ÿWPCà ^…}Ѐœt··EìoÀµ#¶[ÅfÑ_ë˜ÖGt¤†6°ø‰j)%ßÛ}h¤àœ=_82ÆèÂŽºa®Æø\+¥9>H‡juF Â-ð2µFï¾X0Tý–ÜFØÓ5ô«Íï@µ‰2íôc-rêu‰#’¾3>î£FN¬"¤UíÚƒB?E޶°Þ¼u%ÄÏ—\âˆdAÑÙÒ%LW['øï±U`èJ)ÜÉð¨êÍð2M2ç×tH:åt«ß•à3'Ð!åÃTÆ…øB³™±üº#÷ŸjëJRa8P#(ÜÀrΫ»E°•gýo%rHÊ‚N]„ 4CÆÌ“èqª;žŸ‡ñA6AÚ6OR?\s¡|àþóí7-íoµY²ÁQg0Q­_ër“Kœk_F㥒ƒY¥˜…¼‡L޽€á•¸ï©¶Cý@zg’¦¡NŒ4ĵ/oˆêÛ½Y¦Ög`í ´à>x©±ò «W_êF6õþÙmiqžÔ¤mx’zh«:Ž}£Ôeçø4‹îã y3£}ÖF¶PІ0½$—ÁÕ‰äAAÄö1(C¿ªæiN@åÜjÄ)´‹^-Ò‡‰QZÜëƒ$;(Å6’ê`$¡ê"t¬XVËp˜Å&ºé`#Á@ % Æ 0„Í U,Q ^ } w‰ b 4• © ¸ mº 0SÑ 0D$ ßh zGNÁ‡ÃÃÃpJU:ºU:ôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôô AS. B 0Vž 0Vô 0DJJ D5Ž˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0XƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(\ëc$¡¡Ó  ÓÔ€Š ñˆˆŠÔÔ€Š ñˆˆŠ ñÔÔUSUS.,Ô,c½¬AZ‹Arial F4(L - ù-¬sp'Dœ) 0Ä¥3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ($2A£$¤¤Ý ƒëc!ÝÓ  ÓÔ€XÄvXXXÔÔ€Š?ˆXXÄvÔÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÑTR[ì AØ'ÿ LegalXà3Ø' Letter  AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€&¢²%ˆŠ?ÂÔà ` àÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú€€(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó ÕÝ ƒ A£$ÝÓ  ÓÔ€XÄvXXXÔÔ€Š?ˆXXÄvÔÔUSUS.,ÔÑT@R[ì AØ'ÿ LegalXà3Ø' Letter  AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€&¢²%ˆŠ?ÂÔà ` àÚ  Ú1Ú  Ú€€Ý  ÝÔ_Ô€In€his€statement,€the€appellant€informed€the€officer€that€he€entered€the€victimððsÐ `  Ðapartment€through€the€back€door€with€a€key.ò òó ó pÝ ƒ A£$ÝÓ  ÓÔ€XÄvXXXÔÔ€Š?ˆXXÄvÔÔUSUS.,ÔÑT@R[ì AØ'ÿ LegalXà3Ø' Letter  AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€&¢²%ˆŠ?ÂÔà ` àÚ  Ú2Ú  Ú€€Ý  ÝÔ_Ô€The€appellant€claimed€that€the€police€fabricated€portions€of€his€statement.€€ForÐ `  Ðexample,€he€testified€that€the€portion€of€his€statement€where€he€admitted€choking€his€wife€aÐ 2 Ò Ðsecond€time€was€put€into€the€statement€by€the€officers€without€his€knowledge€or€consent.€ò òó ó }Ý ƒ A£$ÝÓ  ÓÔ€XÄvXXXÔÔ€Š?ˆXXÄvÔÔUSUS.,ÔÑT@R[ì AØ'ÿ LegalXà3Ø' Letter  AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€&¢²%ˆŠ?ÂÔà ` àÚ  Ú3Ú  Ú€€Ý  ÝÔ_Ô€€Our€Supreme€Court€has€held€that€a€jury€instruction€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„Ð `  Ð201(b)€(1997)€is€not€unconstitutional€where€the€jury€is€instructed€that€the€parole€eligibilityÐ 2 Ò Ðinformation€is€ð ðfor€your€information€only.ðð€€òòState€v.€Kingóó,€973€S.W.2d€586€(Tenn.€1998).€ fÝ ƒ[½Ö"ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€XÄvXXXÔÔ€ŒiXXÄvÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€XÄvXŒiÔÐ  ÐÌDecember€27,€1999Ð ˜˜ ÐÌCecil€Ô_ÔCrowsonÔ_Ô,€Jr.Ð dd ÐAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAŠÔó ó,–ûyAZ‹"Arial Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular[\]_Eþÿ<<Cÿÿ d(.3½Ö$¢¢Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ý(.3½Ö$££Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óZZZZ)ÿÿ!dxdxÝ ƒëc!ÝÓ  ÓÔ€XÄvXXXÔÔ€Š?ˆXXÄvÔÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ` °ÑÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÑTR[ì AØ'ÿ LegalXà3Ø' Letter  AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ€ÑÑ8€ÄvXXdædÈ8ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÓ  Óò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÐ `  Ðßx€Y_B2.jz®`  `€€@ÿE ` ttx0<X ð Ž xßÌAT€JACKSONÐ P ð ÐÌAUGUST€SESSION,€1999Ð @ à ÐÌÌÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à À à)à  àC.C.A.€NO.W1999„01868„CCA„MR3„CDÐ (È Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)Ð  À Ðà ` àó óAppellee,à  àà h àà À àò ò)Ð ¸  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)Ð °  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àSHELBY€COUNTYÐ ¨  ÐVS.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àÐ    Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àHON.€L.T.€Ô_ÔLAFFERTYÔ_Ô,Ð ø˜  ÐMITCHELL€BOWERS,à h àà À à)à  àJUDGEÐ ð  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)Ð èˆ Ðà ` àó óAppellant.à  àà h àà À àò ò)à  à(First€Degree€Murder)Ð à€ ÐÌÌÓ  ÓON€APPEAL€FROM€THE€JUDGMENT€OF€THEÐ Èh ÐCRIMINAL€COURT€OF€SHELBY€COUNTYÐ À` ÐÌÌÓ  Óó óòòFOR€THE€APPELLANT:óóà h àà À àòòà  àFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:Ð ¨H ÐÌA.C.€WHARTONà  àà h àà À àà  àPAUL€G.€SUMMERSÐ ˜!8 ÐPublic€Defenderà  àà h àà À àà  àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÐ "0 Ðà ` àÌTONY€R.€Ô_ÔBRAYTONÔ_Ôà h àà À àà  àR.€STEPHEN€Ô_ÔJOBEÔ_ÔÐ €$  ÐAssistant€Public€Defenderà À àà  àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÐ x% Ð201€Poplar,€Suite€2„01à h àà À àà  à425€Fifth€Avenue€NorthÐ p& ÐMemphis,€TN€38103à h àà À àà  àNashville,€TN€37243Ð h' ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àWILLIAM€GIBBONSÐ X)ø! Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÐ P*ð " ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àRHEA€Ô_ÔCLIFTÔ_ÔÐ @,à"$ Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àROBERT€CARTERÐ 8-Ø#% Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAssistant€District€Attorneys€GeneralÐ 0.Ð$& Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àCriminal€Justice€Complex,€Suite€301Ð (/È%' Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à201€Poplar€AvenueÐ  0À&( Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àMemphis,€TN€38103Ð 1¸') ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÌÌÌOPINION€FILED€________________________Ð ð5,. ÐÌAFFIRMEDÐ à7€.0 ÐÌJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JUDGEÐ  Ð9p02¾ ÐÔ_ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡° Q°ˆŠ?ÂÔò òòòOPINIONóóó óÔ#†Š?ˆ°° Q#ÔÐ `  ÐÌÌÌÓ  ÓÓÓà ` àThe€appellant,€Mitchell€L.€Bowers,€was€convicted€by€a€Shelby€County€juryÐ ´ Ðof€one€(1)€count€of€premeditated€first€degree€murder€and€was€sentenced€to€lifeÐ ¤ Ðimprisonment.€€On€appeal,€he€contends€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€supportÐ ô” Ðhis€conviction€for€first€degree€murder€and€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€its€charge€toÐ ä„  Ðthe€jury€regarding€parole€eligibility.€€After€a€thorough€review€of€the€record€beforeÐ Ôt  Ðthis€Court,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ð Äd ÐÌà@FF,®àò òòòFACTSó óóóˆÐ ¤D Ðà ` àIn€the€fall€of€1996,€the€appellant€and€the€victim,€Teresa€Williams€Bowers,Ð ”4 Ðwere€married€but€living€apart.€€On€the€morning€of€October€14,€1996,€the€appellantÐ „$ Ðtelephoned€Betty€Williams,€the€victimððs€mother,€and€informed€her€that€he€hadÐ t! Ðkilled€her€daughter.€Ð d# ÐÌà ` àUpon€hearing€this€information,€the€victimððs€brother,€Jerome€Williams,€andÐ D'ä Ðher€sister,€Cassandra€Sykes,€went€to€the€victimððs€apartment.€€They€knocked€onÐ 4)Ô  Ðthe€door€to€her€apartment,€but€no€one€answered.€€Jerome€then€kicked€in€the€frontÐ $+Ä!" Ðdoor€and€walked€into€the€victimððs€bedroom.€€There€he€found€Teresa,€lying€faceÐ -´#$ Ðdown.€€She€had€a€rope€around€her€neck,€which€was€tied€in€a€ð ðhanging€knot.ðð€€TheÐ /¤%& Ðvictimððs€hands€were€tied€behind€her€back€and€her€feet€were€bound€as€well.€€TheÐ ô0”'( Ðvictim€was€wearing€a€jacket€which€was€fastened€backwards,€and€a€belt€wasÐ ä2„)* Ðsecured€around€the€victimððs€arms.€€A€sock€was€stuffed€into€the€victimððs€mouth€withÐ Ô4t+, Ðâ âa€scarf€tied€around€her€mouth€in€a€ð ðgag.ðð€Ð Ä6d-. Ðà ` àJerome€attempted€to€untie€the€ropes€from€the€victimððs€neck,€wrists€andÐ `  Ðâ âankles€but,€because€the€ropes€were€tied€too€tightly,€he€had€to€cut€them€from€theÐ P ð Ðvictimððs€body.€€Jerome€and€Cassandra€attempted€to€revive€their€sister,€but€TeresaÐ @ à Ðwas€already€dead.€Ð 0Ð ÐÌà ` àLater€that€morning,€the€appellant€turned€himself€in€to€the€Memphis€PoliceÐ °  ÐDepartment.€€After€advising€the€appellant€of€his€constitutional€rights,€SergeantÐ    ÐRonald€Wilkinson€took€the€appellantððs€statement,€wherein€he€admitted€killing€hisÐ ð  Ðwife.€€The€appellant€stated€that€earlier€that€morning,€he€and€the€victim€had€gottenÐ à€ Ðinto€a€verbal€argument€at€her€apartment.€€The€argument€progressed€into€aÐ Ðp Ðphysical€altercation€when€the€appellant€and€the€victim€began€pushing€each€other.€Ð À` ÐDuring€the€scuffle,€the€appellant€grabbed€a€rope€from€the€victimððs€dresser,Ð °P Ðwrapped€it€around€the€victimððs€neck€and€began€choking€her.€€The€victim€fell€to€herÐ   @ Ðknees€and,€as€she€fell,€hit€her€head€on€the€dresser.€€The€appellant€loosened€theÐ "0 Ðrope€from€around€the€victimððs€neck,€tied€her€hands€behind€her€back€and€gaggedÐ €$  Ðher€with€the€sock€and€scarf.€€The€appellant€then€choked€the€victim€again€until€sheÐ p& Ðstopped€breathing.€Ð `(  ÐÌà ` àThe€appellant€told€Sergeant€Wilkinson€that€he€did€not€intend€to€kill€his€wifeÐ @,à"$ Ðwhen€he€entered€her€apartment€that€morning.€€However,€he€acknowledged€thatÐ 0.Ð$& Ðafter€he€bound€and€gagged€the€victim€and€began€choking€her€for€the€second€time,Ð  0À&( Ðhe€intended€to€kill€her€because€he€had€ð ðbeen€through€so€much.ððÐ 2°(* ÐÌà ` àAt€trial,€the€state€presented€evidence€that€the€appellant€and€the€victim€hadÐ ð5,. Ða€tumultuous€relationship,€and€the€victim€had€filed€for€an€order€of€protectionÐ à7€.0 Ðagainst€the€appellant.€€The€hearing€date€for€the€order€of€protection€request€wasÐ Ð9p02 Ðset€for€October€30.€€Regarding€the€crime€scene,€the€state€presented€proof€that€theÐ `  Ðphones€in€the€bedroom€and€living€room€had€been€disconnected€from€the€wall,€aÐ P ð Ðtelephone€cord€was€found€underneath€the€victimððs€body€near€the€foot€of€the€bed,Ð @ à Ðand€the€window€on€the€back€door€was€broken.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р0Ð ÐÌà ` àDr.€O.C.€Smith,€a€forensic€pathologist,€performed€the€autopsy€on€theÐ °  Ðvictimððs€body.€€The€doctor€found€abrasions€and€bruising€on€the€sides€of€theÐ    Ðvictimððs€face€and€on€the€inside€of€her€lips.€€Dr.€Smith€also€found€some€bruising€onÐ ð  Ðthe€victimððs€tongue€and€ò òó óbleeding€into€the€whites€of€the€victimððs€eyes,€or€petechia,Ð à€ Ðwhich€is€consistent€with€strangulation.€€The€victim€had€scratches€underneath€herÐ Ðp Ðchin,€scrapes€and€bruising€on€her€neck,€as€well€as€a€ð ðpattern€grooveðð€around€theÐ À` Ðneck.€€The€doctor€further€found€evidence€of€heavy€bleeding€in€the€neck€musclesÐ °P Ðwhich€resulted€from€those€muscles€having€been€crushed.€€Dr.€Smith€testified€thatÐ   @ Ðhe€found€a€tear€to€the€right€tonsil€and€a€tear€to€the€back€wall€of€the€pharynx€whichÐ "0 Ðwould€be€consistent€with€an€object€being€forced€into€the€victimððs€mouth.€€On€theÐ €$  Ðback€of€the€victimððs€head,€the€doctor€found€six€(6)€areas€of€bruising€whichÐ p& Ðextended€down€through€the€skin€to€the€victimððs€skull.€€There€were€other€areas€ofÐ `(  Ðabrasions€and€bruising€on€the€victimððs€back,€the€back€of€her€right€wrist€and€herÐ P*ð " Ðright€knee.€€In€addition,€Dr.€Smith€found€ligature€marks€on€the€victimððs€wrists€andÐ @,à"$ Ðð ðline„likeðð€bruising€on€her€ankles.€€Dr.€Smith€concluded€that€the€cause€of€theÐ 0.Ð$& Ðvictimððs€death€was€suffocation€and€strangulation;€however,€the€doctor€could€notÐ  0À&( Ðdetermine€whether€the€suffocation€or€the€strangulation€occurred€first.€Ð 2°(* Ðâ âò òó óÐ 4 *, Ðà ` àThe€appellant€testified€in€his€own€behalf€at€trial.€€He€stated€that,€on€OctoberÐ `  Ðâ â14,€1996,€he€and€the€victim€had€been€married€for€approximately€two€(2)€months.€Ð P ð ÐTheir€relationship€was€ð ðstormy,ðð€and€the€victim€physically€attacked€him€onÐ @ à Ðnumerous€occasions.€€Although€he€testified€that€the€victim€had€stabbed€him,€spitÐ 0Ð Ðin€his€face,€hit€him€with€a€bottle€and€sprayed€him€with€mace,€the€appellant€deniedÐ  À Ðthat€he€ever€physically€abused€her.€Ð °  ÐÌà ` àOn€the€morning€of€October€14,€the€appellant€went€to€the€victimððs€apartmentÐ ð  Ðto€discuss€repairing€their€marriage.€€He€testified€that€he€did€not€intend€to€kill€hisÐ à€ Ðwife.€€However,€the€victim€repeatedly€cursed€him€and€struck€him€on€the€head.€Ð Ðp ÐThe€appellant€decided€to€leave€the€apartment€and,€as€he€was€about€to€walk€outÐ À` Ðof€the€door,€realized€that€he€left€his€keys€in€Teresaððs€bedroom.€€He€returned€to€theÐ °P Ðbedroom,€and€he€and€the€victim€began€arguing€again.€The€appellant€testified€thatÐ   @ Ðwhen€he€saw€the€victim€preparing€to€strike€him€again,€he€ð ðlost€control.ðð€Ð "0 Ðà ` àThe€appellant€grabbed€a€rope€from€the€victimððs€dresser€and€began€chokingÐ €$  Ðher.€€While€he€was€choking€her,€her€head€hit€the€side€of€the€dresser,€and€she€fellÐ p& Ðto€the€floor.€€The€appellant€then€tied€her€hands€up€and€put€the€scarf€around€herÐ `(  Ðmouth.€€He€testified€that€he€assumed€his€wife€was€dead€and€left€the€apartment.€Ð P*ð " ÐHe€denied€choking€her€a€second€time.€Ð @,à"$ ÐÌà ` àOn€cross„examination,€the€appellant€could€not€recall€tying€the€victimððsÐ  0À&( Ðankles€or€fastening€the€belt€around€her€arms.€€He€further€denied€tying€a€knot€inÐ 2°(* Ðâ âthe€rope€around€the€victimððs€neck.€€Additionally,€although€the€appellant€admittedÐ 4 *, Ðputting€a€sock€in€the€victimððs€mouth€in€his€statement€to€the€police€on€October€14,Ð `  Ðhe€denied€this€at€trial.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀РP ð Ðâ âÌà ` àThe€jury€found€the€appellant€guilty€of€one€(1)€count€of€premeditated€firstÐ 0Ð Ðdegree€murder,€and€the€trial€court€sentenced€the€appellant€to€life€imprisonment.€Ð  À ÐFrom€his€conviction,€the€appellant€brings€this€appeal.Ð °  ÐÌà@îî!®àò òòòSUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEó óóóˆÐ ð  Ðà ` àIn€his€first€issue,€the€appellant€claims€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€toÐ à€ Ðsupport€the€juryððs€finding€of€guilt€of€premeditated€first€degree€murder.€Ð Ðp ÐSpecifically,€he€argues€that€the€state€failed€to€present€sufficient€evidence€ofÐ À` Ðpremeditation.€€Therefore,€he€contends€that€this€Court€should€reduce€hisÐ °P Ðconviction€to€second€degree€murder€or€voluntary€manslaughter.Ð   @ ÐÌà ` àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€CourtÐ €$  Ðmust€review€the€record€to€determine€if€the€evidence€adduced€during€the€trial€wasÐ p& Ðsufficient€ð ðto€support€the€findings€by€the€trier€of€fact€of€guilt€beyond€a€reasonableÐ `(  Ðdoubt.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€This€rule€is€applicable€to€findings€of€guiltÐ P*ð " Ðpredicated€upon€direct€evidence,€circumstantial€evidence€or€a€combination€ofÐ @,à"$ Ðdirect€and€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Breweróó,€932€S.W.2d€1,€19€(Tenn.Ð 0.Ð$& ÐCrim.€App.€1996).Ð  0À&( ÐÌà ` àIn€determining€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€Court€does€not€reweighÐ 4 *, Ðor€reevaluate€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.Ð ð5,. Ð1978).€€Nor€may€this€Court€substitute€its€inferences€for€those€drawn€by€the€trierÐ `  Ðof€fact€from€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€199€Tenn.€298,€305,€286Ð P ð ÐS.W.2d€856,€859€(1956).€€To€the€contrary,€this€Court€is€required€to€afford€the€stateÐ @ à Ðthe€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€contained€in€the€record€as€well€asÐ 0Ð Ðall€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€Ð  À ÐòòState€v.€Tuttleóó,€914€S.W.2d€926,€932€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€ð ðA€guilty€verdictÐ °  Ðby€the€jury,€approved€by€the€trial€judge,€accredits€the€testimony€of€the€witnessesÐ    Ðfor€the€State€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€theory€of€the€State.ðð€€òòStateÐ ð  Ðv.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973).€€Questions€concerning€theÐ à€ Ðcredibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€the€evidence€as€wellÐ Ðp Ðas€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€jury€as€the€trierÐ À` Ðof€fact.€€òòState€v.€Tuttleóó,€914€S.W.2d€at€932.Ð °P ÐÌà ` àBecause€a€verdict€of€guilt€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€andÐ "0 Ðreplaces€it€with€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€accused€has€the€burden€in€this€CourtÐ €$  Ðof€illustrating€why€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€verdict€returned€byÐ p& Ðthe€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982);€òòState€v.Ð `(  ÐGraceóó,€493€S.W.2d€at€476.Ð P*ð " ÐÌà ` àFirst€degree€murder€is€defined€as€the€ð ðpremeditated€and€intentional€killingÐ 0.Ð$& Ðof€another.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1).€€ð ðPremeditationðð€is€ð ðan€act€doneÐ  0À&( Ðafter€the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment,ðð€and€ð ðthe€intent€to€kill€must€haveÐ 2°(* Ðbeen€formed€prior€to€the€act€itself.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(d);€òòState€v.Ð 4 *, ÐBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€659€(Tenn.€1997).€€The€element€of€premeditation€is€aÐ ð5,. Ðquestion€for€the€jury€which€may€be€established€by€proof€of€the€manner€andÐ à7€.0 Ðcircumstances€of€the€killing.€€òòState€v.€Pikeóó,€978€S.W.2d€904,€914€(Tenn.€1998);Ð Ð9p02 ÐòòState€v.€Gentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€1,€3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€Factors€which€tendÐ `  Ðto€establish€the€existence€of€premeditation€include€ð ðthe€use€of€a€deadly€weaponÐ P ð Ðupon€an€unarmed€victim;€the€particular€cruelty€of€the€killing;€declarations€by€theÐ @ à Ðdefendant€of€an€intent€to€kill;€evidence€of€procurement€of€a€weapon;€preparationsÐ 0Ð Ðbefore€the€killing€for€concealment€of€the€crime,€and€calmness€immediately€afterÐ  À Ðthe€killing.ðð€€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€660€(citing€òòState€v.€Westóó,€844€S.W.2dÐ °  Ð144,€148€(Tenn.€1992);€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530,€541„42€(Tenn.€1992)).Ð    ÐÌà ` àThe€state€presented€proof€at€trial€that€the€victim€was€found€lying€face€downÐ à€ Ðon€the€floor.€€Her€hands€and€feet€were€bound,€and€a€rope€was€tied€in€a€ð ðhangingÐ Ðp Ðknotðð€around€her€neck.€€The€ropes€were€tied€so€tightly€that€Jerome€Williams€hadÐ À` Ðto€cut€them€from€his€sisterððs€body.€€A€sock€was€stuffed€into€the€victimððs€mouth€withÐ °P Ðsuch€great€force€that€it€tore€the€tissues€in€the€back€of€the€oral€cavity,€and€a€scarfÐ   @ Ðwas€tied€around€the€victimððs€mouth€to€hold€the€sock€into€place.€€There€wasÐ "0 Ðconsiderable€bruising€on€the€victimððs€body,€particularly€so€on€the€back€of€theÐ €$  Ðvictimððs€head€in€that€such€bruising€extended€through€to€the€skull.€€Dr.€Smith€foundÐ p& Ðligature€marks€on€the€victimððs€neck€and€wrists€and€ð ðline„likeðð€bruising€on€theÐ `(  Ðvictimððs€ankles.€€Dr.€Smith€also€described€the€heavy€bleeding€in€the€victimððs€neckÐ P*ð " Ðmuscles,€which€resulted€from€these€muscles€having€been€crushed.€€The€doctorÐ @,à"$ Ðconcluded€that€the€victim€died€from€strangulation€and€suffocation.€€He€opined€thatÐ 0.Ð$& Ðthis€process€would€have€lasted€at€the€very€least€from€one€(1)€to€three€(3)€minutes.€Ð  0À&( ÐÌà ` àIn€his€statement€to€the€police,€the€appellant€admitted€killing€his€wife,€butÐ 4 *, Ðdenied€that€he€intended€to€kill€her.€€He€stated€that€he€choked€her€with€a€ropeÐ ð5,. Ðduring€a€fight€and€she€passed€out.€€He€loosened€the€rope€a€bit€and€heard€theÐ à7€.0 Ðvictim€ð ðgagging.ðð€€He€then€tied€her€hands€behind€her€back€and€began€choking€herÐ Ð9p02 Ðagain€until€she€stopped€breathing.€€He€told€the€officer€that,€at€this€point,€heÐ `  Ðwanted€to€kill€his€wife€because€he€had€ð ðbeen€through€so€much.ððÐ P ð ÐÌà ` àMoreover,€after€the€appellant€committed€this€crime,€he€left€her€home€andÐ 0Ð Ðwent€to€the€home€of€Eddie€Wiggins.€€He€informed€Wiggins€that€he€had€killed€hisÐ  À Ðwife€and€made€arrangements€for€Wiggins€to€deliver€some€personal€property€toÐ °  Ðmembers€of€the€appellantððs€family.€€On€his€way€to€turn€himself€in€to€the€MemphisÐ    ÐPolice€Department,€he€stopped€to€telephone€his€mother„in„law€and€advise€her€ofÐ ð  Ðthe€incident.€€Then,€he€went€to€a€restaurant€to€eat€something€before€heÐ à€ Ðsurrendered€to€the€police.€Ð Ðp ÐÌà ` àAfter€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€weÐ °P Ðbelieve€that€the€nature€of€the€killing€coupled€with€the€appellantððs€calmnessÐ   @ Ðfollowing€the€killing€provide€sufficient€evidence€of€premeditation.€€Although€theÐ "0 Ðappellant€testified€that€he€merely€ð ðlost€controlðð€in€the€midst€of€a€physicalÐ €$  Ðaltercation€with€his€wife,€the€jury€was€free€to€discredit€this€testimony€in€light€of€theÐ p& Ðnature€and€circumstances€surrounding€the€murder.€€Thus,€we€conclude€that€aÐ `(  Ðrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€theÐ P*ð " Ðappellant€intentionally€killed€his€wife€ð ðafter€the€exercise€of€reflection€andÐ @,à"$ Ðjudgment.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(d).Ð 0.Ð$& ÐÌà ` àThis€issue€is€without€merit.Ð 2°(* ÐÌÐ  ð5,. Ðà@ ®àò òòòPAROLE€ELIGIBILITY€JURY€INSTRUCTIONó óóóˆÐ `  Ðà ` àIn€his€final€issue,€the€appellant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€inÐ P ð Ðinstructing€the€jury€regarding€parole€eligibility€pursuant€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„Ð @ à Ð35„201(b)€(1997).€€First,€he€alleges€that€his€right€to€due€process€was€violatedÐ 0Ð Ðwhen€the€trial€court€charged€the€jury€that€they€could€ð ðweigh€and€consider€theÐ  À Ðmeaning€of€a€sentence€of€imprisonment.ðð€€Secondly,€he€asserts€that€the€trial€courtÐ °  Ðerred€in€instructing€the€jury€that€the€appellant€would€be€eligible€for€parole€afterÐ    Ðserving€twenty„five€(25)€years€in€prison.Ð ð  ÐÌà ` àThe€state€responds€that€this€issue€is€waived€for€failure€to€include€it€in€theÐ Ðp Ðmotion€for€new€trial.€€We€agree.€€Rule€3(e)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€AppellateÐ À` ÐProcedure€provides,€in€part:Ð °P ÐÓÓà8 ` àin€all€cases€tried€by€a€jury,€no€issue€presented€for€review€shall€beÐ   @ Ðpredicated€upon€error€in€the€admission€or€exclusion€of€evidence,€juryÐ ˜!8 Ðinstructions€granted€or€refused,€misconduct€of€jurors,€parties€orÐ "0 Ðcounsel,€or€other€action€committed€or€occurring€during€the€trial€of€theÐ ˆ#( Ðcase,€or€other€ground€upon€which€a€new€trial€is€sought,€unless€theÐ €$  Ðsame€was€specifically€stated€in€a€motion€for€a€new€€trial;€otherwiseÐ x% Ðsuch€issues€will€be€treated€as€waived.Ðp&` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓÓBecause€the€appellant€failed€to€include€this€issue€in€the€motion€for€new€trial,€weÐ `(  Ðconclude€that€such€issue€is€waived.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Westóó,€844€S.W.2d€at€151;€òòStateÐ P*ð " Ðv.€Kendricksóó,€947€S.W.2d€875,€885€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996);€òòState€v.€Keelóó,€882Ð @,à"$ ÐS.W.2d€410,€417„18€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).Ð 0.Ð$& ÐÌà ` àThe€appellant€concedes€that€this€issue€was€not€presented€in€the€motion€forÐ 2°(* Ðnew€trial€but€urges€this€Court€to€find€plain€error.€€Under€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(b),Ð 4 *, Ðwhere€ð ðnecessary€to€do€substantial€justice,ðð€this€Court€has€the€discretion€to€noticeÐ ð5,. Ðany€error€which€has€affected€the€substantial€rights€of€a€defendant€even€thoughÐ à7€.0 Ðthe€issue€was€not€raised€in€the€motion€for€new€trial.€€In€order€for€this€Court€toÐ Ð9p02 Ðrecognize€error€pursuant€to€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(b),€the€error€must€be€ð ðplainðð€andÐ `  Ðmust€affect€a€substantial€right€of€the€defendant.€€òòState€v.€Adkissonóó,€899€S.W.2dÐ P ð Ð626,€639€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€As€this€Court€stated€in€òòAdkisssonóó:Ð @ à ÐÓÓà8 ` àThe€word€ð ðplainðð€"is€synonymous€with€ððclearðð€or,€equivalentlyÐ 0Ð Ðððobviousðð.ðð€€A€ð ðsubstantial€rightðð€is€a€right€of€ð ðfundamental€proportionsÐ (È Ðin€the€indictment€process,€a€right€to€the€proof€of€every€element€of€theÐ  À Ðoffense,€and€is€constitutional€in€nature.ðð€€In€short,€a€plain€error€is€notÐ ¸  Ðjust€an€error€that€is€conspicuous.€€Rather,€it€is€an€especiallyÐ °  Ðegregious€error€that€strikes€at€ð ðthe€fairness,€integrity€or€publicÐ ¨  Ðreputation€of€judicial€proceedings.ððР ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓÓ899€S.W.2d€at€639.Ð ð  ÐÌà ` àWe€do€not€believe€that€the€error€alleged€by€the€appellant€rises€to€the€levelÐ Ðp Ðof€plain€error.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Various€panels€of€this€Court€have€disagreed€as€to€whetherÐ À` Ðinstructing€a€jury€that€they€may€ð ðweigh€and€considerðð€parole€eligibility€informationÐ °P Ðwould€violate€due€process.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Raymond€Haleóó,€C.C.A.€No.€01C01„Ð   @ Ð9712„CR„00564,€Davidson€County€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€filed€May€6,€1999,€atÐ "0 ÐNashville);€òòState€v.€Jason€M.€Weiskopfóó,€C.C.A.€No.€02C01„9611„CR„00381,Ð €$  ÐShelby€County€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€filed€December€4,€1998,€at€Jackson);€òòbut€seeóóÐ p& ÐòòState€v.€Lewis€L.€Bellóó,€C.C.A.€No.€01C01„9807„CR„00279,€Davidson€CountyÐ `(  Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€filed€May€26,€1999,€at€Nashville);€òòState€v.€Rachel€Marie€Greenóó,Ð P*ð " ÐC.C.A.€No.€01C01„9706„CR„00223,€Davidson€County€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€filedÐ @,à"$ ÐOctober€12,€1998,€at€Nashville),€òòperm.€to€app.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€April€12,€1999).€Ð 0.Ð$& ÐThus,€we€decline€to€find€plain€error€under€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(b).€€The€issue€is,Ð  0À&( Ðtherefore,€waived.Ð 2°(* ÐÌÐ  ð5,. Ðà@ØØ)®àò òòòCONCLUSIONó óóóˆÐ `  Ðà ` àAfter€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€weÐ P ð Ðconclude€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€appellantððs€conviction€forÐ @ à Ðpremeditated€first€degree€murder.€€Additionally,€the€appellant€has€waived€hisÐ 0Ð Ðissue€regarding€parole€eligibility€by€failing€to€raise€it€in€the€motion€for€new€trial.€Ð  À ÐAccordingly,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.à  àÐ °  ÐÌÓÓÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à____________________________________Ð à€ Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JUDGEÐ Øx ÐÌÌÌCONCUR:Ð ¸X ÐÌÌÌ___________________________________Ð ˜!8 ÐDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGEÐ "0 ÐÌÌ___________________________________Ð x% ÐJAMES€CURWOOD€WITT,€JR.,€€JUDGE