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YYY FILEDX March19,1997CecilCrowson,Jr.AppellateCourtClerk  d !#d#     X        Tenn.R.App.P.9. !#d#       X      Tenn.CodeAnn.3913204(i)(7).  !#d#     X        Tenn.CodeAnn.3913202(a).Thissectionwasamendedin1995.Presently,thecommissionoffelonymurderdoesnotrequireaculpablementalstate.Tenn.CodeAnn.3913202(a)(Supp.1996).  !#d#     X        Statev.Middlebrooks,840S.W.2d317,336(Tenn.1992),cert.granted,507U.S.1028,113S.Ct.1840,123L.Ed.2d466,cert.dismissed,510U.S.805,114S.Ct.48,126L.Ed.2d19(1993).(43n$ T!    d   !#d#     X        TheoffenseofespeciallyaggravatedrobberyisproscribedbyTenn.CodeAnn.3913403.-y  <<= 8C("$     !#d#     X        Tenn.CodeAnn.3911401(a). !#d#     X        SeeTenn.CodeAnn.3913202(a)(2)(Supp.1994). !#d#       X      Tenn.CodeAnn.3913207(a). !#d#       X      Tenn.CodeAnn.3913207(c). !#d#       X      Tenn.CodeAnn.3913207(d). !#d#       X      Tenn.CodeAnn.3913204(i)(7). !#d#       X      Tenn.CodeAnn.3913204(i)(7)(Supp.1994). !#d#       X      840S.W.2d317(Tenn.1992). w !#d#       X      SeeStatev.Smith,755S.W.2d757(Tenn.1988);Statev.Barnes,703S.W.2d611(Tenn.1985),cert.denied476U.S.1153,106S.Ct.2260,90L.Ed.2d705(1986);Statev.Smith,695S.W.2d954(Tenn.1985);Statev.King,694S.W.2d941(Tenn.1985);Statev.Sheffield,676S.W.2d542(Tenn.1984);Statev.Laney,654S.W.2d383(Tenn.1983);Statev.Pritchett,621S.W.2d127(Tenn.1981). !#d#     X        Barnes,703S.W.2dat618;Laney,654S.W.2dat387. !#d#     X        Smith,755S.W.2dat768. !#d#       X      Smith,755S.W.2dat768. !#d#     X        King,694S.W.2dat946;Laney,654S.W.2dat387.  !#d#     X        See,forexample,Barnes,703S.W.2dat618("[Thedefendant]insiststhathavingbeenconvictedoffelonymurderattheguiltphase,doublejeopardyprecludestheuseofthefelonyasanaggravatingcircumstances.Wehaveheretoforeconsideredandrejectedthisidenticalissue.") !#d#       X      840S.W.2d317(Tenn.1992). !#d#       X      840S.W.2dat346. 9 !#d#       X      Statev.Howell,868S.W.2d238,259(Tenn.1993),cert.denied,510U.S.1215,114S.Ct.1339,127L.Ed.2d687(1994). !#d#       X      868S.W.2dat259. 4 !#d#     X        Statev.Cazes,875S.W.2d253,269270(Tenn.1994),cert.denied,115S.Ct.743,130L.Ed.2d644(1995)(theuseof(i)(7)inafelonymurderconvictiontosupportadeathsentenceheldtobeharmlesserrorinviewoftheotheraggravatingcircumstancesfoundbythejury);Statev.Howell,868S.W.2d238,265271(Tenn.1993)(Reid,C.J.,concurring)(theuseof(i)(7)inafelonymurderconvictiontosupportadeathsentenceheldtobeharmlesserrorinviewoftheotheraggravatingcircumstancesfoundbythejury);Statev.Bane,853S.W.2d483,489(Tenn.1993),cert.denied510U.S.1040,114S.Ct.682,126L.Ed.2d650(1994)(theuseof(i)(7)inafelonymurderconvictiontosupportadeathsentenceheldtobereversibleerror,andcasewasremandedforanewsentencinghearing);seeStatev.Stephenson,878S.W.2d530,557(Tenn.1994);Statev.Smith,868S.W.2d561,583(Tenn.1993),cert.denied115S.Ct.417,130L.Ed.2d333(1994);Statev.VanTran,864S.W.2d465,48182(Tenn.1993),cert.denied114S.Ct.1577,128L.Ed.2d220(1994). 5 !#d#       X      SeeMcArthurv.State,309Ark.196,830S.W.2d842,84647(1992);Statev.Travis,568A.2d316,324(R.I.1990).PtPtHH(FG(HH(d'hStyl{WP}01  HH  2$HH  Geneva  <Px443!#4$*$$*$ KK  Geneva  Geneva .,6 Geneva   h HD: Geneva  h HD: Geneva DEDFDGHIIeJDKLMӀzz!D$$$$'dxd((3$ T!   d-C<< CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$   1  ' dxdP Pd ! .   ݛ\RA'\      X Ӝ  \RA'\R"#!A1-j|`  `@Rߛ INTHECOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEALSOFTENNESSEEATJACKSONDECEMBER1996SESSION   STATEOFTENNESSEE,    )       )   APPELLANT,  )       ) No.02C019604CR00128       )       ) ShelbyCountyv.       )       ) JosephB.Dailey,Judge       )       ) (InterlocutoryAppeal)FREDERICKD.BUTLER,DEWAYNEB. )BUTLER,ANDERICD.ALEXANDER,  )       )   APPELLEES.  )FORTHEAPPELLANT:     FORTHEAPPELLEES:CharlesW.Burson      LeslieI.BallinAttorneyGeneral&Reporter    AttorneyatLaw500CharlotteAvenue     200JeffersonAvenue,Suite1250Nashville,TN372430497     Memphis,TN38103        (CounselforFrederickD.Butler)KathyMoranteDeputyAttorneyGeneral     W.MarkWard450JamesRobertsonParkway    AssistantPublicDefenderNashville,TN372430493     147JeffersonAvenue,Suite900        Memphis,TN38103JohnW.Pierotti      (CounselforDewayneB.Butler)DistrictAttorneyGeneral201PoplarAvenue,Suite301    WilliamD.MasseyMemphis,TN38103     AttorneyatLaw        3634AustinPeayHighwayTerrellL.Harris      Memphis,TN38125AssistantDistrictAttorneyGeneral   (CounselforEricD.Alexander)201PoplarAvenue,Suite301   Memphis,TN38103 OPINIONFILED:___________________________________AFFIRMEDINPARTANDREVERSEDINPARTJoeB.Jones,PresidingJudge #d#7XdXXd7  OPINION   X  ThisCourtgrantedtheapplicationoftheStateofTennessee(state)foraninterlocutoryappeal %   ׀todeterminewhetherthefelonymurderaggravatingcircumstance '   ׀canbeusedtoenhancealifesentencetoalifesentencewithoutthepossibilityofparoleinafelonymurdercasewhenthestatedoesnotseekadeathsentence.Afterathoroughreviewoftherecord,thebriefssubmittedbytheparties,andthelawgoverningtheissuepresentedforreview,itistheopinionofthisCourtthejudgmentofthetrialcourtdenyingthemotionofFrederickD.Butlertostrikethefelonymurderaggravatingcircumstancefromthestate'snoticeshouldbeaffirmed,andthejudgmentofthetrialcourtgrantingthemotionsofDewayneB.ButlerandEricD.Alexandershouldbereversed.Thiscauseisremandedtothetrialcourtforfurtherproceedingsconsistentwiththisopinion.  OnDecember15,1994,theShelbyCountyGrandJuryreturnedtwoindictmentschargingFrederickD.Butler,DewayneD.Butler,andEricD.Alexander(defendants)withcriminaloffenses.Thefirstindictmentchargesthedefendantswithespeciallyaggravatedrobbery.Thesecondindictment,whichcontainstwocounts,chargesthedefendantswithfelonymurderinonecountandpremeditatedmurderinanothercount.Allthreeoffensesaroseoutofthesamecriminalconduct. Thestategavethedefendantsnoticeitwouldseekaconvictionforfirstdegreemurdercommittedduringtheperpetrationofafelony(felonymurder),and,ifthedefendantsareconvicted,thestatewillseekasentenceoflifewithoutthepossibilityofparole.Thenoticeincludedtheaggravatingcircumstancesthestatewillattempttoprovetoenhancethesentencefromlifetolifewithoutthepossibilityofparole.   I.    Whenthecrimesinquestionwerecommitted,theoffenseoffirstdegreemurderproscribedthefollowingconduct:8 8 (1)Anintentional,premeditatedanddeliberatekillingofanother;8 8 (2)Arecklesskillingofanothercommittedintheperpetrationof,orattempttoperpetrateanyfirstdegreemurder,arson,rape,robbery,burglary,theft,kidnappingoraircraftpiracy;8 8 (3)Arecklesskillingofanothercommittedastheresultoftheunlawfulthrowing,placingordischargingofadestructivedeviceorbomb;or8 8 (4)Arecklesskillingofchildlessthansixteen(16)yearsofage,ifthechild'sdeathresultsfromaggravatedchildabuse,asdefinedby3915402,committedbythedefendantagainstthechild. (   Thesupremecourthasruledsubsections(a)(2)and(a)(3)passconstitutionalmuster. )   כ Inthiscase,thestatewillseektoconvictthedefendantspursuanttosubsection(a)(2)ofthestatute.Thedefendantsareaccusedof"unlawfullyandrecklesslykill[ing]CharlesCantrellduringtheperpetrationofEspeciallyAggravatedRobbery." +   ׀Thus,thestatewillhavetoestablishbeyondareasonabledoubt(a)thedefendantskilledthevictimorarecriminallyresponsiblefortheconductofthetriggerman .   ,(b)thekillingwasreckless,and(c)thekillingoccurredwhilethedefendantswerecommittingorattemptingtocommitoneoftheenumeratedfelonies,namely,firstdegreemurder,arson,rape,robbery,burglary,theft,kidnapping,oraircraftpiracy. /   ׀  II.     A.    Beforethedefendantscanbesentencedtolifewithoutthepossibilityofparole(a)thedefendantsmustbeconvictedofanoffenseproscribedbyTenn.CodeAnn.3913202(Supp.1994), 0   ׀(b)thejurymustfindthestateestablishedoneormoreoftheaggravatingcircumstancessetforthinTenn.CodeAnn.3913204(i)beyondareasonabledoubt, 1   ׀and(c)thejurymustfurtherfindtheaggravatingcircumstanceorcircumstancesprovenbeyondareasonabledoubtoutweighanymitigatingcircumstanceorcircumstancesestablishedbytheevidence. 2   ׀Ascanbeseen,proofofanaggravatingcircumstancebeyondareasonabledoubtispivotaltotheimpositionoflifewithoutthepossibilityofparole.ThequestionwhichthisCourtmustresolveiswhetheraggravatingcircumstance(i)(7) 3   ׀canbeusedtoenhancealifesentencetoalifesentencewithoutthepossibilityofparole.   B.    Aggravatingcircumstance(i)(7) 4   ׀provides:8 8 8 8 Themurderwascommittedwhilethedefendantwasengagedincommitting,orwasanaccompliceinthecommissionof,orwasattemptingtocommit,orwasfleeingaftercommittingorattemptingtocommit,anyfirstdegreemurder,arson,raperobbery,burglary,theft,kidnapping,aircraftpiracy,orunlawfulthrowing,placingordischargingofadestructivedeviceorbomb.Thestatecontendsthisaggravatingcircumstancemayconstitutionallybeusedtoenhancealifesentencetoalifesentencewithoutthepossibilityofparole.ThedefendantscontendtheuseofthisaggravatingcircumstanceviolatestheTennesseeConstitutionbecausethisfactorisaduplicationoftheelementsoffelonymurder.ThedefendantsarguetheTennesseeGeneralAssemblywasawareofthesupremecourt'sdecisioninStatev.Middlebrooks 5   ׀whenitenactedthelifewithoutthepossibilityofparolepenalty,andtheadoptionoftheaggravatingcircumstancessetforthinTenn.CodeAnn.3913204(i)wastantamounttotheadoptionoftheMiddlebrookslimitationsupontheuseofaggravatingcircumstance(i)(7)infelonymurderconvictions.   (1)    Historically,theTennesseeSupremeCourtpermittedtheuseofaggravatingcircumstance(i)(7)toenhancealifesentencetoadeathsentenceinfelonymurdercases. 6   ׀Thecourtrejectedargumentsthattheuseofthisfactorinfelonymurdercasesconstituteddoublejeopardy, 7   ׀constitutedcruelandunusualpunishment, 8   failedtonarrowtheclassofdeatheligibledefendants, 9   ׀orwassimplyimproper. :   ׀Thesupremecourtaddressedthisissueindifferentways. ;   ׀ InStatev.Middlebrooks, <   ׀thesupremecourtreverseditspreviouspositionregardingtheuseofaggravatingcircumstance(i)(7)tosupportadeathsentenceinfelonymurdercases.Thecourtheld(i)(7)cannotbeusedtosupportadeathsentenceinfelonymurdercasesbecausethisaggravatingcircumstancedoesnotnarrowthedeatheligibleclassofdefendantswhoareconvictedoffelonymurder.Inruling,thecourtsaid:8 8 Wehavedeterminedthatinlightofthebroaddefinitionoffelonymurderandtheduplicatinglanguageofthefelonymurderaggravatedcircumstance,nonarrowingoccursunderTennessee'sfirstdegreemurderstatute.Weholdthat,whenthedefendantisconvictedoffirstdegreemurdersolelyonthebasisoffelonymurder,theaggravatingcircumstancesetoutinTenn.CodeAnn.392203(i)(7)(1982)and3913204(i)(7)(1991),doesnotnarrowtheclassofdeatheligiblemurdererssufficientlyundertheEighthAmendmenttotheU.S.ConstitutionandArticleI,16oftheTennesseeConstitutionbecauseitduplicatestheelementsoftheoffense.Asaresult,weconcludethatTenn.CodeAnn.392203(i)(7)isunconstitutionallyappliedundertheEighthAmendmenttotheU.S.ConstitutionandArticleI,16oftheTennesseeConstitutionwherethedeathpenaltyisimposedforfelonymurder.Accordingly,weexpresslyoverruleStatev.Smith,755S.W.2d757(Tenn.1988)anditsprogenyonthisissue. =    ThesupremecourtsubsequentlyhelditsholdinginMiddlebrookswaspredicatedexclusivelyupontheTennesseeConstitution. >   ׀InStatev.Howell,thesupremecourtsaiditheldinMiddlebrooksthat"itisunconstitutionalundertheTennesseeConstitutionArticleI,Section16,tousethefelonymurderaggravatingcircumstances...tosupportimpositionofthedeathpenaltyforaconvictionoffelonymurder,althoughitcanbeusedtosupportimpositionofthedeathpenaltyforpremeditatedmurder." ?   ׀(emphasisinoriginal).   (2)    Insubsequentcases,thesupremecourthasdiscussedMiddlebrooksinthecontextofnarrowingtheclassofdeatheligibledefendants. @   ׀Thesupremecourthasnotdeterminedtheapplicationofaggravatingcircumstance(i)(7)whenthedefendantisconvictedoffelonymurderandthejurysentencesthedefendanttolifewithoutthepossibilityofparole.   III.    TheunderpinningofMiddlebrooksisthenarrowingofdeatheligibledefendantsbypreventingtheuseofaggravatingcircumstance(i)(7)tosupportadeathsentencewhentheaccusedisconvictedoffirstdegreefelonymurder.Inthiscase,thestatedoesnotseektheimpositionofadeathsentenceifthedefendantsareconvictedoffirstdegreefelonymurder.Thenoticegiventothedefendantsrelatesthestatewillseekalifesentencewithoutthepossibilityofparoleifthedefendantsareconvictedoffirstdegreemurder. ThiscaseisdistinguishablefromMiddlebrooks.Here,thereisnoUnitedStatesorTennesseeconstitutionalprovision,statute,rule,orcommonlawdecisionwhichrequirestheclassofdefendantseligibleforalifesentencewithoutthepossibilityofparoletobenarrowed. A    Contrarytothedefendants'argument,theGeneralAssemblycannotbesaidtohaveadoptedMiddlebrookswhencreatingthepenaltyofdeathwithoutthepossibilityofparole.Middlebrooksaddressedinstanceswherethedeathpenaltyisimposedafterthedefendanthasbeenconvictedoffirstdegreefelonymurder.Thus,Middlebrooksislimitedinscopetocapitalcases.Becausethepenaltysoughtinthecasesubjudiceislifewithoutthepossibilityofparole,theholdinginMiddlebrooksdoesnotbartheuseofaggravatingcircumstance(i)(7)toenhancealifesentencetolifewithoutthepossibilityofparolefollowingaconvictionforfelonymurder.      _______________________________________     JOEB.JONES,PRESIDINGJUDGECONCUR:_______________________________________ JOSEPHM.TIPTON,JUDGE_______________________________________ JERRYL.SMITH,JUDGE