ÿWPCY …#†VUNÜ %* 0(0bX4`tƒ 0J‹ 0TÕ 0^) 0h‡ 0rï 0|a 0†Ý 0c 1uó U,h 0d” U,ø U>$ U*b B)Œ DCµ AMø JE Bv~¬vÓ* D3ý 0@0 AOpÆ¿ 0D… 0DÉ D/  B<˜HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀÌÀääÀÀÌ0ÙP §6·<·^:·D: (ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡- ù-U_A 3|xQ2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô  ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(ModernP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Monaco< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d!!!!7Border 1dd€-"Cþÿ << Gÿÿ @Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€ ÔÔ€ ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€ XÔÌÌò òFebruary€13,€1996ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€ ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó dPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑMonacoÑÑ ÑÒ  BA: T Monaco ÒÒ  BA: T Monaco Ò%%%%'ÿÿdxd("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÓ&€X„d&ÓÑ#€Xd#ÑÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ „ ÒÑ ` ÑÔ€ ÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ€ÑÑ7€f XXdìdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÓ  Óò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OFÏTENNESSEEÌÙ€€ÙßL€#$";+'h|` Å `€€LßÌAT€KNOXVILLEÌÌDECEMBER€SESSION,€1995ÌÌÌÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà à)à àC.C.A.ÏNO.€03C01„9408„CR„00298Ìà àà àà àà àà à)Ìó óà àAppellee,à àà àà àò ò)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àMONROE€COUNTYÌVS.à àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà à)à àHON.€MAYO€L.€MASHBURNó óÌò òJAMES€BRADLEY,ó óà àà àò ò)à àJUDGEó óÌà àà àà àà àà àò ò)ó óÌà àAppellant.à àà àà àò ò)à à(Assault€„€2€Counts)Ìó óÌÌÓ  ÓON€APPEAL€FROM€THE€JUDGMENT€OF€THEÌCRIMINAL€COURT€OF€MONROE€COUNTYÌÌÌÓ  ÓòòFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:à àà àà àòòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:ÌÌELLERY€E.€HILLà àà àà àà àCHARLES€W.€BURSONÌCharter€Federal€Buildingà àà àà àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌ531€S.€Gay€Street,€Suite€1515à àà àÌKnoxville,€TN€€37902à àà àà àAMY€L.€TARKINGTONÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€€37243ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àJERRY€N.€ESTESÌà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àSTEVE€WARDÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€AttorneyÌà àà àà àà àà àà à409€College€StreetÌà àà àà àà àà àà àMadisonville,€TN€€37354ÌÌÌOPINION€FILED€________________________ÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JUDGEÇÓ  Óò òòòÔ€ „ÔOPINIONóóó óÔ€ XÔÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓÓÓÌà àAt€a€bench€trial€the€Appellant,€James€Bradley,€was€convicted€in€the€MonroeÏCounty€Criminal€Court€of€two€counts€of€assault.€€He€received€concurrent€sentencesÏof€eleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days€and€a€$250€fine€on€each€count.€€FollowingÏservice€of€sixty€days€incarceration,€the€balance€of€the€sentences€were€suspended.€ÏIn€this€direct€appeal,€the€Appellant€maintains€that€the€trial€judge€erroneouslyÏrejected€the€theory€the€Appellant€acted€in€self„defense.€€We€find€no€such€error€andÏaffirm€the€conviction.ÌÌà àThe€question€of€whether€a€criminal€defendant€has€engaged€in€justifiable€self„defense€is€a€question€for€the€trier€of€fact€to€determine.€€òòState€v.€Cliftonóó,€880€S.W.2dÏ737,€743€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994);€òòArterburn€v.€Stateóó,€391€S.W.2d€648,€653€(Tenn.Ï1965).€€The€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€to€be€given€their€testimony,€and€theÏreconciliation€of€conflicts€in€that€testimony€are€matters€entrusted€exclusively€to€theÏtrier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Sheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2d€542,€547€(Tenn.€1984);€òòByrge€v.€Stateóó,Ï575€S.W.2d€292,€295€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€In€this€case€the€trier€of€fact€was€theÏtrial€judge.€€On€appeal,€this€court€must€presume€that€the€trier€of€fact€accredited€theÏstate's€version€of€events€unless€the€record€demonstrates€conclusively€the€physicalÍimpossibility€of€that€version.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Hornsbyóó,€858€S.W.2d€892,€895€(Tenn.Ï1993).€€Thus,€a€recitation€of€the€relevant€testimony€in€this€case€is€appropriate.ÌÌà àThe€testimony€of€three€law€enforcement€officers€taken€together€was€to€theÏeffect€that€on€September€26,€1993,€the€officers,€along€with€several€of€theirÏcolleagues,€went€to€the€L&S€Club€in€Sweetwater,€Tennessee.€€Police€had€goneÏthere€in€response€to€a€problem€the€club€was€experiencing€with€crowds€gathering€onÏthe€premises€after€hours.€€One€officer€observed€Mr.€Bradley€sitting€in€the€passengerÏside€of€a€truck€drinking€a€beer.€€The€officer€asked€the€Appellant€to€pour€out€his€beerÏpursuant€to€a€city€open„container€ordinance.€€Mr.€Bradley's€response€was€to€simplyÏgrin€at€the€policeman€and€drink€some€more€beer.€€The€officer€then€asked€Mr.ÏBradley€to€exit€his€vehicle;€however,€he€refused€and€stated€he€was€"not€gonna€doÏno€such€fucking€thing."€€When€this€officer€opened€the€truck€door€and€attempted€toÏget€Bradley€out,€he€began€kicking€the€policeman.Ìà àÌà àA€second€officer€approached€to€assist€in€removing€Bradley€from€his€vehicle,Ïbut€the€Appellant€persisted€in€his€resistance.€€Bradley€kicked€the€second€officerÏinjuring€the€policeman's€finger.€€The€police€sprayed€Bradley€with€a€stun€solutionÏand€were€able€to€subdue€him€and€place€him€under€arrest.€€The€third€policeman€whoÏparticipated€in€Mr.€Bradley's€arrest€corroborated€the€testimony€of€his€fellow€officers.ÌÌà àAll€of€the€arresting€officers€testified€they€believed€the€Appellant€wasÏintoxicated.€€The€policemen€testified€that€physical€force€was€used€to€removeÏBradley€from€the€vehicle€only€after€he€refused€an€order€to€exit€the€truck.€€At€leastÏone€policeman€stated€the€officers€never€did€anything€to€cause€Bradley€to€fear€for€hisÏown€safety.ÌÌà àThe€Appellant,€Mr.€Bradley,€testified€that€when€officers€approached€him,€heÏrepeatedly€told€them€he€had€an€injured€back€and€was€trying€to€get€a€sick€nephewÏhome.€€He€admitted€he€resisted€the€police€direction€to€exit€the€truck,€but€stated€heÏdid€not€feel€the€officers€were€justified€in€requiring€him€to€get€out.€€Bradley€stated€heÏonly€resisted€the€officers€with€kicking€when€they€attempted€to€physically€remove€himÏfrom€the€truck.ÌÌà àA€friend€of€Mr.€Bradley's,€who€was€present€during€the€incident€in€question,Ïtestified€he€informed€the€police€officers€of€the€Appellant's€back€condition.€€However,Ïthis€Ñ „ Ñwitness€admitted€Bradley€had€been€dancing€all€night€long,€although€theÏwitness€stated€the€Appellant€only€slow€danced.ÌÌà àIn€this€appeal€the€Appellant€argues€that€he€was€not€in€violation€ofÏSweetwater's€open„container€ordinance€and€thus€officers€lacked€probable€cause€toÍarrest€him.€€This€alleged€lack€of€probable€cause€along€with€the€Appellant's€backÏproblems€and€his€desire€to€protect€himself€from€further€injury€is€posited€asÏjustification€for€Bradley's€use€of€force€in€resisting€the€officers.€€We€must€reject€thisÏargument€for€the€reasons€stated€below.ÌÌà àWith€regard€to€self„defense,€the€pertinent€part€of€the€Tennessee€CodeÏprovides€as€follows:ÌÓÓà0 à(e)€€The€threat€or€use€of€force€against€another€is€not€justified€to€resist€a€halt€atÏa€roadblock,€arrest,€search,€or€stop€and€frisk€that€the€person€knows€is€beingÏmade€by€a€law€enforcement€officer,€unless:Ìà0 à(1)€€The€law€enforcement€officer€uses€or€attempts€to€use€greater€force€thanÏnecessary€to€make€the€arrest,€search,€stop€and€frisk,€or€halt;€andÌà0 à(2)€€The€person€reasonably€believes€that€the€force€is€immediately€necessaryÏto€protect€against€the€law€enforcement€officer's€use€or€attempted€use€ofÏgreater€force€than€necessary.ÌÌÓÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„611€(e)€(1991).Ìà àThe€comments€of€the€Tennessee€Sentencing€Commission€pertaining€to€ððÏ39„11„611(e)€are€instructive€as€to€the€Appellant's€argument€that€he€was€justified€inÏusing€force€to€resist€what€he€perceived€to€be€an€unlawful€arrest:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àSubsection€(e)€represents€a€policy€decision€by€theÏCommission€that€the€street€is€not€the€proper€forum€forÏdetermining€the€legality€of€an€arrest.€€To€a€large€extent,Ïthe€rule€is€designed€to€protect€citizens€from€beingÏharmed€by€law€enforcement€officers.€€Research€hasÏshown€that€citizens€who€resist€arrest€frequently€areÏinjured€by€trained€officers€who€use€their€skills€andÏweapons€to€protect€themselves€and€effectuate€the€arrest.€ÏIf€the€defendant€knows€it€is€a€law€enforcement€officerÏwho€has€stopped€or€arrested€him€or€her,€respect€for€theÍrule€of€law€requires€the€defendant€to€submit€to€apparentÏauthority.€€The€justification€is€restored€if€the€lawÏenforcement€officer€uses€greater€force€than€necessaryÏunder€the€circumstances€and€the€defendant€acts€underÏreasonable€belief€that€his€or€her€acts€are€necessary€forÏself„protection.ÌÓÓÌà àThis€policy€decision€that€the€illegality€of€an€arrest€alone€will€not€justify€anÏassault€against€officers€attempting€the€arrest€is€mirrored€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„602(b).€€That€section€of€the€code€specifically€negates€the€defense€of€illegalÏarrest€to€a€charge€of€resisting€arrest.€€Thus,€the€legality€of€police€action€in€initiallyÏconfronting€the€Appellant€over€the€open„container€ordinance€is€irrelevant€to€theÏquestion€of€whether€he€was€justified€in€an€assault€to€resist€the€arrest.€€Mr.€BradleyÏshould€have€acquiesced€to€the€apparent€authority€of€the€officers€and€contested€theÏmatter€in€a€court€of€law€if€he€felt€he€had€been€wronged.ÌÌà àFinally,€the€question€of€whether€the€Appellant's€use€of€force€in€resistingÏarrest€was€justified€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„11„611(e)€is€a€matter€entrusted€toÏthe€trier€of€fact.€€òòCliftonóó,€880€S.W.2d€at€743;€òòArterburnóó,€391€S.W.2d€at€653.€€TheÏrecord€amply€supports€the€trial€judge's€decision€that€the€Appellant's€actions€wereÏnot€justified.€€The€convictions€are€therefore€affirmed.ÌÌÓ  Óà àà àÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà à____________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JUDGEÌÓÓÌCONCUR:ÌÓÓÌ___________________________________ÌDAVID€G.€HAYES,€JUDGEÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌWILLIAM€M.€BARKER,€JUDGE