ÿWPC€ Œè–#ûj±îÌÈždm|*…5TÐ>Z`òî3ý{ãXÍ°ˆèµËP^IÖ®Ó°*báYOë×ƵH¢]‘¯ð}©ƒËÅ ¯7>²a†?Oô\¿ÂBµÉÕ{ ¿ß°UçÀ Ï—•37Þv¨~ÖŸ6ôÕü[ ¥ÉBÁ¦°þʵYÙÿ? ?(†Ø——óUÇ£RÁYúP¾CÁ)AXÃÔƒZ$æ»+†Û}=™ÆVï{².žç<Îk/*ÝËìË$ JÜËŠ7wâµòŠÑ7$Ð÷~±_*Z>µî#¯fÛÈ =oKòëW%z¡b\~°˜ | ðÚ‘VoýôUXY¢û(JŠŸœ/ò\ºÝJ³µ%×A#Rh¤µî$ª°DÝ^#³ÕÿŠ ­tda•8FÁfÉUÁ¤ø±9’c8?E"oþµnA7ñJÌ®çJNT§'Üß,¤M­B¸}{t(Ñ=4(÷)Ä1F³»¯õ‚dGb-‡:ÃÇ‘9æs95»5ÜðnA(Ñ~#¼ÒèHÕ*ªTZݵtÛî7ê„3¼*HƒÍƒŒÕ¼‹ŸÅèlJkMm5*3H¶)«ê^Vˆoë–^¶³ ùºCo“`#!@UNa %¯ 0(µwÝ4áõÖ 0ÒÚ 0D¬ /ð ‡ )¦U:ÏY _bU:Áfû^ aU:mU:§U:áU:U] 0D_ m£WºººN BU:00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 AQjÆ» 0D 0DÅ 0D   D3M˜HP LaserJet 8000 DN PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡{Z='3|x ÌÝ ƒ r$ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€&7Ü%XXÔÔ€&6_%%&7ÜÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝMs.€Rice€described€this€program€as€ð ðreal€strict€probationðð€requiring€that€she€be€in€by€7:00Ð ° Ðp.m.;€have€drug€tests€every€other€week;€complete€sixteen€hours€of€community€service€each€month;Ð ‚Ò Ðgo€to€meetings€twice€a€week;€and€work€forty€hours€a€week.(‚(2Žc$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€&KK%XXÔÔ€&=P%%&KKÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó %Ý ƒ r$ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€&7Ü%XXÔÔ€&6_%%&7ÜÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝAn€ð ðeight„ballðð€is€approximately€3.5€grams€of€cocaine,€which€is€a€typical€amount€forÐ ° Ðpersonal€use. }Ý ƒ r$ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€&7Ü%XXÔÔ€&6_%%&7ÜÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔA€jury€is€presumed€to€follow€the€trial€courtððs€instructions.€€òòSeeòòóó€òòóóState€v.€Bartonóó,€626€S.W.2dÐ ° Ð296€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981)€(citing€òòBennett€v.€Stateóó,€530€S.W.2d€788,€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ‚Ò Ð1975);€òòSullivan€v.€State,óó€513€S.W.2d€152,€155€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1974);€òòÔ_ÔArendallÔ_Ô€v.€Stateóó,€509Ð T¤ ÐS.W.2d€838,€842€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1974)). Ý ƒ r$ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€&7Ü%XXÔÔ€&6_%%&7ÜÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€540€(Tenn.€1994),€for€the€finding€that€while€anÐ ° Ðalias€ð ðshould€not€be€included€in€an€indictment€where€there€is€no€proof€that€the€defendant€on€trialÐ ‚Ò Ðuses€an€alias,€such€error€does€not€warrant€reversal€when€there€is€no€showing€of€prejudice€to€theÐ T¤ Ðdefendant.ðð,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular OÝ ƒ r$ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€&7Ü%XXÔÔ€&6_%%&7ÜÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978),€for€a€statement€of€the€rule€that,Ð ° Ðupon€a€conviction,€all€conflicts€in€testimony€are€resolved€in€favor€of€the€State,€and€that€on€appeal,Ð ‚Ò Ðthe€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€trial€evidence€and€all€ð ðreasonable€orÐ T¤ Ðlegitimate€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€therefrom.ðð UÝ ƒ r$ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€&7Ü%XXÔÔ€&6_%%&7ÜÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝSecond„degree€burglary€was€a€daytime€burglary€of€a€residence.€€That€same€crime€is€nowÐ ° Ðaggravated€burglary€under€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€39„14„403.,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular \Ñ\R AØ'ÿ Legal\Ñš8' , øð AZ"Arial Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular(3¯$§§Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ MÝ ƒ[¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€XùùXXXÔÔ€~XXùùÔÓ  ÓÔ_Ôò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€XùùX~ÔÐ  ÐÌSeptember€24,€1999ÌÌCecil€Ô_ÔCrowsonÔ_Ô,€Jr.ÌAppellate€Court€Ô_ÔClerkÔdAxÔó óÔ_Ô d„†r‰AZ‹"Arial RegularZ[\]_Cþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó$$$$'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÓÓÑ€†ÑÔ€XùùXXXÔÑTR[° AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÓ  ÓÔ_Ôßv€Y_@0,j:úÿ`  `€€@ÿE±` 8ttxPR°ð  vßÔ_ÔÔ_ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÐ ° ÐAT€NASHVILLEÌJUNE€1999€SESSIONÌÌÓÝÓÓÓÓ  ÓÌÓ'X‡X¡p“X°œX'ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à h àà À àà ¡ à)Ð Æ   ÐÓ3X‡X¡ùÈ’XX‡X¡p“X3Óà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ à)à ù àC.C.A.€No.€01C01„9807„CR„00291Ð ¬ ü  Ðà ` àAppellee,à  àà h àà À àà ¡ à)Ð ’â  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ à)à ù àDavidson€CountyÐ xÈ  Ðv.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ à)Ð ^®  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ à)à ù àHonorable€J.€Randall€Wyatt,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ D”  ÐFRANK€CHESTER€BRIGHT,€JR.,à ¡ à)Ð *z  Ða/k/a€MERVYN€JORDAN,à h àà À àà ¡ à)à ù à(Possession€with€Intent€to€Deliver€Cocaine;Ð ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ à)à ù à€Facilitation€of€Possession€of€a€Deadly€Weapon)Ð öF Ðà ` àAppellant.à  àà h àà À àà ¡ à)à ù à€Ð Ü, ÐÌÌÌÌÌòòFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:à h àà À àà ¡ àà ù àòòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:Ð @ ÐÌSTEVEN€M.€WELLSà h àà À àà ¡ àà ù àPAUL€G.€SUMMERSÐ  \ Ð222€Second€Avenue€Northà À àà ¡ àà ù àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÐ òB ÐSuite€360MÌNashville,€TN€€37201à h àà À àà ¡ àà ù àLUCIAN€D.€GEISEÐ ¾ Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ àà ù àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ àà ù à425€Fifth€Avenue€NorthÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ àà ù àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ àà ù àVICTOR€S.€JOHNSON,€IIIÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ àà ù àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ àà ù àJOHN€C.€ZIMMERMANÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ àà ù àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ àà ù à222€Second€Avenue€North,€Suite€500Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ àà ù àNashville,€TN€€37201„1649ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€_____________________________________ÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGEÌÐ  æ7639 ÐÔ_ÔÑ8€XXdædÈ8Ñà@)Dàò òòòÔ‡¼TÌ»XXÔO€P€I€N€I€O€NÔ#†XX»¼T̈#ԈР° ÐÌÌó óóóÓÓà ` àThe€defendant,€Frank€Chester€Bright,€Jr.,€appeals€as€of€right€from€his€conviction€byÐ ˆØ Ða€jury€in€the€Davidson€County€Criminal€Court€of€possession€with€intent€to€deliver€overÐ T ¤ Ðtwenty„six€grams€of€a€substance€containing€cocaine,€a€Schedule€II€controlled€substance,Ð  p Ðwhich€is€a€Class€B€felony,€and€of€facilitation€of€possession€of€a€deadly€weapon€with€intentÐ ì <  Ðto€employ€in€the€commission€of€or€escape€from€an€offense€of€possession€with€intent€toÐ ¸  Ðdeliver€over€twenty„six€grams€of€a€substance€containing€cocaine,€which€is€a€Class€AÐ „Ô  Ðmisdemeanor.€€€He€was€sentenced€as€a€career€offender€to€thirty€years€on€the€possessionÐ P   Ðcount€and€eleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days€on€the€facilitation€count,€the€sentences€toÐ l Ðrun€concurrently.€€€He€has€appealed€on€the€following€claims€of€error:€€Ð è8 ÐÔ‡XXXXÔÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àI.à8¸ Ð ¸ Ð àWhether€the€trial€court€committed€error€inÐ ´ Ðanswering€a€question€from€the€jury€regarding€theÐ šê Ðmeanings€of€ð ðfacilitationðð€and€ð ðpossession;ððЀÐxx ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àII.à8¸ Ð ¸ Ð àWhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€admittingÐ Lœ Ðevidence€of€an€alias€used€by€the€defendant;Ð2‚xx ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àIII.à8¸ Ð ¸ Ð àWhether€the€verdict€was€supported€by€the€weightÐ þN Ðof€the€evidence;€andÐä4xx ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àIV.à8¸ Ð ¸ Ð àWhether€the€sentence€imposed€was€appropriate.а xx ÐÌÌÔ#†XXXXÉ#ÔÌÓÓà ` àBased€upon€our€review€of€the€record€related€to€each€of€these€four€alleged€errors,€weÐ H$˜# Ðaffirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ð &d!% ÐÌà@‹‹%Dàò òPROCEDURAL€BACKGROUNDó óˆÐ ¬)ü$) Ðà ` àFrank€Chester€Bright,€Jr.€was€indicted€on€March€18,€1997,€along€with€two€co„Ð x+È&+ Ðdefendants,€Shawntava€Secimont€Shields€and€Lisa€Dianne€Rice,€on€the€following:€€CountÐ D-”(- ÐI€charged€possession€with€intent€to€deliver€twenty„six€grams€or€more€of€a€substanceÐ /`*/ Ðcontaining€cocaine,€and€Count€II€charged€possession€of€a€deadly€weapon,€a€pistol,€with€theÐ Ü0,,1 Ðintent€to€employ€in€the€commission€of€or€escape€from€an€offense.€€Rice€pleaded€guilty€toÐ ¨2ø-3 ÐCount€I,€with€Count€II€being€dismissed€as€to€her.€€Bright€and€Shields€proceeded€to€trial.€€AÐ t4Ä/5 Ðmistrial€was€declared€after€the€jury€was€unable€to€reach€a€verdict.€€Before€the€second€trial,Ð @617 ÐShields€pleaded€guilty€to€the€reduced€charge€of€possession€with€intent€to€deliver€.5€gramsÐ  8\39 Ðof€a€substance€containing€cocaine.€€The€defendant€was€tried€a€second€time.€€He€wasÐ Ø9(5; Ðconvicted€of€possession€with€intent€to€deliver€over€twenty„six€grams€of€a€substanceÐ ° Ðcontaining€cocaine€and€with€facilitation€of€possession€of€a€deadly€weapon,€a€pistol,€withÐ |Ì Ðintent€to€employ€in€the€commission€of,€or€escape€from,€an€offense.€€At€the€sentencingÐ H˜ Ðhearing,€the€court€found€him€to€be€a€career€offender€and€sentenced€him€to€the€maximumÐ  d Ðpenalty€of€thirty€years€on€Count€I€and€to€eleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days€on€Count€II,Ð à 0 Ðthe€sentences€to€run€concurrently.€€Additionally,€the€court€imposed€a€fine€of€$10,000.€€€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÓ3X„X/ h–XX‡X¡ùÈ’X3Óò òÓ  ÓÌSTATEMENT€OF€FACTSÐ D”  Ðó óÓ½Óà ` àThe€arrests€of€the€defendant,€Shawntava€Shields,€and€Lisa€Rice€on€October€1,Ð ` Ð1996,€were€the€result€of€an€undercover€operation€carried€out€by€Sergeant€Greg€Bunch€ofÐ Ü, Ðthe€Eighteenth€Judicial€District€Task€Force.€€In€September€1996,€Rice€was€in€jail€on€anÐ ¨ø Ðaggravated€burglary€charge.€€While€in€jail,€Rice€agreed€to€arrange€a€purchase€of€fiveÐ tÄ Ðounces€of€cocaine€for€another€female€inmate€whom€she€knew€as€Teresa.€€The€plan€wasÐ @ Ðfor€Rice€to€arrange€the€sale€through€her€supplier,€once€she€was€released€from€jail,€andÐ  \ Ðdeliver€the€cocaine€to€Teresaððs€boyfriend,€Chris.€€On€October€1,€1996,€Rice€was€releasedÐ Ø( Ðon€Community€Corrections,׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€that€same€day€she€was€contacted€by€telephone€by€theÐ ¤ô Ðperson€she€thought€was€Chris.€€In€fact,€Sergeant€Bunch€had€been€informed€by€aÐ p!À  Ðconfidential€informant€of€the€proposed€sale,€and€it€was€Bunch,€posing€as€ð ðChris,ðð€who€madeÐ <#Œ" Ðthis€and€subsequent€calls€to€Rice€to€arrange€the€drug€sale.€€ð ðChrisðð€promised€to€pay€RiceÐ %X $ Ð$1,000€for€setting€up€the€deal.€€Rice€paged€the€defendant€to€set€up€the€sale.€€Her€homeÐ Ô&$"& Ðphone€number€was€entered€in€the€beeper€recovered€from€the€defendant€at€the€crimeÐ  (ð#( Ðscene.€€Arrangements€were€made€for€the€sale€of€five€ounces€of€cocaine€for€$5,000.€€€TheÐ l*¼%* Ðdefendant€promised€Rice€an€ð ðeight„ballðð€of€cocaine€for€making€the€contact.׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Once€aÐ 8,ˆ', Ðlocation€for€the€sale€was€established,€Shields,€the€defendantððs€ð ðsometimesðð€girlfriend,€droveÐ .T). Ða€Nissan€Maxima€to€the€agreed€location,€with€the€defendant€in€the€front€passenger€seatÐ Ð/ +0 Ðand€Rice€in€the€back€seat.€€On€the€way€to€the€location,€the€defendant€showed€Rice€fiveÐ œ1ì,2 Ðbags€of€cocaine€and€a€gun,€which€he€threatened€to€use€if€the€deal€turned€out€to€be€a€setup.Ð h3¸.4 Ðà ` à€Ð ° Ðà ` àThe€defendant,€Shields,€and€Rice€arrived€at€the€agreed€location€shortly€afterÐ |Ì ÐSergeant€Bunch€and€parked€close€to€his€car.€€Rice€got€out€of€the€back€seat€andÐ H˜ Ðapproached€Sergeant€Bunch,€who€sent€her€back€to€the€Maxima€for€the€drugs€before€heÐ  d Ðwas€willing€to€hand€over€the€money.€€Once€she€returned€with€the€cocaine€and€handed€it€toÐ à 0 ÐSergeant€Bunch,€other€undercover€police€officers,€who€had€been€monitoring€the€situationÐ ¬ ü  Ðfrom€close€by€in€three€separate€vehicles,€moved€in,€with€strobe€lights€and€sirens€activated,Ð xÈ  Ðto€block€the€Maxima.€€As€these€police€vehicles€blocked€that€of€the€suspects,€Shields,€whoÐ D”  Ðwas€operating€the€suspectsðð€vehicle,€rammed€the€vehicles€in€both€her€front€and€rear.€€TheÐ ` Ðdefendant€then€jumped€from€the€passenger€seat€into€Shieldsððs€lap€and€began€operating€theÐ Ü, Ðgear€lever€himself,€ramming€the€police€vehicles€blocking€his€own.€€However,€the€defendantÐ ¨ø Ðwas€unsuccessful€in€extricating€the€vehicle,€and€he€and€Shields€were€arrested.€€The€pistol,Ð tÄ Ðfound€on€the€passenger€seat€where€the€defendant€had€been€sitting,€was€fully€loaded.€Ð @ ÐRecovered€were€two€bags€of€cocaine,€one€weighing€14.2€grams€and€the€other€weighing€9.4Ð  \ Ðgrams,€on€the€driverððs€seat€of€the€Maxima;€a€bag€of€2.7€grams€of€cocaine€and€a€bag€of€2.6Ð Ø( Ðgrams€of€marijuana€on€the€defendantððs€person;€and€on€Shieldsððs€person,€twenty„one€smallÐ ¤ô Ðbags€of€marijuana€with€a€total€weight€of€19.2€grams€and€a€marijuana€joint€laced€withÐ p!À  Ðcocaine€base.€€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌà ` àOther€evidence€from€the€scene€included€the€bag€of€cocaine€Rice€had€given€toÐ Ô&$"& ÐSergeant€Bunch,€which€weighed€5.1€grams,€and€the€defendantððs€wallet,€containing€aÐ  (ð#( Ðdriverððs€license€in€the€name€of€ð ðMervyn€Leo€Jordan,ðð€the€person€the€defendant€claimed€toÐ l*¼%* Ðbe€when€he€was€arrested.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÌÓÓà@JJ+Dàò òANALYSISˆÐ Ð/ +0 ÐÌà@‘‘ DàI.€€Response€to€Juror€QuestionˆÐ œ1ì,2 Ðó óÌÓÓà ` àThe€defendant€challenges€his€conviction€first€on€the€ground€that€the€trial€court€erredÐ h3¸.4 Ðin€answering€a€question€from€the€jury€concerning€the€meanings€of€ð ðfacilitationðð€andÐ 45„06 Ðð ðpossessionðð€as€used€in€the€jury€instructions.€€He€does€not€challenge€the€sufficiency€of€theÐ 7P28 Ðinstructions€read€by€the€court€prior€to€jury€deliberations€but€only€the€courtððs€oral€responseÐ Ì84: Ðto€a€specific€question€regarding€those€instructions€presented€by€the€jury€duringÐ ° Ðdeliberations.€€That€question€was:€€ð ðWhat€is€the€difference€between,€one,€facilitation€ofÐ |Ì Ðpossession€and,€two,€possession?€€Please€give€an€example.ðð€€The€defendant€argues€thatÐ H˜ Ðby€telling€the€jury€that€ð ðfacilitationðð€was€ð ðsomething€a€little€less€than€the€offense€itself,ðð€theÐ  d Ðcourt€misled€the€jury€as€to€the€applicable€law€and€thereby€caused€substantial€prejudice€toÐ à 0 Ðthe€defendant.€€The€defendant€notes€that€a€ð ðcharge€should€be€considered€prejudiciallyÐ ¬ ü  Ðerroneous€if€it€fails€to€fairly€submit€the€legal€issues€or€it€if€misleads€the€jury€as€to€theÐ xÈ  Ðapplicable€law,ðð€òòState€v.€Hodgesóó,€944€S.W.2d€346,€352€(Tenn.€1997),€and€he€argues€thatÐ D”  Ðthe€supplemental€instruction€had€this€effect.€€Specifically,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€juryÐ ` Ðwas€misled€by€the€supplemental€instruction€given€by€the€courtÔ‡XXXXÔ€Ô#†XXXXñ6#Ôbecause,€had€the€juryÐ Ü, Ðproperly€understood€the€distinction€between€the€commission€of€a€felony€and€the€facilitationÐ ¨ø Ðof€the€commission€of€a€felony,€the€defendant€would€have€received€a€lesser€sentence.€€Ð tÄ ÐÌà ` àThe€law€regarding€the€offense€of€criminal€responsibility€for€facilitation€of€a€felony€isÐ  \ Ðstated€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€39„11„403,€which€provides€as€follows:Ð Ø( ÐÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(a)à8/ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð àA€person€is€criminally€responsible€for€the€facilitation€ofÐ ¤ô Ða€felony€if,€knowing€that€another€intends€to€commit€aÐ Š Ú Ðspecific€felony,€but€without€the€intent€required€forÐ p!À  Ðcriminal€responsibility€under€ðð€39„11„402(2),€theÐ V"¦! Ðperson€knowingly€furnishes€substantial€assistance€inÐ <#Œ" Ðthe€commission€of€the€felony.Ð"$r#/ Y/ Y ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(b)à8/ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð àThe€facilitation€of€the€commission€of€a€felony€is€anÐ î%>!% Ðoffense€of€the€class€next€below€the€felony€facilitatedÐ Ô&$"& Ðby€the€person€so€charged.к' #'/ Y/ Y ÐÌÓ9ÓThe€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€for€this€section€state€that:€€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àA€defendant€charged€as€a€party€may€be€found€guilty€ofÐ R+¢&+ Ðfacilitation€as€a€lesser€included€offense€if€the€defendantððsÐ 8,ˆ', Ðdegree€of€complicity€is€insufficient€to€warrant€conviction€as€aÐ -n(- Ðparty.€€The€lesser€punishment€is€appropriate€because€theÐ .T). Ðoffender,€though€facilitating€the€offense,€lacked€the€intent€toÐ ê.:*/ Ðpromote,€assist€or€benefit€from€the€offense.ÐÐ/ +0¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌÌÌÓÓà ` àThe€record€shows,€and€both€parties€agree,€that€the€court€correctly€instructed€the€juryÐ h3¸.4 Ðon€criminal€responsibility€for€facilitation€of€a€felony.׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€trial€courtððs€instructions€to€the€juryÐ 45„06 Ðwere:€Ð ° ÐÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àCriminal€Responsibility€For€Facilitation€of€Felony.€A€person€isÐ |Ì Ðcriminally€responsible€for€the€ð ðfacilitation€of€a€felonyðð€if,€knowingÐ b² Ðthat€another€intends€to€commit€a€specific€felony,€but€without€theÐ H˜ Ðintent€required€for€criminal€responsibility€as€explained€to€you€onÐ . ~ Ðpage€12€of€these€instructions,€the€person€knowingly€furnishedÐ  d Ðsubstantial€assistance€in€the€commission€of€the€felony.€Ðú J¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌÓ@ÓÌà ` àThe€section€referred€to€from€page€12€of€the€jury€instructions€was€the€following:Ð ’â  ÐÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àA€defendant€is€criminally€responsible€for€an€offense€committedÐ ^®  Ðby€the€conduct€of€another€if,€acting€with€the€intent€to€promoteÐ D”  Ðor€assist€the€commission€of€the€offense€or€to€benefit€in€theÐ *z  Ðproceeds€or€results€of€the€offense,€the€defendant€solicits,Ð ` Ðdirects,€aids,€or€attempts€to€aid€another€person€to€commit€theÐ öF Ðoffense.ÐÜ,¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌÌÓÉBÓ€à ` àIt€is€not€uncommon€for€jurors€to€ask€for€clarification€of€instructions;€and,€given€suchÐ ŽÞ Ða€request,€the€trial€court€has€authority€to€respond€with€a€supplemental€instruction.€òò€òòóóSeeòòóóÐ Zª ÐòòóóState€v.€Forbesóó,€918€S.W.2d€431,€451„52€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)€(finding€no€error€for€theÐ &v Ðcourt€to€provide€supplemental€instructions€regarding€circumstantial€evidence,€whenÐ òB Ðsupplemental€instructions€did€not€comment€on€specific€evidence€or€trial€testimony);€òòStateÐ ¾ Ðv.€Chanceóó,€778€S.W.2d€457,€461„62€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòpermóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1989)Ð Š Ú Ð(finding€no€error€in€supplemental€instruction€as€to€whether€a€printed€name€on€a€signatureÐ V"¦! Ðline€constituted€a€signature);€and€òòBurton€v.€Stateóó,€394€S.W.2d€873,€875„76€(Tenn.€1965)Ð "$r# Ð(finding€the€trial€court€properly€provided€òòsua€sponteóó€a€supplemental€instruction€regardingÐ î%>!% Ðmalice).€€The€court€in€this€case€responded€to€the€jury€in€the€following€manner:Ð º' #' ÐÔ€XXXXÔÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àÔ€XXXXÔNow,€I€have€tried€to€define€what€facilitation€is€as€it€relates€toÐ †)Ö$) ÐCount€One,€which€is€the€count€that€has€to€do€with€someoneÐ l*¼%* Ðbeing€charged€with€being€in€possession€of€certain€controlledÐ R+¢&+ Ðsubstances€for€the€purpose€of€delivery.€€I€will€do€that,€and€itððsÐ 8,ˆ', Ðin€the€Charge,€itððs€obvious€„„€that€facilitation€of€that€offense€isÐ-n(-¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àsomething€a€little€less€than€the€offense€itself.€€And€I€have€givenÐ Ð/ +0 Ðthe€instruction€as€to€criminal€responsibility€in€the€Charge.€€AndÐ ¶0,1 ÐIððve€given€the€instruction€as€to€what€the€facilitation€of€that€wouldÐ œ1ì,2 Ðbe.€€Thatððs€a€lesser€included€offense.Ђ2Ò-3¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àTHE€FOREPERSON:€€Yes.€€We€understand€„„ÐN4ž/5¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àTHE€COURT:€€Now,€hold€on€a€minute.€€Let€me€„„€let€meÔ‡XXXXÔ€Ô#†XXXX£M#Ôfinish.€Ð 6j17 ÐIÔ‡XXXXÔ€Ô#†XXXXN#Ôdonððt€want€to€say€too€much€here.€€And€then€Iððve€also€definedÐ 7P28 Ðthat€in€regards€to€the€weapon.€€So€I€could€say€some€things€andÐ æ7639 Ðgive€examples€and€„„€and€do€a€lot€of€things€to€sort€of€suggestÐ Ì84: Ðthis,€that€or€the€other,€but€that€is€very,€very€shaky,€delicate,Ð ²95; Ðwhatever€other€type€of€word€youððd€use,€because€you€are€in€theÐ ° Ðmidst€of€your€deliberations.€€And€I€donððt€want€to€do€anything€atÐ –æ Ðall€to€in€any€way€influence,€however€subtly€it€would€be€done€orÐ |Ì Ðwhatever€word€youððd€use€to€describe€it€during€that€process.Ðb²¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àà / àNow,€let€me€ask€you€a€question.€€Iððve€got€facilitationÐ H˜ Ðdefined€in€the€Charge.€€And€it€is€a€lesser€included€offense.€€InÐ . ~ Ðother€words,€I€think€I€can€say€without€fear€of€contradiction€orÐ  d Ðcause€any€problems€that€the€facilitation€of€something€is€lessÐ ú J Ðserious€under€the€law€as€you€can€figure€out€from€reading€theÐ à 0 Ðcharge€than€the€actual€indicted€offense.€€It€is€something,Ð Æ   Ðthough,€that€the€Court€instructs€you€on,€as€itððs€required€to,€toÐ ¬ ü  Ðgive€you€the€option€of€the€charged€offense,Ô‡XXXXÔ€Ô#†XXXXS#Ôthe€facilitation€ofÐ ’â  Ðthat€offense€or€not€guilty€at€all.€€Thatððs€basically€what€youððreÐ xÈ  Ðinto€here.€€Would€it€help€you€if€I€made€everyone€of€you€a€copyÐ ^®  Ðof€this€jury€instruction€for€you€to€mull€over€individually,€becauseÐ D”  ÐI€just€canððt€really€start€saying€if€itððs€this,€itððs€this€and€that€is€this,Ð *z  Ðthis€would€be€that.€€I€just€canððt€do€that.€€You€know,€what€IððmÐ ` Ðsaying€now€is€the€Court€of€Appeals€will€review€this.€€I€knowÐ öF Ðsome€of€this€is€not€as€simple€as€it€maybe€could€or€should€be,Ð Ü, Ðbut€Iððm€left€with€certain€requirements,€certain€guidelines€as€toÐ Â Ðwhat€these€offenses€are€and€what€the€lesser€included€offensesÐ ¨ø Ðare.€€And€Iððve€set€it€out€in€this€jury€instruction€about€as€well€asÐ ŽÞ ÐI€can.€€I€know€itððs€lengthy.€€And€I€know€youððre€all€being€very,Ð tÄ Ðvery€conscientious.€€And€I€appreciate€everyone€of€you,€but€IÐ Zª Ðjust€really€canððt€say€too€much€more€about€what€the€differenceÐ @ Ðis€between€one€thing€and€the€other,€because€it€affects€twoÐ &v Ðcounts.€€And€all,€I€guess,€I€want€to€ask€you€to€do€is€to€read€theÐ  \ Ðinstruction€a€little€more.€€And€Iððd€be€more€than€happy€to€haveÐ òB Ðmy€secretary€make€a€copy€of€this€instruction€for€each€of€you,Ð Ø( Ðindividually,€which€I€might€should€have€done,€to€begin€with.€Ð ¾ ÐWe€donððt€usually€do€that.€€But,€if€thatððs€an€issue,€Iððll€be€glad€toÐ ¤ô Ðtry€to€accommodate€you€any€way€that€I€can.€€But,€in€the€finalÐ Š Ú Ðanalysis,€you,€the€Jury,€now,€in€your€deliberations,€willÐ p!À  Ðobviously,€need€to€consider€the€entire€instruction€and€considerÐ V"¦! Ðit€all.€€I€donððt€want€to€emphasize€one€part€of€it€over€the€other.€Ð <#Œ" ÐIn€other€words,€youððve€got€this€one€question€here€about€whatÐ "$r# Ðthe€difference€is€between€facilitation€and€whatððs€possession.€Ð %X $ ÐThatððs€one€aspect€of€the€jury€instruction.€€I€would€want€you€toÐ î%>!% Ðconsider€the€jury€instruction€in€its€totality€and€„„€and€read€it€allÐ Ô&$"& Ðtogether.€€And€the€reason€Iððm€saying€if€it€would€help€you€to€giveÐ º' #' Ðyou€each€an€individual€copy,€then€„„€then€I€would€be€more€thanÐ  (ð#( Ðhappy€to€do€that,€you€know.Ô‡XXXXÔІ)Ö$)¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àà / àÔ#†XXXXØ]#ÔSo€I€just€really€„„€I€just€really€canððt,€frankly,€Ms.€Crispin,€orÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€other€Members€of€the€Jury,€get€into€explaining€this€andÐ R+¢&+ Ðthat,€because€once€I€start€that,€I€get€into€something€that€is€notÐ 8,ˆ', Ðmy€prerogative€to€do.€€No€matter€how€you€cut€it,€it€will€end€upÐ -n(- Ðthat€way.€€And€you,€really,€frankly,€are€the€Jury€that€has€to€workÐ .T). Ðout€these€issues.€€And€I€will€respect€the€decision€you€reach,Ð ê.:*/ Ðwhatever€it€may€be,€but€youððre€the€one,€really,€who€needs€toÐ Ð/ +0 Ðreach€it.€€And€thatððs€about€the€best€I€know€how€to€answer€that.€Ð ¶0,1 ÐI€am€very€sorry€I€canððt€help€you€more,€but€„„Ðœ1ì,2¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àTHE€FOREPERSON:€€Judge€„„Ô‡XXXXÔÐh3¸.4¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àÔ#†XXXX–a#ÔTHE€COURT:€€„„€there€are€certain€limits.Ð45„06¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àTHE€FOREPERSON:€€„„€would€it€[be]€appropriate€to€ask€if€anyÐ 7P28 Ðone€of€the€jurors€would€like€to€have€a€copy?Ðæ7639¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àTHE€COURT:€€Yes.€€Itððs€fine.€€Yes.€€Iððd€be€glad€„„в95;¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Їà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àTHE€FOREPERSON:€€Would€anyone€like€to€have€a€copy?а¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àJUROR:€€I€donððt€think€itððs€necessary.Ð|̸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌÓpIÓÌà ` àThe€defendant€argues€that€when€the€court€responded€to€the€jury€by€noting€thatÐ  d Ðð ðfacilitation€of€that€offense€is€something€a€little€less€than€the€offense€itself,ðð€the€courtÐ à 0 Ðconfused€ššthe€jury€by€adding€information€that€failed€to€distinguish€between€committing€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðfelony€itself,€which€required€intent,€and€facilitating€the€commission€of€the€felony,€whichÐ xÈ  Ðrequired€no€intent€on€the€part€of€the€facilitating€party.€€The€defendant€argues€that€facilitationÐ D”  Ðof€a€felony€is€not€ð ða€little€less€than€the€offense€itselfðð€but€is,€following€the€logic€of€hisÐ ` Ðargument,€a€great€deal€less€because€facilitation€requires€no€intent€to€ð ðpromote€or€assist€theÐ Ü, Ðcommission€of€the€offense,€or€to€benefit€in€the€proceeds€or€results€of€the€offense.ðð€€Tenn.Ð ¨ø ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€39„11„402.€€The€defendant€argues€that€there€was€no€credible,€direct€evidenceÐ tÄ Ðof€his€intent€to€commit€a€felony€and€that€had€the€jury€fully€understood€the€distinctionÐ @ Ðbetween€commission€of€a€felony€and€facilitation€of€the€commission€of€a€felony,€he€wouldÐ  \ Ðhave€received€the€lesser€sentence.€€However,€the€record€shows€sufficient€proof€of€theÐ Ø( Ðdefendantððs€acts€as€principal€in€the€commission€of€this€crime,€particularly€through€theÐ ¤ô Ðtestimony€of€Rice.€Ð p!À  ÐÌà ` àThe€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€Count€I€of€the€indictment,€which€charged€himÐ %X $ Ðwith€possessing€twenty„six€grams€or€more€of€cocaine€with€intent€to€deliver.€€There€wasÐ Ô&$"& Ðsufficient€evidence€for€the€jury€to€find€that€the€defendant€intended€to€benefit€from€the€saleÐ  (ð#( Ðof€cocaine€to€ð ðChris.ðð€€Rice€testified€that€she€had€telephoned€the€defendant€to€ask€if€heÐ l*¼%* Ðcould€get€five€ounces€of€cocaine€for€the€sale€to€ð ðChris,ðð€and€that€the€defendant€respondedÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthat€ð ðhe€could€get€itðð€and€could€pick€her€up€in€ð ðmaybe€thirty€or€forty„five€minutes.ðð€€SheÐ .T). Ðtestified€that€the€defendant€told€her€she€would€receive€an€ð ðeight„ballðð€for€setting€up€the€deal.€Ð Ð/ +0 ÐHe€also€told€her€that€he€had€a€gun€and€that€she€could€be€hurt€if€the€sale€was,€in€fact,€aÐ œ1ì,2 Ðsetup.€€As€they€were€in€the€car€together,€prior€to€meeting€Sergeant€Bunch,€the€defendantÐ h3¸.4 Ðshowed€ð ðabout€five€bagsðð€containing€drugs€to€Rice.€€He€said€that€he€was€going€to€give€oneÐ 45„06 Ðto€Rice€and€keep€one€for€himself,€as€he€put€one€bag€in€each€of€his€two€shirt€pockets.€€Ð 7P28 ÐFurther,€at€the€time€of€his€arrest,€the€defendant€had€on€his€person€a€bag€containing€2.7Ð Ì84: Ðgrams€of€cocaine€and€another€with€2.6€grams€of€marijuana.€€Also,€two€additional€bags€ofÐ ° Ðcocaine,€one€with€14.2€grams€and€the€other€with€9.4€grams,€were€found€in€the€driverððs€seatÐ |Ì Ðwhere€the€defendant€ended€up,€sitting€on€top€of€Shields€whom€he€had€been€pushing€to€getÐ H˜ Ðout€of€the€driverððs€area.€€Based€upon€this€evidence,€a€reasonable€jury€could€find€from€theÐ  d Ðevidence€that€the€$5,000€to€be€paid€for€the€cocaine€by€ð ðChrisðð€was€not€to€be€Riceððs€but€wasÐ à 0 Ðto€go€to€her€supplier,€the€defendant.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌà ` àThe€jury€also€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€facilitation€of€possession€of€a€deadlyÐ D”  Ðweapon€with€intent€to€employ€in€the€commission€of,€or€escape€from,€an€offense.€€AccordingÐ ` Ðto€evidence€presented€at€trial,€no€readable€prints€were€found€on€the€gun.€€Although€theÐ Ü, Ðdefendant€never€used€the€gun,€it€was€found€where€he€had€been€sitting€on€the€frontÐ ¨ø Ðpassenger€seat€of€the€Maxima€and€was€readily€available€and€loaded.€€Therefore,€there€isÐ tÄ Ðevidence€that€would€indicate€€the€jury€adequately€made€the€distinction€between€commissionÐ @ Ðof€a€felony€and€criminal€responsibility€for€facilitation€of€commission€of€a€felony.€€€€Ð  \ ÐÌà ` à€The€defendant€additionally€claims€that€the€trial€courtððs€reference€to€review€by€thisÐ ¤ô ÐCourt€during€the€course€of€its€answering€the€juryððs€question€somehow€relieved€the€jury€ofÐ p!À  Ða€sense€of€responsibility€for€its€decision.€€The€defendant€speculates€that€the€jurors€mightÐ <#Œ" Ðhave€been€inclined€to€take€the€easy€way€out€and€simply€find€possession€of€cocaine€withÐ %X $ Ðintent€to€distribute€rather€than€the€lesser€included€crime€of€criminal€responsibility€forÐ Ô&$"& Ðfacilitation€of€possession€of€cocaine€with€intent€to€distribute,€knowing€that€if€there€were€anyÐ  (ð#( Ðproblems€with€this€decision,€another€court€would€sort€it€out.€€However,€the€trial€courtððsÐ l*¼%* Ðreference€to€the€appellate€court€was€vague€and€cannot€be€read€as€suggesting€that€anotherÐ 8,ˆ', Ðcourt€would€alter€the€verdict€or€correct€any€errors.€€The€defendant€points€to€no€proof€toÐ .T). Ðsupport€a€lack€of€serious€commitment€on€the€part€of€the€jury.€€In€fact,€the€record€is€to€theÐ Ð/ +0 Ðcontrary.€€Furthermore,€knowledge€of€the€availability€of€appeal€is€widespread€enough€to€beÐ œ1ì,2 Ðconsidered€general€knowledge.€€Ð h3¸.4 ÐÌà ` àWhen€supplemental€instructions€are€given€to€the€jury,€there€is€an€additional€need€forÐ 7P28 Ðthe€court€to€also€ð ðadmonish€the€jury€not€to€place€undue€emphasis€on€the€supplementalÐ Ì84: Ðinstruction€and€to€consider€it€in€conjunction€with€the€entire€charge.ðð€€òòForbesóó,€918€S.W.2dÐ ° Ðat€451€(citing€òòBurtonóó,€394€S.W.2d€at€876„77).€€In€òòForbesóó,€the€court€concluded€thatÐ |Ì Ðsupplemental€instruction€did€not€constitute€reversible€error,€noting€that:€Ð H˜ ÐÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àAlthough€the€juryððs€rather€cryptic€inquiry€perhaps€deserved€noÐ  d Ðreply€other€than€to€continue€deliberating,€the€court€merely€re„Ð ú J Ðread€a€portion€of€the€instructions€the€jury€had€already€heard.€Ð à 0 ÐThe€trial€court€did€not€comment€on€specific€evidence€or€à @ð àà @ð àÐ Æ   Ðtestimony€introduced€at€trial.€€Moreover,€while€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðsupplemental€instruction€should€have€included€anÐ ’â  Ðadmonishment€to€place€no€undue€emphasis€upon€it,€the€mainÐ xÈ  Ðcharge€to€the€jury€included€an€instruction€not€to€single€out€oneÐ ^®  Ðinstruction€over€any€other.€ÐD” ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌòòForbesóó,€918€S.W.2d€at€452.Ð ` ÐÌÓd|ÓThe€written€instructions€of€the€trial€court€in€this€case€included€the€admonition€that,€ð ðTheÐ Ü, Ðorder€in€which€these€instructions€are€given€is€no€indication€of€their€relative€importance.€€YouÐ ¨ø Ðshould€not€single€out€one€or€more€of€them€to€the€exclusion€of€another€or€others€but€shouldÐ tÄ Ðconsider€each€one€in€the€light€of€and€in€harmony€with€the€others.ðð€€The€trial€court€made€noÐ @ Ðreference€in€its€supplemental€instruction€to€any€specific€evidence€or€testimony€introducedÐ  \ Ðat€trial,€and€emphasized€again€that,€ð ðI€would€want€you€to€consider€the€jury€instruction€in€itsÐ Ø( Ðtotality€and€read€it€all€together.ðð€€€Thus,€there€was€no€error€committed€by€the€trial€court€inÐ ¤ô Ðproviding€the€supplemental€instruction.Ð p!À  ÐÌà@  Dàò òII.€€Evidence€of€Defendantððs€Aliasó óˆÐ %X $ Ðà ` àDefendantððs€second€claim€on€appeal€is€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€admittingÐ Ô&$"& Ðevidence€of€an€alias€used€by€him.€€Defendant€argues€first€that€the€evidence€was€notÐ  (ð#( Ðrelevant€and€that,€even€if€relevant,€it€should€have€been€excluded€under€Tennessee€RuleÐ l*¼%* Ðof€Evidence€403€as€unfairly€prejudicial.€€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÌà ` àThe€standard€for€relevancy€of€evidence€is€set€out€in€Tennessee€Rule€of€EvidenceÐ Ð/ +0 Ð401,€which€states:€€ð ðððRelevant€evidenceðð€means€evidence€having€any€tendency€to€make€theÐ œ1ì,2 Ðexistence€of€any€fact€that€is€of€consequence€to€the€determination€of€the€action€moreÐ h3¸.4 Ðprobable€or€less€probable€than€it€would€be€without€the€evidence.ðð€€The€test€for€admissibilityÐ 45„06 Ðis€a€lenient€one.€€òòSeeóóòò€óóTenn.€R.€Evid.€401€Advisory€Commission€Comments.€€PreliminaryÐ 7P28 Ðquestions€concerning€the€admissibility€of€evidence€are€determined€by€the€court.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.Ð Ì84: ÐR.€Evid.€104.€€Ð ° ÐÌà ` àThe€defendantððs€indictment€identified€him€as€ð ðFrank€Chester€Bright,€Jr.,€a.k.a€MervynÐ H˜ ÐJordan.ðð€We€recognize€the€rule€that€ð ð[w]here€no€proof€is€offered€of€use€of€an€alias€by€anÐ  d Ðaccused€it€should€not€be€included€in€an€indictment.ððòò€€òòóóMallicoat€v.€Stateóó,€539€S.W.2d€54,€56Ð à 0 Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1976).€€This€rule€is€modified€by€a€showing,€madeÐ ¬ ü  Ðin€good€faith,€by€the€State€to€prove€the€use€of€an€alias.€€òòSeeòòóó€òòóóBanks€v.€Stateóó,€556€S.W.2dÐ xÈ  Ð88,€90€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1977)€(finding€no€error€when€State€hadÐ D”  Ðattempted€to€prove€that€the€accused€used€an€alias€in€talking€with€police€about€anotherÐ ` Ðoffense).òò€€óóòòSeeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Hollomanóó,€835€S.W.2d€42,€45€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòpermóó.€òòappóó.Ð Ü, Ðòòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1992)€(finding€no€error€where€there€was€contradictory€testimony€as€to€useÐ ¨ø Ðof€an€alias).€€In€òòState€v.€Zirkleóó,€910€S.W.2d€874,€887€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòpermóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóóÐ tÄ Ð(Tenn.€1995),€the€court€found€no€prejudicial€error€for€the€indictment€to€refer€to€theÐ @ Ðdefendantððs€alias,€when€he€had€initially€refused€to€identify€himself€to€arresting€officers€whoÐ  \ Ðhad€then€searched€him€and€found€identification€bearing€the€alias.€€Likewise,€in€òòYoung€v.Ð Ø( ÐStateóó,€566€S.W.2d€895,€899€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1978),€it€was€not€errorÐ ¤ô Ðfor€Larry€Youngððs€indictment€to€also€bear€the€alias,€ð ðAlfred€Davis,ðð€since€he€had€identifiedÐ p!À  Ðhimself€by€this€name€to€police€officers.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌà ` àTestimony€at€trial€indicated€that,€at€the€time€of€his€arrest,€the€defendant€told€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðpolice€that€his€name€was€Mervyn€Jordan€and€that€he€had€a€driverððs€license€in€his€wallet€inÐ  (ð#( Ðthe€name€of€Jordan.€€It€was€only€during€subsequent€booking€procedures,€includingÐ l*¼%* Ðfingerprinting,€that€the€defendantððs€true€name€was€determined€to€be€Frank€Chester€Bright,Ð 8,ˆ', ÐJr.€€We€find€that€the€alias€was€appropriately€included€on€the€indictment€and€wasÐ .T). Ðappropriately€admitted€as€relevant€evidence.€Ð Ð/ +0 ÐÌà ` àDefendant€argues€that€evidence€of€the€alias€and€the€false€driverððs€license€shouldÐ h3¸.4 Ðhave€been€excluded€by€the€trial€court€because€ð ðthe€unfair€prejudice€of€this€evidence€canÐ 45„06 Ðbe€said€to€substantially€outweighed€[sic]€the€minuscule,€if€any,€probative€value€of€thatÐ 7P28 Ðevidence.ðð€€Yet,€the€defendant€offers€no€proof€of€any€prejudice€to€him€other€than€theÐ Ì84: Ðassertion€that€the€jury€decided€his€case€on€ð ðirrelevant€evidence.ðð€€Once€the€court€has€ruledÐ ° Ðthat€evidence€is€relevant,€it€is€excluded€under€Rule€403€if,€although€relevant,€ð ðits€probativeÐ |Ì Ðvalue€is€substantially€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice,€confusion€of€the€issues,Ð H˜ Ðor€misleading€the€jury,€or€by€considerations€of€undue€delay,€waste€of€time,€or€needlessÐ  d Ðpresentation€of€cumulative€evidence.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.òò€403.óó€€The€defendant€has€provenÐ à 0 Ðnone€of€these.€€He€may€not€be€happy€with€the€fact€that€the€jury€knew€he€gave€the€police€anÐ ¬ ü  Ðalias€or€that€he€had€a€false€driverððs€license€in€his€wallet,€but€that€is€a€situation€of€his€ownÐ xÈ  Ðdoing.€We€find€no€error€as€to€this€claim.׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð D”  ÐÌà@„„Dàò òIII.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óˆÐ Ü, Ðà ` àDefendantððs€third€claim€is€that€the€verdict€was€not€supported€by€the€weight€of€theÐ ¨ø Ðevidence.€€Our€standard€of€review€when€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€questioned€isÐ tÄ Ðð ðwhether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€anyÐ @ Ðrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€aÐ  \ Ðreasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.Ct.€2781,€2789,€61Ð Ø( ÐL.Ed.2d€560€(1979).€€òòSeeòòóó€òòóóalsoòòóó€òòóóState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€190„92€(Tenn.€1992);€òòStateÐ ¤ô Ðv.€Sheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2d€542,€547€(Tenn.€1984);€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835Ð p!À  Ð(Tenn.€1978).€€All€questions€involving€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€toÐ <#Œ" Ðbe€given€the€evidence,€and€all€factual€issues€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòSeeòòóó€òòóóStateÐ %X $ Ðv.€Pappasóó,€754€S.W.2d€620,€623€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòpermóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1987).€€ð ðAÐ Ô&$"& Ðguilty€verdict€by€the€jury,€approved€by€the€trial€judge,€accredits€the€testimony€of€theÐ  (ð#( Ðwitnesses€for€the€State€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€theory€of€the€State.ðð€€òòStateÐ l*¼%* Ðv.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973).€€Our€Supreme€Court€stated€the€rationale€forÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthis€rule:Ð .T). ÐÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àThis€well„settled€rule€rests€on€a€sound€foundation.€The€trialÐ Ð/ +0 Ðjudge€and€the€jury€see€the€witnesses€face€to€face,€hear€theirÐ ¶0,1 Ðtestimony€and€observe€their€demeanor€on€the€stand.€€Thus€theÐ œ1ì,2 Ðtrial€judge€and€jury€are€the€primary€instrumentality€of€justice€toÐ ‚2Ò-3 Ðdetermine€the€weight€and€credibility€to€be€given€to€theÐ h3¸.4 Ðtestimony€of€witnesses.€€In€the€trial€forum€alone€is€there€humanÐ N4ž/5 Ðatmosphere€and€the€totality€of€the€evidence€cannot€beÐ 45„06 Ðreproduced€with€a€written€record€in€this€Court.€€€€Ð°¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌòòÓÓBolin€v.€Stateóó,€405€S.W.2d€768,€771€(Tenn.€1966)€(citing€òòCarroll€v.€Stateóó,€370€S.W.2d€523Ð |Ì Ð(Tenn.€1963)).Ð H˜ ÐÌà ` àThe€essential€elements€of€the€crime€with€which€the€defendant€was€charged,€Ð à 0 Ðpossession€with€intent€to€deliver€twenty„six€grams€or€more€of€a€substance€containingÐ ¬ ü  Ðcocaine,€a€Schedule€II€controlled€substance,€are:Ð xÈ  ÐÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(1)à8/ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð àthe€defendant€knowingly€possessed€twenty„six€gramsÐ D”  Ðor€more€of€a€substance€containing€cocaine,€aÐ *z  ÐSchedule€II€controlled€substance;€andÐ`/ Y/ Y ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(2)à8/ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð àthe€defendant€intended€to€deliver€such€controlledÐ Ü, Ðsubstance.ÐÂ/ Y/ Y ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€Ô‡XXXXÔððÔ#†XXXX¤£#Ô€39„17„417.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌÓÓThe€defendant€argues€that€the€testimony€of€Lisa€Rice€provided€the€only€direct€evidence€ofÐ Zª Ðhis€knowing€possession€of€cocaine€and€intent€to€sell€it€and€that€her€testimony€was€soÐ &v Ðsuspect€as€to€be€unbelievable.€€Defendant€points€to€Riceððs€own€criminal€record€andÐ òB Ðnumerous€convictions€for€truth„related€crimes€and€to€the€fact€that€the€only€differenceÐ ¾ Ðbetween€the€first€trial,€which€resulted€in€a€hung€jury,€and€the€second€trial,€which€resultedÐ Š Ú Ðin€a€conviction,€was€the€fact€that€Rice€testified€only€in€the€second€trial.Ð V"¦! ÐÌà ` àThe€trial€court€specifically€instructed€the€jury€that€Rice€was€an€accomplice,€as€aÐ î%>!% Ðmatter€of€law,€and€told€the€jury€that€in€order€for€the€defendant€to€be€convicted,€herÐ º' #' Ðtestimony€would€have€to€be€corroborated.€€The€trial€court€also€instructed€the€jury€that€RiceÐ †)Ö$) Ðwas€a€witness€with€a€history€of€prior€criminal€activity€and€they€could€consider€that€inÐ R+¢&+ Ðdetermining€her€credibility.€€Viewed€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€the€recordÐ -n(- Ðprovides€amble€corroborating€evidence€of€Riceððs€testimony.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Additionally,€the€witnessððsÐ ê.:*/ Ðcredibility€was,€as€we€have€noted,€a€matter€for€the€trier€of€fact€to€determine.€€The€jury€heardÐ ¶0,1 Ðthe€testimony€of€Rice;€knew€her€role€in€this€crime€and€her€background;€and€neverthelessÐ ‚2Ò-3 Ðapparently€found€her€credible€and€her€testimony€persuasive.€€Such€is€the€prerogative€of€theÐ N4ž/5 Ðjury,€and€we€will€not€impinge€upon€that€prerogative.Ð ° ÐÌà@  $Dàò òIV.€€Sentencing€Issuesó óˆÐ H˜ Ðà ` àThe€defendantððs€fourth€and€last€claim€of€error€is€that€his€sentence€was€notÐ  d Ðappropriate.€€He€was€sentenced€as€a€career€offender€in€accordance€with€Tennessee€CodeÐ à 0 ÐAnnotated€ðð€40„35„108(a)(1),€which€defines€a€career€offender€as€a€ð ðdefendant€who€hasÐ ¬ ü  Ðreceived:€(1)€Any€combination€of€six€(6)€or€more€Class€A,€B€or€C€prior€felony€convictions,Ð xÈ  Ðand€the€defendantððs€conviction€offense€is€a€class€A,€B€or€C€felony.ðð€€The€State€producedÐ D”  Ðdocumentation€in€its€sentencing€memorandum€of€six€separate,€prior€Class€C€felonyÐ ` Ðconvictions;€and€the€conviction€offense€now€on€appeal€is€a€Class€B€felony.€€Having€foundÐ Ü, Ðthe€defendant€to€be€a€career€offender,€the€trial€court€proceeded€to€sentence€him€as€isÐ ¨ø Ðrequired€by€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€40„35„108(c)€to€the€maximum€sentence€withinÐ tÄ Ðthe€applicable€Range€III,€which€in€this€case€is€thirty€years.Ð @ ÐÌà ` àWhen€a€defendant€challenges€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€service€of€hisÐ Ø( Ðsentence,€the€appellate€court€conducts€a€de€novo€review€on€the€record.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€CodeÐ ¤ô ÐAnn.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€There€is€a€presumption€that€the€determinations€made€by€the€trialÐ p!À  Ðcourt€are€correct.€€òòSeeòòóó€òòóóidóó.€€The€burden€of€showing€that€the€sentence€is€improper€is€uponÐ <#Œ" Ðthe€appellant.€€òòSeeòòóó€òòóóidóó.€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.€€Ð %X $ ÐÌà ` àThe€defendant€argues€two€grounds€to€support€his€contention€that€his€sentence€wasÐ  (ð#( Ðinappropriate.€€First,€he€argues€that€his€sentence€was€ð ðcruel€and€unusual,ðð€and€thereforeÐ l*¼%* Ðviolative€of€his€constitutional€rights€under€the€U.S.€Constitutionððs€Eighth€Amendment.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐBecause€the€defendant€offers€no€proof,€for€instance,€he€does€not€seek€to€show€that€theÐ .T). Ðsentence€is€disproportionate€to€the€crime,€we€can€only€surmise€that€his€claim€is€based€onÐ Ð/ +0 Ðthe€severity€of€the€mandatory€sentence€as€a€career€offender.€€The€United€States€SupremeÐ œ1ì,2 ÐCourt€has€responded€to€a€ð ðcruel€and€unusualðð€claim€based€on€the€severity€of€a€mandatoryÐ h3¸.4 Ðsentence:€€ð ðSevere,€mandatory€penalties€may€be€cruel,€but€they€are€not€unusual€in€theÐ 45„06 Ðconstitutional€sense.€.€.€.€€There€can€be€no€serious€contention,€then,€that€a€sentence€whichÐ 7P28 Ðis€not€otherwise€cruel€and€unusual€becomes€so€simply€because€it€is€ððmandatory.ðððð€òòHarmelinÐ Ì84: Ðv.€Michiganóó,€501€U.S.€957,€994„95,€111€S.Ct.€2680,€2701,€115€L.Ed.2d€836€(1991).Ð ° ÐÌà ` àIn€òòState€v.€Russellóó,€866€S.W.2d€578,€581€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991),€òòpermóó.€òòappóó.Ð H˜ Ðòòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1992),€this€Court€noted€that€Tennesseeððs€courts€have€held€that€the€habitualÐ  d Ðcriminal€statute€does€not€violate€the€constitutional€protection€against€cruel€and€unusualÐ à 0 Ðpunishment.€€òòSeeóó€òòPearson€v.€Stateóó,€521€S.W.2d€225,€229€(Tenn.€1975);€òòState€v.€Kilbyóó,€763Ð ¬ ü  ÐS.W.2d€389,€393„94€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòpermóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1988);€òòMullins€v.€Stateóó,Ð xÈ  Ð571€S.W.2d€852,€857„58€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978),€òòcertòòóó.€òòóódeniedóó,€440€U.S.€963€(1979);Ð D”  ÐòòJanow€v.€Stateóó,€567€S.W.2d€483,€485€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1978);Ð ` ÐòòFrazieròò€óóv.€Stateóó,€480€S.W.2d€553,€554€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1972).€€TheÐ Ü, ÐRevised€Criminal€Code€of€1989,€which€repealed€the€habitual€criminal€classification,€reflectsÐ ¨ø Ða€continuing€legislative€intent€to€incarcerate€those€with€lengthy€criminal€records.€€òòSeeòòóóÐ tÄ ÐòòóóRussellóó,€866€S.W.2d€at€581.€€The€record€supports€the€finding€of€€the€trial€court€that€theÐ @ Ðdefendant€was€a€career€offender.€€He€was€convicted€of€second„degree€burglary׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€on€sixÐ  \ Ðseparate€occasions€and,€as€the€trial€court€noted,€there€were€other€charges€in€his€record.Ð Ø( ÐThere€has€been€no€violation€of€the€defendantððs€constitutional€right€to€be€free€from€cruel€andÐ ¤ô Ðunusual€punishments.Ð p!À  ÐÌà ` àDefendantððs€second€ground€is€that€his€sentence€was€ð ðgrossly€disproportionateðð€toÐ %X $ Ðthat€received€by€his€two€co„defendants,€each€receiving€ten€years€or€less€on€alternativeÐ Ô&$"& Ðsentences.€€In€òòHarrison€v.€Stateóó,€455€S.W.2d€617,€618€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1970),€theÐ  (ð#( Ðdefendant€argued€on€appeal€that€his€thirty„year€sentence€for€armed€robbery,€imposed€byÐ l*¼%* Ðjury€verdict€following€his€plea€of€not€guilty,€was€excessive€in€view€of€the€ten„year€sentencesÐ 8,ˆ', Ðimposed€on€two€co„defendants€who€entered€guilty€pleas.€€In€this€case,€as€in€òòHarrisonóó,€theÐ .T). Ðfact€that€the€co„defendants€chose€to€accept€certainty€rather€than€risk€the€outcome€of€a€trialÐ Ð/ +0 Ðdoes€not€now€afford€the€defendant€a€basis€for€contesting€the€sentence€imposed€upon€him.€Ð œ1ì,2 ÐIn€òòState€v.€Grosecloseóó,€615€S.W.2d€142,€149€(Tenn.€1981),€òòcertòòóó.€òòóódeniedóó,€454€U.S.€882Ð h3¸.4 Ð(1981),€the€court€noted€that€ð ðeach€of€the€accused€persons€had€to€be€considered€separatelyÐ 45„06 Ðand€on€its€own€individual€merits.ðð€€The€òòGrosecloseòòóó€óójury€did€not€act€arbitrarily€or€capriciouslyÐ 7P28 ÐцÑâ âÑTR[ì AØ'ÿ Legal[ì AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ LegalTÑâ âÑ  Ñin€imposing€a€lesser€life€imprisonment€sentence€on€a€co„defendant€in€a€murder€trial€basedÐ ° Ðon€the€ð ðabsence€of€any€prior€criminal€record,€duress€or€domination€by€another€person,Ð |Ì Ðyouth€of€the€accused€and€contrition€and€remorse.ðð€òòIdóó.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà ` àTwelve€mitigating€factors€similar€to€prior€law€are€set€out€in€Tennessee€CodeÐ à 0 ÐAnnotated€ðð€40„35„113.€€The€list€is€not€exclusive,€and€the€trial€judge€may€consider€ð ðanyÐ ¬ ü  Ðother€factor€consistent€with€the€purposes€of€this€chapter.ðð€€òòIdóó.€€The€record€includes€theÐ xÈ  Ðsentencing€of€co„defendant€Shields€who€pleaded€guilty€to€a€lesser€charge.€€At€the€time€ofÐ D”  Ðsentencing,€Shields€was€a€29„year„old,€single€mother€of€six€children,€ages€12€and€under.€Ð ` ÐThe€trial€court€recognized€the€abusive€influence€of€the€defendant€in€Shieldsððs€life,€her€lackÐ Ü, Ðof€a€serious€criminal€record,€the€strong€moral€support€of€Shieldsððs€mother,€and€the€needsÐ ¨ø Ðof€her€children.€€Shields€received€an€eight„year€sentence.€€She€was€placed€on€probationÐ tÄ Ðfor€five€years,€ordered€to€serve€thirty€days€in€prison,€and€placed€on€intensive€probation€forÐ @ Ðninety€days€and€regular€probation€for€the€remaining€term.€€The€record€does€not€clarify€theÐ  \ Ðsentence€of€co„defendant€Rice,€but€it€is€clear€that€she€was€in€prison€for€a€year€prior€to€theÐ Ø( Ðfirst€trial;€that€she€pleaded€guilty€to€all€charges;€and€that€her€testimony€in€the€second€trialÐ ¤ô Ðwas€key€to€the€conviction€of€the€defendant.€€Thus,€we€find€no€error€in€the€differingÐ p!À  Ðsentences€among€the€parties€to€this€crime.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌà@¤¤*Dàò òCONCLUSIONó óˆÐ Ô&$"& Ðà ` àBased€upon€the€record€and€the€authorities€set€out€herein,€the€judgment€of€the€trialÐ  (ð#( Ðcourt€is€affirmed.Ð l*¼%* ÐÌÌÓÓÔ‡'XXXXÔà ` àà ¸ àà / àà h àà À àà  à________________________________________Ð Ð/ +0 Ðà ` àà ¸ àà / àà h àà À àà  àALAN€E.€€GLENN,€JUDGEÐ ¶0,1 ÐÌÌÌCONCUR:Ð N4ž/5 ÐÌÌÌÌ____________________________________Ð Ì84: ÐJOSEPH€M.€TIPTON,€JUDGEÐ ²95; ЇÌÌÌ____________________________________Ð b² ÐJOE€G.€RILEY,€JUDGEÐ H˜ Ðà ` àÔ#†XXX'XÌ#Ô