’WPC± Ѓnčš J @ō¼Z–%w>Ū\KąĄ[Ø "L!©ā{įĶAlĤ`š4†ŒxwŸ6žGӋ}’l¼óŃæHņ-Ųˌ6‘ƒćńlY#¹Ą’¬”V ņī×÷&e¦\<ӎŌrϹŽĘ ęü'ę]ūEĻ»Ś%Öčšwm‚ĆB|¤H=ED_Œ~šī><«#Oļŗ#V9L¢¼ÆR¾-iŗM8¦»ÕÖ×ĖāsƁÆnȹ‰Éås4ƍ֔m ž ÅĪŗ“ßšßØŃ²“4Ąc@Łņe@ŽŽŽ+q>bńgšó>‡*£HüBśHę§V&śŌ}ļC¹m^Ż÷g‘‚˜Uä:D‹?I ¹Ć­>ļ¶|UŸNū!Vs[‘ZAy_čhE s~Ż£BGT^įé³ŅzpļFdo”ēÓC†Œ M„“#Å+ļūÓsŲiĻ”!čÕOķ¾7QmŪ*d*Ķjøé²ŅgÄ­¶āõQŌo/½ōĄAłĶ—J ¦+{&Nžœą¶wĪvGB‰¦[ N|·ĻjĪĘm}‹•pĮ’Aėā…Dą`Ā'%aųmGŒ½vfū£ō¶!’ź:N7Ś’/÷ńŌ­źśē;ø-Ž0$!Ķ3ŽЃެøė{‡äyµ§G² Ō/į’Œ(Ÿ”œ~Tb#Į\ % U@# 0ˆc UNė w9 4= zQ ŅĖ ^  © mø 0D% Ęi Ę/ĘõĘ»Nƒ m…œE¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤b¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦ 0ė®®®® B™™ 0¤¶ D3Z D- 0Kŗŗ ASĘX 0¤ 0DĀ A«˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ČČČČČČČČ0»(ÖĆ9 Z‹(Times New Roman (`£Ŗ$””Ń€.ŃŃ8€½­»»d»»d8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  Ó(ķ€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular¬sp'' (%1!c8²  ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptŒ})L 3|x cŻ ƒRŽ$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō7Dņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌAgent€Blackwell€stated€that€the€Office€of€the€Inspector€General€is€the€investigative€agency€over€the€UnitedŠ ° ŠStates€Department€of€Housing€and€Urban€Development€("HUD").€€HUD€runs€or€subsidizes€public€housing.€€(#Ć$ņņŚ  Ś0Ś  ŚóóLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5’U‹’ĄĄĄ - ł-(|G2Ž$¤¤Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€B€»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Żą  ąņņŚ  Ś0Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō7Dņ»»Ō d(|3–€$££Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€B€»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻVVVV'’’dxd)!ČČČČdxdx( ±ž$’’ņ ņFigure€Ś  Ś1Ś  Śó ó^_X`YEž’<<C’’ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3–€$¢¢Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€B€»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Ż($$””ņ ņŚ  Ś1Ś  Śó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8’’’’’’’’’’C’’ HKKKKŻ ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€B€»»ddČ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŌ_ŌŃ  ŃŃ  ŃŌ€¼B€»»»ŌŃ8€3ĢXXdę»»d8Ńą@ttģąŌ‡īy£ī»¼B€ŌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆŠ ° Šą@õõ%ģąAT€JACKSONŌ#†¼B€»īīy£#ԈŠ Š  ŠÓ  Óą @ ąą @` ąJanuary€2000€SessionŠ š@ ŠŌ‡X3ĢX»¼B€ŌĢņ ņŌ#†¼B€»XX3Ģ #ŌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€VINCENT€Ō_ŌBOLDENŌ_ŌŌ‡X3ĢX»¼B€Ōó óŠ ä4 ŠĢą@@½½ģąņ ņ€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Henry€CountyŠ Ų ( Šą@@ųųģąNo.€12735€€€€€€Julian€P.€Ō_ŌGuinnŌ_Ō,€JudgeŠ ¾  ŠĢĢą@@ģģ*ģąßA€V) °°` d€÷E<o` Aߊ pĄ  ŠĢą@@TTģąNo.€W1999„01481„CCA„R3„CD€„€August€4,€Ō_Ō2000Ō_ŌŠ eµ  ŠĢßA€V) °°` dE<0` Aߊ 1  Šó óĢÓ  ÓThis€appeal€arises€out€of€the€defendantššs€conviction€for€selling€a€controlled€substance€within€1,000Š &v  Šfeet€of€a€public€or€private€school.€€He€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€to€support€hisŠ  \ Šconviction.€€After€careful€review€of€the€record,€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€supportŠ ņB Šthe€defendantššs€conviction€and€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Š Ų( ŠÓŽÓĢņ ņTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmedó óŠ ¤ō ŠĢņņÓ  ÓŌ#†¼B€»ąX3ĢŖ#ŌŌ‡X3ĢX.¼B€ŌAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€ņņDavid€G.€Hayesóó€and€ņņJoe€G.€Riley,Š pĄ ŠJJ.óó,€joined.Š V¦ ŠĢJim€L.€Fields,€Paris,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Vincent€Ō_ŌBoldenŌ_Ō.Š "r ŠĢPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Tara€B.€Hinkle,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Š ī> ŠRobert€š šGusšš€Ō_ŌRadfordŌ_Ō,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Steven€L.€Ō_ŌGarrettŌ_Ō,€Assistant€District€AttorneyŠ Ō$ ŠGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Š ŗ  ŠÓ3ÓĢą@@OO&ģąņ ņOPINIONó óŌ#†¼B€»XX3Ģb#ŌŌ‡X3ĢX»¼B€ŌŠ † Ö  ŠĢŌ#†¼B€»XX3Ģd #ŌÓ  ÓŌ€X3ĢX»¼B€Ōą  ąThe€defendant,€Vincent€Ō_ŌBoldenŌ_Ō,€was€indicted€by€a€Henry€County€grand€jury€for€selling€andŠ R"¢" Šdelivering€0.1€gram€of€rock€cocaine,€a€Schedule€II€substance,€within€1,000€feet€of€public€or€privateŠ 8#ˆ# Šschool€property€on€September€20,€1997.€€After€a€one„day€trial€on€March€1,€1999,€the€jury€returnedŠ $n$ Ša€guilty€verdict€against€the€defendant€on€the€count€relating€to€the€sale€of€cocaine.€€On€March€31,Š %T % Š1999,€the€defendant€was€sentenced€as€a€multiple€Range€II€offender€to€twelve€years€incarceration,Š ź%:!& Šfined€$10,000,€and€ordered€to€pay€restitution€of€$1,097.40.€€The€defendant€raises€a€single€issue€forŠ Š& "' Šour€consideration€on€appeal:€whether€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€was€sufficient€to€support€theŠ ¶'#( Šjury's€verdict.€€Upon€our€ņņde€novoóó€review,€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€theŠ œ(ģ#) Šjury's€verdict€and€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Š ‚)Ņ$* ŠĢÓ  Óņ ņŠ  N+ž&,ż ŠŌ_ŌFACTSŠ ° ŠÓ  ÓĢą  ąó óDonald€Wayne€Blackwell,€a€criminal€investigator€and€agent€for€the€Twenty„Fourth€JudicialŠ |Ģ ŠDistrict€Drug€Task€Force,€€testified€as€the€State's€first€witness.€€In€1997,€he€was€part€of€an€undercoverŠ b² Šoperation€called€š šOperation€Safe€Homešš€that€was€working€in€conjunction€with€the€federal€Office€ofŠ H˜ Šthe€Inspector€General׃ ׯ ƒ #ĆŻņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀to€clean€up€crime€in€public€housing.€€As€part€of€its€efforts,€the€Task€ForceŠ . ~ Šfocused€on€the€Harrison€Meadows€Apartment€Complex€in€Paris,€Tennessee.€€The€Task€Force€movedŠ  d Šan€informant,€Rhonda€Swift,€into€apartment€5€of€the€Harrison€Meadows€projects€and€had€HerschelŠ ś J ŠHarvell,€a€federal€agent€with€HUD,€pose€as€Swift's€boyfriend€from€time€to€time.€€As€part€of€his€coverŠ ą 0 Šas€Swift's€boyfriend,€Agent€Harvell€also€pretended€to€be€a€criminal€who€had€been€released€on€parole.€Š Ę   ŠAgent€Harvell€would€make€drug€purchases€in€the€area€and€turn€the€evidence€over€to€AgentŠ ¬ ü  ŠBlackwell.€€Blackwell€testified€that€he€measured€the€distance€from€apartment€5€to€the€property€ofŠ ’ā  ŠInman€School,€located€across€the€street€from€the€Harrison€Meadows€projects,€and€found€the€distanceŠ xČ  Što€be€580€feet.€€Agent€Blackwell€recalled€meeting€Agent€Harvell€in€Memorial€Park€on€Sunday,Š ^®  ŠSeptember€21,€1997,€and€receiving€a€$20€rock€of€crack€cocaine€from€Harvell.€€The€rock€BlackwellŠ D”  Šreceived€that€day€was€marked€and€admitted€into€evidence.€€At€trial,€Agent€Blackwell€was€able€toŠ *z  Šidentify€the€defendant€as€Vincent€"Truck"€Bolden€from€his€prior€knowledge€of€the€defendant.€€Š ` ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Agent€Blackwell€stated€that€no€tapes€or€recordings€were€made€of€theŠ Ü, Šdrug€transaction€with€the€defendant,€and€he€(Blackwell)€did€not€personally€observe€the€transaction.€Š Ā ŠHe€explained€that€drug€informants€are€paid€$100€each€time€they€turn€in€a€drug€dealer,€as€long€as€theŠ Øų Šagent€is€able€to€make€a€case€against€the€dealer.€€He€stated€that€the€school€building€itself€is€close€toŠ ŽŽ Š1,000€feet€from€apartment€5,€but€Blackwell€also€stated€that€the€school€property€includes€theŠ tÄ Šsurrounding€areas€where€the€students€are.Š ZŖ ŠĢą  ąThe€next€witness€for€the€State€was€Lisa€J.€Mays,€a€special€agent€forensic€scientist€for€theŠ &v ŠTennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation€Crime€Laboratory.€€Special€Agent€Mays€conducted€the€laboratoryŠ  \ Šanalysis€of€the€rock€cocaine€that€was€obtained€during€the€undercover€buy€from€the€defendant.€€SheŠ ņB Štestified€that€her€test€results€showed€that€the€rock€contained€0.1€gram€cocaine€base.Š Ų( ŠĢą  ąRhonda€K.€Swift,€the€informant,€was€then€called€to€testify€on€behalf€of€the€State.€€She€statedŠ ¤ō Šthat€she€was€working€undercover€in€another€location€when€she€was€brought€to€Paris,€Tennessee,€toŠ Š Ś Šstay€in€apartment€5,€section€502,€of€the€Harrison€Meadows€Apartments.€€Agent€Herschel€Harvell€wasŠ p!Ą  Šposing€as€her€boyfriend.€€Ms.€Swift€testified€that€she€met€the€defendant,€who€was€not€a€resident€ofŠ V"¦! Šthe€complex,€through€his€cousin,€Nakia€Upchurch.€€Shortly€after€meeting€the€defendant,€Ms.€SwiftŠ <#Œ" Šgave€the€defendant€and€some€of€his€friends€a€ride€to€another€county€to€buy€beer,€and€the€defendantŠ "$r# Šmade€it€clear€to€her€that€he€could€š šget€anything€[drugs]€anybody€needed,šš€including€crack€cocaine.€Š %X $ ŠOn€September€20,€1997,€Ms.€Swift€and€Agent€Harvell€held€a€cookout€at€their€apartment€and€invitedŠ ī%>!% Šthe€defendant.€€Ms.€Swift€telephoned€the€defendant€to€see€if€he€was€coming€to€the€party€and€told€himŠ Ō&$"& Šthat€she€needed€him€to€bring€her€something.€€When€the€defendant€arrived€at€the€apartment,€Ms.€SwiftŠ ŗ' #' Štold€him€that€she€needed€some€crack€cocaine.€€She€did€not€remember€what€time€of€day€it€was€whenŠ  (š#( Šthe€defendant€arrived€at€her€apartment€but€did€remember€that€he€brought€a€woman€and€two€toddlers€Š ° Šwith€him.€€The€defendant€then€made€a€call€on€his€cellular€phone,€and€a€white€Corsica€arrived€at€theŠ –ę Šapartment€about€fifteen€minutes€later.€€Ms.€Swift€remembered€seeing€two€black€females€in€the€car.€Š |Ģ ŠAgent€Harvell€told€the€defendant€that€he€wanted€$20€worth€of€crack€and€gave€Ms.€Swift€the€money,Š b² Šwhich€she€gave€to€the€defendant.€€The€defendant€completed€the€transaction€with€the€female€sittingŠ H˜ Šin€the€passenger€side€of€the€Corsica€within€view€of€Ms.€Swift.€€The€defendant€then€returned€to€theŠ . ~ Šapartment€and€handed€the€crack€cocaine€to€Agent€Harvell.€€Ms.€Swift€estimated€that€about€ten€toŠ  d Šfifteen€adults€and€children€arrived€in€the€afternoon€for€the€cookout,€and€the€defendant€stayed€mostŠ ś J Šof€the€day.€Š ą 0 ŠĢą  ąMs.€Swift€stated€that€she€had€no€felony€convictions€but€did€have€a€misdemeanor€chargeŠ ¬ ü  Šagainst€her€for€writing€a€bad€check.€€She€admitted€that€she€used€to€be€a€crack€addict€but€explainedŠ ’ā  Šthat€she€had€enrolled€in€a€drug€rehabilitation€program€in€1993€to€get€off€drugs€and€began€workingŠ xČ  Šwith€the€police€at€the€end€of€that€year.€€For€each€drug€transaction€she€made€as€a€confidentialŠ ^®  Šinformant,€Ms.€Swift€was€paid€$100.€€She€worked€undercover€for€four€and€one„half€years€but€quitŠ D”  Šbecause€her€life€had€been€in€danger€at€least€ten€times.€€She€had€to€leave€the€Harrison€MeadowsŠ *z  ŠApartments€after€a€man,€who€had€been€charged€as€a€result€of€Ms.€Swiftššs€undercover€work,Š ` Šrecognized€her.€€She€was€afraid€he€was€going€to€shoot€her.€€€Š öF ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Ms.€Swift€stated€that€she€and€Agent€Harvell€made€one€or€two€drugŠ Ā Šbuys€per€week€while€at€the€Harrison€Meadows€projects.€€When€pressed€for€a€more€exact€time€thatŠ Øų Šthe€defendant€arrived€on€the€day€of€the€cookout,€Ms.€Swift€stated€that€she€thought€she€had€called€theŠ ŽŽ Šdefendant€sometime€before€noon.€€Although€she€could€not€give€the€specific€time€of€the€defendantššsŠ tÄ Šarrival€at€the€apartment,€she€thought€it€was€fifteen€or€twenty€minutes€after€the€phone€call,€whichŠ ZŖ Šdefense€counsel€placed€at€12:15€p.m.€€The€defendant€stayed€at€her€apartment€except€when€Ms.€SwiftŠ @ Štook€him€to€pick€up€his€auntššs€grill.€€Ms.€Swift€gave€the€defendantššs€cellular€phone€number€and€theŠ &v Šlicense€plate€number€of€the€white€Corsica€in€her€report.€She€did€not€know€if€the€two€women€in€theŠ  \ ŠCorsica€were€ever€arrested.Š ņB ŠĢą  ąThe€Stateššs€last€witness€was€Agent€Herschel€Harvell,€Jr.,€a€special€agent€criminal€investigatorŠ ¾ Šwith€the€Inspector€Generalššs€Office€of€HUD.€€Agent€Harvell€was€part€of€š šOperation€Safe€Home,ššŠ ¤ō Ša€joint€effort€with€public€housing€authorities,€local€law€enforcement,€and€federal€agencies€toŠ Š Ś Šinvestigate€drugs€and€violent€crimes€in€federal€housing€projects€and€subsidized€housing.€€As€part€ofŠ p!Ą  Šthis€operation,€Agent€Harvell€and€Ms.€Swift€occupied€apartment€5€at€Harrison€Meadows,€posing€asŠ V"¦! Šboyfriend€and€girlfriend.€€Agent€Harvell€identified€the€defendant€as€an€individual€he€had€dealt€with.€Š <#Œ" ŠAgent€Harvell€recalled€that€the€defendant€and€another€man€came€over€on€the€morning€of€SeptemberŠ "$r# Š20,€1997.€€Ms.€Swift€had€mentioned€to€the€defendant€that€she€wanted€to€get€some€drugs€that€day.€Š %X $ ŠThe€defendant€made€a€cellular€phone€call€after€Agent€Harvell€told€him€that€he€wanted€$20€worth.€Š ī%>!% ŠAbout€fifteen€minutes€later,€a€white€Corsica€pulled€up€with€two€black€females€in€it,€and€AgentŠ Ō&$"& ŠHarvell€saw€the€drug€transaction€take€place€between€these€women€and€the€defendant.€€After€receivingŠ ŗ' #' Šthe€drugs,€Agent€Harvell€placed€the€cocaine€in€a€locked€bag€in€the€bedroom€until€he€could€give€it€toŠ  (š#( ŠAgent€Blackwell.€€He€stated€that€Ms.€Swift€was€able€to€get€the€license€plate€number€of€the€whiteŠ †)Ö$) ŠCorsica.€€A€diagram€showing€the€relationship€of€apartment€5,€section€502,€to€the€other€sections€andŠ l*¼%* Šthe€road€system€at€Harrison€Meadows€was€introduced€into€evidence€through€this€witness.€Š R+¢&+ ŠŠ 8,ˆ', Šą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Agent€Harvell€stated€that€he€had€only€been€involved€in€three€or€fourŠ ° Šnarcotics€investigations€with€HUD,€an€amount€that€Harvell€did€not€consider€to€be€š šlimitedššŠ –ę Šexperience€but€also€not€substantial€narcotics€experience.€€He€admitted€that€investigators€try€to€getŠ |Ģ Šthe€suspects€on€audio€or€video€tape,€but€a€tape€was€not€made€of€this€transaction.€€According€to€AgentŠ b² ŠHarvell,€he€had€not€met€the€defendant€before€the€day€of€the€cookout€and€had€not€purchased€drugsŠ H˜ Šfrom€the€defendant€previously.€€He€remembered€some€of€the€residents€and€guests€who€came€to€theŠ . ~ Šbarbeque€on€September€20,€including€Nakia€Upchurch€and€another€cousin€of€the€defendant.€€AgentŠ  d ŠHarvellššs€recollection€of€the€time€that€the€defendant€arrived€at€the€apartment€differed€from€Ms.Š ś J ŠSwiftššs,€in€that€he€thought€the€defendant€arrived€around€10:00€or€10:30€a.m.€to€help€Ms.€Swift€getŠ ą 0 Šthe€grill€before€the€other€guests€arrived.€€After€returning€with€the€grill,€Agent€Harvell€did€notŠ Ę   Šremember€the€defendant€leaving€again€during€the€cookout.€€He€did€not€know€how€the€defendant€gotŠ ¬ ü  Što€the€cookout.€€Agent€Harvell€estimated€the€number€of€guests€at€the€party€to€be€between€twenty€andŠ ’ā  Štwenty„five.€€The€State€then€rested€its€case.€Š xČ  ŠĢą  ąThe€only€witness€called€for€the€defense€was€Timothy€LeDon€Davis,€Jr.,€the€defendantššs€firstŠ D”  Šcousin.€€He€testified€that€both€he€and€the€defendant€graduated€from€Henry€County€High€School,€andŠ *z  Šhe€had€known€the€defendant€all€of€his€life.€€Davis€testified€that€he€was€the€assistant€manager€for€theŠ ` ŠKentucky€Fried€Chicken€on€Mineral€Wells€and€was€with€the€defendant€on€the€day€of€the€cookout,Š öF ŠSeptember€20,€1997.€€Davis€stated€that€he€and€the€defendant€drove€in€Davisššs€car€and€arrived€at€theŠ Ü, Šparty€together€around€4:00€€or€4:30€p.m.€€Davis€worked€that€day€until€around€2:30€p.m.€€Davis€neverŠ Ā Šsaw€the€defendant€leave€the€party€and€estimated€that€there€were€fifteen€to€twenty€people€there.€€DavisŠ Øų Šnever€saw€the€defendant€with€a€pager.€€He€stated€that€the€defendant€lived€with€their€grandmother€onŠ ŽŽ ŠJones€Bend€Road€during€the€period€of€time€in€question.€Š tÄ ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Davis€admitted€that€the€defendant€had€no€legal€connection€with€theŠ @ Šhousing€project.€€He€denied€that€a€woman€and€two€small€children€accompanied€the€defendant€to€theŠ &v Šcookout€but€stated€that€just€he€and€the€defendant€went€together€to€the€party.€€Davis€denied€using€theŠ  \ Šbathroom€at€the€apartment€to€smoke€marijuana€and€denied€that€Agent€Harvell€saw€him€smokingŠ ņB Šmarijuana€there.€€The€defense€then€rested€its€case.€€€€€€€€€€Š Ų( Š€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Š ¾ Šą  ąAgent€Harvell€was€recalled€by€the€State€as€a€rebuttal€witness.€€Agent€Harvell€testified€that,Š ¤ō Šduring€the€cookout,€he€heard€a€door€slam€and€went€to€look€in€the€bathroom.€€There€he€saw€Davis€andŠ Š Ś ŠUpchurch€smoking€marijuana.€€He€told€Ms.€Swift€what€he€saw.€€Agent€Harvell€stated€that€he€hadŠ p!Ą  Špreviously€bought€drugs€from€Upchurch€and€was€able€to€describe€the€differences€in€appearanceŠ V"¦! Šbetween€the€defendant€and€Upchurch.€€According€to€Agent€Harvell,€the€defendant€has€a€recedingŠ <#Œ" Šhairline,€looks€older€than€Upchurch,€and€has€a€different€body€structure,€voice,€and€facial€features€thanŠ "$r# Šhis€cousin.Š %X $ ŠĢą  ąAgent€Blackwell€was€recalled€as€the€last€rebuttal€witness€for€the€State.€€He€explained€to€theŠ Ō&$"& Šjury€why€video€or€audio€taping€of€this€transaction€was€not€made.€€Surveillance€equipment€was€to€beŠ ŗ' #' Šinstalled€in€the€apartment,€but€the€equipment€had€to€be€sent€back€to€the€factory€due€to€technicalŠ  (š#( Šproblems.€€The€license€plate€number€for€the€white€Corsica€provided€by€Ms.€Swift€showed€that€theŠ †)Ö$) Šowner€was€Devera€Walker,€a€male.€€At€the€time€of€trial,€the€two€females€in€the€car€had€not€beenŠ l*¼%* Šidentified.€€€€€Š R+¢&+ ŠŠ 8,ˆ', Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąņ ņ€€€€€ANALYSISó óŠ ° ŠĢņ ņą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ą€€€€€€Sufficiency€of€the€EvidenceŠ |Ģ ŠĢó óŌ‡X3ĢXXX3ĢŌą  ąThe€defendant€argues€that€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€was€insufficient€to€support€a€guiltyŠ H˜ Šverdict€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€as€required€by€Tennessee€Rule€of€Appellate€Procedure€13(e).€€HeŠ . ~ Šattaches€particular€significance€to€the€following:€(1)€the€discrepancy€in€the€time€of€the€defendantššsŠ  d Šarrival€at€the€cookout€as€given€by€the€paid€informant€(around€noon)€and€Agent€Harvell€(around€10:30Š ś J Ša.m.);€(2)€the€defendantššs€cellular€phone€number€given€by€the€informant,€which€was€disputed€by€theŠ ą 0 Šdefendantššs€cousin,€Tim€Davis;€(3)€€Davisššs€testimony€that€the€defendant€arrived€with€him€aroundŠ Ę   Š4:00€p.m.;€(4)€the€lack€of€physical€evidence,€such€as€a€video€or€audio€recording;€and€(5)€theŠ ¬ ü  Šprosecutorššs€reference€to€the€defendant€being€a€major€player€in€the€drug€trade€without€evidence€ofŠ ’ā  Šsuch.€€The€State€contends€that€the€defendantššs€arguments€are€founded€on€the€credibility€of€witnesses,Š xČ  Šan€issue€decided€by€the€jury€and€resolved€in€favor€of€the€State.€€We€agree€with€the€State€that€theŠ ^®  Ševidence€was€sufficient€for€a€rational€jury€to€find€the€defendant€guilty€of€every€element€of€the€offenseŠ D”  Šbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€and€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€Š *z  Š€€€€€€€€Š ` Š€€€€€€€€€The€defendantššs€initial€presumption€of€innocence€is€lost€following€a€jury€conviction€andŠ öF Šreplaced€with€a€presumption€of€guilt;€thus,€on€appeal,€the€burden€is€now€shifted€to€the€defendant€toŠ Ü, Šprove€the€insufficiency€of€the€evidence.€€ņņState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€ThisŠ Ā Šcourt€must€affirm€the€convictions€unless€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€was€so€deficient€that€noŠ Øų Šrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€all€of€the€essential€elements€of€the€offense€beyond€a€reasonableŠ ŽŽ Šdoubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€ņņState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€259€(Tenn.€1994).€€This€rule€hasŠ tÄ Šbeen€found€by€our€courts€to€be€applicable€to€a€conviction€based€on€direct€or€circumstantial€evidenceŠ ZŖ Šor€a€combination€of€both.€€ņņState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€ņņpermņņóó.ņņóó€ņņóóappņņóó.Š @ Šņņóódeniedóó€(Tenn.€1990).€€Š &v ŠĢą  ąIn€determining€whether€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction,€we€do€not€re„Š ņB Šweigh€the€evidence€or€substitute€our€own€inferences€for€those€of€the€trial€court.€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.Š Ų( Š33(f);€ņņState€v.€Blantonóó,€926€S.W.2d€953,€958€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996);€ņņState€v.€Burlisonóó,€868Š ¾ ŠS.W.2d€713,€719€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€Furthermore,€the€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongestŠ ¤ō Šlegitimate€view€of€the€evidence€presented€and€all€reasonable€inferences€drawn€therefrom.€€ņņState€v.Š Š Ś ŠHarrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€75€(Tenn.€1992),€ņņcertņņóó.€ņņóódeniedóó,€507€U.S.€954,€113€S.€Ct.€1368€(1993).€€A€juryŠ p!Ą  Šverdict€accredits€the€testimony€of€the€Stateššs€witnesses€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€theŠ V"¦! ŠStateššs€theory.€€ņņState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983).€Š <#Œ" ŠĢą  ąAfter€a€careful€review€of€the€record€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€we€conclude€thatŠ %X $ Šthere€was€sufficient€evidence€to€support€a€guilty€verdict€against€the€defendant€for€the€sale€of€aŠ ī%>!% Šcontrolled€substance€within€1,000€feet€of€a€public€or€private€school.€€The€elements€of€the€offense€areŠ Ō&$"& Šset€out€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€šš€39„17„417€as€follows:Š ŗ' #' ŠĢą  ąą ` ą(a)€ą0 ø ąIt€is€an€offense€for€a€defendant€to€knowingly:І)Ö$)ø (#ø (# Šą  ąą ` ą.€.€.€.ą ø ąą  ąą h ąŠ l*¼%* Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ą(3)€ą0  ąSell€a€controlled€substance[.]ŠR+¢&+(#(# ŠŠ 8,ˆ', ŠThis€offense€is€a€Class€C€felony€when€the€amount€of€the€controlled€substance€involved€is€less€thanŠ ° Š0.5€grams,€but€this€classification€is€enhanced€to€a€Class€B€felony€when€the€sale€occurs€within€1,000Š –ę Šfeet€of€school€property.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šššš€39„17„417(c)(2),€„432(b)€(1997).Š |Ģ ŠĢą  ąThe€inconsistencies€in€testimony€that€the€defendant€relies€on€are€relatively€minor€ones€thatŠ H˜ Šcan€occur€when€a€trial€takes€place€a€year€and€a€half€after€the€events€occur.€€A€time€discrepancy€of€anŠ . ~ Šhour€and€forty„five€minutes€in€pinpointing€the€defendantššs€arrival€time€at€a€day„long€cookout€doesŠ  d Šnot€go€against€the€weight€of€the€other€evidence€presented€at€trial€showing€that€he€knowingly€soldŠ ś J Šcrack€cocaine€to€the€undercover€agents€within€the€required€distance€of€school€property.€€Ms.€SwiftŠ ą 0 Šfirst€testified€that€she€could€not€remember€what€time€it€was€when€the€defendant€arrived€but€couldŠ Ę   Šplace€the€time€shortly€after€she€called€the€defendant€and€before€the€other€guests€arrived.€€Both€sheŠ ¬ ü  Šand€Agent€Harvell€testified€that€the€defendant€arrived€early€to€go€with€Ms.€Swift€to€pick€up€a€grillŠ ’ā  Šfor€the€cookout.€€Under€cross„examination,€Ms.€Swift€eventually€acquiesced€at€the€insistence€ofŠ xČ  Šdefense€counsel€to€12:15€p.m.€€We€see€nothing€in€this€testimony€that€would€cause€serious€questionsŠ ^®  Šas€to€the€drug€transaction€itself.€€€Š D”  ŠĢą  ąIn€addition,€Ms.€Swift€was€very€specific€about€the€cellular€phone€number€that€the€defendantŠ ` Šhad€given€her,€and€both€Ms.€Swift€and€Agent€Harvell€testified€that€the€defendant€used€a€cellularŠ öF Štelephone€to€call€for€the€drug€delivery.€€Timothy€Davis€only€testified€that€he€had€never€seen€theŠ Ü, Šdefendant€with€a€pager,€which€is€significantly€different€from€a€cellular€phone.€€Even€if€Davis€wereŠ Ā Šusing€the€terms€interchangeably,€the€jury€obviously€did€not€believe€the€defendantššs€assertions;€norŠ Øų Šdid€they€believe€Davisššs€testimony€that€he€and€the€defendant€did€not€arrive€at€the€cookout€until€lateŠ ŽŽ Šin€the€afternoon.€€These€are€issues€of€credibility€which€we€do€not€disturb€on€appeal.€€€€€€Š tÄ Šą  ą€€€€Š ZŖ Šą  ąThe€defendantššs€assertion€that€there€was€insufficient€physical€evidence€to€support€theŠ @ Šconviction€is€likewise€without€merit.€€Both€Agent€Harvell€and€Ms.€Swift€witnessed€the€drugŠ &v Štransaction€between€the€defendant€and€the€women€in€the€white€Corsica,€and€Agent€Harvell€bagged,Š  \ Šlabeled,€and€stored€the€cocaine€until€handed€to€Agent€Blackwell€the€next€day.€€The€substance€wasŠ ņB Šanalyzed€by€the€TBI€Lab€and€found€to€contain€0.1€gram€cocaine€base.€€That€is€very€incriminatingŠ Ų( Šphysical€evidence€in€and€of€itself.€€The€lack€of€audio€or€video€tape€evidence€was€explained€by€AgentŠ ¾ ŠBlackwell€as€due€to€faulty€equipment€that€had€to€be€sent€back€to€the€factory.€€In€other€words,Š ¤ō ŠBlackwellššs€testimony€was€that€proper€equipment€was€not€available€to€record€the€drug€sale.€€The€juryŠ Š Ś Šwas€apparently€satisfied€with€the€physical€evidence€presented.Š p!Ą  ŠĢą  ąThe€defendantššs€last€complaint€relating€to€the€prosecutorššs€closing€statements€that€theŠ <#Œ" Šdefendant€was€a€major€player€in€the€drug€industry€is€also€without€merit.€€This€could€have€beenŠ "$r# Šinferred€by€the€testimony€of€several€witnesses,€and€we€fail€to€see€how€these€statements€could€haveŠ %X $ Šaffected€the€outcome€of€the€trial.€€There€was€evidence€presented€through€the€testimony€of€Ms.€SwiftŠ ī%>!% Šthat€the€defendant€represented€himself€to€her€as€someone€who€could€get€any€type€of€drug€anyoneŠ Ō&$"& Šwanted.€€His€ability€to€make€a€phone€call€and€have€drugs€delivered€to€him€fifteen€minutes€laterŠ ŗ' #' Šcertainly€gives€an€inference€that€he€was€š šwell„connected.šš€€Agent€Blackwell€stated€that€he€had€priorŠ  (š#( Šknowledge€of€the€defendant€as€well.€€The€fact€that€the€police€did€not€get€video€or€audio€evidence€onŠ †)Ö$) Šthe€defendant€was€explained€by€Agent€Blackwell,€and€there€were€two€eyewitnesses€to€the€transactionŠ l*¼%* Šwho€were€able€to€testify€at€trial€to€the€specifics€of€the€events€that€day.€€The€testimony€of€Ms.€SwiftŠ R+¢&+ Šand€Agent€Harvell€was€consistent€on€this€point.€€Ms.€Swift€was€even€able€to€provide€the€license€plateŠ 8,ˆ', Šnumber€of€the€delivery€car,€although,€not€surprisingly,€the€owner€was€not€one€of€the€two€womenŠ ° Šmaking€the€delivery.€€Since€there€was€a€substantial€amount€of€evidence€from€which€a€rational€juryŠ –ę Šcould€conclude€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€defendant€sold€cocaine€within€1,000€feet€ofŠ |Ģ Šschool€property,€we€fail€to€see€how€these€remarks€by€the€prosecutor€could€have€affected€the€outcomeŠ b² Šof€the€trial.€€Š H˜ ŠĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąņ ņCONCLUSIONŠ  d ŠĢą  ąó óAfter€a€careful€review€of€the€evidence,€we€conclude€that€the€defendant€has€failed€to€carry€hisŠ ą 0 Šburden€of€showing€that€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€was€insufficient€for€a€jury€to€find€him€guiltyŠ Ę   Šbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€We,€therefore,€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€Š ¬ ü  ŠŌ#†X3ĢXXX3ĢE#Ōņ ņĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ą€€€€€ó óŠ xČ  Šą  ą€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Š ^®  ŠĢĢĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ą___________________________________€Š öF Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGE