: T Monaco Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÓ&€%%X„d&ÓÑ#€%%Xd#ÑÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€'ÔÑ7€ÛÀXXdædÈ7ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ  ÑÙ€€ÙßL€+,);+'h|p` Å `€€Lßà@ àòòIN€THE€TENNESSEE€COURT€OFÏCRIMINAL€APPEALSóóÌÌà@ àòòAT€JACKSONóóÌÌà@ àNOVEMBER€1995€SESSIONÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà àà à)ÌÓ` °ˆXÈ“XÓà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àC.C.A.€NO.€02C01„9412„CR„00281Ìà àAppellee,à àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àSHELBY€COUNTYÌVS.à àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àHON.€ARTHUR€T.€BENNETT,€JUDGEÌANDRE€S.€BLAND,à àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à à(DEATH€PENALTY)Ìà àAppellant.à àà àà àà à)ÌÌòòÌà@ àóóÌÌòòÌFor€the€Appellantóóà àà àà àà àà àòòFor€the€AppelleeóóÌÌPatricia€Ann€Odellà àà àà àà àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌ50€North€Front€St.à àà àà àà àà àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌSuite€1150à àà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€Pkwy.ÌMemphis,€TN€38103à àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌÌWilliam€L.€Johnsonà àà àà àà àà àWilliam€David€BridgersÌ50€North€Front€St.à àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌSuite€1150à àà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€Pkwy.ÌMemphis,€TN€38103à àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àJohn.€W.€PierottiÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àThomas€HendersonÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à201€Poplar€Ave.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àMemphis,€TN€38103ÌÓÓÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€_______________ÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌPAUL€G.€SUMMERS,€JudgeÌÌÌÑ  Ñà@ àòòOPINIONóóÌÌà àThe€appellant,€Andre€S.€Bland,€was€convicted€of€attempted€aggravatedÏrobbery,€especially€aggravated€robbery,€attempted€first„degree€murder,€andÏfirst„degree€murder.€€In€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€jury€found€one€aggravatingÏcircumstance,€that€the€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel€in€thatÏit€involved€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produceÏdeath.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(5).€€The€jury€further€found€that€the€aggravatingÏcircumstance€outweighed€the€evidence€of€mitigating€circumstances€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt,€and€sentenced€the€appellant€to€death€by€electrocution.ÌÌà àIn€this€appeal,€the€appellant€raises€the€following€three€issues:ÌÓÓÌà8 àWhether€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial€was€sufficient€to€sustain€aÏconviction€for€first„degree€murder?ÌÌà8 àWhether€the€"especially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel"€aggravatingÏcircumstance€is€unconstitutionally€vague€or€overbroad?ÌÌà8 àWhether€the€trial€court€erred€by€denying€appellant's€motion€toÏsuppress€his€statement€to€the€police?ÌÓÓÌà àHaving€carefully€considered€the€appellant's€several€claims,€we€find€noÏreversible€error€and€thus€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà@ àBACKGROUNDÌÌà àThe€several€offenses€for€which€the€appellant€was€convicted€involvedÏthree€different€victims.€€These€offenses€all€occurred€in€the€same€criminalÏepisode€in€the€parking€lots€of€an€apartment€complex€during€a€short€time€span€onÏthe€night€of€October€9,€1992.€€Accordingly,€the€separate€indictments€wereÏconsolidated€for€trial€by€order€of€the€trial€courtÔ  Ô.€€The€appellant€was€indictedÏalong€with€three€other€co„defendants,€but€their€cases€were€severed€by€the€trialÏcourt€and€heard€on€separate€dates.€€In€this€appeal,€the€appellant€raises€issuesÏchallenging€only€the€conviction€for€first„degree€murder€and€the€sentence€ofÏdeath.ÌÌà àThe€evidence€at€trial€showed€that€the€victim,€Ontrain€Sanders,€was€killedÏin€Memphis,€Tennessee€on€the€evening€of€October€9,€1992.€€Dr.€Sandra€K.ÏElkins,€Assistant€Medical€Examiner€for€Shelby€County,€performed€the€autopsyÏon€the€victim.€€She€testified€that€the€victim€bled€to€death€as€a€result€of€four€(4)€orÍfive€(5)€gunshot€wounds€that€lacerated€the€femoral€artery€in€the€right€thigh.€€Dr.ÏElkins€located€nine€(9)€separate€gunshot€wounds€between€the€groin€area€andÏthe€knee€in€the€victim's€right€leg,€but€because€of€the€large€number€of€wounds€inÏsuch€a€small€area,€she€was€medically€able€to€ascertain€only€one€(1)€entryÏwound€and€one€(1)€exit€wound.€€Dr.€Elkins€removed€one€(1)€bullet€and€one€(1)Ïbullet€fragment€from€the€victim's€leg.€€Dr.€Elkins€testified€that€there€were€no€signsÏof€drugs€or€alcohol€in€the€victim's€system€at€the€time€of€death.€€She€also€testifiedÏthat€prior€to€the€infliction€of€the€wounds,€the€victim€appeared€to€be€in€a€normalÏstate€of€health€for€a€twenty€(20)€year€old€male.ÌÌà àDr.€Elkins€testified€that,€depending€on€certain€variables,€such€asÏstrenuous€physical€activity,€a€victim€of€this€type€of€wound€might€live€as€long€asÏten€(10)€or€fifteen€(15)€minutes€after€being€shot.€€She€further€testified€that€theÏvictim€in€this€case€could€have€been€conscious€for€four€(4)€to€five€(5)€minutes€afterÏsuffering€the€wound.ÌÌà àShortly€after€midnight€on€October€9,€1992,€Officer€R.€G.€Moore€of€theÏMemphis€Police€Department€arrived€at€the€scene€of€the€crime.€€The€crime€sceneÏwas€actually€two€adjacent€parking€lots,€3570€Cazassa€and€1885€Winchester,€inÏthe€Southbrook€Apartment€Complex€in€Memphis,€Tennessee.€€He€testified€heÏsaw€one€victim,€Marcel€Nugent,€receiving€treatment€from€paramedics€in€anÏupstairs€apartment€at€1885€Winchester,€and€one€victim,€Ontrain€Sanders,Íreceiving€treatment€from€paramedics€in€the€back€of€an€ambulance€at€3570ÏCazassa.ÌÌà àOfficer€Moore€noticed€one€car€in€the€Winchester€lot€with€a€broken€sideÏwindow,€one€car€with€its€tires€shot,€and€another€car€with€a€shattered€rearÏwindow.€€He€found€pieces€of€white€wood€beside€the€car€with€the€broken€sideÏwindow.€€Inside€that€same€car,€he€found€a€broken€beer€bottle.€€Officer€MooreÏalso€retrieved€from€the€Winchester€scene€a€pair€of€brown€sandals,€two€(2)€spentÏ9€mm€casings,€and€one€(1)€bullet€fragment.ÌÌà àOfficer€Moore€testified€that€he€followed€a€trail€of€blood€from€theÏWinchester€lot€around€an€apartment€building€and€into€the€Cazassa€lot.€€TheÏblood€trail€was€273€feet€long€and€ended€underneath€a€pickup€truck€in€theÏCazassa€lot.€€Officer€Moore€found€blood€on€the€side€of€the€truck€and€on€theÏground€at€the€rear€end€of€the€truck.€€Officer€Moore€further€testified€that€heÏretrieved€from€the€Cazassa€scene€near€the€pickup€truck€an€unemploymentÏcheck,€a€dollar€bill€and€change€covered€in€blood,€a€black€cap,€one€(1)€spentÏcasing€from€underneath€the€pickup€truck,€and€one€(1)€bullet€fragment.€€OfficerÏMoore€also€testified€that€both€parking€lots€were€dimly€lit€by€street€lights.ÌÌà àThe€state€called€to€the€stand€Earnest€Earl€Norman,€Jr.€and€MarcelÏNugent,€the€two€surviving€victims€of€the€crimes.€€Norman€and€Nugent€wereÏvisiting€a€friend€of€Norman's€at€1885€Winchester€on€the€evening€of€October€9,Í1992.€€They€arrived€sometime€between€10:30€and€11:30€p.m.€and€stayed€insideÏthe€apartment€about€thirty€(30)€minutes.€€Both€witnesses€testified€they€saw€aboutÏfour€(4)€to€six€(6)€men€standing€around€the€parking€lot€before€they€went€upstairsÏto€visit€Norman's€friend.€€Neither€witness€could€testify€as€to€the€identity€of€anyoneÏin€that€group€of€men.€€They€also€testified€that€they€heard€one€(1)€or€two€(2)Ïgunshots€about€ten€(10)€to€fifteen€(15)€minutes€after€they€went€inside.ÌÌà àNorman€testified€that€as€they€were€getting€ready€to€leave€in€his€car,€a€greyÏPontiac,€one€of€the€men€asked€them€who€they€were,€where€they€were€from,€andÏif€they€had€any€money.€€Norman€stated€that€he€and€Nugent€did€not€exchangeÏany€words€with€the€men€and€just€tried€to€ignore€them.€€Norman€testified€that€justÏbefore€he€was€ready€to€get€in€his€car,€one€of€the€men€hit€him€in€the€back€of€theÏhead.€€By€this€point€in€time,€according€to€Norman,€Nugent€was€already€in€theÏpassenger€side€of€the€car.€€After€the€man€hit€him,€Norman€turned€around€andÏran.€€As€he€was€running€away,€he€noticed€one€of€the€men€chasing€him.€€HeÏcould€not€get€a€decent€look€at€the€man,€however,€because€the€man€had€on€a€hatÏcovering€his€face.€€Just€before€he€jumped€a€fence€near€the€parking€lot,€he€heardÏsomeone€yell€out,€"man,€shoot€that€nigger;€man,€shoot€that€nigger."€€NormanÏtestified€he€heard€one€(1)€shot€fired€as€he€ran€away.ÌÌà àAfter€he€jumped€the€fence,€Norman€ran€to€a€nearby€service€station€andÏcalled€911.€€He€then€called€his€cousin€for€a€ride.€€By€the€time€he€and€his€cousinÏarrived€back€at€the€complex,€the€police€and€ambulances€were€on€the€scene.€€HeÍsaw€the€paramedics€carry€Nugent€down€from€his€friend's€apartment.€€NormanÏgave€the€police€his€name€and€told€them€what€had€happened.ÌÌà àNugent€testified€that€he€hopped€into€the€car€when€Norman€turned€and€ranÏfrom€the€group€of€men.€€He€stated€he€heard€about€two€(2)€gunshots€whileÏNorman€was€running€away.€€The€group€of€men€then€tried€for€about€ten€(10)€orÏfifteen€(15)€minutes€to€get€Nugent€out€of€the€car,€when€another€car€drove€into€theÏparking€lot.€€Nugent€testified€that€he€saw€a€man€get€out€of€this€car€and€approachÏthe€group€of€men.€€Nugent€stated€that€it€looked€like€the€group€of€men€saidÏsomething€to€the€man,€and€then€the€man€turned€around€and€headed€backÏtowards€his€car.€€According€to€Nugent's€testimony,€this€lone€man€did€not€sayÏanything€to€the€group€of€men.€€Nugent€stated€that€he€heard€gunshots€as€the€manÏwas€heading€towards€his€car,€but€he€did€not€see€who€was€firing.ÌÌà àNugent€attempted€to€get€out€of€the€car€while€the€group's€attention€wasÏdistracted€by€this€other€man.€€One€of€the€men€in€the€group,€however,€tried€to€hitÏhim€with€a€stick,€so€Nugent€got€back€in€the€car.€€The€group€of€men€thenÏproceeded€to€break€the€car€window€with€sticks€and€beer€bottles,€and€pulledÏNugent€out€of€the€car.€€Nugent€testified€that€a€scuffle€ensued€between€he€andÏthe€group.€€As€he€tried€to€run€away€from€the€ensuing€scuffle,€someone€pulled€offÏhis€jacket.€€Then€someone€shot€him.€€Someone€then€took€his€watch,€asked€himÏfor€his€money,€kicked€and€beat€him,€and€shot€him€again.€€Nugent€testified€that€heÏwas€shot€twice€in€one€leg€and€once€in€the€other.€€The€group€then€walked€awayÍfrom€Nugent,€and€Nugent€eventually€made€it€upstairs€to€the€apartment€ofÏNorman's€friend.€€He€lay€on€the€floor€of€the€apartment€for€about€thirty€(30)€to€fortyÏ(40)€minutes€before€the€ambulance€came.€€Nugent€could€not€identify€any€of€theÏassailants.ÌÌà àThe€state€also€called€three€witnesses€who€were€friends€of€the€appellant.€ÏThe€first,€Charles€E.€Sanders,€lived€with€his€wife€and€two€sons€in€the€SouthbrookÏApartment€Complex€at€1885€Winchester.€€Sanders€had€a€few€people€over€for€aÏcrap€game€on€the€evening€of€October€9,€1992.€€Sanders€testified€that€Little€Larry,ÏSteve,€Martell,€his€family,€and€the€appellant€were€in€attendance.€€He€testifiedÏthey€had€some€whiskey,€beer,€and€boneless€catfish€during€the€game,€whichÏended€around€10€p.m.€€ÌÌà àThe€group€wandered€outside€after€the€crap€game€ended.€€Sanders€statedÏhe€saw€Steve€with€a€stick€in€his€hand,€throwing€beer€bottles,€jumping€up€andÏdown,€and€trying€to€get€someone€out€of€a€car.€€Sanders€testified€that€he€only€sawÏSteve€by€the€car,€and€that€he€did€not€see€the€appellant€in€the€parking€lot.€ÏSanders€stated€he€then€heard€shots,€but€he€did€not€see€who€was€shooting.€€AfterÏhearing€the€shots,€Sanders€directed€his€family€and€Martell€to€get€back€inside.€ÏSanders€stated€that€he€took€a€grey€.38€caliber€pistol€away€from€his€eldest€son,ÏCarlos,€before€they€all€went€back€inside.€€Sanders€also€testified€that€he€knew€theÏappellant€owned€a€silver€9€mm,€but€stated€that€he€did€not€see€him€with€it€thatÏnight.ÌÌà àTerrance€Martell€Pollard,€was€also€at€Sanders'€apartment€on€the€night€ofÏOctober€9,€1992.€€He€testified€that€once€the€crap€game€was€over,€Sanders,€Yogi,ÏSteve,€Darryl€Bailey,€the€appellant,€and€he€all€went€outside.€€He€stated€thatÏSteve€was€"into€it"€with€two€guys€in€a€grey€car.€€Pollard€saw€Steve€throwing€beerÏbottles€and€"stuff"€at€the€two€men.€€Pollard€further€testified€that€one€of€the€menÏgot€hit€and€ran€away,€and€the€other€got€into€the€car.€€He€stated€that€he€did€notÏhear€any€shots€fired€when€the€one€man€ran€away.€€ÌÌà àWhile€Steve€was€trying€to€get€the€man€out€of€the€car,€a€green€CadillacÏdrove€into€the€parking€lot.€€Steve€approached€the€man€as€he€got€out€of€his€carÏand€asked€him€what€he€was€doing€there.€€The€man€turned€around€and€headedÏback€towards€his€car€when€Pollard€saw€Darryl€and€the€appellant€shoot€at€him.€ÏPollard€testified€that€when€they€first€shot€him,€Darryl€and€the€appellant€wereÏabout€eight€(8)€to€ten€(10)€feet€away€from€the€man.€€The€man€limped€on€aroundÏthe€building€and€Darryl€and€the€appellant€followed.€€Pollard€testified€he€heardÏmore€shots€after€the€three€men€ran€around€the€building,€but€he€was€not€sureÏhow€many.€€Pollard€stated€that€during€this€time€Steve€was€still€trying€to€get€theÏman€out€of€the€grey€car.ÌÌà àWhen€Darryl€and€the€appellant€came€back€around€to€the€Winchester€lot,ÏPollard€did€not€see€a€gun€in€the€appellant's€hand,€but€noticed€that€Darryl's€blackÏautomatic€was€cocked,€which€meant€to€Pollard€that€it€was€empty.€€Pollard€alsoÍsaw€blood€on€Darryl's€hands.€€Pollard€testified€that€Darryl€helped€Steve€breakÏthe€car€window€and€drag€the€man€out€of€the€grey€car.€€He€stated€that€Steve€andÏDarryl€were€fighting€the€man€when€someone€yelled€that€the€man€had€a€gun.€ÏPollard€stated€he€then€saw€the€appellant€shoot€the€man.€€The€appellant€had€aÏsilver€9€mm.€€Pollard€also€stated€that€Darryl€got€the€jacket€from€the€man€theyÏpulled€out€of€the€grey€car.ÌÌà àThe€appellant's€third€friend,€Carlos€Sanders,€is€the€son€of€the€previousÏwitness,€Charles€E.€Sanders.€Carlos€Sanders€testified€that€before€the€crapÏgame€that€night,€Darryl,€Martell,€Yogi,€Steve,€the€appellant,€and€he€discussedÏrobbing€two€guys€that€came€into€the€parking€lot€in€a€Pontiac.ÌÌà àThe€state€called€two€witnesses€who€lived€in€the€apartment€buildingsÏsurrounding€3570€Cazassa.€€Henry€Charlton€Adams€testified€that€on€the€night€ofÏOctober€9,€1992,€he€heard€gunshots€close€to€his€back€door.€€Adams€lived€in€anÏupstairs€apartment€overlooking€the€parking€lot€at€Cazassa.€€When€he€looked€outÏhis€back€door,€Adams€saw€a€man€kneeling€in€a€shooting€position€next€to€a€greenÏpickup€truck.€€Though€he€did€not€actually€see€the€man€fire€the€gun,€it€appearedÏto€Adams€as€if€the€man€was€shooting€up€underneath€the€truck.€€Adams€heardÏabout€three€(3)€shots.€€Adams€further€testified€the€man€had€a€large€shiny€gun.€ÏAdams€stated€it€was€dark,€but€that€there€was€a€street€light€near€the€pickup.€ÏAdams€also€stated,€however,€that€he€could€not€identify€the€person€he€sawÏkneeling€with€the€gun.ÌÌà àAfter€he€saw€the€man€run€back€between€the€buildings,€Adams€heardÏsomeone€holler,€"Oh€God,€please€help€me!"€€It€was€just€after€midnight€when€heÏcalled€911.€€When€he€came€back€to€look€out€into€the€parking€lot,€he€sawÏsomeone€trying€to€crawl€out€from€underneath€the€pickup€truck.€€Adams€testifiedÏthat€the€person€under€the€truck€stopped€hollering€after€a€short€while.ÌÌà àThe€state's€next€witness,€Floyd€Prentiss€Johnson,€owned€the€greenÏpickup€truck€under€which€the€victim€was€found.€€Johnson's€upstairs€apartmentÏalso€overlooked€the€lot€at€Cazassa.€€Johnson€testified€that€he€initially€heardÏthree€(3)€gunshots€that€evening.€€When€he€looked€out€his€window,€Johnson€sawÏa€man€lying€under€his€truck.€€Johnson€stated€that€the€man's€upper€body€wasÏexposed€from€under€the€truck€and€covered€in€blood.€€Johnson€testified€that€theÏman€was€calling€out,€"Oh€God,€help€me!"€€Because€he€still€heard€shots€beingÏfired€in€the€vicinity,€Johnson€stayed€up€on€his€balcony€while€he€tried€to€calm€theÏman€down.€€Johnson€testified€the€man€stopped€responding€to€him€a€few€minutesÏbefore€the€ambulance€arrived,€which€was€about€fifteen€(15)€to€twenty€(20)Ïminutes€after€he€first€saw€the€man.ÌÌà àCathleen€Cummins€was€one€of€the€paramedics€at€the€scene€that€night.€ÏShe€testified€that€when€they€arrived,€the€victim€was€lying€face„up€halfway€underÏthe€pickup€truck.€€She€further€testified€that€when€they€first€came€into€contact€withÏthe€victim,€the€victim's€lips€were€starting€to€pale€and€he€was€having€troubleÍbreathing.€€The€victim€was€bleeding€from€a€large€wound€on€his€right€thigh.€ÏCummins€stated€the€victim€was€not€responding€to€CPR.€€Thirty„five€(35)€minutesÏelapsed€from€when€they€arrived€on€the€scene€until€they€got€to€the€hospital.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€went€to€the€Memphis€police€station€on€his€own€accord€toÏturn€himself€in€at€about€1€p.m.€on€October€12,€1992.€€Before€interviewing€theÏappellant,€Sgts.€H.€A.€Ray€and€Timothy€Cook€gave€the€appellant€an€advisementÏof€rights€form€to€sign.€€Sgt.€Cook€was€not€assigned€to€this€case,€but€since€it€wasÏroutine€to€have€two€(2)€officers€present€during€interviews,€Sgt.€Ray€asked€Sgt.ÏCook€to€participate.€€The€appellant€read€the€first€couple€of€lines€out€loud,€so€theÏofficers€could€be€sure€he€could€read,€then€acknowledged€that€he€understood€hisÏrights€and€signed€the€form.€€This€initial€advisement€of€rights€commenced€at€1:15Ïp.m.€and€concluded€at€1:19€p.m.€€ÌÌà àThe€appellant's€statement€was€taken€at€2:37€p.m.€€During€that€hour€or€soÏbetween€the€signing€of€the€advisement€of€rights€form€and€the€taking€of€theÏstatement,€the€officers€talked€with€the€appellant€about€the€crimes€and€located€aÏsecretary€to€type€the€statement.€€There€is€no€recording€of€the€conversations€thatÏtook€place€before€the€typing€of€the€statement.€€According€to€Sgt.€Ray,€however,Ïsince€there€was€no€secretary€in€his€department€at€that€time,€a€good€portion€ofÏthat€hour€was€spent€locating€a€secretary.ÌÌà àJust€prior€to€the€typing€of€the€statement,€the€appellant€was€again€advisedÏof€his€rights.€€And€again€the€appellant€stated€that€he€understood€them.€€Sgt.€RayÏtestified€that€the€appellant€was€asked€a€question,€the€secretary€typed€theÏquestion,€the€appellant€then€answered€the€question,€and€the€secretary€typed€theÏanswer.€€The€appellant€was€able€to€see€the€typing€as€it€appeared€on€the€wordÏprocessing€screen.€€According€to€Sgt.€Ray,€he€was€"sure"€they€informed€theÏappellant€he€would€be€charged€with€first€degree€murder.€€Moreover,€as€Sgt.€RayÏstated,€the€portion€at€the€top€of€the€typewritten€statement€indicated€that€theÏcharge€would€be€first€degree€murder.€€Once€the€typing€was€completed,€theÏappellant€was€put€back€in€the€interview€room€to€review€the€statement.ÌÌà àThe€officers€did€not€sit€in€the€interview€room€while€the€appellant€wasÏreviewing€his€statement.€€The€officers€instructed€him€to€correct€any€mistakes€heÏfound€or€have€one€of€the€officers€correct€them€for€him.€€The€appellant€initialedÏthe€part€of€the€statement€that€advised€him€of€his€rights€and€also€initialed€theÏbottom€of€the€first€two€pages€and€signed€and€dated€the€last€page.€€The€appellantÏhad€Sgt.€Cook€write€in€a€correction€to€the€answer€of€the€question,€"who€wasÏbeating€Earnest€Norman?",€which€both€the€appellant€and€Sgt.€Cook€initialed.ÌÌà àSgt.€Ray€testified€that€at€no€point€were€promises,€force,€threats,€orÏcoercion€used€to€obtain€the€statement.€€He€further€testified€he€did€not€inform€theÏappellant€that€he€would€be€charged€with€voluntary€manslaughter€due€to€theÍlocation€of€the€victim's€wounds.€€Sgt.€Ray€testified€that€he€does€not€rememberÏSgt.€Cook€being€left€alone€with€the€appellant€at€any€time.ÌÌà àThe€appellant's€statement€was€read€into€evidence€by€Sgt.€Ray€during€theÏstate's€direct€examination€in€its€case€in€chief.× ƒ. ××  ×€At€the€top€of€the€statement€isÏsome€biographical€information€about€the€appellant,€a€statement€of€the€charge€ofÏfirst€degree€murder,€and€a€description€of€the€appellant's€rights.€€The€appellant'sÏinitials€appear€next€to€the€questions€about€understanding€the€rights€andÏvoluntarily€giving€the€statement.€€The€appellant€stated€that€on€October€9,€1992,Ïhe€shot€Ontrain€Sanders€four€(4)€or€five€(5)€times€in€the€leg€with€a€silver€chromeÏ9€mm.€€He€stated€that€he€also€shot€Marcel€Nugent€in€the€leg€two€(2)€times€withÏthe€same€gun.€€According€to€the€appellant,€even€though€Darryl€Bailey€had€aÏblack€.38€revolver€that€night,€the€appellant€was€the€only€one€shooting.€€TheÏappellant€also€stated€that€he€knew€Carlos€owned€a€gun,€but€he€did€not€know€ifÍCarlos€had€it€on€him€that€night.€€The€appellant€stated€that€he€dumped€the€gunÏnear€a€fence€in€the€Southbrook€Apartments.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€stated€that€Carlos€Sanders,€Martell,€Darryl€Bailey,€Steve,ÏYogi,€and€he€were€present€during€the€shooting.€€When€asked€who€was€beatingÏEarnest€Norman,€the€appellant€initially€answered€Lil€Steve,€Lil€Darryl,€and€Yogi.€ÏA€correction€was€made€to€the€statement,€however,€and€the€names€Martell€andÏCarlos€were€added.€€Both€the€appellant's€and€Sgt.€Cook's€initials€appear€afterÏthe€correction.× ƒ/ ××  ×ÌÌà àThe€appellant€stated€he€was€inside€Charles€Sanders'€apartment€playingÏdice€with€Lil€Larry,€Carlos€and€Charles€Sanders,€and€Pat,€when€Steve€came€intoÏthe€apartment€to€get€the€appellant's€9€mm.€€The€appellant€went€outside€and€tookÏthe€gun€from€Steve.€€Yogi€told€the€appellant€they€were€getting€ready€to€rob€someÏguys€that€were€upstairs€in€an€apartment.€€When€the€men€came€downstairs€fromÏthe€apartment,€Yogi€approached€them,€said€something€to€them,€and€then€hit€oneÏof€the€men.€€That€man€ran,€while€the€other€locked€himself€in€the€car.€€Steve€andÏDarryl€started€hitting€the€car€window€with€some€objects.€€Darryl€pulled€the€guyÏout,€and€Steve,€Darryl,€Yogi,€Carlos€and€Martell€hit€the€guy€with€the€objects.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€stated€that€the€man€in€the€Cadillac€then€drove€up,€got€out€ofÏthe€car,€and€came€towards€the€group.€€The€appellant€shot€the€man€in€his€leg.€ÏThe€man€then€ran€around€the€building€and€the€appellant€chased€him€and€shotÏhim€in€the€leg€again.€€The€man€attempted€to€crawl€under€a€truck€and€theÏappellant€shot€him€again€in€the€leg.€€The€appellant€then€went€back€around€to€theÏWinchester€lot.€€The€group€was€still€beating€the€man€they€pulled€out€of€the€car,Ïso€the€appellant€walked€up€to€him€and€shot€him€in€both€legs.€€The€appellant€thenÏdumped€his€gun€and€ran€to€his€girlfriend's€house€and€went€to€sleep.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€stated€he€was€not€shooting€to€kill,€and€that€is€why€he€shotÏthem€in€their€legs.€€He€shot€Ontrain€Sanders€because€"he€jumped€out€[of€his€car]Ïand€approached€us€and€said€what's€up€and€I€turned€around€and€I€shot€him€in€hisÏleg."€€He€shot€Marcel€Nugent€because€"he€started€running€from€Yogi€and€themÏso€I€shot€him€in€his€leg€so€he€couldn't€get€away."€€The€appellant€also€stated€thatÏhe€did€not€get€any€money€or€valuables€from€these€robberies.ÌÌà àDuring€the€sentencing€phase,€the€state€offered€the€testimony€of€Dr.€ElkinsÏand€Vivian€Lewis,€the€victim's€mother.€€Dr.€Elkins€testified€concerning€theÏamount€of€pain€the€victim€endured€as€a€result€of€this€type€of€injury.€€She€opinedÏthat€since€the€femoral€nerve,€the€major€nerve€trunk€servicing€the€leg,€wasÏcontused,€the€victim€would€indeed€have€experienced€pain.€€She€also€stated€thatÍother€nerves€in€the€surrounding€area€were€completely€destroyed,€thus€causingÏpain€as€well.ÌÌà àVivian€Lewis,€the€victim's€mother,€testified€through€the€aid€of€anÏinterpreter€for€the€hearing€impaired.€€She€stated€that€the€victim€was€twenty€(20)Ïyears€old€and€had€two€young€daughters,€ages€two€(2)€and€four€(4),€living€withÏhim€prior€to€his€death.€€Because€of€the€death,€she€had€to€take€care€of€theÏdaughters.€€She€further€testified€that€the€oldest€daughter€keeps€asking€about€herÏfather's€whereabouts.€€According€to€Ms.€Lewis,€the€victim€was€a€very€nice€youngÏman;€and€the€family€is€extremely€hurt€by€his€loss.€€Ms.€Lewis€found€out€about€theÏmurder€from€her€sister„in„law€early€that€morning.ÌÌà àDuring€this€phase€of€the€trial,€the€appellant€called€his€grandmother€andÏmother€to€the€stand,€and€as€well€testified€on€his€own€behalf.€€The€appellant€wasÏraised€by€his€grandmother,€Virginia€Louise€Bland,€and€lived€with€her€at€the€timeÏof€this€offense.€€The€appellant€was€nineteen€(19)€years€old€the€night€of€theÏmurder.€€Ms.€Bland€testified€that€when€she€first€heard€about€the€murder,€she€toldÏthe€appellant€that€turning€himself€in€was€the€right€thing€to€do.€€She€stated€thatÏthe€appellant€agreed.€€Ms.€Bland€said€she€insisted€the€appellant€tell€the€truth.€ÏMs.€Bland€also€testified€that€she€knew€of€the€appellant's€juvenile€record€of€carÏthefts€and€assaults€and€batteries.ÌÌà àMarilyn€Louise€Boyd,€the€appellant's€mother,€had€talked€with€theÏappellant€about€the€murder.€€They€agreed€that€turning€himself€in€was€the€bestÏthing.€€She€testified€that€she€did€not€know€the€whereabouts€of€the€appellant'sÏfather.€€She€also€testified€she€knew€of€the€appellant's€juvenile€record,€and€thatÏshe€had€talked€to€him€about€it.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€took€the€stand€on€his€own€behalf.€€The€appellant€admittedÏresponsibility€for€the€crimes€and€testified€that€he€turned€himself€in€because€heÏ"just€couldn't€take€it"€and€he€did€not€want€to€"run€for€it."€€He€stated€that€it€was€onÏhis€conscience€and€it€had€been€"hurting"€him.€€He€further€testified€that€he€did€notÏmean€to€kill€anyone,€and€that€is€why€he€shot€the€men€in€their€legs.€€He€testifiedÏhe€knew€what€he€did€was€wrong.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€stated€he€shot€Ontrain€Sanders€because€after€theyÏexchanged€words,€Sanders€headed€back€towards€his€car€like€he€was€"fixing€toÏget€his€gun€or€something."€€According€to€the€appellant,€when€he€and€DarrylÏBailey€followed€Sanders€around€the€corner,€it€was€a€"spur€of€the€moment€thing";Ïthey€had€been€drinking€and€smoking€and€just€got€caught€up€in€the€commotion.× ƒ0 ××  ×€ÏThe€appellant€stated€he€shot€Sanders€four€(4)€times€because€the€automatic€gunÏhe€was€using€just€kept€firing.€€The€appellant€testified€that€he€shot€Marcel€NugentÍbecause€Nugent€was€trying€to€get€a€gun.€€He€further€testified€that€he€was€notÏinvolved€in€the€robbery€of€Nugent.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€testified€that€when€he€was€a€juvenile€he€had€three€(3)€orÏfour€(4)€assault€and€battery€charges€and€three€(3)€or€four€(4)€auto€theft€charges,Ïbut€that€this€was€his€first€charge€since€turning€eighteen€(18).ÌÌÌà@ àSUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEÌÌà àIn€his€first€issue,× ƒ1 ××  ×€the€appellant€claims€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial€wasÏinsufficient€to€sustain€a€conviction€of€first„degree€murder.€€Specifically,€theÏappellant€contends€that€the€state€did€not€prove€the€requisite€elements€ofÏpremeditation€and€deliberation.€€According€to€the€appellant,€the€state's€relianceÏon€the€existence€of€"repeated€shots"€could€not€convince€a€rational€jury€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt€that€the€killing€was€premeditated€and€deliberate.€€The€state,Ïhowever,€asserts€that€evidence€other€than€just€that€of€the€"repeated€shots"€wasÏintroduced€which€tends€to€support€the€jury's€verdict€that€the€killing€wasÏpremeditated€and€deliberate.ÌÌà àAt€the€time€of€this€offense,€first„degree€murder€was€defined€as€"anÏintentional,€premeditated€and€deliberate€killing€of€another."€€T.C.A.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1)€(1991).× ƒ2 ××  ×€€Once€a€homicide€has€been€proven,€it€is€presumed€to€be€aÏsecond„degree€murder€and€the€state€has€the€burden€of€establishingÏpremeditation€and€deliberation.€€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530€(Tenn.€1992).€ÌÌà àIntentional€is€defined€as€"the€conscious€objective€or€desire€to€engage€inÏthe€conduct€or€cause€the€result."€€ðð€39„11„106(a)(18).€€PremeditationÏnecessitates€"the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment,"€ðð€39„13„201(b)(2),Ïrequiring€"a€previously€formed€design€or€intent€to€kill."€€òòState€v.€Westóó,€844ÏS.W.2d€144,€147€(Tenn.€1992).€€Whereas€deliberation€is€defined€as€a€"coolÏpurpose,"€"without€passion€or€provocation."€€ðð€39„13„201(b)(1)€and€comments.€€Ï"While€it€remains€true€that€no€specific€length€of€time€is€required€for€the€formationÏof€a€cool,€dispassionate€intent€to€kill,€òòBrownóó€requires€more€than€a€'split„second'Ïof€reflection€in€order€to€satisfy€the€elements€of€premeditation€and€deliberation."€ÏòòWestóó,€844€S.W.2d€at€147.× ƒ3 ××  ×€€Accordingly,€before€a€jury€can€convict€the€defendantÏfor€first„degree€murder,€it€must€find€that€the€defendant€consciously€engaged€inÏthe€conduct€to€cause€the€death,€and€killed€"upon€reflection,€'without€passion€orÏprovocation,'€and€otherwise€free€from€the€influence€of€excitement."€€òòState€v.ÍGentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€1,€4€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Brooksóó,€880ÏS.W.2d€390,€392„93€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993)€("the€jury€must€find€that€theÏdefendant€formed€the€intent€to€kill€prior€to€the€killing,€i.e.,€premeditation,€and€thatÏthe€defendant€killed€with€coolness€and€reflection,€i.e.,€deliberation");€òòState€v.ÏBordisóó,€No.€01C01„9305„CR„00157€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Feb.€24,Ï1995),€òòperm.€to€app.€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€July€10,€1995).ÌÌà àThe€elements€of€premeditation€and€deliberation€are€questions€for€the€juryÏand€may€be€inferred€from€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€killing.€€òòGentryóó,Ï881€S.W.2d€at€3;€òòTaylor€v.€Stateóó,€506€S.W.2d€175,€178€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1973).€ÏThe€Supreme€Court€has€distinguished€several€relevant€circumstances€whichÏcan€be€considered,€including:€€the€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€an€unarmedÏvictim;€the€fact€that€the€killing€was€particularly€cruel;€declarations€by€theÏdefendant€of€his€intent€to€kill;€and€the€making€of€preparations€before€the€killingÏfor€the€purpose€of€concealing€the€crime.€€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530,€541„42€(Tenn.€1992).€€This€Court€has€also€recently€noted€several€factors€from€whichÏthe€jury€may€infer€the€two€elements:€€facts€about€what€the€appellant€did€prior€toÏthe€killing€which€would€show€planning;€facts€about€the€appellant's€priorÏrelationship€with€the€victim;€and€facts€about€the€nature€of€the€killing.€€€òòState€v.ÏBordisóó,€No.€01C01„9305„CR„00157€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Feb.€24,Ï1995),€òòperm.€to€app.€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€July€10,€1995)€(òòquotingóó€2€W.€LaFave€and€A.ÏScott,€Jr.,€òòSubstantive€Criminal€Lawóó€ðð€7.7€(1986)).ÌÌà àThe€appellant€places€great€weight€on€his€presumption€that€the€jury€foundÏpremeditation€and€deliberation€solely€upon€the€fact€that€the€appellant€firedÏrepeated€shots€into€the€victim's€legs.€€Arguing€that€this€finding€by€the€jury€isÏinappropriate,€the€appellant€relies€upon€òòBrownóó,€wherein€the€Supreme€CourtÏopined€that€the€existence€of€repeated€shots€to€the€victim€"is€not€sufficient,€byÏitself,€to€establish€first„degree€murder."€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€542.€€The€stateÏasserts,€however,€that€in€òòBrownóó€€the€only€evidence€of€premeditation€andÏdeliberation€was€the€fact€that€the€victim€had€suffered€repeated€blows.€€InÏcontrast,€the€state€contends€there€was€substantial€other€proof€of€premeditationÏand€deliberation€in€the€present€case,€such€as€the€fact€that€the€appellant€shot€theÏvictim€after€the€victim€tried€to€interfere€with€the€attack€on€Nugent€and€the€fact€thatÏthe€appellant€chased€the€victim€around€a€building€and€shot€him€after€he€crawledÏunderneath€a€pickup€truck.€€The€multiple€shots,€the€state€argues,€taken€intoÏconsideration€with€the€other€evidence€presented€below,€could€lead€a€jury€toÏconvict€the€appellant€of€first€degree€murder.ÌÌà àIn€the€present€case,€the€appellant€initially€shot€the€victim€after€the€victimÏturned€around€and€headed€back€towards€his€car.€€The€appellant€stated€heÏthought€the€victim€was€"fixing€to€get€a€gun€or€something."€€Though€the€appellantÏtestified€that€he€followed€the€victim€around€the€building€because€there€was€"soÏmuch€going€on"€and€it€was€a€"spur€of€the€moment€thing,"€if€the€appellant€had€theÏwits€to€conclude€the€victim€intended€to€get€a€gun,€the€appellant€certainly€hadÏenough€time€to€reflect€and€form€a€"cool,€dispassionate€intent€to€[follow€and]€kill"Íthe€victim.€€Furthermore,€after€the€first€shot€was€fired,€the€appellant€followed€theÏvictim€around€the€corner€and€shot€him€several€more€times.€€As€the€state€asserts,Ïit€took€the€appellant€273€feet€to€catch€up€with€the€hobbling€victim.€€From€thisÏcasual€chase,€as€the€state€suggests,€the€jury€could€logically€conclude€theÏappellant€deliberately€acted€with€"cool€purpose"€and€"without€passion€orÏprovocation."€€ÌÌà à"Calmness€immediately€after€a€killing€may€be€evidence€of€a€cool,Ïdispassionate,€premeditated€murder."€€òòState€v.€Westóó,€844€S.W.2d€144,€148Ï(Tenn.€1992)€(òòcitingóó€òòState€v.€Browningóó,€666€S.W.2d€80,€84€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1983);€òòSneed€v.€Stateóó,€546€S.W.2d€254,€258€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1976)).€€After€theÏappellant€followed€Ontrain€Sanders€around€the€buildings€and€shot€him,€theÏappellant€returned€to€the€Winchester€lot€where€his€friends€were€beating€onÏMarcel€Nugent.€€From€the€testimony,€the€jury€may€have€reasonably€inferred€thatÏthe€appellant€did€not€shoot€Nugent€immediately€upon€his€return€from€theÏCazassa€lot.€€It€appears€from€the€testimony€that€the€appellant€was€not€involvedÏin€the€physical€beating€of€Nugent.€€According€to€the€testimony,€sometime€afterÏthe€beating€of€Nugent€started,€someone€yelled€that€Nugent€had€a€gun.€€ItÏappears€that€Nugent€at€some€point€broke€free€and€started€to€run€away€from€theÏattackers.€€The€appellant€then€proceeded€to€shoot€Nugent,€according€to€theÏappellant,€so€he€could€not€get€away.€€Appellant's€friends€robbed€Nugent,€andÏthen€the€appellant€shot€Nugent€again.€€Though€this€turn€of€events€might€notÏevoke€an€image€of€"calmness,"€it€could€indicate€to€the€jury€that€the€appellant€wasÍcalm€enough€to€return€to€the€Winchester€lot,€stand€and€observe€the€beating€andÏrobbery€of€Nugent,€and€then€shoot€Nugent€two€separate€times.€€Moreover,€theÏappellant€stated€in€his€statement€to€the€police€that€after€the€shootings,€heÏdumped€the€gun,€went€to€his€girlfriend's€house,€and€fell€asleep.€€All€of€this€couldÏbe€indicative€of€"calmness€immediately€after€the€killing,"€which€suggestsÏpremeditation€and€deliberation.ÌÌà àSince€the€appellant€has€challenged€the€sufficiency€of€the€convictingÏevidence,€this€Court€must€review€the€record€to€determine€whether€the€appellantÏhas€met€his€burden€on€appeal€of€showing€that€"the€evidence€is€insufficient€toÏsupport€the€findings€by€the€trier€of€fact€of€guilt€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt."€ÏT.R.A.P.€13(e).€€A€guilty€verdict€by€the€jury,€approved€by€the€trial€court,€accreditsÏthe€testimony€of€the€witnesses€for€the€state€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€ofÏthe€state's€theory.€€òòState€v.€Hatchettóó,€560€S.W.2d€627,€630€(Tenn.€1978);€òò€StateÏv.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973).€€On€appeal,€"the€state€is€entitled€toÏthe€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€trial€evidence€and€all€reasonable€orÏlegitimate€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€therefrom."€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571ÏS.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€This€Court€does€not€reweigh€or€reevaluate€theÏevidence.€€òòId.óó€€The€jury's€verdict,€therefore,€will€only€be€disturbed€if,€after€aÏconsideration€of€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€a€rationalÏtrier€of€fact€could€not€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€99€S.Ct.€2781€(1979);ÏòòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983);€T.R.A.P.€13(e).ÌÌà àA€criminal€offense€may€be€proven€through€direct€evidence,€circumstantialÏevidence,€or€a€combination€of€the€two.€€òòState€v.€Tharpeóó,€726€S.W.2d€896,€899„900€(Tenn.€1987).€€Before€the€defendant€may€be€convicted€of€a€criminal€offenseÏbased€upon€circumstantial€evidence€alone,€the€facts€and€circumstances€"mustÏbe€so€strong€and€cogent€as€to€exclude€every€other€reasonable€hypothesis€saveÏthe€guilt€of€the€defendant,€and€that€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt."€€òòState€v.ÏCrawfordóó,€470€S.W.2d€610,€612€(Tenn€1971).€€"A€web€of€guilt€must€be€wovenÏaround€the€defendant€from€which€he€cannot€escape€and€from€which€facts€andÏcircumstances€the€jury€could€draw€no€other€reasonable€inference€save€the€guiltÏof€the€defendant€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt."€€òòId.óó€at€613.€€Here,€both€direct€andÏcircumstantial€evidence€was€available€for€the€jury's€consideration.× ƒ4 ××  ×ÌÌà àAfter€a€review€of€the€evidence€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€asÏseen€above,€the€jury€could€reasonably€have€concluded€that€the€appellantÏplanned€his€actions,€had€a€motive,€and€killed€in€accordance€with€the€plan,€i.e.,Ïpremeditated€and€deliberated.€€Accordingly,€this€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌÌÓÓà@ à"ESPECIALLY€HEINOUS,€ATROCIOUS,€OR€CRUEL"ÌÓÓ€à@ àAGGRAVATING€CIRCUMSTANCEÌÌà àNext,€the€appellant€contends€that€the€language€of€the€aggravatingÏcircumstance,€that€"the€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel€inÏthat€it€involved€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€toÏproduce€death,"€T.C.A.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(5),€is€"facially€vague€and€whollyÏundefined,"€and€that€the€trial€court€failed€to€provide€the€jury€with€definitions€of€theÏterms€contained€in€this€statute.€€The€appellant€claims€this€statutory€languageÏ"create[s]€a€substantial€risk€that€the€[death€penalty]€will€be€inflicted€in€an€arbitraryÏand€capricious€manner."€€òòGodfrey€v.€Georgiaóó,€446€U.S.€420,€427,€100€S.Ct.Ï1759,€1764€(1980)€(òòcitingóó€òòFurman€v.€Georgiaóó,€408€U.S.€238,€92€S.Ct.€2726Ï(1972)).€€The€state€argues€that€Tennessee€courts€have€repeatedly€affirmed€theÏlanguage€used€in€this€aggravator,€that€the€trial€judge€did€in€fact€define€thoseÏterms€for€the€jury,€and€that,€even€though€not€asserted€by€the€appellant€to€theÏcontrary,€there€was€sufficient€evidence€to€support€the€jury's€application€of€thisÏaggravating€circumstance.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€was€sentenced€to€death€based€upon€the€"especiallyÏheinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel"€aggravating€circumstance€as€amended€in€1989.€ÏThe€previous€language€of€this€aggravator€included€the€phrase€"in€that€it€involvedÏtorture€or€depravity€of€mind,"€which€has€now€been€substituted€by€the€phrase€"inÏthat€it€involved€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€toÏproduce€death."€€The€Supreme€Court€has€repeatedly€held€that€the€language€inÏthe€old€statute€is€not€unconstitutionally€vague€or€overbroad.€€òòSeeóó€òòHartman€v.ÏStateóó,€896€S.W.2d€94,€106€(Tenn.€1995);€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€267Í(Tenn.€1994);€òòState€v.€Blackóó,€815€S.W.2d€166,€182€(Tenn.€1991);€òòState€v.ÏWilliamsóó,€690€S.W.2d€517,€533€(Tenn.€1985).€€ÌÌà àThe€appellant€contends€that€the€statute€as€amended€is€unconstitutionallyÏvague.€€The€appellant,€however,€does€not€offer€any€authority€in€support€of€hisÏcontention.€€The€United€States€Supreme€Court€requires€that€the€aggravatingÏcircumstance€must€narrowly€channel€the€sentencing€jury's€discretion€by€"'clearÏand€objective€standards'€that€provide€'specific€and€detailed€guidance,'€and€thatÏ'make€rationally€reviewable€the€process€for€imposing€a€sentence€of€death.'"€ÏòòGodfrey€v.€Georgiaóó,€446€U.S.€420,€428,€100€S.Ct.€1759,€1764„65€(1980).× ƒ5 ××  ×€€InÏlight€of€this€mandate,€our€Supreme€Court€has€ruled€that€the€"especially€heinous,Ïatrocious,€or€cruel"€aggravator,€prior€to€its€amendment,€was€constitutionallyÏvalid.€€Accordingly,€since€the€statute€has€been€amended€by€replacing€"anÏentirely€subjective€standard,"€i.e.,€depravity€of€mind,€with€a€"new,€whollyÏobjective€standard,"€i.e.,€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€toÏproduce€death,€òòState€v.€Van€Tranóó,€864€S.W.2d€465,€487€(Tenn.€1993)Í(Daughtrey,€J.,€dissenting),€the€same€ruling€would€apply€to€the€amendedÏversion.× ƒ6 ××  ×ÌÌà àIn€òòMaynard€v.€Cartwrightóó,€486€U.S.€356,€365„66,€108€S.Ct.€1853,€1859Ï(1988),€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€implicitly€stated€that€the€"torture€orÏserious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death"€languageÏmodifying€"especially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel"€would€suffice€to€validate€anÏotherwise€vague€aggravating€circumstance.€€Accordingly,€we€find€theÏappellant's€attack€on€the€constitutionality€of€this€aggravating€circumstance€to€beÏwithout€merit.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€further€argues€that€the€terms€in€the€aggravatingÏcircumstance€were€not€defined€by€the€trial€court,€and€thus€the€jury€was€notÏlegally€instructed€on€the€imposition€of€the€death€penalty.€€This€assertion,€as€theÏstate€correctly€observes,€is€wholly€without€merit.€€The€trial€judge,€in€accordanceÏwith€the€òòWilliamsóó€opinion's€definitions,€did€indeed€provide€the€jury€withÏdefinitions€of€"heinous,"€"atrocious,"€"cruel,"€and€"torture."€€The€trial€judge€did€notÍdefine€"serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death."× ƒ7 ××  ×€ÏHowever,€even€if€the€trial€judge€failed€to€define€the€terms€in€the€aggravator,€theÏapplication€of€this€aggravator€is€still€not€unconstitutionally€vague€or€overbroad.€ÏòòSeeóó€òòHartman€v.€Stateóó,€896€S.W.2d€94,€106€(Tenn.€1995).€€òòSeeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.ÏIrickóó,€762€S.W.2d€121,€133€(Tenn.€1988);€òòState€v.€Porterfieldóó,€746€S.W.2d€441,Ï451€(Tenn.€1988).€€Moreover,€the€jury€found€that€the€murder€involved€"torture"Ïrather€than€"physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death."ÌÌà àSince€the€jury€returned€a€verdict€finding€that€the€murder€was€cruel€andÏtorturous,€we€must€decide€if€there€was€sufficient€evidence€to€support€theÏsentencing€jury's€finding.€€"Cruel"€means€"disposed€to€inflict€pain€or€suffering,Ïcausing€suffering,€or€painful."€€Yet€a€finding€of€cruelty€alone€cannot€justify€theÏimposition€of€the€death€penalty.€€òòSeeóó€òòMaynard€v.€Cartwrightóó,€486€U.S.€356,€365„66,€108€S.Ct.€1853,€1859€(1988);€òòGodfrey€v.€Georgiaóó,€446€U.S.€420,€428,€100ÏS.Ct.€1759,€1764„65€(1980).€€There€must,€therefore,€be€some€support€for€theÏjury's€verdict€that€the€murder€involved€torture.€€"Torture"€is€defined€as€"theÏinfliction€of€severe€physical€or€mental€pain€upon€the€victim€while€he€or€sheÏremains€alive€and€conscious."€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€690€S.W.2d€517,€529Ï(Tenn.€1985).€€ÌÌà àWe€hold€that€the€jury€in€this€case€was€reasonably€justified€in€finding€theÏexistence€of€torture.€€Cases€wherein€the€appellate€court€overturned€the€jury'sÏfinding€of€torture€involved€killings€in€which€the€victim€died€immediately,€òòseeóó,€òòe.g.óó,ÏòòState€v.€Pritchettóó,€621€S.W.2d€127€(Tenn.€1981),€or€in€which€no€evidence€wasÏpresented€concerning€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€killing,€òòseeóó,€òòe.g.óó,€òòStateÏv.€Williamsóó,€690€S.W.2d€517€(Tenn.€1985);€òòState€v.€Beckhamóó,€02C01„9406„CR„00107€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Jackson,€Sep.€27,€1995).€€Those€cases€wherein€thisÏaggravator€was€upheld,€however,€involved€murders€in€which€the€victim€wasÏrepeatedly€wounded€and€remained€conscious€for€a€period€of€time€after€theÏinfliction€of€the€wounds.€€òòSeeóó€òòe.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€893€S.W.2d€908€(Tenn.€1994);ÏòòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253€(Tenn.€1994);€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€868€S.W.2d€561Ï(Tenn.€1993);€òòState€v.€Blackóó,€815€S.W.2d€(Tenn.€1991).€€ÌÌà àThe€victim€was€shot€once€in€the€leg,€chased€around€a€building,€and€shotÏagain€in€the€leg.€€The€victim€then€crawled€under€a€truck€and€was€shot€yet€againÏin€the€legs.€€According€to€the€coroner,€the€victim€could€have€lived€as€long€asÏfifteen€(15)€minutes€after€suffering€the€wounds,€could€have€remained€consciousÏfor€about€five€(5)€minutes,€and€would€have€suffered€pain€as€a€result€of€nerveÏdamage.€€Furthermore,€there€was€testimony€that€the€victim€called€out€for€helpÏwhile€lying€under€the€truck.€€The€evidence€before€us€is€sufficient€to€warrant€a€juryÏfinding€the€"infliction€of€severe€pain€or€physical€mental€pain€upon€the€victimÏwhile€he€remain[ed]€alive€and€conscious."€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€690€S.W.2d€517,Ï529€(Tenn.€1985).€€Furthermore,€after€a€thorough€review€of€the€record,€we€holdÍthat€the€jury€was€justified€in€finding€the€aggravating€circumstance€outweighedÏany€mitigating€evidence€presented.× ƒ8 ××  ×ÌÌà@ àINTRODUCTION€OF€APPELLANT'S€STATEMENTÌÌà àFinally,€the€appellant€contends€that€his€statement€to€the€police€was€notÏfreely€and€voluntarily€given€and€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€not€suppressing€theÏstatement.€€Specifically,€the€appellant€contends€he€gave€the€statement€as€aÏresult€of€a€promise€that€he€would€be€charged€with€voluntary€manslaughter€ratherÏthan€first„degree€murder.€€The€appellant€filed€a€pre„trial€motion€to€suppress€theÏstatement,€which€was€denied€by€the€trial€court€after€a€hearing€on€the€matter.ÌÌà àIt€is€the€duty€of€the€trial€judge€to€determine€the€voluntariness€and€theÏadmissibility€of€the€statement.€€òòState€v.€Pursleyóó,€550€S.W.2d€949€(Tenn.€1977).€ÏMoreover,€the€trial€court's€determination€that€a€confession€was€given€knowinglyÍand€voluntarily€is€binding€on€the€appellate€courts€unless€the€appellant€can€showÏÑ È Ñthat€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€trial€court's€ruling.€€òòState€v.ÏO'Guinnóó,€709€S.W.2d€561,€566€(Tenn.€1986);€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó,€òòState€v.€Stephensonóó,Ï878€S.W.2d€530,€544€(Tenn.€1994);€òòState€v.€Rickmanóó,€876€S.W.2d€824,€830Ï(Tenn.€1994).€€In€the€instant€case,€we€find€that€the€appellant€has€failed€to€showÏhow€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€trial€court's€ruling.ÌÌà àIn€the€suppression€hearing,× ƒ9 ××  ×€the€appellant€testified€that€he€came€to€theÏpolice€station€on€his€own€accord€to€turn€himself€in.€€He€testified,€however,€thatÏthe€officers€told€him€if€he€confessed€he€would€not€be€charged€with€first„degreeÏmurder€because€the€victim€was€shot€below€the€waist.€€He€claimed€the€officersÏinformed€him€they€knew€it€was€not€an€intentional€killing.€€He€further€claimed€thatÏhe€signed€a€waiver€of€rights€form€after€he€gave€his€statement,€but€not€before.€€HeÏstated€that€the€secretary€typed€the€questions€and€answers€as€they€were€beingÏgiven,€and€that€he€could€read€the€typing€on€the€computer€monitor.€€HeÏcontended,€however,€that€the€part€of€the€written€statement€which€informed€him€ofÏthe€charge€of€first„degree€murder€was€added€to€the€statement€after€he€signed€it.ÌÌà àSgts.€H.€A.€Ray€and€Timothy€Cook€testified€that€the€appellant€came€intoÏthe€police€station€and€surrendered.€€Prior€to€interviewing€the€appellant,€theÏofficers€advised€the€appellant€of€his€rights€by€way€of€an€advisement€of€rightsÏform.€€The€appellant€read€the€first€couple€of€lines€aloud€(so€the€officers€could€beÏcertain€he€could€read),€read€the€remainder€of€the€form€to€himself,€acknowledgedÏthat€he€understood€his€rights,€and€signed€the€waiver.€€The€officers€then€talkedÍwith€the€appellant€for€a€short€while€before€locating€a€secretary€to€transcribe€theÏstatement.€€ÌÌà àThe€officers€testified€that€the€appellant€was€again€advised€of€his€rightsÏbefore€questions€were€asked.€€While€the€officers€asked€the€questions€and€theÏappellant€gave€his€answers,€the€appellant€was€able€to€watch€on€the€computerÏscreen€as€the€secretary€typed.€€After€the€typing€was€completed,€the€appellantÏÑ ° Ñwas€escorted€to€an€interview€room€where€he€had€the€opportunity€to€review€theÏstatement.€€The€appellant€asked€the€officers€to€make€one€correction,€and€thenÏthe€appellant€signed€the€statement.€€The€officers€testified€that€they€did€not€makeÏany€promises€or€threats,€or€use€any€force€or€coercion€before€or€while€taking€theÏstatement.€€The€officers€further€testified€that€they€did€not€comment€on€theÏlocation€of€the€victim's€wounds€or€state€that€the€appellant€would€be€charged€withÏvoluntary€manslaughter€rather€than€first„degree€murder.ÌÌà àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€testimony€at€the€suppression€hearing,€the€trialÏcourt€stated€it€was€"of€the€opinion€that€the€statement€was€freely€and€voluntarilyÏgiven€without€any€threats€or€promises€or€coercion€.€.€.€and€that€[it]€meet[s]€theÏtests€of€Miranda€and€other€cases€that€are€attendant€thereto,€and€will€allow€theÏstatement€to€be€admitted€into€evidence€in€the€case."€€It€appears€the€trial€judgeÏfound€the€testimony€of€the€officers€more€credible€than€the€appellant's.€ÏFurthermore,€there€is€nothing€before€this€Court€which€preponderates€against€theÏtrial€court's€findings.€€"The€issue€of€credibility€of€witnesses€is€primarily€that€of€theÍtrier€of€fact,€in€this€case,€the€trial€judge,€since€he€had€the€opportunity€to€hear€theÏwitnesses€and€observe€them€as€they€underwent€examination."€€òòO'Guinnóó,€709ÏS.W.2d€at€565€(òòcitingóó€òòHouston€v.€Stateóó,€593€S.W.2d€267,€271€(Tenn.€1980)).€ÏAccordingly,€this€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌà@ àCONCLUSIONÌÌà àAfter€a€thorough€review€of€the€issues€and€the€record€before€us€asÏmandated€by€T.C.A.€ðððð€39„13„206(b),€and€(c),€and€for€the€reasons€stated€herein,Ïwe€affirm€the€appellant's€conviction€and€sentence€of€death.€€We€conclude€thatÏthe€sentence€of€death€was€not€imposed€in€an€arbitrary€fashion,€the€evidenceÏsupports€the€jury's€finding€of€the€aggravating€circumstance,€and€the€evidenceÏsupports€the€jury's€finding€that€the€aggravating€circumstance€outweighs€anyÏmitigating€circumstances.€€Moreover,€a€comparative€proportionality€review,Ïconsidering€both€the€circumstances€of€the€crime€and€the€nature€of€the€appellant,Ïconvinces€us€that€the€sentence€of€death€is€neither€excessive€norÏdisproportionate€to€the€penalty€imposed€in€similar€cases.× ƒ: ××  ×ÌÌÇà àà àà àà à________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àPAUL€G.€SUMMERS,€JudgeÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌÌ________________________________ÌDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JudgeÌÌÌÌÌ________________________________ÌWILLIAM€M.€BARKER,€Judge