ÿWPC? …# VUNa %¯ 0(µ4Ýñb 0ª 0D² 0Jö 0T@ 0^” 0hò 0rZ 0|Ì U:H ‚ 0†‚ 0 w@˜ BØ õ 1uý U,r D3ž 0dÑ 0@5U,uU>¡U*ßB) DC2 AMuóÂnµv#I™âÈâʪát‚U× f"˜t$ -õ©.#ž0bÁ3v~#6vÓ¡7 AOt=ÆÃ= 0D‰> D/Í> Bü>˜HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀÌÀääÀÀÌ0 (ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡Ô¡¨ x @ d3|xF- ù-(Z(2Âa$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝòòÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€Xù‹XàXÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô,†r‰AZ‹"Arial Regular2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô 4D56U7E8D9:U;<=Ó€ d" ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(Modern$$$$'ÿÿdxdP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò< Œ 9p`(Monaco< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d66667Border 1dd€-7Cþÿ << Gÿÿ éÝ ƒ!ÝÔ€)ÔÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÔ€5ÔÔ€5ÔÓ  Óò òÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€5XÔÌÌMay€24,€1996ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔ  Ôó ó dÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€)ÔÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝòòÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€5Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝBecause€the€Bondurant€name€is€used€many€times€in€this€opinion,€we€will€refer€to€theÏdifferent€people€by€their€first€names€for€easier€reading.Ì lÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€)ÔÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝòòÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€5Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝBoth€Gary€Hardin€and€Dwayne€Howell€testified€that€Pat,€while€waiving€his€gun€in€the€air,Ïstated€that€no€one€gets€the€victim€until€Pete€has€her€first.Ì ?Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€)ÔÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝòòÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€5Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝDwayne€Howell€testified€that€he€looked€into€the€bathroom€and€saw€the€victim€performingÏfellatio€on€Pete.Ì öÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€)ÔÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝòòÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€5Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝDwayne€Howell€testified€that€he€saw€the€victim€go€into€a€bedroom€with€Pat.€€DwayneÏstated€that€he€then€went€to€the€kitchen€to€talk€to€Denise.€€She€asked€me€"Where's€Pat?€And€I€said€IÏdon't€know."€€He€stated€that€Denise€then€ran€to€the€front€of€the€house€and€pushed€the€bedroomÏdoor€open.Ì ¾Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€)ÔÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝòòÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€5Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝGary€Hardin€testified€that€after€the€victim€and€Pete€came€out€of€the€bathroom,€Pat€and€theÏvictim€went€into€the€bedroom.€€Gary€stated€that€Pat€"told€me€he€wanted€me€to€hold€the€door€forÏhim,€while€he€had€sex€with€[the€victim]."€€While€Pat€and€the€victim€were€having€sex,€Denise€pushedÏthe€door€open.€€He€stated€that€she€then€hit€Pat,€hit€the€victim,€and€"told€me€to€get€.€.€.€out€of€herÏhouse."€€He€stated€that€he€walked€outside€to€Dwayne's€car€and€about€five€minutes€later,€DeniseÏleft.Ì ÀÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€)ÔÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝòòÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€5Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝDenise€testified€that€she€was€standing€at€the€doorway€to€the€room€when€the€beatingÏoccurred.€€She€stated€that€she€"tried€to€stop€him€from€hitting€her,€and€I€couldn't,€and€there€wasÏnothing€I€could€do.€€I€stepped€back€out€of€the€way."Ì ×Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€)ÔÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝòòÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€5Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝIn€Mr.€Howell's€April€24,€1990€statement,€he€made€a€written€statement€under€oath€that:ÌÌà8 àà8 àThe€next€day€around€4€to€6€p.m.€Pat€and€Denise€Bondurant€bothÏcome€to€where€Snow€and€I€lived€with€my€mother.€€In€Elkon,€VinterÏMill€Rd.€€Denise€.€.€.€went€into€the€house€with€Snow€and€Pat€and€IÏstayed€in€the€yard.€€Pat€started€right€in.€€He€said€if€the€police€comeÏaround€asking€questions€about€Gwen€Dugger€not€to€tell€themÏanything€or€he€would€kill€me.€€He€also€mentioned€that€my€motherÏlived€there€too.Ì xÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€)ÔÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝòòÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€5Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€terms€"Gwenbys"€and€"Gwembies"€are€used€interchangeably€throughout€the€record.€ÏFor€purposes€of€consistency,€we€will€refer€to€the€shell€casings€as€"Gwenbys."Ì …Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€)ÔÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝòòÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€5Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝDenise€Bondurant€stated:€€"Pete€even€carried€the€two€.22€cal€[sic]€shell€castings€he€usedÏto€shoot€Gwen.€€He€called€them€'Gwenbys'€all€the€time€they€were€burning€the€[body]."Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€)ÔÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝòòÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€5Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝòòSeeóó€òòUnited€State€v.€Geraldóó,€624€F.2d€1291€(5th€Cir.€1980)€(holding€plain€error€rule€"not€aÏrun„of„the„mill€remedy.€€The€intention€of€the€rule€is€to€serve€the€ends€of€justice;€therefore€it€isÏinvoked€'only€in€exceptional€circumstances'€[where€necessary]€to€avoid€a€miscarriage€of€justice").Ì ŽÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€)ÔÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝòòÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€5Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝòòÓ` °ˆXœÈ“XÓSeeóó€òòLewis€v.€Stateóó,€125€So.€802€(Ala.€1930)€(holding€eyewitness,€bone€fragments,Ïblood€splotches€and€stains,€and€proof€that€body€of€deceased€burned€was€sufficient);€òòDerring€v.ÏStateóó,€619€S.W.2d€644€(Ark.€1981)€(finding€evidence€of€victim's€routine,€fact€that€victim€last€seenÏtalking€to€person€fitting€defendant's€description,€and€that€defendant€attempted€to€sell€victim's€carÏwas€sufficient);€òòPeople€v.€Bolinskióó,€67€Cal.€Rptr.€347€(Cal.€Ct.€App.€1968)€(upholding€finding€ofÏòòcorpusóó€òòdelictióó€where€victim€had€disappeared€and€defendant€was€arrested€with€victim's€car€andÏcredit€cards);€òòPeople€v.€Scottóó,€1€Cal.€Rptr.€600€(Cal.€Ct.€App.€1959)€(affirming€finding€of€òòcorpusóóÏòòdelictióó€where€defendant€made€statements€that€he€knew€his€wife€was€dead€and€proof€had€shown€heÏrecently€cleaned€his€car);€òòPeople€v.€Cullenóó,€234€P.2d€1(Cal.€1951)€(finding€sufficient€proof€whereÏvictim€disappeared,€proof€that€defendant€forged€victim's€check,€proof€of€bloodstains€on€rug€andÏclothing,€and€proof€of€defendant's€incriminating€statements);€€òòPeople€v.€McMonigleóó,€177€P.2d€745Ï(Cal.€1947)€(holding€proof€sufficient€where€testimony€of€FBI€agent€recounting€defendant'sÏreconstruction€of€events€and€other€admissions,€evidence€of€victim's€shoes€and€other€personalÏpossessions);€€òòState€v.€Pyleóó,€532€P.2d€1309€(Kan.€1975)€(upholding€finding€of€òòcorpusóó€òòdelictióóÏwhere€house€burned€to€ground€and€no€trace€of€victim);€òòWarmke€v.€Commonwealthóó,€180€S.W.2dÏ872€(Ky.€1944)€(holding€evidence€sufficient€where€baby€dropped€in€creek€and€only€cap€wasÏfound);€òòState€v.€Zarinskyóó,€362€A.2d€611€(N.J.€Super.€Ct.€App.€Div.€1976)€(finding€sufficient€whereÏvictim€last€seen€driving€away€with€man€fitting€defendant's€description€and€admission€to€cellmates);ÏòòState€v.€Dudleyóó,€249€N.E.2d€536€(Ohio€Ct.€App.€1969)€(affirming€where€victim's€cap€found€on€floorÏand€defendant's€car€stained€with€blood).Ì “Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€)ÔÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝòòÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€5Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝòòSeeóó€òòBerryóó,€523€S.W.2d€at€374€(holding€that€circumstantial€evidence€of€peculiarÏcharacteristics€of€clothing€or€articles€found€in€connection€with€remains€may€establish€identity).Ì ëÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€)ÔÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝòòÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€5Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝThis€is€analogous€to€someone€stating€"I'm€a€trained€killer"€or€"these€hands€are€lethalÏweapons"€prior€to€a€bar€room€confrontation.€€Although€the€utterer€probably€has€never€killed€norÏtaken€a€taekwondo€lesson,€he€makes€such€contentions€hoping€to€deter€a€physical€confrontation.Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€)ÔÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝòòÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€5Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝWe€acknowledge€our€recent€disapproval€of€a€similar€instruction€in€òòState€v.€Ruaneóó,€912ÏS.W.2d€766€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€In€òòRuaneóó,€reversed€on€other€grounds,€we€noted€that€aÏsimilar€instruction€and€the€use€of€the€word€"contribute"€could€tend€to€mislead€or€confuse€the€juryÏregarding€the€state's€proof€on€the€issue€of€causation.€€Although,€in€retrospect,€the€instructions€inÏòòRuaneóó€and€in€the€case€òòsubóó€òòjudiceóó€which€are€based€upon€T.P.I.€Crim.€37.11€are€not€favored€today,Ïthese€instructions€do€not€rise€to€the€level€of€a€constitutional€deprivation.Ì XÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€)ÔÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝòòÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÔ€5Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝòòòƒòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Supr.€Ct.,€Rule€10,€Cannon€3,€A(4)€(stating€that€"[a]€judge€should€accordÏto€every€person€who€is€legally€interested€in€a€proceeding,€or€his€lawyer,€full€right€to€be€heardÏaccording€to€law,€and,€except€as€authorized€by€law,€neither€initiate€nor€consider€òòex€parteóó€or€otherÏcommunications€concerning€a€pending€or€impending€proceeding").Ô€4ÔóƒóÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑMonacoÑÑ ÑÒ  BA Op Monaco ÒÒ  BA Op Monaco Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€)ÔÓ&€33X„d&ÓÑ#€33Xd#ÑÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÙ€€ÙÑ È ÑÔ€5ÔÑ\R AØ'\Ñ›œßL€897;+'h|` ç `€€Lß›à àò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINALÏAPPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌÓ ` ܆XDp”X Óà àà àà à€€€€€€€€€€à à€€€€àQ àAT€NASHVILLEÌÌÓ` °‡XDp”XÓà à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à ààQ àà àJANUARYÏ1996€SESSIONó óÌÌà àÓ ` ®DÓò òÌÓ` %ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àó ó)€ÌÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÓ ` ¸ %Óà àà à)€C.C.A.€No.€01C01„9501„CC„00023Ìà àAppellee,à à)ÌÓ ` ¸ %»ÓV.€€€€€€€à à)à àGiles€CountyÌà àà à)à àÌò òKENNETH€PATTERSON€(PAT)ó óà à)€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìò òBONDURANT€&€HUGH€PETERà àó ó)à àHon.€Jim€T.€Hamilton,€Judgeò òÌ(PETE)€BONDURANT,ó óà à)à àÌà àà à)à à(Murder€in€the€Second€Degree)Ì€à àAppellants.à à)ÌÌÌÓ` ÓFOR€THE€APPELLANT:à àFOR€THE€APPELLEE:ÌÌòòPat€Bondurant:óóà àCharles€W.€BursonÌà àAttorney€General€&€Reporter€ÌBobby€W.€SandsÌRick€C.€Osbornà àEugene€J.€HoneaÌSands€&€Sandsà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌ102€West€Seventh€Streetà àCriminal€Justice€DivisionÌP.O.€Box€1660à à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌColumbia,€TN€38402„1660à àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌÌRobert€L.€Hollowayà àT.€Michael€BottomsÌFleming,€Holloway€&€Flynnà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌ207€West€Eighth€StreetÌP.O.€Box€90à àRobert€C.€SandersÌColumbia,€TN€38402„0090à àRichard€DunavantÌà àKymberly€Lynn€Anne€HattawayÌòòPete€Bondurant:à àóóAsst.€Dist.€Attorneys€GeneralòòÌà àóó250€N.€Military€AvenueÌOF€COUNSEL:à àLawrenceburg,€TN€38464ÌShara€A.€Flacyà àÌDistrict€Public€Defenderà àÌ209€West€Madison€StreetÌP.O.€Box€1208ÌPulaski,€TN€38478ÌÌRobert€D.€MasseyÌAttorney€at€LawÌP.O.€Box€409ÌPulaski,€TN€38478ÌÌòòAt€Trial€Only:óóÌJ.€Russell€ParkesÌ102€West€Seventh€StreetÌP.O.€Box€692ÌColumbia,€TN€38401„0692ÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€€___________________ÌÌò òAFFIRMEDÌó óÌò òPAUL€G.€SUMMERS,ó óÌJudgeÌÌÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÓ ` ¸ pÓò òÔ  Ôà àà ààQ àO€P€I€N€I€O€Nó óÌÓÓÌÑ  ÑÑ ° ÑÑ7€¦ XXdìXXdì7ÑÑ€ Ñà àA€jury€found€the€appellants,€Pat€and€Pete€Bondurant,× ƒ: ××  ×€guilty€of€secondÏdegree€murder.€€They€were€sentenced€to€twenty„five€years€incarceration.€€OnÏappeal,€both€appellants€collectively€aver:€€(1)€€that€the€trial€court€erred€inÏrefusing€to€grant€a€severance,€(2)€€that€evidence€was€either€insufficient€orÏinsufficiently€corroborated,€and€(3)€€that€the€trial€court€erred€procedurally€andÏsubstantively€in€its€giving€of€a€supplemental€jury€instruction.€€Individually,€PatÏBondurant€argues:€€(1)€€that€prejudicial€prosecutorial€misconduct€occurred,€andÏ(2)€€that€the€jury€verdict€was€contrary€to€law.€€Additionally,€Pete€BondurantÏindividually€assigns€error€in€allowing:€€(1)€€testimony€concerning€the€burning€ofÏthe€deceased,€(2)€€testimony€of€alleged€sexual€activities,€(3)€€evidence€that€theÍappellants€were€a€source€of€drugs,€and€(4)€€evidence€implying€that€the€appellantÏPete€Bondurant€had€a€prior€criminal€record.€€We€affirm.ÌÌÓ  Óò òòòFACTSóóó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àThis€case€involves€the€homicide€of€Gwen€Swanner€Dugger€(victim).€€OnÏMay€30,€1986,€Ken€Swanner€testified€that€he€and€his€sister,€the€victim,€went€toÏthe€appellants'€residence€to€repair€a€car.€€While€Mr.€Swanner€was€working€onÏthe€vehicle,€the€victim€went€into€the€appellants'€house.€€After€the€repairs€wereÏmade,€Mr.€Swanner€walked€up€to€the€house€and€asked€the€victim€"if€she€wasÏready€to€go."€€The€victim€followed€Mr.€Swanner€outside€and€informed€him€thatÏ"she€was€going€to€stay."€€Mr.€Swanner€never€saw€the€victim€again.ÌÌà àApproximately€one€week€later,€the€victim's€family€became€concernedÏafter€not€hearing€from€the€victim.€€Ken€Swanner€returned€to€the€appellants'Ïresidence.€€He€asked€the€appellant,€Pat€Bondurant,€and€his€wife,€Denise,€if€theyÏknew€the€victim's€whereabouts.€€They€responded€that€they€did€not€know.€ÏSeveral€days€later,€Mr.€Swanner€saw€the€appellant€Pete€BÔ  Ôondurant.€€HeÏquestioned€Pete€concerning€the€victim's€whereabouts.€€Pete€responded:€€"IÏdropped€her€off€at€Shady€Lawn€last€week."ÌÌà àIn€June€of€1986,€Jack€Swanner€and€Ken€Swanner€embarked€on€anotherÏeffort€to€locate€the€victim.€€While€en€route€to€the€appellants'€residence,€theyÍobserved€Pete€Bondurant€on€the€interstate.€€They€followed€Pete€to€a€night€club.€ÏAt€the€night€club,€the€Swanners€confronted€Pete.€€Pete€stated,€"I€didn't€kill€herÌ.€.€.€.€I€ain't€done€nothing.€€Leave€me€alone.€€I'm€crazy."€€The€club's€owner€cameÏoutside€and€told€them€to€"break€it€up."€€Pete€then€backed€into€the€nightclubÏyelling€that€"he€was€crazy;€that€he€had€killed€once;€he'd€kill€again."€€TheÏSwanners€left.ÌÌà àIn€1990,€Investigator€William€Coleman€approached€Denise€Bondurant.€ÏDenise€was€separated€from€the€appellant,€Pat€Bondurant.€€She€stated€that€sheÏwas€afraid€Pat€would€hurt€someone€else.€€Therefore,€she€gave€InvestigatorÏColeman€a€statement€concerning€the€victim's€death.€€She€was€later€givenÏimmunity€from€prosecution.ÌÌà àDenise€Bondurant€testified€that€on€May€30,€1986,€she,€Pat€Bondurant,ÏPete€Bondurant,€Dwayne€Howell,€and€Gary€Hardin€were€all€present€at€theÏBondurant€residence€when€the€victim€and€her€brother€arrived.€€Denise€statedÏthat€the€victim€walked€up€to€the€house€and€purchased€Valium€from€the€appellantÏPat€Bondurant.€€She€testified€that€although€Ken€Swanner€wanted€the€victim€toÏleave€with€him,€the€victim€decided€to€"stay€and€party."€€She€stated€that€everyoneÏthere€"was€drinking€and€doing€drugs,€except€for€[her]."€€She€attributed€herÏabstinence€to€her€pregnancy.ÌÌà àLater€in€the€evening,€Denise€testified€that€Pat€told€her€to€"put€on€someÏsteaks."€€She€stated€that€the€victim€attempted€to€assist€her.€€However,€the€victimÏwas€so€intoxicated€she€could€"barely€even€stand€up."€€In€addition€to€the€ValiumÏand€beer,€Denise€stated€that€"Pete€had€given€her€some€Placidyls."ÌÌà àDenise€stated€that€Gary€Hardin€was€"trying€to€make€a€pass€at€[the€victim]"Ïwhile€they€were€in€the€kitchen.€€Pat,€however,€came€into€the€kitchen€carrying€aÏ.38€caliber€pistol.€€She€testified€that€Pat€said€"if€anyone's€getting€her,€Pete'sÏgoing€to€have€œher€her›€[sic]€first,€because€he€had€bought€her€drugs."× ƒ; ××  ×€€Pete€thenÏtook€the€victim€into€the€bathroom.€€Denise€stated€that€she€saw€the€victimÏperforming€fellatio€on€Pete€in€the€bathroom.× ƒ< ××  ×ÌÌà àDenise€testified€that€later€"Dwayne€came€back€in€the€kitchen,€and€I€feltÏlike€he€was€trying€to€keep€me€in€there;€you€know,€that€he€was€stalling,€you€know,Ïfor€conversation."€€She€stated€that€she€became€"suspicious€of€what's€going€[onÏin€the]€front€of€the€house."× ƒ= ××  ×€€She€stated€that€she€went€up€front€and€noticed€thatÏthe€bedroom€door€was€closed.€€Although€Gary€was€holding€the€door€shut€fromÍthe€inside,€she€forced€her€way€in€and€found€Pat€having€sex€with€the€victim.€€SheÏstated€that€she€hit€both€Pat€and€the€victim,€gathered€up€some€clothes,€and€left.× ƒ> ××  ×ÌÌà àGary€Hardin€testified€that€after€Denise€left,€he€and€Pete€"got€[the€victim]Ïup."€€They€carried€her,€while€nude,€outside€and€put€her€in€a€car.€€They€thenÏdrove€her€down€to€the€barn.€€He€testified€that€the€victim€was€"messed€up"€andÏmumbling.€€Gary€stated€that€after€the€victim€was€taken€to€the€barn,€he,€Pete,€andÏDwayne€all€had€sex€with€her.€€Dwayne€testified€that€when€they€finished€with€theÏvictim,€they€left€her€lying€in€the€barn€and€went€to€the€house€to€eat.ÌÌà àPatricia€Howell€Love€testified€that€she€worked€in€a€strip€bar€across€theÏstreet€from€the€œBondurants›'€residence.€€She€stated€that€on€the€evening€of€MayÏ30,€1986,€Pete€entered€the€club€and€said€"he€had€a€whore€tied€up€to€a€bale€ofÏhay,€if€anybody€needed€a€good€f___."à àÌÌà àDenise€testified€that€after€she€had€left€the€house,€she€drove€to€theÏinterstate€and€headed€toward€Alabama.€€When€she€got€to€the€Ardmore„Huntsville€exit,€she€turned€around€and€headed€back€home.€€Denise€returned€toÍthe€house€and€found€that€Gary€and€Dwayne€had€not€left.€€She€again€instructedÏthem€to€leave.€€They€then€left.ÌÌà àDenise€walked€into€the€house€and€found€that€the€victim€had€been€broughtÏback€up€to€the€house€from€the€barn.€€Denise€stated€that€she€walked€into€theÏroom€where€the€victim€lay€nude€on€a€mattress.€€She€tried€to€wake€her€byÏ"nudging€her€with€[her]€foot."€€She€stated€that€the€victim€was€unresponsive€soÏshe€"started€smacking€her€in€the€face,€trying€to€get€her€to€awake."€€She€statedÏthat€the€victim€starting€"coming€to"€but€described€the€victim€as€"groggy."ÌÌà àAs€the€victim€regained€consciousness,€Denise€began€accusing€the€victimÏof€having€sex€with€her€husband,€Pat.€€The€victim€denied€her€allegations.€€DeniseÏstated€that€"right€then€[she€saw]€that€[the€victim]€was€not€aware€of€what€hadÏhappened."€€Denise€stated€that€she€hit€the€victim.€€She,€however,€described€theÏvictim€as€being€helpless€and€unable€to€defend€herself€"so€[Denise]€stepped€outÏof€the€way."ÌÌà àDenise€then€described€the€victim's€murder.€€She€stated€that€Pat€walked€inÏfrom€the€back€of€the€house.€€He€was€carrying€a€big€stick€or€ax€handle.€€SheÏstated€that€Pat€told€her€to€use€the€stick€on€the€victim.€€Denise€responded,€"Pat,Ïlook€at€her.€€I€don't€need€that."€€Pat€then€said,€"Well,€I'll€do€it€for€you."ÌÌà àDenise€testified€that€Pat€began€the€assault€by€striking€the€victim€on€top€ofÏthe€head€with€the€ax€handle.€€She€stated€that€she€saw€blood€on€both€the€victimÏand€the€weapon.€€She€stated€that€Pat€then€hit€her€a€second€time.€€The€victim€fellÏto€her€knees.€€Denise€testified€that€she€told€Pat€to€"please€stop€before€you€hurtÏher€really€bad."€€However,€as€the€victim€was€attempting€to€rise,€Pat€struck€herÏagain.€€She€believed€that€the€third€blow€was€to€the€victim's€side.€€She€stated€thatÏthe€blow€to€the€side€"flung€[the€victim]€across€the€room."€€She€estimated€that€PatÏadministered€nine€to€twelve€blows€to€the€victim.× ƒ? ××  ×ÌÌà àAfter€Pat€ceased€striking€the€victim€with€the€ax€handle,€he€began€havingÏsexual€intercourse€with€her.€€Denise€stated€that€he€raped€the€victim€vaginallyÏand€anally.€€While€raping€the€victim€vaginally,€"Pat€made€the€statement€to€PeteÏthat€[the€victim]€was€peeing€.€.€.€like€it€was€something€really€funny€to€him."€ÏDenise€further€testified€that€while€Pat€was€anally€raping€the€victim,€the€victimÏbegan€losing€her€bowel€on€him€about€which€Pat€also€commented.€€AfterÏclimaxing,€Pat€offered€the€victim€to€Pete.€€Denise€stated€that€Pete€"turned€itÏdown."€€She€then€testified€that€she€told€Pat€he€"ought€to€get€cleaned€up€beforeÏsomeone€were€to€come€up,€and€you€know,€catch€[him]€like€this.€.€.€.€€[H]e€hadÏblood€and€her€bowel€movement€all€over€him."ÌÌà àPat€went€to€the€bathroom€to€take€a€bath€and€Denise€followed.€€DeniseÏtestified€that,€while€Pat€was€bathing,€Pete€entered€the€bathroom€carrying€a€.22Ïcaliber€revolver.€€Pete€"said€[he€was]€going€to€put€[the€victim]€out€of€her€misery."€ÏShe€stated€that€Pete€walked€into€the€room€where€the€victim€lay€unconscious.€ÏDenise€then€heard€two€shots.€€She€stated€that€Pete€returned€to€the€bathroomÏand€removed€two€spent€cartridges€from€the€gun.€€Denise€then€walked€into€theÏroom€where€the€victim€lay.€€She€looked€down€at€the€victim€and€saw€two€gunshotÏwounds€in€the€victim's€head,€one€to€the€"[r]ight€temple€and€one€between€herÏeyes."€€Denise€also€testified€that€she€saw€movement€in€the€victim's€bodyÏfollowing€the€gunshot€wounds.ÌÌà àDenise€stated€that€Pete€left€the€house€and€came€back€with€some€largeÏtrash€bags.€€She€stated€that€Pete€began€bagging€the€victim's€body€with€lime€inÏthe€large€trash€bags.€€Then€they€began€cleaning€blood€splatterings€from€theÏwalls,€floor,€and€ceiling.€€They€gathered€the€mattress,€cushion,€carpeting,€couch,Ïchair,€victim's€clothes,€and€other€items€covered€with€the€victim's€blood.€€TheseÏitems€were€burned€in€a€backyard€pit.€€Later€the€ax€handle€was€also€burned.ÌÌà àThe€victim's€body€was€loaded€onto€a€trailer€in€tow€by€a€three„wheeler.€ÏThey€took€the€victim's€body€to€a€secluded€area.€€Denise€testified€that€they€stuffedÏthe€victim's€body€head€first€into€a€55„gallon€drum.€€She€also€stated€that€theyÏplaced€rubber€matting€inside€the€barrel€to€increase€the€fire's€temperature.€€SheÏtestified€that€the€appellants€used€a€hammer€and€nails€to€perforate€the€bottom€ofÍthe€barrel€to€increase€air€flow.€€They€poured€kerosene€on€the€victim€"and€just€setÏa€fire."€€She€stated€that€after€the€fire€was€set,€they€sat€"there€and€.€.€.€watched€herÏflesh€burn€off€the€bones€of€her€feet."€€Later,€they€went€out€to€eat.ÌÌà àAfter€eating,€they€returned€to€the€location€of€the€victim's€burning€body.€ÏDenise€stated€that€the€victim€was€then€dumped€from€the€barrel.€€DeniseÏdescribed€the€victim€as€follows:ÌÌÓÓà8 àher€legs€were€burnt€up€past€her€knees,€and€her€whole€body€was€juÏ„„€it€just€looked€like€her€f[l]esh€was€all€wrinkled,€and€you€could€stillÏsee€that€her€head€had€some€hair.ÌÌÌÓÓBecause€the€victim€was€not€burning€fast€enough,€they€left€the€victim€out€of€theÏbarrel€so€"it€could€get€more€air€to€burn€a€little€bigger€fire."€€Denise€testified€thatÏthey€continually€added€wood€and€rubber€to€the€fire.€€She€stated€that€they€burnedÏthe€victim€from€Friday€night€until€Sunday€afternoon.€€She€further€stated€that€PatÏused€a€shovel€to€chop€"up€little€sections"€and€crush€"bones€that€had€alreadyÏburned."€€She€stated€that€by€Sunday€afternoon,€the€victim€was€"completelyÏburned€up."€€She€stated€that€there€were€"just€some€round€piece[s]€of€bone"€andÏ"chunks€of€bone"€that€Pat€"would€just€smack€down€with€a€shovel."ÌÌà àDenise€stated€they€shoveled€the€victim's€ashes,€more€lime,€and€topsoilÏfrom€the€fire€pit€into€the€drum.€€The€drum€was€loaded€onto€their€truck€andÍtransported€to€the€Elk€River.€€Pat€then€disposed€of€the€victim's€cremated€remainsÏby€pouring€the€mixture€of€ashes,€lime,€and€topsoil€from€the€barrel€into€the€river.ÌÌà àDwayne€Howell€testified.€€He€stated€that€a€few€days€after€the€May€30,Ï1986€party,€Pat€and€Denise€Bondurant€stopped€by€his€house.€€He€testified€thatÏPat€had€"wanted€to€know€if€anybody€had€come€around€asking€any€questions."€ÏHowell€responded€that€he€"didn't€know€what€[Pat]€was€talking€about."€€HeÏtestified€that€Pat€then€responded€"well,€if€[you]€know€what's€good€for€[you],€ifÏanybody€comes€over€asking,€questions,€[you]€don't€know€anything."× ƒ@ ××  ×ÌÌà àGary€Hardin€testified€that€he€saw€Pete€shortly€after€the€May€30,€1986Ïparty.€€He€stated€that€Pete€said€"you€ain't€seen€nothing€up€there€that€night."€ÏHardin€further€testified€that€approximately€one€year€later,€Pete€approached€himÏand€said€"like€I€said,€you€ain't€seen€nothing,€and€they€ain't€got€a€case€without€aÏbody."ÌÌà àInvestigator€Coleman€testified.€€He€stated€that€in€1990,€they€excavated€aÏpit€in€the€appellants'€backyard.€€There€he€discovered€a€partially€burned€high€topÍtennis€shoe.€€He€stated€that€a€pink€diaper€pin€was€attached€to€the€shoe.€ÏInvestigators€also€found€springs,€remnants€of€carpet,€and€other€householdÏmaterials€in€the€pit.ÌÌà àPatricia€Howell€Love€testified.€€She€stated€that€she€was€familiar€with€aÏpeculiarity€of€the€victim's€mode€of€dress.€€She€stated€that€the€victim€always€woreÏeither€a€pink€or€blue€baby's€diaper€pin€attached€to€her€high€top€tennis€shoes.€ÏShe€also€testified€that€Pete€Bondurant€said€the€victim€"wouldn't€be€back"€andÏ"[y]ou€can't€make€a€case€without€a€body."€€She€further€stated€that€"Pete€made€theÏstatement€that€he€could€get€out€of€it,€because€he€was€crazy."ÌÌà àMs.€Love's€testimony€also€revealed€that€she€was€commonly€addressedÏby€the€childhood€nickname,€"Snow."€€Pete,€however,€referred€to€her€as€"his€littleÏ'Snowby.'€"€€She€testified€that,€following€the€victim's€death,€Pete€carried€aroundÏtwo€.22€caliber€shells€that€he€referred€to€as€"Gwenbys."× ƒA ××  ×€€She€stated€that€"[h]eÏwould€roll€[the€'Gwenbys']€in€his€hand€like€dice,€or€he€would€put€them€on€theÏtable€and€play€with€them€like€a€shell€game."× ƒB ××  ×ÌÌà àInmate€Billy€Dwayne€Golden€testified.€€He€stated€that€while€he€and€theÏappellant,€Pete€Bondurant,€were€in€jail,€Pete€spoke€with€him€regarding€theÏvictim's€death.€€Mr.€Golden€stated€that€Pete€told€him€"they€would€never€convictÏhim€of€murder€when€there€wasn't€[sic]€no€body,€and€he€took€care€of€the€body.€ÏHe€burned€it€in€a€fifty€or€hundred€gallon€barrel€feed€drum.€€He€had€properlyÏdisposed€of€the€remains.€.€.€.€€He€told€me€that€he€took€care€of€that€bitch€[theÏvictim]."€€Mr.€Golden€also€testified€that€Pete€told€him€that€he€and€Pat€would€"pin"Ïthe€murder€on€Denise€Bondurant.€€Mr.€Golden€further€testified€that€he€overheardÏPete,€in€a€phone€conversation,€say€"not€to€do€anything€to€Denise,€right€now.€€HeÏsaid,€they€couldn't€handle€another€stiff€on€their€hands.€€The€T.B.I.€agent€wouldÏfreak."ÌÌÓ  Óò òòòMOTION€FOR€A€NEW€TRIALóóó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àThe€appellant,€Pat€Bondurant,€was€convicted€by€a€jury€on€March€30,Ï1991.€€He€was€sentenced€on€May€18,€1991.€€He€filed€his€Motion€For€A€New€TrialÏon€June€18,€1991.€€The€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.,€Rule€33(b),€however,€mandated€thatÏhis€Motion€for€New€Trial€be€filed€on€or€before€June€17,€1991.€€Accordingly,€all€ofÏPat€Bondurant's€issues€have€been€waived€other€than€his€sufficiency€of€theÏevidence€challenge.ÌÌà àPursuant€to€Rule€52(b),€however,€we€can€review€for€"plain€error."€€Tenn.ÏR.€Crim.€P.,€Rule€52(b).€€The€"plain€error"€rule€provides:ÌÌÓÓà8 àAn€error€which€has€affected€the€substantial€rights€of€an€accusedÏmay€be€noticed€at€any€time,€even€though€not€raised€in€the€motionÏfor€a€new€trial€.€.€.ÌÌÓÓòòÌIdóó.€€It€is€within€our€sound€discretion€whether€a€waived€issue€is€properlyÏreviewable€under€Rule€52(b).€€òòState€v.€Adkissonóó,€899€S.W.2d€626,€639€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1994).ÌÌà àPrior€to€invoking€a€Rule€52(b)€review,€we€must€find€error€that€rises€to€anÏ"obvious"€or€"clear"€deprivation€of€a€"substantial€right."€€òòIdóó.€€A€"substantial€right"€isÏdefined€as€a€right€of€"fundamental€proportions€in€the€indictment€process,€a€rightÏto€the€proof€of€every€element€of€the€offense,€and€is€constitutional€in€nature."€€òòIdóó.€ÏAccordingly,€"plain€error"€is€more€than€merely€a€"conspicuous"€error.€€òòIdóó.€€TheÏerror€must€be€"an€especially€.€.€.€egregious€error€that€strikes€at€'the€fairness,Ïintegrity€or€public€reputation€of€judicial€œproceedings.'"›€€òòIdóó.ÌÌà àIn€determining€whether€an€error€is€properly€reviewable€under€Rule€52(b),Ïwe€must€find€that:ÌÌÓÓà8 à1.€€The€record€clearly€established€what€occurred€in€the€trial€court;ÌÌà8 à2.€€A€clear€and€unequivocal€rule€of€law€has€been€breached;ÌÌà8 à3.€€A€substantial€right€of€the€accused€has€been€adversely€affected;ÌÌà8 à4.€€The€accused€did€not€waive€the€issue€for€tactical€reasons;€andÌÌÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÓ` ¸ ä pÓà8 à5.€€Consideration€of€the€error€is€"necessary€to€do€substantial€à àà àjustice."ÌÌÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÓÓòòÌIdóó.€at€641„42.€€We€are€mindful€that€our€invocation€of€Rule€52(b)€should€beÏ"sparingly"× ƒC ××  ×€when€waiver€results€from€procedural€defaults.€€òòIdóó.€at€641;€òòseeóóÏòòUnited€States€v.€Youngóó,€470€U.S.€1,€16€(1985)€(holding€that€"[r]eviewing€courtsÏare€not€to€use€the€plain€error€doctrine€to€consider€trial€court€errors€not€meritingÏappellate€review€absent€timely€objection.").ÌÌà àWe€have€reviewed€Pat€Bondurant's€remaining€waived€issues.€€We€do€notÏfind€that€clear€and€unequivocal€rules€of€law€have€been€breached.€€Accordingly,ÏPat€Bondurant's€waived€issues€do€not€satisfy€the€criteria€for€invoking€a€RuleÏ52(b)€review.€€We€will€address,€however,€Pat€Bondurant's€assignment€that€theÏevidence€was€insufficient€to€sustain€his€conviction.Ìœ›ÌÓ  Óò òòòSUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEóóó óÌÌÓ  Óà àCollectively,€the€appellants€aver€that:€€(1)€€Denise€Bondurant€was€anÏaccomplice,€and€(2)€€her€testimony€as€an€accomplice€was€insufficientlyÏcorroborated.€€Individually,€the€appellant€Pete€Bondurant€assigns€error€in€theÍtrial€court's€denial€of€his€Motion€for€Acquittal€premised€on€the€state's€allegedÏfailure€to€sufficiently€establish€the€òòcorpusóó€òòdelictióó.ÌÌÓ  Óò òCORROBORATION€OF€ACCOMPLICE€TESTIMONYó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àA€criminal€conviction€cannot€be€based€solely€upon€the€uncorroboratedÏtestimony€of€an€accomplice.€€òòSherrill€v.€Stateóó,€321€S.W.2d€811,€814€(Tenn.Ï1959).€€An€accomplice€is€one€"who€knowingly,€voluntarily,€and€with€commonÏintent€with€the€principal€offender€unites€in€the€commission€of€a€crime."€€òòClapp€v.ÏStateóó,€30€S.W.€214,€217€(1895);€òòConner€v.€Stateóó,€531€S.W.2d€119€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€1975).€€If€there€exist€disputed€issues€of€fact€as€to€whether€a€witness€is€anÏaccomplice,€resolution€of€the€issue€is€within€the€exclusive€purview€of€the€jury.€ÏòòIdóó.;€òòAbbott€v.€Stateóó,€508€S.W.2d€801€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1974).ÌÌà àCorroborative€evidence€may€be€direct€or€circumstantial.€€òòMcKinney€v.ÏStateóó,€552€S.W.2d€787€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1977).€€Corroborative€evidence€needÏneither€be€sufficient,€standing€alone,€to€support€a€conviction€nor€extend€to€everyÏfacet€of€the€accomplice's€testimony.€€òòState€v.€Copelandóó,€677€S.W.2d€471,€475Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984);€òòState€v.€Greenóó,€___€S.W.2d€___,€No.€€03C01„9501„CR„00011€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Aug.€23,€1995).€€"Slight€circumstances€mayÏsuffice."€€òòCopelandóó,€677€S.W.2d€at€475.€€Therefore,€an€accomplice's€testimony€isÏsufficiently€corroborated€"[i]f€the€corroborating€evidence€fairly€and€legitimatelyÏtends€to€connect€the€accused€with€the€commission€of€the€crime€charged,"€œòòidóó.,›€inÍsuch€a€way€as€to€satisfy€the€jury€that€the€accomplice€is€telling€the€truth.€€òòSeeóóÏòòPeople€v.€Fauberóó,€831€P.2d€249,€273€(Cal.€1992).ÌÌà àThe€jury€determines€both€the€quantum€of€evidence€necessary€forÏcorroboration€and€whether€sufficient€corroboration€has€occurred.€€òòStanley€v.ÏStateóó,€222€S.W.2d€384€(Tenn.€1949);€òòClappóó,€30€S.W.€at€217.€€The€jury€may€takeÏinto€consideration€all€the€evidence€and€draw€whatever€reasonable€inferencesÏthat€may€exist€therefrom.€€òòCopelandóó,€677€S.W.2d€at€475.€€This€"Court€may€notÏsubstitute€its€judgment€or€inferences€for€those€of€the€jury."€€òòIdóó.€(citing€òòHawkins€v.ÏStateóó,€469€S.W.2d€515€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1971)).ÌÌà àIn€this€case,€a€disputed€issue€of€fact€existed€as€to€whether€DeniseÏBondurant€was€an€accomplice.€€The€issue€was€properly€submitted€to€the€juryÏwith€appropriate€accomplice€instructions.€€At€trial,€however,€the€appellants€failedÏto€request€a€special€verdict€as€to€whether€Ms.€Bondurant€was€found€to€be€anÏaccomplice.€€We€are€therefore,€unable€to€determine€how€the€issue€wasÏresolved.€€Regardless,€we€find€that€if€Ms.€Bondurant€was€an€accomplice,€herÏtestimony€was€adequately€corroborated.€€òòBethany€v.€Stateóó,€565€S.W.2d€900Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).ÌÌà àThe€jury€heard€testimony€from€non„accomplice€witnesses.€€From€thisÏevidence,€the€jury€could€have€drawn€the€inference€that€the€appellants€murderedÏthe€victim.€€òòSeeóó€òòGarton€v.€Stateóó,€332€S.W.2d€169€(Tenn.€1960).€€Patricia€LoveÍtestified€that€the€appellant€Pete€Bondurant€made€statements€inferring€that€theÏvictim€was€dead€and€her€body€had€been€destroyed.€€She€also€testified€that€PeteÏcarried€two€.22€caliber€shells€named€"Gwenbys."€€This€evidence€corroboratedÏDenise's€testimony€that€Pete€referred€to€two€.22€caliber€shells€as€"Gwenbys"Ïwhile€they€were€burning€the€victim's€body.€€Billy€Golden€testified€that€heÏoverheard€Pete€make€incriminating€statements€concerning€the€victim's€deathÏand€destruction€of€her€body.€€Human€blood€splatterings€were€found€on€two€wallsÏin€the€room€where€testimony€indicated€that€the€victim€was€murdered.€€Behind€theÏhouse,€burned€items€were€excavated€from€a€backyard€pit€that€corroboratedÏDenise's€testimony€of€the€appellants'€efforts€to€destroy€evidence.ÌÌà àA€jury€conviction,€approved€by€the€trial€judge,€resolves€all€conflicts€inÏfavor€of€the€state.€€òòState€v.€Hatchettóó,€560€S.W.2d€627,€630€(Tenn.€1978).€€OnÏappeal,€the€state€is€entitled€to€both€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidenceÏand€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€therefrom.€ÏòòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€The€weight€andÏcredibility€of€a€witness'€testimony€are€matters€entrusted€exclusively€to€the€jury€asÏthe€triers€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Sheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2d€542€(Tenn.€1984);€òòByrge€v.ÏStateóó,€575€S.W.2d€292€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).ÌÌà àUpon€listening€to€the€testimony€at€trial,€viewing€witness€demeanor,€andÏconsidering€the€testimony€in€light€of€all€the€facts€in€the€case,€the€jury€accreditedÏthe€state's€witnesses€and,€if€necessary,€found€adequate€corroboration.€ÍAssessing€witness€credibility€and€making€corroboration€determinations€areÏexclusively€the€purview€of€the€jury.€€òòState€v.€Banesóó,€874€S.W.2d€73,€78€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1993).€€We€will€not€reweigh€the€evidence.€€We€will€not€supplant€theÏjury's€inferences€with€those€of€our€own.€€Accordingly,€the€appellants€haveÏneither€demonstrated€that€the€trial€court€should€have€directed€a€verdict€ofÏacquittal€nor€shown€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient.€€This€issue€is€devoid€ofÏmerit.ÌÌÓ  Óò òCORPUS€DELICTIÌÓ  Óó óÌà àThe€appellant€Pete€Bondurant€argues€that€"there€is€no€proof€of€thereÏbeing€'a€deceased€person'€or€any€proof€of€the€deceased's€identity€as€required."€ÏHe€apparently€challenges€the€use€of€circumstantial€evidence€in€establishingÏòòcorpusóó€òòdelictióó€contending€"[n]o€inferences€can€be€made€from€circumstances€untilÏthe€òòcorpusóó€òòdelictióó€is€proven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt."€€We€find€his€argumentÏmisguided.ÌÌà àThe€òòcorpusóó€òòdelictióó€consists€of€two€elements:€€(1)€€the€death€of€a€humanÏbeing,€and€(2)€€a€criminal€agency€in€producing€that€death.€€òòState€v.€Driveróó,€634ÏS.W.2d€601€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981).€€The€state€must€prove€these€elementsÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòState€v.€Shepherdóó,€902€S.W.2d€895,€901€(Tenn.Ï1995).€€In€establishing€the€òòcorpusóó€òòdelictióó,€the€state€may€proffer€testimony€of€anÏeyewitness€to€the€act€or€rely€purely€on€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòBerry€v.€Stateóó,Í523€S.W.2d€371,€373€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1974).€€Regardless€of€the€state'sÏmethod,€the€evidence€must€show€that€death€or€disappearance€was€notÏoccasioned€by€accident,€suicide,€or€natural€causes.€€òòShepherdóó,€902€S.W.2d€atÏ901€(citing€òòDavis€v.€Stateóó,€445€S.W.2d€933,€936€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1969)).ÌÌà àThe€failure€to€recover€a€victim's€body€should€not€be€fatal€to€theÏprosecution€of€a€homicide.€€Requiring€a€body€would€afford€absolute€immunity€toÏdefendants€who€are€cunning€enough€to€destroy€the€body€or€otherwise€concealÏits€identity.€€In€òòPeople€v.€Mansonóó,€139€Cal.€Rptr.€275€(Cal.€Ct.€App.€1977),€theÏcourt€succinctly€stated:ÌÌÓÓà8 àThe€fact€that€a€murderer€may€successfully€dispose€of€the€body€ofÏthe€victim€does€not€entitle€him€to€acquittal.€€That€is€one€form€ofÏsuccess€for€which€society€has€no€reward.€€òòIdóó.€at€298.ÌÌÓÓÌÑ  ÑIn€addition€to€California,€a€plethora€of€states€have€upheld€homicide€convictions,Ïin€the€absence€of€a€victim's€body,€provided€that€the€evidence€sufficientlyÏÔ  Ôestablished€the€òòcorpusóó€òòdelictióó.œ× ƒD ××  ×›€€The€state€may€establish€òòcorpusóó€òòdelictióóÍÔ  Ôcircumstantially€when€the€destruction€or€disappearance€of€a€body€has€occurred.€ÏòòBerryóó,€523€S.W.2d€at€373.ÌÌà àIn€the€present€case,€the€victim€was€last€seen€with€the€appellants€at€theirÏresidence€on€May€30,€1986.€€At€the€time€of€the€appellants'€trial,€the€victim€hadÏneither€been€seen€nor€heard€from€for€approximately€five€years.€€We€find€that€theÏlength€of€the€victim's€absence€and€her€failure€to€communicate€with€either€familyÏor€friends€gave€rise€to€an€inference€that€the€victim€was€no€longer€alive.ÌÌà àIn€establishing€that€the€victim€died€as€the€result€of€a€criminal€agency,€theÏstate€showed:€€that€a€burned€tennis€shoe€with€an€attached€pink€diaper€pin€wasÏfound€in€the€appellant's€backyard;€that€the€victim€wore€tennis€shoes€with€a€pinkÏor€blue€baby€pin€attached€to€them;× ƒE ××  ×€€that€human€blood€splatterings€were€foundÏon€the€walls€of€a€room€in€the€appellants'€house€where€the€victim's€beating€hadÏoccurred;€and€that€burned€carpet€and€household€items€were€found€in€anÏexcavated€backyard€pit.€€Furthermore,€the€jury€heard€non„accomplice€testimonyÏindicating€that€the€appellants€killed€the€victim€and€destroyed€her€body.€€The€juryÍheard€evidence€that€the€appellant,€Pete€Bondurant,€had€nicknamed€two€spentÏ.22€caliber€shell€casings€"Gwenbys."€€Accordingly,€we€find€sufficient€proof€toÏestablish€that€the€victim€died€as€the€result€of€a€criminal€agency.ÌÌÓ  Óò òòòDENIAL€OF€SEVERANCEÌóóó óÔ  ÔÌÓ  Óà àThe€appellant,€Pete€Bondurant,€next€assigns€error€in€the€trial€court'sÏrefusal€to€grant€a€severance.€€He€argues€that€prejudicial€evidence€of€PatÏÔ  ÔÔ  ÔBondurant's€activities€was€improperly€considered€adversely€to€him€as€the€result€ÌÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ  Ôof€consolidation.€€We€disagree.Ô  ÔÌÌà àJoinder€is€permissible€when€each€defendant€"is€charged€withÏaccountability€for€each€offense€included."€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.,€Rule€œ8(c)(I).›€€A€trialÏjudge€may,€however,€grant€a€severance€prior€to€trial€if€"it€is€deemed€appropriateÏto€promote€a€fair€determination€of€the€guilt€or€innocence€of€one€or€moreÏdefendants."€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.,€Rule€œ14(c)(2)(i).›€€Whether€to€grant€severance€isÏwithin€the€trial€judge's€sound€discretion.€€The€exercise€of€that€discretion€will€notÏbe€reversed€absent€an€affirmative€showing€of€prejudice.ÌÌà àWhen€evidence€implicates€one€defendant€in€a€multi„defendant€litigation,Ïthe€jury€should€be€instructed€accordingly€to€prevent€prejudice.€€òòState€v.€Kygeróó,Ï787€S.W.2d€13,€28€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1989).€€In€the€case€òòsubóó€òòjudiceóó,€the€jury€wasÏinstructed€as€follows:ÌÌÓÓà8 àYou€should€give€separate€consideration€to€each€defendant.€€EachÏis€entitled€to€have€his€case€decided€on€the€evidence€and€the€lawÏwhich€is€applicable€to€that€particular€defendant.€€Any€evidenceÏwhich€was€limited€to€a€particular€defendant€should€not€beÏconsidered€by€you€as€to€any€other€defendant.€€You€can€acquit€bothÏor€convict€both,€or€you€can€acquit€one€and€convict€the€other.€€If€youÏcannot€agree€upon€a€verdict€as€to€one€of€them,€you€must€render€aÏverdict€as€to€the€one€upon€which€you€agree.ÌÌÌÓÓThe€jury€is€presumed€to€have€followed€these€instructions.€€òòState€v.€Newsomeóó,Ï744€S.W.2d€911,€915€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).ÌÌà àWe€find€that€the€appellant€has€failed€to€demonstrate€that€the€juryÏdisregarded€their€instructions.€€Accordingly,€the€appellant€has€not€shownÏprejudice.€€Absent€a€showing€of€prejudice,€we€will€not€disturb€the€trial€judge'sÏexercise€of€discretion€in€refusing€to€grant€a€severance.€€This€issue€is€devoid€ofÏmerit.Ìœ›ÌÓ  Óò òòòEVIDENCE€OF€NON„CONSENSUAL€SEXUAL€ACTSóóó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àThe€appellant,€Pete€Bondurant's,€third€assignment€of€error€is€theÏadmission€of€testimony€that€Pat€had€unconsensual€sexual€intercourse€with€theÏvictim€after€she€was€beaten€unconscious.€€The€appellant€maintains€that€theÏevidence€was€irrelevant.€€In€the€alternative,€he€argues,€if€relevant,€the€prejudicialÏimpact€of€this€testimony€far€outweighed€its€probative€value.€€In€support€of€hisÏcontention,€he€cites€Tenn.€R.€Evid.,€Rule€404(b).ÌÌà àAs€a€general€rule,€evidence€of€uncharged€crimes€is€inadmissible€to€showÏthe€accused's€propensity€to€commit€the€crime€charged.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.,€RuleÏ404(b).€€This€general€rule€is€subject€to€exceptions.€€Evidence€of€other€crimesÏmay€be€admissible€if€tending€to€establish€an€accused's€guilt€of€the€crimeÏcharged.€€In€establishing€guilt,€other€crime€evidence€may€be€admissible€to€show:€Ï(1)€€motive,€(2)€€intent,€(3)€€absence€of€mistake€or€accident,€(4)€a€commonÏscheme€or€plan€for€commission€of€two€or€more€related€crimes,€and€(5)€€identity.€ÏòòClairborne€v.€Stateóó,€555€S.W.2d€414,€417€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1977);€òòEllison€v.ÏStateóó,€549€S.W.2d€691,€695€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1976).ÌÌà àIn€this€case,€both€of€the€appellants€were€aiding€and€abetting€each€other€inÏtheir€individual€endeavors.€€Only€by€fortuitous€circumstances€were€neither€PatÏBondurant€charged€with€rape€nor€Pete€Bondurant€charged€as€an€aider€andÏœabettor›€to€rape.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Brobeckóó,€751€S.W.2d€828€(Tenn.€1988)€(holdingÏthat€death€preceding€penetration€did€not€negate€commission€of€aggravatedÏrape).€€During€argument€on€the€motion€in€limine,€the€state€argued€that€evidenceÏof€the€uncharged€rape€provided€motive€for€homicide.ÌÌà àWe€find€introduction€of€the€uncharged€conduct€was€permissible€under€theÏsingle€transaction€rule€as€it€constituted€part€of€the€òòresóó€òògestaeóó.€€The€singleÏtransaction€rule€permits€admissibility€of€all€activities€occurring€within€a€òòresóóÏòògestaeóó.€€òòCoffman€v.€Stateóó,€466€S.W.2d€241,€245€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1970).€€òòResóóÍòògestaeóó€is€the€complete€criminal€transaction€from€the€starting€point€of€the€act€untilÏthe€end€is€reached.€€òòRandolph€v.€Stateóó,€570€S.W.2d€869€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ïœ1978).›€€What€constitutes€the€òòresóó€òògestaeóó€depends€"wholly€upon€the€character€ofÏthe€crime€and€the€circumstances€of€the€case."€€òòIdóó.€€Facts€may€be€part€of€the€òòresóóÏòògestaeóó€when€they€are€so€interwoven€with€the€principle€facts€at€issue€that€theyÏcannot€be€separated€without€depriving€the€jury€of€necessary€proof€in€reaching€aÏverdict.€€òòEllisonóó,€549€S.W.2d€at€696.€€If€there€is€doubt€as€to€what€constitutes€òòresóóÏòògestaeóó,€it€is€a€question€for€the€jury.€òòRandolphóó,€570€S.W.2d€at€872.ÌÌà àFacts€occurring€within€the€òòresóó€òògestaeóó€are€relevant.€€òòEllisonóó,€549€S.W.2d€atÏ695.€€Accordingly,€evidence€of€an€uncharged€crime€may€be€admissible,€if€theÏuncharged€crime€isÌÌÓÓà8 àso€closely€related€to€the€crime€under€the€investigation€at€trial,€inÏpoint€of€time€and€place,€and€so€intimately€associated€with€it€thatÏthey€both€form€one€continuous€transaction€[or€òòresóó€œòògestaeóó].ÌÌ›€œòòIdóó.›€at€œ694.ÓÓ€€The›€rule€is€based€on€the€premise€"that€all€such€acts€are€admissibleÏas€necessary€parts€of€the€proof€of€the€entire€deed."€€òòIdóó.;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.ÏMcAfeeóó,€784€S.W.2d€930,€931€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1989)€(holding€that€events€andÏcircumstances€occurring€before,€during€and€after€killing€may€be€relevant€toÏissues€such€as€premeditation).ÌÌà àUpon€review,€we€find€that€the€following€acts€constituted€part€of€the€òòresóóÏòògestaeóó:€€(1)€€Pat€Bondurant's€act€of€beating€the€victim€to€the€point€ofÍunconsciousness,€(2)€Pat's€acts€of€vaginally€and€anally€raping€the€victim€afterÏshe€was€beaten,€(3)€Pete€Bondurant's€act€of€shooting€the€victim€twice€in€theÏhead€after€watching€Pat€beat€and€rape€her,€(4)€the€appellants'€combinedÏsubsequent€acts€of€destroying€the€victim's€remains€and€(5)€Pat's€act€of€pouringÏthe€victim's€cremated€remains€into€the€river.€€The€beating€signified€the€beginningÏpoint€of€the€appellants'€criminal€transaction€and€the€disposal€of€the€crematedÏremains€denoted€its€end.€€Accordingly,€testimony€of€activities€occurring€withinÏthese€points€was€properly€admissible€as€part€of€the€òòresóó€òògestaeóó.€€This€issue€isÏwithout€merit.ÌÌÓ  Óò òòòEVIDENCE€OF€THE€BODY'S€DESTRUCTIONóóó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àThe€appellant,€Pete€Bondurant's,€next€assignment€of€error€is€the€trialÏcourt's€admission€of€testimony€relating€to€the€destruction€of€the€victim's€body.€ÏHe€argues€that€the€evidence€was€either€irrelevant€or,€in€the€alternative,€itsÏprobative€value€was€outweighed€by€its€prejudicial€effect.€€We€disagree.ÌÌà àThe€jury€was€entitled€to€consider€evidence€that€the€victim's€body€hadÏbeen€destroyed.€€An€inference€of€guilt€may€be€drawn€from€the€concealment€orÏdestruction€of€the€body€of€the€deceased.€€òòCagle€v.€Stateóó,€507€S.W.2d€121,€129Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1973);€òòState€v.€Reddóó,€No.€03C01„9101„CR„0007€(Tenn.€CrimÏApp.€July€25.,€1991).€€As€previously€noted,€the€destruction€of€the€victim's€bodyÏoccurred€within€the€òòresóó€òògestaeóó.€€Facts€occurring€within€the€res€gestae€areÍrelevant.€€òòEllisonóó,€549€S.W.2d€at€695.€€Furthermore,€the€evidence€wasÏnecessary€in€establishing€òòcorpusóó€òòdelictióó€and€explaining€to€the€jury€the€absenceÏof€a€body.€€The€issue€is€meritless.ÌÌÓ  Óò òòòEVIDENCE€OF€DRUG€ACTIVITIESóóó óÌÌÓ  Óà àThe€appellant,€Pete€Bondurant,€next€argues€that€the€prosecutionÏintentionally€elicited€inadmissible€testimony€that€the€appellants€were€drugÏdealers.€€He€argues€that€the€evidence€was€irrelevant€and€prejudicial.€€He€furtherÏargues€that€"introduction€of€said€evidence€is€nothing€more€than€an€attempt€toÏÔ  Ôpaint€the€defendant€as€one€with€evil€propensity,€a€drug€dealer."€€IntertwinedÏÔ  Ôwithin€this€assignment€of€error€is€an€allegation€of€prosecutorial€misconduct.ÌÌà àOn€direct€examination€of€Denise€Bondurant,€the€following€colloquy€tookÏplace:ÌÌÓÓà8 àQ.€€Who€was€the€first€person€who€came€there€that€night€that€wasÏnot€a€member€of€the€household,€that€didn't€live€there?€€Do€youÏrecall?ÌÌà8 àA.€€I€believe€it€was€Dwayne€Howell€and€Gary€Hardin€cameÏtogether.ÌÌà8 àQ.€€And€were€they€regular€visitors€at€your€house?ÌÌà8 àA.€€Yes,€sir.ÌÌÒ 4 ÒÒ X Òà8 àQ.€€Do€you€know€for€what€purpose€they€usually€came€to€your€house?ÌÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÌà8 àA.€€Probably€to€purchase€drugs€and€„„ÌÌÓÓÌAt€that€point,€appellant's€counsel€objected€and€a€jury„out€hearing€was€held.€ÏDuring€the€jury€out€hearing,€the€prosecutor€maintained€that€he€did€not€expectÏnor€deliberately€elicit€the€response€to€that€question.€€He€stated€that€heÏanticipated€"it€would€come€later,€and€that€we€would€stop."ÌÌà àWhen€prosecutorial€misconduct€is€alleged,€the€appellant€must€show€thatÏthe€improper€conduct€detrimentally€affected€the€jury's€verdict.€€òòHarrington€v.ÏStateóó,€385€S.W.2d€758,€759€(Tenn.€1965).€€In€reviewing€the€allegation€ofÏimproper€conduct,€we€consider:€€(1)€€the€intent€of€the€prosecutor,€(2)€€the€curativeÏÔ  Ômeasures€which€were€undertaken€by€the€court,€(3)€€the€improper€conductÏviewed€in€the€context€and€in€light€of€the€facts€and€circumstances€of€the€case,€(4)€Ïthe€cumulative€effect€of€the€remarks€with€any€other€errors€in€the€record,€and€(5)€Ïthe€relative€strengths€or€weakness€of€the€case.€€òòJudge€v.€Stateóó,€539€S.W.2d€340,Ï344€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1976).€€Trial€judges€retain€broad€discretion€in€controllingÏcounsels'€conduct€occurring€within€their€courtrooms.€€We€will€not€interfere€withÏÔ  Ôtheir€discretion,€absent€a€showing€that€they€abused€their€discretion.€€òòSmith€v.ÏStateóó,€527€S.W.2d€737,€739€(Tenn.€1975).ÌÌà àWe€have€viewed€the€questioned€response€in€relation€to€the€record€as€aÏwhole€and€in€the€context€in€which€it€was€made.€€The€appellant€has€not€shownÏnor€can€we€say€that€the€state€specifically€and€intentionally€elicited€informationÍthat€either€of€the€appellants€were€involved€in€drug€trafficking.€€Moreover,€we€areÏnot€convinced€that€the€statement€affected€the€jury's€verdict€to€the€appellant'sÏdetriment.€€Although€implied,€the€witness€did€not€specify€that€the€appellantsÏwere€in€fact€the€source€of€drugs.€€Either€Denise€or€Ricky€Franklin,€an€adultÏresident€at€the€appellant's€house,€could€have€been€the€source.€€Accordingly,€weÏfind€that€the€statement€was€harmless€error€and€that€the€state's€actions€did€notÏrise€to€a€level€of€prosecutorial€misconduct.€€This€issue€is€meritless.ÌÌÓ  Óòòò òTESTIMONY€THAT€DEFENDANT€HAD€KILLED€BEFOREó óóóÌÓ  ÓÌà àThe€appellant,€Pete€Bondurant,€challenges€the€admission€of€hisÏstatement€that€"he€was€crazy;€that€he€had€killed€once;€he'd€kill€again."€€HeÏargues€that€the€statement€logically€infers€that€he€had€a€prior€manslaughterÏconviction.€€He€further€argues€that€the€statement€was€irrelevant€and€highlyÏprejudicial.€€We€disagree.ÌÌà àThe€record€reflects€that€the€appellant€made€this€statement€when€Ken€andÏJack€Swanner€confronted€the€appellant€about€the€victim's€disappearance.ÓÓÌÌÌà8 àQ.€€What€happened€when€you€got€to€the€Thirty„One€Club?ÌÌà8 àA.€€We€got€off€the€bike.€€Jack€said,€where's€Gwen?€€I'm€her€bigÏbrother.€€And€Pete€started€backing€off.€€Said,€I€ain't€done€nothing.€ÏLeave€me€alone.€€I'm€crazy.ÌÌà8 àQ.€€Did€he€make€any€statements€„„€excuse€me.€€Continue.ÌÌà8 àA.€€I€remember€the€owner€came€out,€and€said,€y'all€break€it€up,€outÏthere.€€And€then€he€begin€backing€into€the€club€saying€he€wasÏcrazy;€that€he'd€killed€once;€he'd€kill€again.€€Like€he€was€scared€ofÏus.ÌÌÓÓà àThe€appellant's€statement€was€made€for€purposes€of€intimidation.€€As€aÏstatement€of€intimidation,€the€uttered€words€did€not€go€to€the€truth€of€the€matterÏasserted,€i.e.,€that€the€appellant€had€in€fact€killed€another€person€or€had€aÏprevious€conviction€for€an€unlawful€killing.€€The€jury€may€well€have€surmisedÏthat€the€appellant€lied€about€having€previously€killed€to€dissuade€a€possibleÏattack.€€Accordingly,€the€statement€did€not€establish€propensity€to€commitÏmurder.€€The€statement€merely€established€the€appellant's€propensity€to€useÏintimidating€phrases€such€as€"I'm€crazy"€or€"I'm€a€killer"€to€ward€off€possibleÏviolent€confrontations.× ƒF ××  ×€€Although,€probably€irrelevant,€we€find€that€the€error,€ifÏany,€in€allowing€the€testimony€was€harmless.ÌÌÓ  Óò òòòJURY€INSTRUCTIONSóóó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àIn€his€last€issue,€Pete€Bondurant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erredÏsubstantively€and€procedurally€when€instructing€the€jury.€€Substantively,€heÏassigns€that€the€trial€court€committed€reversible€error€when€instructing:ÌÌÓÓà8 à€€€€€€€€€Death€following€a€wound€from€which€death€might€ensue,Ïinflicted€with€the€intent€to€kill,€is€presumed€to€have€been€caused€byÍsuch€wound,€and€the€burden€of€proceeding€by€offer€of€proof€isÏupon€the€defendant€to€show€that€death€resulted€from€some€otherÏcause€not€attributable€to€the€defendant.€€However,€while€theÏburden€of€proceeding€may€shift,€the€burden€of€proof€never€shifts,Ïand€is€always€upon€the€State€to€prove,€beyond€a€reasonable,€thatÏthe€death€of€the€deceased€was€brought€about€by€the€unlawful€actÏof€the€defendant.× ƒG ××  ×ÌÌÌÌÌÓÓÌHe€maintains€that€use€of€the€word€presumption€unconstitutionally€shifted€theÏstate's€burden€of€proof.ÌÌà àFollowing€jury€deliberation,€the€jury€returned€and€requested€clarificationsÏwhich€included€a€request€for€interpretation€on€the€objected„to€portion€of€theÏinstruction.€€The€trial€judge's€supplemental€charge€included€the€following:ÌÌÓÓà8 à€€€€€€€And€the€last€paragraph€means€to€me€„„€it€certainly€doesn'tÏmean€that€the€burden€of€proof€has€shifted€from€the€State€to€theÏdefendant.€€The€burden€of€proof€never€shifts.€€It€stays€with€the€StateÏthroughout€the€trial€of€the€case.ÌÌà8 à€€€€€€€This€means€that€if€death€follows€a€wound€that's€inflicted€withÏintent€to€kill,€it's€presumed€œthat€that›€death€was€caused€by€thatÏwound,€and€the€burden€of€proceeding;€that€is,€if€the€defendantÏwants€to€show€that€the€death€resulted€from€some€other€cause€thatÏcould€not€be€attributable€to€that€person.€€It€is€not€the€burden€ofÏproof.€€It's€the€burden€of€proceeding€with€that€proof€if€they€soÍdesired.ÌÌà8 à€€€€€€€And€of€course,€the€last€sentence€just€simply€says€that€theÏburden€of€proof€never€shifts€from€the€State.€€It€always€stays€with€theÏState€of€Tennessee.€€They€must€prove,€beyond€a€reasonableÏdoubt,€the€defendant's€guilt.ÓÓÌÌProcedurally,€the€appellant€assigns€that€the€trial€court€committed€prejudicialÏerror€when€providing€this€supplemental€interpretation.€€In€support€of€hisÏcontention,€he€argues:€€(1)€€that€the€trial€court€erred€when€providing€theÏinterpretation€without€the€presence€of€all€counsel;€(2)€€that€the€trial€court€erred€byÏfailing€to€admonish€the€jury€not€to€place€undue€emphasis€on€the€interpretation;Ïand€(3)€€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€reducing€the€oral€interpretation€to€writing.ÌÌÓ  ÓòòCONSTITUTIONALITY€OF€THE€INSTRUCTIONóóÌÓ  ÓÌà àIn€determining€whether€a€jury€instruction€is€constitutional,€we€mustÏascertain€whether€the€challenged€charge€created€a€mandatory€presumption€or€aÏpermissive€inference.€€òòœAdkins›€v.€Stateóó,€911€S.W.2d€334,€352€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1994).€€Mandatory€presumptions€violate€due€process€by€impermissibly€shiftingÏburdens€to€defendants.€€òòIdóó.€€Permissive€inferences,€however,€are€constitutional.€ÏòòIdóó.€€Permissive€inferences€merely€permit,€as€opposed€to€mandate,€juries€to€inferÏelemental€facts€from€proof€of€the€basic€facts.€€òòState€v.€œBolin›óó,€678€S.W.2d€40,€42Ï(Tenn.€1984).€€Although,€"inference"€rather€than€"presumption"€should€œbe€used›Ïwhen€instructing€the€jury,€we€must€examine€the€charge€in€the€overall€context€ofÍthe€entire€instruction.€€òòIdóó.ÌÌà àIn€the€case€sub€judice,€the€trial€judge€made€repeated€references€that€theÏstate€carried€the€burden€of€proof.€€The€trial€judge€further€noted,€in€both€theÏoriginal€charge€and€the€supplemental€charge,€that€the€state's€burden€of€proofÏnever€shifted.€€Therefore,€when€taken€in€the€overall€context,€the€trial€court's€useÏof€the€term€"presumption"€rather€than€"inference"€was€harmless€error.ÌÌÓ  ÓòòPROCEDURE€ON€SUPPLEMENTAL€INSTRUCTIONóóÌÓ  ÓÌà àThe€appellant€avers€that€the€trial€court€committed€error€procedurally€by:€Ï(1)€€providing€supplemental€charges€in€the€absence€of€co„defendant's€counsel;Ï(2)€€failing€to€admonish€the€jury€not€to€place€undue€emphasis€on€theÏsupplemental€charge;€and€(3)€€not€reducing€the€oral€supplemental€charge€toÏwriting.ÌÌà àWhen€answering€questions€propounded€by€a€jury€during€deliberations,Ïthe€trial€court€should€call€the€jury,€counsel,€the€defendant(s),€and€the€courtÏreporter€back€into€open€court.€€òòState€v.€Maysóó,€677€S.W.2d€476,€479€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€1984).€€The€matter€should€then€be€addressed€on€the€record.€€òòIdóó.€€TheÏsupplemental€instructions€should€be:€€(1)€€elicited€by€the€jury,€(2)€Ïcomprehensively€fair€to€all€parties,€and€(3)€€not€unduly€emphatic€upon€certainÏportions€of€the€law€to€the€exclusion€of€others€equally€applicable.€€òòBerry€v.ÍConoveróó,€673€S.W.2d€541,€545€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984).€€The€trial€court€is€toÏadmonish€the€jury€not€to€place€undue€emphasis€on€the€supplemental€charge.ÌÌÓ  ÓIÌÓ  ÓÌà àIn€the€case€sub€judice,€the€jury,€the€appellant's€counsel,€and€the€courtÏreporter€were€all€present€during€the€supplemental€charges.€€The€charges€wereÏmade€in€open€court€and€on€the€record.€€Although,€the€appellant€wasÏrepresented€by€counsel€during€supplemental€charges,€we€admonish€the€trialÏjudge€to€have€all€Ñ È Ñcounsel€present€when€providing€supplemental€charges.× ƒH ××  ×€ÏHowever,€because€Pete€Bondurant's€counsel€was€present,€he€has€suffered€noÏprejudice€as€the€result€of€the€trial€judge's€error.ÌÌÓ  ÓIIÌÓ  ÓÌà àThe€appellant€has€waived€complaint€of€the€trial€court's€failure€to€reduceÏthe€supplemental€charge€to€writing€by€his€failure€to€raise€a€timely€and€specificÏobjection.€€He€objected€to€the€content€of€the€supplemental€charge€and€to€œco„counselsðð›€absence€during€the€supplemental€charge.€€He€did€not,€however,Ïobject€to€the€trial€court's€failure€to€submit€the€supplemental€charge€to€the€jury€inÏwriting.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.,€Rule€36(a).ÌÌà àNotwithstanding€waiver,€we€find€this€issue€lacks€merit.€€The€Tenn.€R.ÏCrim.€P.,€Rule€30(c)€provides€that€in€felonies,€jury€instructions€shall€be€in€writingÏand€read€word€for€word€to€the€jury.€€Then€the€jury€is€to€take€possession€of€theÏwritten€instructions€for€reference€during€their€deliberations.€€òòIdóó.€€However,€unlikeÏthe€original€instructions,€juries€are€not€to€place€undue€emphasis€onÏsupplemental€charges.€€A€rule€requiring€that€supplemental€charges€be€reducedÏto€writing€and€given€to€the€jury€during€their€deliberations€merely€invites€juries€toÏplace€inappropriate€or€undue€emphasis€on€supplemental€charges.€ÏSupplemental€charges€should€merely€clarify€ambiguities€in€the€originalÏinstruction.€€Once€the€ambiguity€has€been€elucidated,€the€jury€should€then€returnÏto€deliberations€based€upon€the€original€instructions.€€Accordingly,€we€find€thatÏsupplemental€charges€or€instructions€merely€purporting€to€elucidate€a€previousÏinstruction,€such€as€these,€are€not€within€Rule€30(c)'s€written€requirement.€€TennÏR.€Crim.€P.,€Rule€30(c);€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Gormanóó,€628€S.W.2d€739€(Tenn.€1982).ÌÌÓ  ÓIIIÌÑ ° ÑÌÓ  Óà àThe€appellant's€last€subissue,€challenging€the€trial€court's€failure€toÏadmonish€the€jury,€is€devoid€of€merit.€€The€better€procedure€is€to€admonishÏjuries€not€to€place€undue€emphasis€upon€supplemental€instructions.€€WhetherÏthe€trial€court's€failure€to€admonish€constitutes€reversible€error€must€beÏdetermined€upon€examination€of€the€entire€record.€€òòState€v.€Chanceóó,€778ÏS.W.2d€457,€461€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1989);€òòState€v.€Forbesóó,€No.€€01C01„9410„CC„00338,€slip€op.€at€20€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Dec.€19,€1995).ÌÌà àInitially,€we€note€that€the€main€jury€charge€provided€instructions€sufficientÏto€forestall€the€problem€of€which€appellant€complains.€€The€main€charge€stated:ÌÌÓÓà8 àThe€order€in€which€the€instructions€are€given€is€no€indication€ofÏtheir€relative€importance,€and€you€should€not€single€out€one€orÏmore€of€them€to€the€exclusion€of€another€or€others,€but€you€shouldÏconsider€each€one€in€the€light€of€and€in€harmony€with€the€others.ÌÌÓÓÌThe€jury€was€presumed€to€have€followed€this€instruction.€€òòSeeóó€òòChanceóó,€778ÏS.W.2d€at€461.€€Next,€we€find€that€in€substance,€the€supplemental€chargeÏÔ  Ôcontained€language€favorable€to€the€appellant.€€In€the€supplemental€charge,€theÏtrial€court€incessantly€reiterated€that€the€state€always€carried€the€burden€of€proofÏÔ  Ôand€œthat€that›€burden€of€proof€never€shifted.€€Accordingly,€the€entire€recordÌÔ  Ôindicates€that€the€failure€to€admonish€did€not€affect€the€jury's€verdict€to€theÏÔ  Ôappellant's€detriment.ÌÌÓ  Óò òòòCONCLUSIONóóó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àBecause€we€find€that€the€appellant€Pat€Bondurant's€issues€are€eitherÏdevoid€of€merit€or€waived€and€the€appellant€Pete€Bondurant's€issues€are€withoutÏmerit,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is,€in€all€respects,€ò òÌÌAFFIRMEDó ó.ÌÌÓ` ¸ pÓÓÓà àà ààQ àà à______________________________Ìà àà ààQ àà àPAUL€G.€SUMMERS,€JudgeÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌÌ_______________________________ÌGARY€R.€WADE,€JudgeÌÌÌÌÌ_______________________________ÌJOSEPH€M.€œTIPTON›,€JudgeÌÌÌ