ÿWPCÓ. LÈkßZUR2õö¨S Tú°§Ú­Òèð7)„Æå?Ñ[TiåÁ(,“Û‘9è6H’aŒ¦nB¥Î :+ÄÜö͇³qj¦ÜƲäxÒM—ANPw¹/vqËe¼d‡ôˆõŠIMëü†s»Øë7ãóEôFÃ`½W²t þJ`p-4‡qh¢†9õ&Z«517`8¨~¸‹zÅMM,È: É ÑÀ¨M€œ¤}HÕv‡ï <~yþ¼µk²GFʤRŒQ?¹™â=BU§ÔŽbÑøªåwE9¿º¹éH ‹X‚ÂYE7 '}Ž˜û¹Y3‘Qµ#ÁÇæÎÍû«ÏtT(C ú–iz·—¦Œ/¡·G©Ø…È€ä.ã"üëA}ZîµàÇÚÕ§Žé“Æ_·P§q™DóZÁÇš¹ëˆùÿ€#xN²w4É?%pÄ%z=½¼öí”%²àÏTãû$†fFÊÎXÜGý§…´ÊŠ:‘bU$N\ %ª 0ˆ°^ 8wD4H\ zkÒå· m¹ #ÁÐ U@‘ ÆÑ Æ— Æ] Æ# 0 DéN-ù/(Eµ£··Z‰\nåƒSvÖRL!*ž%ž%ž%ž%ž%ž%ž%ž%ž%ž%ž%ž%ž%ž%ž%bÈ)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È)È) 0 ëÐ)Ð)Ð)Ð) B»*»* 0¤Ø* D3|+ D-¯+ 0KÜ+Ü+ AS',Æz, 0¤@- 0Dä- A«(.(ÈhH  Z6Times New Roman Regular»(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó€‹)â q\;' œ3|x ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜HP LaserJet 4,ü,,,,,ü0(ÖÃ9 Z‹(Times New Roman Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó ïÝ ƒRǶ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¸=ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ ôÆÏ òòô¸=ÔShe€explained€that€Dr.€Murray€Marks€is€a€forensic€anthropologist;€whereas,€she€is€a€forensic€pathologist.€€ð ðIððmÐ ° Ðan€MD;€heððs€a€PhD.€€My€specialty€is€in€the€soft€tissue€structures€of€the€body€more€so,€like€the€organs;€whereas,€hisÐ |Ì Ðspecialty€is€solely€the€bone€or€the€skeletal€structures.ðð ƒÝ ƒRǶ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¸=ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ ôÆÏ òòô¸=ÔThis€statement€is€inadmissible€hearsay€evidence€and,€therefore,€should€not€have€been€admitted.€€òòSeeóó€òòinfraÐ ° ÐóóSection€I.€òòSee€alsoóó€€òòState€v.€Lemingóó,€3€S.W.3d€7,€17„18€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1998)€(murder€victimððs€statement€as€to€fearÐ |Ì Ðof€defendant€inadmissible€because€victimððs€state€of€mind€not€relevant€to€an€issue€on€trial).€However,€the€appellant€failedÐ @ Ðto€object€to€this€evidence€at€trial€and€does€not€raise€the€issue€on€appeal.€€In€òòState€v.€Donald€Ray€Smithóó,€W1998„00156„Ð T ÐSC„R11„CD€(Tenn.€at€Jackson,€Jun.€30,€2000)€(òòfor€publicationóó),€our€supreme€court€held€ð ð[w]hen€a€party€does€not€objectÐ È Ðto€the€admissibility€of€evidence,€though,€the€evidence€becomes€admissible€notwithstanding€any€other€Rule€of€EvidenceÐ ŒÜ Ðto€the€contrary;€the€jury€may€consider€that€evidence€for€its€ððnatural€probative€effects€as€if€it€were€in€law€admissible.ðððð ™Ý ƒRǶ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¸=ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ ôÆÏ òòô¸=ÔByrd€explained€that€he€did€not€report€what€he€had€seen€because€ð ðit€is€like€the€code€of€the€street.€€.€.€.[Y]ou€seeÐ ° Ða€lot€of€guys€and€their€girls€arguing€all€the€time.€.€.€.€you€try€to€keep€the€police€away€as€much€as€possible.ðð øÝ ƒRǶ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¸=ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ ôÆÏ òòô¸=ÔThe€order€of€protection€was€dismissed€by€the€court€on€May€1,€1998,€for€lack€of€prosecution. Ý ƒRǶ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¸=ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ ôÆÏ òòô¸=ÔAny€challenge€to€the€veracity€of€Byrdððs€testimony€identifying€the€appellant€is€beyond€the€scope€of€this€courtððsÐ ° Ðreview€as€it€is€solely€the€role€of€the€fact„finder€to€adjudge€a€witnessðð€credibility. dÝ ƒRǶ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¸=ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ ôÆÏ òòô¸=ÔBecause€the€appellantððs€Issue€#2€cannot€be€separated€from€his€attack€on€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidenceÐ ° Ðidentifying€the€decomposed€body,€we€address€these€issues€simultaneously. yÝ ƒRǶ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¸=ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ ôÆÏ òòô¸=Ôð ðThe€Rule€803€exceptions€do€not€require€the€declarantððs€unavailability.ðð€€òòSeeóó€€òòNeil€P.€Cohen€Et€al.,€óóÐ ° ÐòòTennessee€Law€of€Evidence€ðð€804(a)(1)óó,€589€at€fn.€320€(3d€ed.€1995). lÝ ƒRǶ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¸=ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÐ ° ÐÔ‡ ôÆÏ òòô¸=Ôò ò911€Operator:€€ó óMam,€okay€what€is€the€problem?Ð X¨ Ðò òKingree:ó ó€€I€have€been€with€this€man€and€he€is€threatening€to€kill€me.€Ð n Ðò ò911€Operator:€€ó óWhere€is€he€at€now?Ð ä4 Ðò òKingree:ó ó€€I€am€at€the€Salvation€Army€I€came€here€to€eat€lunch€and€he€took€off€and€Iððm€scared€and€Iððm€homeless€and€IððmÐ ªú Ðscared€to€leave€here€because€Iððm€afraid€that€he€is€going€to€accost€me€again.€€€.€.€.Ð pÀ Ðò òÔ_ÔKingreeÔ_Ô:ó ó€€His€name€is€Henry€Lee€Berry.€B„E„R„R„Y.€€€.€.€.Ð 4 „ Ðò ò911€Operator:€€ó óDid€he€have€a€weapon.Ð ú J Ðò òKingree:ó ó€€Uh,€probably€has€a€pocket€knife.€.€.€I€think€to€the€best€of€my€knowledge€he€has€a€felony€charge€in€Nashville.€Ð À  Ðò òÔ_ÔKingreeÔ_Ô:ó ó€.€.€.€Iððm€willing€to€go€downtown€.€.€.€My€name€is€Leslie€Kingree.€€K„I„N„G„R„E„E.€.€.€. HÝ ƒRǶ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¸=ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ ôÆÏ òòô¸=ÔÔ‡ X1CX ò ôÆÏÔà ` àÐ ° Ðò òÔ#† ôÆÏ òX X1C#ÔKingree:ó ó€Yes,€I€have€called€down€here€three€times.€Now€I€am€being€harassed€by€a€man.€€I€am€down€at€the€SalvationÐ X¨ ÐArmy.€I€have€an€order€of€protection€against€him€and€I€have€to€pay€for€a€serving€officer.€You€said€you€wonððt€send€it€downÐ n Ðto€the€server,€they€will€not€be€in€to€the€office€until€tomorrow.Ð â2 Ðò ò911€Operator:ó ó€€Whatððs€your€name?Ð ¦ö Ðò òKingree:ó ó€€My€name€is€Leslie€Kingree.€K„I„N„G„R„E„E.Ð l¼ Ðò ò911€Operator:€ó ó.€.€.€€€Who€is€it€that€is€bothering€you?Ð 2 ‚ Ðò òKingree:€ó óThe€man€has€threatened€my€life€„€Henry€Lee€Berry.€B„E„R„R„Yò ò.Ð ø H ÐÔ_ÔKingreeÔ_Ôó ó:€Heððs€at€the€dining€room€of€the€Salvation€Army€and€if€the€officer€doesnððt€hurry€he€is€going€to€be€gone. Ý ƒRǶ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¸=ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ ôÆÏ òòô¸=ÔAs€conceded€by€the€State,€the€trial€court€erroneously€relied€upon€òòState€v.€Charles€N.€Howellóó,€No.€03C01„9406„Ð ° ÐCR„00203€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€Feb.€12,€1996),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€òòconcurring€in€results€onlyóó,€(Tenn.Ð |Ì ÐJul.€8,€1996).€€In€òòHowellóó,€a€panel€of€this€court€held€that€the€victimððs€statement€of€fear€of€the€defendant€showed€theÐ @ Ðvictimððs€state€of€mind€and€was€relevant€to€show€that€the€defendant€had€given€her€a€reason€to€believe€he€was€consideringÐ T Ðkilling€her.€€As€the€defendant€was€charged€with€first€degree€murder,€the€court€found€this€evidence€relevant€as€to€the€issueÐ È Ðof€premeditation.€òòóó€Premeditation€is€not€at€issue€in€the€present€case.€€Accordingly,€the€rationale€in€òòHowellóó€is€not€applicableÐ ŒÜ Ðin€the€present€case.€€- ù-(|G2Ƕ$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Á%»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¸=ò»»Ô d(|3$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Á%»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Á%»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Á%»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼Á%»»»ÔÑ8€ÐÒXXdð»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡î’ÆÁ%ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†¼Á%»îî’Æ #ԈРÜ, ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àJune€2000€SessionÐ X ÐÔ‡XÐÒX»¼Á%ÔÌò òÔ#†¼Á%»XXÐÒ#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€HENRY€LEE€BERRYòòóóÔ‡XÐÒX»¼Á%Ôó óÐ  ` ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Knox€CountyÐ  h Ðà@@øøìàNo.€66841,€Richard€Ô_ÔBaumgartnerÔ_Ô,€Trial€Judge€Ð  X ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<×` AßÐ Ø(  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E1999„00704„CCA„R3„CD€Ð ×'  ÐAugust€3,€Ô_Ô2000Ô_ÔÐ Ç  ÐßA€V) °°` dE<¶` AßÐ ·  Ðó óÌÌÓ  ÓÔ‡ X1CXXXÐÒÔHenry€Lee€Berry€appeals€his€Knox€County€conviction€for€second€degree€murder.€€Berry€contends€thatÐ ¦ö Ð(1)€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€his€conviction;€(2)€the€trial€court€erroneously€admitted€intoÐ ’â Ðevidence€two€recorded€911€telephone€calls€and€an€order€of€protection€entered€against€the€appellantÐ ~Î Ðby€the€victim;€€and€(3)€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€grant€a€mistrial€when€evidence€of€a€pendingÐ jº Ðrape€charge€in€Nashville€was€introduced€before€the€jury.€€Additionally,€the€appellant€urges€adoptionÐ V¦ Ðof€DNA€testing€on€decomposed€bodies€to€positively€establish€the€identity€of€the€victim.€€AlthoughÐ B’ Ðwe€conclude€that€admission€of€the€911€telephone€calls€and€the€order€of€protection€was€error,€the€errorÐ .~ Ðwas€harmless.€€Moreover,€finding€no€other€reversible€error€of€law,€we€affirm€the€judgment€ofÐ j Ðconviction€entered€by€the€trial€court.Ð V ÐÔ#†XÐÒXX X1Cæ#ÔÔ#†¼Á%»XXÐÒ†#ÔÔ‡XÐÒX»¼Á%ÔÌÓÚÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€is€affirmed.ó óÐ Ò" ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼Á%»àXÐÒH #ÔÔ‡XÐÒX.¼Á%ÔDavid€G.€Hayes,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJames€Ô_ÔCurwoodÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€J.óó€andÐ ² ÐòòNorma€McGee€Ogle,€J.óó,€joined.Ð ¢ ò ÐÌKeith€E.€Haas,€Ô_ÔSeviervilleÔ_Ô,€Tennessee,€attorney€for€appellant,€Henry€Lee€Berry.Ð ‚"Ò! ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter,€Michael€Moore,€Solicitor€General,€Mark€A.Ð b$²# ÐÔ_ÔFulksÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Attorney€General,€Randall€E.€Ô_ÔNicholsÔ_Ô,€District€Attorney€General,€and€Scott€Green,Ð R%¢ $ ÐAssistant€District€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð B&’!% ÐÔ#†¼Á%»XXÐÒ #ÔÔ‡XÐÒX»¼Á%ÔÌÓ× ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼Á%»XXÐÒH #ÔÔ‡XÐÒX»¼Á%ÔÐ )b$( ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼Á%»XXÐÒ» #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XÐÒX»¼Á%ÔÔ‡ X1CXXXÐÒÔà  àThe€appellant,€Henry€Lee€Berry,€was€found€guilty€by€a€Knox€County€jury€of€the€secondÐ ò*B&* Ðdegree€murder€of€Mary€Leslie€Ô_ÔKingreeÔ_Ô.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€the€appellant,€as€a€range€IIÐ Þ+.'+ Ðoffender,€to€thirty„five€years€in€the€Department€of€Correction.€€In€this€appeal€as€of€right,€the€appellantÐ Ê,(, Ðraises€the€following€issues€for€our€review:Ð ¶-)-ý ÐÔ_Ôà8  àI.€€Whether€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€verdict€of€second€degree€murder;аРР ÐÌà8  àII.€€Whether€the€State€should€be€required€to€positively€identify€the€body€of€theÐ ˆØ Ðhomicide€victim€by€DNA€analysis;ÐtÄÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àIII.€€Whether€the€trial€court€properly€admitted€the€ð ð911"€tape€recordings€andÐ L œ Ðtestimony€regrading€an€order€of€protection€against€the€appellant;€andÐ8 ˆÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àIV.€€Whether€the€trial€court€should€have€granted€a€mistrial€after€admitting€the€ð ð911"Ð  ` Ðtape€recordings.Ðü L Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àFinding€no€reversible€error€of€law,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ð Ô$  ÐÌà@ÛÛ%ìàò òBackgroundó óˆÐ ¬ü  Ðà  àOn€May€14,€1998,€Detective€Dwight€Loop€with€the€Knoxville€Police€Department€wasÐ ˜è  Ðdispatched€to€a€location€near€the€Fifth€Avenue€viaduct.€€At€the€scene€he€was€met€by€two€uniformedÐ „Ô  Ðpolice€officers€who€directed€him€to€a€wooded€area€on€the€east€side€of€Second€Creek.€€€The€ð ðarea€.€.Ð pÀ Ð.was€frequented€by€homeless€people.€€It€was€like€ð!ð€they€had€been€using€different€areas€of€that€partÐ \¬ Ðof€the€creek€as€a€camp.ðð€Entering€the€area,€Detective€Loop€observed€ð ðwhat€appeared€to€be€a€humanÐ H˜ Ðbody€„€„€under€some€fifty„five€gallon€steel€drums€between€the€fence€and€an€access€road€that€runs€.€.Ð 4„ Ð.€parallel€to€the€creek.ðð€€The€body€was€located€about€one€hundred€yards€from€one€of€the€individualÐ  p Ðencampments.€€ð ðThe€body€was€badly€decomposed.€€It€had€a€heavy€infestation€of€maggots.€€The€hairÐ  \ Ðhad€slipped€off€the€scalp.€€It€was€pretty€well€gone.ðð€€A€pair€of€pants€and€ð ðeither€a€shirt€or€blouseððÐ øH Ðwere€on€the€body.€€The€remains€were€then€taken€to€the€University€of€Tennessee€morgue.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àDr.€Sandra€Elkins,€Knox€County€Medical€Examiner,€received€the€body€of€the€victim€on€MayÐ ¼  Ð15,€1998.€€Her€post„mortem€examination€revealed:Ð ¨ø Ðà8  à.€.€.[W]hat€I€had€there€was€that€it€was€the€body€of€a€Caucasian€female€[approximatelyÐ ”ä Ðforty€years€of€age],€and€the€first€thing€that€caught€my€attention€was€that€her€[darkÐ €Ð Ðcolored]€jeans€had€been€removed€from€her€basically€inside€out€with€the€left€leg€stillÐ l¼ Ðcaught€around€the€shoe€that€was€on€the€left€foot.€ÐX ¨Ð Ð  Ðà8  à.€.€.ÐD!”Ð Ð  Ðà8  àWell,€I€called€Dr.€Murray€Marks€in€the€Department€of€Anthropology[׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×]€when€I€sawÐ 0"€  Ðwhat€I€had€because€the€decomposition€was€so€advanced€that€I€knew€that€there€wouldÐ #l! Ðnot€be€any€organs€remaining€to€be€able€to€tell€the€cause€of€death.€€And€if€we€were€ableÐ $X" Ðto€establish€a€cause€of€death,€it€would€only€be€through€the€skeletal€structures.Ðô$D #Ð Ð  Ðà8  à.€.€.Ðà%0!$Ð Ð  Ðà8  àThe€internal€organs€had€undergone€decomposition,€and€the€maggots€feed€on€thoseÐ Ì&"% Ðalso.и'#&Ð Ð  Ðà8  à.€.€.аРР Ðà8  àThe€skin€that€was€left€on€the€body€was€dried,€brown,€leather.€.€.like.ÐœìÐ Ð  Ðà8  à.€.€.ЈØÐ Ð  Ðà8  àDr.€Marks€and€I€estimated€the€[victim€had€been€dead]€three€to€four€weeks€at€that€timeÐ tÄ Ðof€year.à ¸ àà  àà h àà À àÐ`°Ð Ð  Ðà8  à.€.€.ÐL œÐ Ð  Ðà8  àThere€were€two€fractures,€one€on€either€side€of€the€mandible€or€the€jaw.€.€.€TheÐ 8 ˆ Ðfractures€were€fairly€symmetrical,€and€they€were€behind€the€impacted€wisdom€toothÐ $ t Ðon€the€lower€jaw.€Ð `Ð Ð  Ðà8  à.€.€.Ðü L Ð Ð  Ðà8  àThe€cricoid€cartilage€or€the€lowest€cartilage€in€the€neck€or€larynx€was€fractured.€.€.Ðè 8 Ð Ð  Ðà8  àThe€hyoid€bone€was€fractured€on€the€right€side.€.€.€ÐÔ$ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àThese€are€the€typical€fractures€that€we€see€in€strangulation€deaths.ÐÀ Ð Ð  Ðà8  à.€.€.Ьü Ð Ð  Ðà8  àThe€body€did€not€have€a€right€hand.€€There€was€just€ð!ð€basically€where€the€hand€wouldÐ ˜è  Ðconnect€to€the€wrist€there€was€just€a€stump€there.Ð„Ô Ð Ð  ÐÌDr.€Elkins€confirmed€that€the€body€was€delivered€as€a€ð ðJane€Doeðð€and€presumptively€identified€asÐ \¬ ÐMary€Leslie€Kingree.€€In€attempting€to€identify€the€deceased,€Dr.€Elkins,€in€conjunction€with€lawÐ H˜ Ðenforcement,€attempted€to€obtain€the€dental€records€of€Ms.€Kingree.€€The€dental€records€wereÐ 4„ Ðunavailable€as€they€had€been€ð ð€destroyed€in€a€flood.ððÐ  p ÐÌà  àDr.€Murray€Marks€testified€that€he€examined€the€skeletal€remains€of€the€body.€€He€explainedÐ øH Ðthat€ð ð[b]y€looking€at€the€breaks€we€can€tell€things€about€force,€where€it€was€applied.€€We€can€lookÐ ä4 Ðat€the€breaks€and€tell€if€that€happened€before€death,€around€the€time€of€death,€or€after€death.ðð€€InÐ Ð  Ðexamining€the€body€in€this€case,€Dr.€Marks€discovered€that€the€jaw€bone€was€fractured€ð ðon€both€sidesÐ ¼  Ðback€in€the€corners.ðð€€Bilateral€fractures€of€this€nature€indicate€that€ð ðthereððs€been€some€type€of€a€blowÐ ¨ø Ðto€the€front€part€of€the€jaw.€.€.€.ðð€€He€opined€that€ð ð[i]t€would€take€a€pretty€extreme€force€.€.€.Ð ”ä Ðsubstantial€forceðð€€to€create€such€an€injury,€òòe.g.óó,€being€struck€with€ð ða€rock,€club,€tire,€iron,€pipe,ðð€ð ðaÐ €Ð Ðrock€or€a€brick.ðð€€Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àOn€the€date€the€body€was€discovered,€Reverend€Alan€Reynolds€was€present€at€the€scene.€€HeÐ D!” Ðwas€known€on€the€streets€as€Brother€Blue€and,€for€the€past€twelve€years,€has€been€a€ð ðstreet€preacherððÐ 0"€  Ðproviding€a€ministry€to€the€chronic€homeless.€€He€holds€ð ðchurch€services€outdoors€for€the€streetÐ #l! Ðpeople€every€Sundayðð€and€ð ðthen€we€have€a€church€at€618€Broadway.€.€.€.ðð€€€Reverend€ReynoldsÐ $X" Ðtestified€that€he€was€acquainted€with€Mary€Leslie€Kingree,€whom€he€knew€as€ð ðKaty.ðð€€He€describedÐ ô$D # Ðð ðKatyðð€as€ð ðfive€foot,€five€foot€two,€.€.€.€a€hundred€and€ten,€a€hundred€and€fifteen,€sixteen€pounds.ðð€Ð à%0!$ Ðð ðShe€was€born€with€one€arm€that€wasnððt€fully€developed.€.€.€.€[her€arm€went€to€about]€four€to€sixÐ Ì&"% Ðinches€above€where€the€wrist€would€be.ðð€€He€recalled€that€he€had€not€seen€ð ðKatyðð€for€the€ð ðthree€orÐ ¸'#& Ðfour€weeks€prior€to€the€day€that€this€body€was€found.ðð€€ð ð[S]he€had€been€pretty€regular€in€attendanceÐ ¤(ô#' Ðat€my€church,€and€was,€.€.€.€trying€to€get€her€life€together.€.€.€.ðð€€ð ð[W]e€took€her€some€food€and€someÐ )à$( Ðclothes,€and€[she]€said,€ð ðI€will€see€you„all€at€church.ðð€€€ð ð[T]hat€is€the€last€time€we€saw€her.ðð€€HeÐ |*Ì%) Ðexplained€that€she€had€been€ð ðstaying€on€the€concrete€slab,€which€was€approximately€.€.€.€fifty€feetÐ h+¸&* Ðfrom€where€her€body€was€found.ðð€€He€stated€that€the€appellant€and€Ms.€Kingree€ð ðcamped€togetherððÐ ° Ðand€ð ðtraveled€together.ðð€However,€he€never€saw€the€appellant€and€Ms.€Kingree€ð ðfight€or€havingÐ œì Ðverbal€or€physical€altercations.€.€.€.ðð€He€also€stated€that€Ms.€Kingree€was€addicted€to€ð ðcrack,€alsoÐ ˆØ Ðcocaine€.€.€.€and€alcohol.ðð€€€ð ðThere€were€occasions€that€ð ðKatyðð€was€.€.€.€separated€from€Henry,€andÐ tÄ Ðshe€would€be€with€.€.€.other€individuals,€yes.ððÐ `° ÐÌà  àLenny€James€ð ðTear€Dropðð€Gilliam€testified€he€was€acquainted€with€both€the€appellant€andÐ 8 ˆ ÐMs.€Kingree.€€He€explained€that,€in€1997„1998,€ð ð[he€and€the€appellant]€r[a]n€together€every€day,Ð $ t Ðevery€night€for€two€years€solid€flat.€.€.€.ðð€€He€also€stated€that€he€knew€Ms.€Kingree€as€ð ðLefty.ðð€€HeÐ  ` Ðadmitted€that€he€had€dated€Ms.€Kingree€before€she€began€a€relationship€with€the€appellant.€€GilliamÐ ü L  Ðtestified€that,€after€the€appellant€and€ð ðKatyðð€had€returned€from€Texas,€the€appellant€approached€himÐ è 8  Ðand€asked€if€he€had€seen€ð ðKatyðð.€€Although€Gilliam€had€seen€ð ðKatyðð,€he€did€not€reveal€this€to€theÐ Ô$  Ðappellant€because€she€had€asked€him€not€to€tell€him€that€he€had€seen€her€because€ð ðhe€will€kill€me.ðð׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀РÀ  ÐThe€appellant€then€stated,€ð ðWell,€.€.€.if€you€see€her€before€I€do,€you€tell€her,€when€I€find€her,€I€amÐ ¬ü  Ðgoing€to€kill€her.ðð€€The€appellant€was€ð ðhighly€P.O.ððdðð€when€he€made€the€statement.€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àWilliam€Terrence€Byrd,€ð ðByrdðð,€€testified€that€he€was€acquainted€with€the€appellant,€but€knewÐ pÀ Ðhim€only€as€ð ðTear€Dropððs€Brother.ðð€€He€also€was€acquainted€with€Ms.€Kingree,€he€described€her€asÐ \¬ Ðð ða€little€short€lady€.€.€.one€of€her€.€.€.arms€is€like€.€.€cut€off€to€about€right€up€here€to€about€the€elbow.ðð€Ð H˜ ÐHe€knew€ð ðKatyðð€from€the€VOA,€the€Volunteer€Ministry€on€Jackson€and€Gay€Streets.€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àByrd€was€held€in€the€Knox€County€Detention€Facility€from€March€22,€1998,€until€April€11,Ð  \ Ð1998.€€He€stated€that,€shortly€after€his€release€from€jail,€he€saw€ð ðKatyðð€at€the€ð ðdayroomðð€at€theÐ øH Ðministry.€€Later€that€same€day,€while€ð ðreliev[ing]€himselfðð€in€an€area€€near€the€Fifth€Avenue€Viaduct,Ð ä4 Ðhe€observed€the€appellant€and€ð ðKatyðð€across€the€creek€from€him.€€He€related€that€the€two€wereÐ Ð  Ðarguing.Ð ¼  ÐÌà8  àShe€was€wanting€him€to€leave€her€alone,€and€he€was€wanting€her€to€go€down€to€likeÐ ”ä Ð.€.€.like€the€creek€.€.€.€like€a€beach.€€You€know,€it€has€got€.€.€.€a€little€tredge€of€water.€Ð €Ð ÐAnd€it€is€like€.€.€.you€have€got€like€little€rocks€and€stuff€on€the€side.€€Then€like€on€oneÐ l¼ Ðside,€you€canððt€.€.€.€but€he€was€wanting€her€to€go€down€that€a€way€towards€the€.€.€.Ð X ¨ Ðcreek€going€down€that€a€way.€.€.ÐD!”Ð Ð  Ðà8  à...Ð0"€ Ð Ð  Ðà8  à[S]he€was€wanting€him€to€leave€her€alone.€€He€was€wanting€her€to€go€with€him,€andÐ #l! Ðshe€didnððt€want€to€go.Ð$X"Ð Ð  Ðà8  à.€.€.Ðô$D #Ð Ð  Ðà8  àHe€had€his€hands€on€her.аРР Ðà8  à.€.€.ÐœìÐ Ð  Ðà8  àWell,€like€when€he€struck€her€[in€her€face],€that€is€when€I€left.€.€.€.ЈØÐ Ð  ÐÌByrd€recalled€that€the€appellant€was€holding€either€a€brick€or€a€rock€in€his€hand€when€he€hit€ð ðKatyððÐ `° Ðand€that€the€ð ðhitðð€ð ðwasnððt€no€peckðð€ð ðit€was€a€good€hard€lick.ðð€€He€added€that€ð ðKatyðð€was€wearingÐ L œ Ðð ðdark€pants€like€blue€jeans.€.€.€.ðð€€He€never€saw€ð ðKatyðð€again€after€that€day.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р8 ˆ ÐÌà  àIn€addition€to€this€evidence,€the€State€introduced€audio„taped€recordings€of€two€ð ð911"€callsÐ  ` Ðreceived€by€the€Knox€County€E„911€Center.€€€The€first€telephone€call€was€received€February€20,Ð ü L  Ð1998;€the€second€call€on€February€25,€1998.€€€Both€calls,€made€by€Ms.€Kingree,€reported€that€theÐ è 8  Ðappellant€was€threatening€to€kill€her.€€In€addition,€evidence€of€an€ex€parte€order€of€protectionÐ Ô$  Ðobtained€by€the€victim€against€the€appellant€on€February€24,€1998,€was€introduced.׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€ò òó óOfficer€PatriciaÐ À  ÐTipton€testified€that€she€was€dispatched€to€the€Salvation€Army€on€February€25,€1998,€in€response€toÐ ¬ü  Ðan€emergency€call€placed€by€Leslie€Kingree.€€On€this€date,€Officer€Tipton€served€the€February€24Ð ˜è  Ðorder€of€protection€upon€the€appellant.€€Officer€Tipton€testified€that€Ms.€Kingree€was€at€her€sideÐ „Ô  Ðwhile€she€read€the€order€of€protection€to€the€appellant.€€The€appellant€demonstrated€no€response€toÐ pÀ Ðthe€order€of€protection,€other€than€uttering,€ð ðWhatever.ðð€€Ð \¬ ÐÌÌÌà@÷÷ìàò òI.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óˆÐ  \ ÐÌà  àFirst,€the€appellant€contends€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€convict€him€of€secondÐ ä4 Ðdegree€murder.€€Specifically,€he€contends€that€the€evidence€fails€to€establish,€beyond€a€reasonableÐ Ð  Ðdoubt,€that€the€appellant€was€the€perpetrator€of€the€homicide€and€that€the€decomposed€body€was,Ð ¼  Ðindeed,€that€of€Ms.€Kingree.€€In€support€of€his€challenge,€the€appellant€questions€the€credibility€ofÐ ¨ø ÐStateððs€witness,€William€Byrd,€who€testified€that€he€observed€the€appellant€and€Ms.€Kingree€engagedÐ ”ä Ðin€a€physical€confrontation€near€the€crime€scene€on€the€date€of€Ms.€Kingreeððs€last€appearance.€€GivenÐ €Ð Ðthe€questionability€of€Mr.€Byrdððs€testimony€and€the€lack€of€other€direct€evidence,€the€appellantÐ l¼ Ðasserts€that€his€conviction€cannot€stand.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àFollowing€a€jury€conviction,€the€initial€presumption€of€innocence€is€removed€from€theÐ 0"€  Ðdefendant€and€exchanged€for€one€of€guilt,€so€that€on€appeal,€the€defendant€has€the€burden€ofÐ #l! Ðdemonstrating€the€insufficiency€of€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.1982).€Ð $X" ÐIt€is€the€duty€of€this€court€to€affirm€the€conviction€unless€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial€was€soÐ ô$D # Ðdeficient€that€no€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€offense€beyondÐ à%0!$ Ða€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€317,€99€S.Ct.€2781,€2789;€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875Ð Ì&"% ÐS.W.2d€253,€259€(Tenn.1994),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€513€U.S.€1086,€115€S.Ct.€743€(1995);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.Ð ° Ð13(e).€€This€court€does€not€reweigh€or€reevaluate€the€evidence,€nor€may€we€replace€our€inferencesÐ œì Ðfor€those€drawn€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.1978).€Ð ˆØ ÐFurthermore,€the€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€all€reasonableÐ tÄ Ðinferences€which€may€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€75€(Tenn.1992),€òòcert.Ð `° Ðdeniedóó,€507€U.S.€954,€113€S.Ct.€1368€(1993).€€A€jury€verdict€accredits€the€testimony€of€state'sÐ L œ Ðwitnesses€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€state's€theory.€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,Ð 8 ˆ Ð410€(Tenn.1983).€€In€€òòState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appealÐ $ t Ðdeniedóó,€(Tenn.1990),€this€court€held€this€rule€is€applicable€to€findings€of€guilt€predicated€upon€directÐ  ` Ðevidence,€circumstantial€evidence,€or€a€combination€of€both€direct€and€circumstantial€evidence.Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àIn€order€to€obtain€a€conviction€for€second€degree€murder,€the€State€is€required€to€prove€thatÐ Ô$  Ðthe€appellant€caused€the€knowing€killing€of€another.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39-13-210(a)(1)€(1997).€Ð À  ÐNotwithstanding€the€Stateððs€burden€of€proof,€a€homicide,€once€proven,€is€presumed€to€be€secondÐ ¬ü  Ðdegree€murder.€€òòState€v.€Nesbitóó,€978€S.W.2d€872,€898€(Tenn.1998),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€ð!ð€U.S.€ð!ð,€119€S.Ct.Ð ˜è  Ð1359€(1999).€€€As€part€of€its€burden€of€proof,€the€State€must€prove€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€thatÐ „Ô  Ðthe€accused€is€the€person€who€committed€the€offense.€€òòSeeóó€€òòWhite€v.€Stateóó,€533€S.W.2d€735,€744Ð pÀ Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.1975),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1976).€€Identity€of€the€accused€may€beÐ \¬ Ðaccomplished€by€either€direct€or€circumstantial€evidence,€or€both.€€òòState€v.€Thompsonóó,€519€S.W.2dÐ H˜ Ð789,€793€(Tenn.€1975).€€The€determination€of€identity€is€a€question€of€fact€for€the€jury€after€aÐ 4„ Ðconsideration€of€all€competent€evidence.€€òòSeeóó€€òòBiggers€v.€Stateóó,€219€Tenn.€553,€411€S.W.2d€696,€697Ð  p Ð(Tenn.),€òòcert.€grantedóó,€390€U.S.€404,€88€S.Ct.€979€(1968)€(affirmed€on€other€grounds);€€òòMarable€v.Ð  \ ÐStateóó,€203€Tenn.€440,€313€S.W.2d€451€(Tenn.1958);€€òòState€v.€Crawfordóó,€635€S.W.2d€704€(Tenn.Ð øH ÐCrim.€App.1982).€€Likewise,€the€determination€of€whether€all€reasonable€theories€are€excluded€byÐ ä4 Ðthe€circumstantial€evidence€presented€is€primarily€a€question€of€fact€for€the€jury.€€òòPruitt€v.€Stateóó,€460Ð Ð  ÐS.W.2d€385€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.1970).€This€case€is€based€upon€both€direct€and€circumstantialÐ ¼  Ðevidence.€Indeed,€in€the€case€òòsub€judiceóó,€the€identity€of€the€perpetrator€was€established€by€theÐ ¨ø Ðtestimony€of€an€eyewitness,€William€Byrd,€identifying€the€appellant,€whom€he€knew€as€ð ðTear€DropððsÐ ”ä ÐBrother,ðð€as€the€individual€involved€in€a€physical€altercation€with€the€victim€prior€to€herÐ €Ð Ðdisappearance.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€injuries€to€the€decomposed€body€were€consistent€with€the€injuries€allegedlyÐ l¼ Ðinflicted€upon€Ms.€Kingree€by€the€appellant.€€Additionally,€other€evidence€established€that€theÐ X ¨ Ðappellant€and€Ms.€Kingree€were€in€a€relationship€and€would€ð ðhang€outðð€together.€€Finally,€theÐ D!” Ðappellant€had€related€to€ð ðTear€Dropðð€that€he€was€looking€for€Ms.€Kingree€and€that€he€was€going€toÐ 0"€  Ðkill€her.€€€€Thus,€the€evidence€establishing€the€appellant€as€the€perpetrator€of€the€murder€is€more€thanÐ #l! Ðsufficient.Ð $X" ÐÌà  àNotwithstanding€the€proof€of€his€identity€as€the€perpetrator,€the€appellant€also€challenges€theÐ à%0!$ Ðsufficiency€of€the€evidence€establishing€the€identity€of€the€victim€as€Ms.€Kingree.€€He€contends€that,Ð Ì&"% Ðbecause€the€only€evidence€establishing€the€victimððs€identity€was€circumstantial,€ð ð[t]he€identificationÐ ¸'#& Ðof€the€body€was€a€òòpresumptiveóó€identification€only.ðð€€€€In€a€related€issue,€the€appellant€contends€thatÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€State€should€be€required€to€positively€identify€the€remains€of€unknown€bodies.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Specifically,€heÐ ° Ðasserts€that,€since€dental€records€were€unavailable€in€the€present€case,€the€State€should€haveÐ œì Ðperformed€DNA€testing€to€establish€the€victimððs€identity.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àIn€a€prosecution€for€murder,€the€òòcorpus€delictióó€is€a€fact,€the€proof€of€which€may€be€made€byÐ `° Ðcircumstantial€evidence.€€òòSeeóó€€òòBerry€v.€Stateóó,€523€S.W.2d€371,€374€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1974).€€ThisÐ L œ Ðis€true€even€where€the€body€of€a€victim€has€been€completely€destroyed,€decomposed,€mutilated,€orÐ 8 ˆ Ðburned.€€òòIdóó.€€In€such€cases,€the€victimððs€identity€may€be€established€by€evidence€showing€a€similarityÐ $ t Ðbetween€the€physical€characteristics€of€the€remains€and€of€the€victim,€coupled€with€evidence€that€theÐ  ` Ðclothing,€or€fragments€thereof,€found€on€or€near€the€remains€was€the€same€as,€or€similar€to,€clothingÐ ü L  Ðworn€by€the€victim.€€òòIdóó.€(citing€V.€Woerner,€Annotation,€òòHomicide€ð!ð€Identification€of€Victimóó,€86Ð è 8  ÐA.L.R.€2dòòóó€771€(1962);€òòLancaster€v.€Stateóó,€91€Tenn.€267,€18€S.W.€777€(1892)).€€CircumstantialÐ Ô$  Ðevidence€which€may€be€admitted€to€establish€the€victimððs€identity€may€include€fingerprints,€medicalÐ À  Ðand€dental€testimony,€fragments€of€bone€and€portions€of€a€body,€clothing€found€on€or€near€the€body,Ð ¬ü  Ðother€personal€effects€found€on€or€near€the€body,€photographs€of€the€living€victim€or€of€the€body,€aÐ ˜è  Ðdying€declaration,€and€other€kinds€of€evidence.€€òòSee€generallyóó€€V.€Woerner,€Annotation,€€òòHomicideÐ „Ô  Ðð!ð€Identification€of€Victimóó,€86€A.L.R.2d€at€722.€€Circumstantial€evidence€related€to€identity€affordsÐ pÀ Ðsatisfactory€proof€of€the€òòcorpus€delictióó€in€a€murder€case€where€the€evidence€excludes€everyÐ \¬ Ðreasonable€hypothesis€except€that€of€guilt.€€òòóóÐ H˜ ÐÌà  àIn€the€present€case,€the€appellant€asserts€that€the€State€failed€to€use€the€best€proof€availableÐ  p Ðin€establishing€the€identity€of€the€victim,€òòi.e.óó,€DNA€testing.€€Although€he€concedes€that€€the€ð ðevidenceÐ  \ Ðin€this€case€may€tend€to€show€that€the€body€was€actually€Ms.€Kingree,ðð€the€appellant€suggests€thatÐ øH Ðthe€failure€of€the€State€to€employ€DNA€testing€in€the€present€case€violates€ð ðequal€rights€and€equalÐ ä4 Ðprotection€under€the€United€States€Constitution€and€the€Tennessee€Constitution.ðð€€We€disagree.€€Ð Ð  ÐAlthough€DNA€evidence€may€be€highly€reliable€proof€just€as€fingerprint€evidence€is€strong€evidence,Ð ¼  Ðit€still€remains€circumstantial€in€nature.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€€òòBilly€Jack€Thomas€v.€Stateóó,€CR„96„0876€(Ala.Ð ¨ø ÐCrim.€App.€Dec.€30,€1999);€òòPeople€v.€Grovesóó,€854€P.2d€1310,€1315€(Colo.€App.€1992);€òòGreenwayÐ ”ä Ðv.€Stateóó,€428€S.E.2d€415,€516€(Ga.€App.€1993);€òòPeople€v.€Stremmelóó,€630€N.E.2d€1301,€1307€(Ill.Ð €Ð ÐApp.€1994);€òòState€v.€Spaethóó,€552€N.W.2d€187,€192„93€(Minn.€1996);€òòParker€v.€Stateóó,€606€So.2dÐ l¼ Ð1132,€1140„41€(Miss.€1992).€€We€fail€to€find€persuasive€the€appellantððs€attempt€to€elevate€the€StateððsÐ X ¨ Ðburden€by€requiring€DNA€analysis€in€cases€of€decomposed€bodies.€€Circumstantial€evidence€in€formsÐ D!” Ðother€than€DNA€analysis€€are€clearly€acceptable€means€of€proof€of€identity.€Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àWe,€in€turn,€examine€the€evidence€presented€in€the€case€òòsub€judiceóó€establishing€the€identityÐ $X" Ðof€the€decomposed€body€as€that€of€Ms.€Kingree.€€Again,€the€dental€records€of€Ms.€Kingree€wereÐ ô$D # Ðunavailable€and€DNA€analysis€was€not€performed.€€However,€the€State€presented€proof€that€Ms.Ð à%0!$ ÐKingree€was€born€without€a€right€hand.€€The€body€of€the€victim€was€without€a€right€hand.€€The€StateÐ Ì&"% Ðintroduced€testimony€that€Ms.€Kingree€was€last€seen€wearing€dark€pants,€possibly€jeans.€€TheÐ ¸'#& Ðvictimððs€body€was€found€with€dark€jeans.€€William€Byrd€testified€that€he€observed€the€appellant€hitÐ ¤(ô#' ÐMs.€Kingree€in€the€face€with€a€brick;€the€body€of€the€victim€had€a€broken€jaw€consistent€with€beingÐ ° Ðstruck€in€the€front€of€the€jaw€with€a€brick€or€rock.€€The€body€of€the€victim€was€found€within€fifty€feetÐ œì Ðof€the€area€where€Ms.€Kingree€was€known€to€camp.€€We€conclude€that€this€evidence€is€sufficient€toÐ ˆØ Ðestablish€the€identity€of€the€decomposed€body€as€Ms.€Kingree.€€Accordingly,€this€issue€is€withoutÐ tÄ Ðmerit.Ð `° ÐÌà@a a ìàò òII.€€Admission€of€911€telephone€conversationsó óˆÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àThe€appellant,€arguing€that€he€was€denied€his€constitutional€right€to€confront€his€accuser,Ð  ` Ðcontends€that€the€trial€court€improperly€permitted€admission€of€two€911€telephone€calls€and€€theÐ ü L  ÐFebruary€24òòthóó€order€of€protection€obtained€by€Ms.€Kingree.€€Specifically,€the€appellant€contends€thatÐ è 8  Ðthe€State€failed€to€prove€that€the€declarant€was€unavailable€to€testify,€therefore,€precluding€admissionÐ Ô$  Ðof€the€hearsay€statements.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€a€related€issue,€the€appellant€contends€that€the€trial€court€should€haveÐ À  Ðgranted€a€mistrial€based€upon€that€portion€of€the€911€call€ð ðmaking€reference€to€a€rape€convictionÐ ¬ü  Ðand/or€charge€pending€in€Nashville.€.€.€.ðð€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àIt€was€the€Stateððs€position€at€trial€that€the€two€911€emergency€calls€and€the€order€of€protectionÐ pÀ Ðwere€admissible€as€evidence€of€the€victimððs€state€of€mind.€€òòSeeóó€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(3).€The€firstÐ \¬ Ðtelephone€call,€received€on€February€20,€1998,€related€Ms.€Kingreeððs€report€that€the€appellant€wasÐ H˜ Ðthreatening€to€kill€her.€€During€this€conversation,€Ms.€Kingree€reported€that€the€appellant€ð ðhas€aÐ 4„ Ðfelony€charge€in€Nashville.ðð׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€The€second€call,€on€February€25,€1998,€related€that€Ms.€Kingree€wasÐ  p Ðrequesting€that€an€order€of€protection€be€served€on€the€appellant.׃„ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€à È àÐ  \ ÐÐ øH Ðà  àHearsay€is€a€statement,€other€than€one€made€by€the€declarant€while€testifying€at€the€trial€orÐ ° Ðhearing€offered€in€evidence€to€prove€the€truth€of€the€matter€asserted.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€801(c).Ð œì ÐGenerally,€hearsay€is€not€admissible.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€802.€€However,€numerous€exceptions€to€thisÐ ˆØ Ðrule€exist€including€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(3)€which€allows€admission€of€a€declarantððs€then€existing€stateÐ tÄ Ðof€mind,€emotion,€sensation,€or€physical€condition.€€Declarations€of€mental€state€are€admissible€toÐ `° Ðprove€the€mental€state€at€issue€or€to€prove€subsequent€conduct€consistent€with€that€mental€state.€€òòSeeóó€Ð L œ ÐAdvisory€Commission€Comments,€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(3).€€Under€€Rule€803(3),€hearsay€evidenceÐ 8 ˆ Ðmay€be€admitted€to€show€the€declarant's€"then€existing€state€of€mind,€emotion,€sensation,€or€physicalÐ $ t Ðcondition€(such€as€intent,€plan,€motive,€design,€mental€feeling,€pain,€and€bodily€health)."€€The€stateÐ  ` Ðof€mind€presented€by€the€recorded€911€calls€is€that€of€the€victim,€not€the€appellant.€€Evidence€thatÐ ü L  Ðanother€person€declared€a€state€of€mind€that€is€in€its€nature€and€character€consistent€with€conduct€inÐ è 8  Ðwhich€the€actor€is€alleged€to€have€subsequently€engaged€is€not€reasonably€probative€of€a€claim€thatÐ Ô$  Ðthe€actor€engaged€in€the€conduct.€Ð À  ÐÌà  àThe€State€concedes€that€the€trial€courtððs€admission€of€the€911€tapes€was€erroneous.€€We€agree,Ð ˜è  Ðfinding€the€recordings€were€not€relevant€to€any€matter€in€issue.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Although€the€victimððs€statementsÐ „Ô  Ðsatisfy€the€requirements€for€Rule€803(3),€€the€victimððs€fear€of€the€appellant€was€irrelevant€inÐ pÀ Ðestablishing€the€appellantððs€guilt€or€innocence.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Lemingóó,€3€S.W.3d€7,€18€(Tenn.Ð \¬ ÐCrim.€App.€1998)(€a€statement€relating€the€declarantððs€state€of€mind€may€be€admitted€if€theÐ H˜ Ðdeclarantððs€state€of€mind€is€relevant€to€a€fact€at€issue€in€the€case€and€its€probative€value€must€not€beÐ 4„ Ðsubstantially€outweighed€by€its€prejudicial€impact);€€òòState€v.€John€Parker€Roeóó,€No.€02C01„9702„CR„Ð  p Ð00054€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€Jan.€12,€1998),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€Jan.€4,€1999)òòóó.€Ð  \ Ðòòóó€The€evidence€of€the€victimððs€statements€invites€speculation€€and€not€rational€inference€with€respectÐ øH Ðto€these€issues€and€should€have€been€excluded.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àFor€similar€reasons,€we€conclude€that€the€order€of€protection€should€not€have€been€admitted.€Ð ¼  ÐSpecifically,€proof€that€the€victim€feared€the€accused€necessarily€creates€an€inference€that€the€accusedÐ ¨ø Ðhad€threatened€or€otherwise€harmed€the€victim€or€someone€else€in€order€for€that€fear€to€have€beenÐ ”ä Ðinstilled€in€the€victimððs€mind.€€Such€prior€acts€on€the€part€of€the€accused€are€typically€collateral€toÐ €Ð Ðthe€criminal€conduct€alleged€and,€to€the€extent€that€they€demonstrate€a€propensity€to€commit€bad€acts,Ð l¼ Ðare€inadmissible€per€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€404(a).€€The€inference€is€not€avoided€by€excluding€evidence€ofÐ X ¨ Ðthe€victimððs€actual€reasons€for€fearing€the€accused.€€This€evidence€may€be€admissible€per€Tenn.€R.Ð D!” ÐEvid.€404(b),€if€admitted€for€purposes,€òòe.g.óó,€motive,€opportunity,€intent€,€preparation,,€identity,€otherÐ 0"€  Ðthan€to€prove€that€the€defendant€engaged€in€conduct€conforming€to€the€crime€for€which€he€standsÐ #l! Ðcharged.€€€€However,€the€matter€concerned€must€genuinely€be€in€issue.Ð $X" ÐÐ ô$D # Ðà  àIn€the€present€case,€the€ð ð911"€calls€and€the€entry€of€the€order€of€protection€occurred€in€lateÐ ° ÐFebruary€1998,€the€murder€of€Ms.€Kingree€occurred€sometime€in€April€of€that€same€year.€€€Ð œì ÐAccordingly,€these€occurrences€are€factually€and€chronologically€unrelated€to€the€circumstances€ofÐ ˆØ Ðthe€murder.€€€At€trial,€the€appellantððs€defense€was€that€the€victim€was€not€Ms.€Kingree.€€Therefore,Ð tÄ Ðintent,€mistake,€opportunity,€identity,€motive,€etc.,€were€not€in€issue.€€In€other€words,€any€priorÐ `° Ðincidents€or€acts€of€confrontation€between€the€victim€and€the€appellant€were€irrelevant.€€Ð L œ ÐÌà  àNotwithstanding€error€in€the€admission€of€the€911€calls€and€the€order€of€protection,€such€errorÐ $ t Ðis€harmless.€€òòSeeóó€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(a);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(b).€€The€proof€of€the€appellantððsÐ  ` Ðprevious€threat€to€kill€the€victim,€eyewitness€testimony€that€the€appellant€struck€the€victim€with€aÐ ü L  Ðbrick€near€the€crime€scene,€and€the€jaw€fractures€on€the€decomposed€body€consistent€with€beingÐ è 8  Ðstruck€with€a€brick€are€sufficient€to€support€the€appellantððs€conviction.€€Thus,€any€error€is€harmless.Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àAs€a€sub„issue€to€the€admissibility€of€the€911€calls,€the€appellant€challenges€the€prejudicialÐ ¬ü  Ðimpact€of€a€statement€in€one€of€the€calls€which€makes€reference€to€a€ð ðfelony€charge€in€Nashville.ðð€Ð ˜è  ÐThe€appellant€immediately€objected€to€this€statement€in€the€tape€recording€and€moved€for€a€mistrial.€Ð „Ô  ÐThe€trial€court€sustained€the€objection,€gave€the€jury€a€curative€instruction,€but€denied€the€motion€forÐ pÀ Ðmistrial.€€The€appellant€now€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€not€granting€a€mistrial.€€TheÐ \¬ Ðappellantððs€argument€is€based€primarily€upon€the€fact€that€the€ð ð911"€call€related€a€pending€rapeÐ H˜ Ðcharge€in€Nashville€and€that,€this€charge,€combined€with€the€position€of€the€clothing€on€theÐ 4„ Ðdecomposed€body€suggested€a€sexual€motive€for€the€murder€and,€thus,€was€extremely€prejudicial.€Ð  p ÐWe€find,€however,€that€there€is€absolutely€no€reference€in€the€audio€recordings€to€any€ð ðrape,ðð€ratherÐ  \ Ðthe€tape€refers€simply€to€a€ð ðfelony€charge.ðð€€Ð øH ÐÌà  àThe€decision€of€whether€to€grant€a€mistrial€is€within€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court.Ð Ð  ÐòòSeeóó€€òòState€v.€McKinneyóó,€929€S.W.2d€404,€405€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.1996).€"Generally,€a€mistrial€willÐ ¼  Ðbe€declared€in€a€criminal€case€only€when€there€is€a€'manifest€necessity'€requiring€such€action€by€theÐ ¨ø Ðtrial€judge."€€òòState€v.€Millbrooksóó,€819€S.W.2d€441,€443€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.1991).€€In€reviewing€a€trialÐ ”ä Ðcourtððs€denial€of€a€motion€for€mistrial,€this€court€will€not€disturb€that€decision€unless€there€is€anÐ €Ð Ðabuse€of€discretion.€€òòState€v.€Adkinsóó,€786€S.W.2d€642,€644€(Tenn.1990);€€òòWilliamsóó,€929€S.W.2d€atÐ l¼ Ð388.€€In€the€present€case,€the€appellant€has€shown€no€manifest€necessity€that€would€require€a€mistrial.€Ð X ¨ ÐIndeed,€despite€the€appellantððs€assertion,€the€audiotape€did€not€provide€the€jury€with€any€informationÐ D!” Ðrelative€to€the€nature€of€the€felony€charge€in€Nashville.€€Moreover,€the€trial€court€provided€the€juryÐ 0"€  Ðwith€an€instruction€that€they€were€to€disregard€the€information€of€the€felony€charge.€€€€We€presumeÐ #l! Ðthat€the€jury€followed€the€trial€court's€explicit€instruction€not€to€consider€the€inappropriate€evidence.€Ð $X" ÐòòState€v.€Smithóó,€893€S.W.2d€908,€923€(Tenn.1994).€€Under€these€circumstances,€we€hold€that€the€trialÐ ô$D # Ðcourt€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€when€it€denied€the€motion€for€a€mistrial.€€This€issue€has€no€merit.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àFinding€no€reversible€error,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€conviction€entered€by€the€trial€court.Ð ¸'#& Ðà@ìì*ìàˆÌÔ#†XÐÒXX X1CD#ÔÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð €*Ð%) Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDAVID€G.€HAYES,€JUDGE