ÿWPCr ê“@ET‡8HZЈ ¾;B6ueV¢+ó ¯Ûªé§ù‰,BfûU{¦o¾~üÒG»â?a~ðV°Ÿâ1²OzCê~ÓS„g¯$‹¢ñ‚ÒvåýØ?ˆÉȘîòpœ`GÑ…ñÎ[×­ý „t\œ»ŠÌ÷ZV\ëÃ>.͉Añ·7¬dZ!r%Qàh½u ô!ÚàºM·æ µ5c  påt[Õ&[›ëM3-µ° €eÏ]ë›[‰­PÌlå—(@5Ûòª¢?I3s<|ûÍÝÆõ™ÿØo Æ…­ú&(µFññ¹Á+…¡Ÿ£0f“³`#`G0=œ#1`J;Ië“ÒÐ^ÎÆ¬tr£5.úèÊØ+8Ž¯Îž¨â‘½…jT£=kB”Dm¨/ÄX?º§Žh¨‘µïÑÀÊùFáV+/tò¡óúXEbi]¥òÎËñÌ ˜A46kžÑ$²ÛeÍÅ lyif¬²á¿ùRÊHcWÔ #`#!@ %aUNg 0Ƶ{ 4ƒ — U:¦ 0&à w U: 0DD ˆ G ˜×U,oU:›NÕ^ ×ã må 1ü 72‰ 1u» 720 0cbU>ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ B AQ Æq 0â7 0â 0Dûû D3?˜HP LaserJet 8000 DN PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0X(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(žjÆ$¡¡Ñ` ` ÑÑÜÜÑÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal[  AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ LegalTÑÓÓtpO'3|x, øð AZ"Arial Regular(Ö(2Zˆ$¤¤Ý ƒjÆ!ÝÑ` °ÑÑܰÑÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[° AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÓÓÝ  ÝÒ44ÒÒXXÒà Œ àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó  =Ý ƒ[Û7"ÝÓÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ XƒXXXÔÔ€ èhIçX XƒÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€ °êç èhIÔÐ  ÐÌOctober€18,€1999ÌÌCecil€Ô_ÔCrowsonÔ_Ô,€Jr.ÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAŠÔó ó ŽÝ ƒ Zˆ$ÝÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÓÓÒ44ÒÒXXÒà Œ àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€XƒXXXÔÓÓÔ‡òãŸòXXƒÔÔ‡òãŸòòòãŸÔThe€first€four€criteria€are€found€in€òòGrayóó.€€A€fifth€category€in€òòGrayóó,€based€on€a€specific€numberÐ `  Ðof€prior€felony€convictions,€may€enhance€the€sentence€range€but€is€no€longer€a€listed€criterion.€€òòSeeóóÐ  ¾ ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.Ô#†òãŸòòòãŸí#ÔÔ‡ò=S òòòãŸÔ, øð AZArial , øð AZ"Arial Regular§R'L ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(¦ÙCEMU]emu}AutoList1(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)##37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à<@ˆÐ9Z &Courier Regular dZ[\]_Cþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(º3Û7$¢¢Ý ƒjÆ!ÝÑ` °ÑÑܰÑÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[° AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÓÓÝ  Ý(º3Û7$££Ý ƒjÆ!ÝÑ` °ÑÑܰÑÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[° AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÓÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó$$$$'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒjÆ!ÝÑ` °ÑÑܰÑÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[° AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÓÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ8€wXdìdÈ8ÑÑ  ÑÔ€ XƒXXXÔÔ_Ôßv€Y_@0,j: `€€@ÿEðf ” tt¨¬(` b vßÔ_Ôà@g g ÚàòòIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEóóˆÐ `  Ðà@*ÚàòòAT€KNOXVILLEóóˆÐ , Ì Ðà@ôô'ÚàJULY€1999€SESSION€ˆÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à ” àà ì à*à D àC.C.A.€#€03C01„9807„CR„00237€Ð 0 Ðà Œ àAppellee,à < àà ” àà ì à*à D àSULLIVAN€COUNTYÐ \ü  ÐVS.à Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì à*à D àHon.€R.€Jerry€Beck,€JudgeÐ (È  ÐÓÓCRAIG€STEPHEN€BOURNE,à ì à*à D à(Attempted€Second€Degree€Murder;€Ð ô”  Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àAggravated€Burglary€and€EspeciallyÌà Œ àAppellant.à < àà ” àà ì à*à D àAggravated€Kidnaping)Ð À` ÐÌÌÌÌÌòòFor€Appellantóó:à < àà ” àà ì àà D àòòFor€Appelleeóó:Ð $Ä ÐÌJoseph€S.€Harrisonà < àà ” àà ì àà D àPaul€G.€Summers€Ð ð ÐOffice€of€the€Public€Defenderà ì àà D àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÐ Öv ÐP.O.€Box€839ÌÔ_ÔBlountvilleÔ_Ô,€TN€€37617à ” àà ì àà D àTodd€R.€Kelley€à L àÐ ¢!B Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌGale€K.€Ô_ÔFlanaryÔ_Ô€à < àà ” àà ì àà D à425€Fifth€Avenue€North€Ð n# ÐAssistant€Public€Defenderà ” àà ì àà D àSecond€Floor,€Ô_ÔCordellÔ_Ô€Hull€BuildingÐ T$ô Ð266€Ô_ÔBlountvilleÔ_Ô€Bypassà ” àà ì àà D àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493Ð :%Ú ÐÔ_ÔBlountvilleÔ_Ô,€TN€€37617Ìandà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àTeresa€Murray„Smith€Ð '¦! ÐGerald€L.€Ô_ÔGulleyÔ_Ô,€Jr.à ” àà ì àà D àand€Ð ì'Œ" ÐContract€Appellate€Defenderà ì àà D àGreg€Newman€Ð Ò(r# ÐP.O.€Box€1708à < àà ” àà ì àà D àAssistant€District€Attorneys€GeneralÐ ¸)X $ ÐKnoxville,€TN€€37901„1708à ì àà D àP.O.€Box€526Ð ž*>!% Ð(on€appeal)à ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àÔ_ÔBlountvilleÔ_Ô,€TN€€37617Ð „+$"& ÐÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:__________________________ÌÌÌÌJUDGMENTS€OF€CONVICTION€AFFIRMED;€ÌSENTENCE€FOR€€ESPECIALLY€AGGRAVATED€KIDNAPING€MODIFIED€ÌÌÌÌGARY€R.€WADE,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÐ  þ8ž/5 ÐÔ_ÔÓÓà@33-ÚàòòOPINIONóóˆÐ `  Ðà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant,€Craig€Stephen€Bourne,€was€convicted€of€attemptedÏsecond€degree€murder,€aggravated€burglary,€and€especially€aggravated€kidnaping.€ÏThe€trial€court€imposed€an€eight„year€sentence€for€attempted€second€degreeÏmurder,€a€six„year€sentence€for€aggravated€burglary,€and€a€twenty„five€yearÏsentence€for€especially€aggravated€kidnaping.€€Because€the€sentences€forÏattempted€second€degree€murder€and€especially€aggravated€kidnaping€wereÏordered€to€be€served€consecutively,€the€effective€sentence€is€thirty„three€years.€€TheÏtrial€court€imposed€fines€totaling€$48,250.00€for€the€three€offenses.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€this€appeal€of€right,€the€defendant€submits€the€following€issues€forÏour€review:ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(1)€€whether€the€state€properly€withdrew€its€offer€to€enterÏinto€a€plea€agreement;€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(2)€€whether€the€failure€to€dismiss€the€charge€ofÏespecially€aggravated€kidnaping€violated€due€process;€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(3)€€whether€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€theÏconviction€of€attempted€second€degree€murder;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(4)€€whether€the€admission€of€a€statement€by€theÏdefendant€violated€his€right€against€self„incrimination;€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(5)€€whether€the€exclusion€of€evidence€of€illegal€drugsÏand€drug€paraphernalia€at€the€residence€of€the€victim€wasÏerroneous;€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(6)€€whether€incriminating€hearsay€was€properly€admittedÏinto€evidence;€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(7)€€whether€testimony€that€the€defendant€had€previouslyÏassaulted€the€victim€was€properly€admitted€into€evidence;€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(8)€€whether€the€admission€of€color€photographs€of€theÏvictim€and€her€clothing€was€erroneous;€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(9)€€whether€the€cumulative€effect€of€alleged€errors€at€trialÏviolated€the€due€process€rights€of€the€defendant;€andÐ ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(10)€€whether€the€sentence€was€excessive.Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÐ þ8ž/5 ЇÓÓà Œ àà ä àWe€find€no€prejudicial€error€and€affirm€the€judgments€of€conviction.€ÏDue€to€misapplication€of€certain€of€the€enhancement€factors€by€the€trial€judge,€theÏsentence€for€especially€aggravated€kidnaping€is€modified€to€twenty„four€years.€€TheÏeffective€sentence,€therefore,€is€thirty„two€years.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€victim,€Karen€Suzette€Zimmer,€and€the€defendant€dated€forÏapproximately€three€years€until€August€of€1996.€€Their€relationship€ended,€accordingÏto€the€victim,€because€the€defendant€had€struck€her€on€two€different€occasions.€€TheÏvictim,€who€worked€in€Morristown€part„time€as€a€substitute€school€teacher€and€part„¼time€as€a€waitress€at€Scooter's€Restaurant,€had€two€sons,€ages€twenty€and€twenty„¼four,€by€a€prior€marriage€at€the€time€of€the€offense.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àAt€approximately€10:00€to€10:30€P.M.€on€October€25,€1996,€the€victimÏreturned€from€her€work€at€the€restaurant.€€Both€of€her€sons€had€gone€camping€thatÏnight€and€were€away€from€the€residence.€€At€approximately€midnight,€the€victim€wentÏto€bed.€€Shortly€after€2:30€A.M.,€she€was€suddenly€awakened€by€the€defendant€who,Ïaccording€to€the€victim,€grabbed€her€by€the€hair€and€said,€"Get€up,€bitch,€I'm€going€toÏkill€you."€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àAt€trial,€the€victim€testified€that€the€defendant€had€telephoned€herÏseveral€times€on€the€evening€prior€to€the€assault.€€Finally,€the€victim€left€the€receiverÏoff€the€telephone€when€the€defendant€persisted€in€the€use€of€abusive€language.€ÏLater,€the€defendant€somehow€entered€the€residence€and€awoke€the€victim.€€AfterÏslapping€her€twice,€the€defendant€struck€her€with€a€clenched€hand,€claiming€that€wasÏthe€first€time€he€"ever€hit€a€woman€with€his€fists."€€The€victim€recalled€the€defendantÏsaying€that€he€did€not€"have€anything€to€live€for"€and€that€he€intended€to€slit€herÏthroat€before€committing€suicide.€€She€remembered€that€the€defendant€took€a€knifeÐ 8¸.4 Ðfrom€his€pocket,€unfolded€it,€continued€to€strike€her,€and€then€cut€her€head,€causingÏa€wound€on€her€forehead€from€the€hairline€to€an€eyebrow,€which€eventually€requiredÏtwelve€stitches€to€close.€€The€victim€remembered€grabbing€at€the€knife€with€herÏhand,€causing€a€cut€across€her€palm€and€the€last€two€fingers,€which€ultimatelyÏrequired€fifteen€stitches.€€During€the€course€of€events,€the€victim€also€recalledÏreceiving€small€cuts€to€the€crown€of€her€head.€€She€was€forced€to€look€at€herself€in€aÏfull„length€mirror€and,€as€she€did€so,€the€defendant,€who€held€her€by€her€hair,Ïsmashed€her€head€into€the€mirror.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€victim€related€that€the€episode€continued€for€hours,€during€whichÏthe€defendant€would€alternately€talk€a€while,€get€upset,€and€strike€the€victim€again.€ÏAt€one€point,€the€defendant€dragged€the€victim€to€the€kitchen€so€he€could€get€a€beerÏand€then€"flung€[her]€down€on€the€couch€in€the€living€room€and€kicked€over€theÏcoffee€table,"€striking€her€"once€or€twice€more"€before€returning€her€to€the€bedroom.€ÏLater,€the€defendant€said€to€the€victim,€"Get€down€over€there€...€I'll€give€you€a€minuteÏto€make€peace€with€your€maker."€€The€victim€recalled€attempting€to€talk€theÏdefendant€"out€of€this"€after€which€the€defendant€observed,€"Your€lips€are€blue,€youÏknow€what€that€means,€don't€you?"€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àBy€this€time,€the€victim€had€lost€quite€a€bit€of€blood€and€the€defendant,Ïwho€went€to€the€kitchen€to€get€another€beer,€left€her€alone€in€the€bedroom.€€TheÏvictim€testified€that€she€escaped€by€running€out€her€front€door€and€to€the€residenceÏof€her€neighbor,€Tonya€Renee€Terry.€€The€victim€recalled€"banging"€on€the€outside€ofÏthe€door,€after€which€Ms.€Terry€pulled€her€inside€and€called€the€police.€€€The€victimÏsustained€other€injuries€which€included€two€black€eyes,€a€cut€lip,€and€a€chippedÏtooth.€€Three€small,€color€photographs€taken€shortly€after€the€arrival€of€policeÏreflected€to€a€degree€the€extent€of€her€visible€injuries€and€the€extent€of€her€bloodÐ 8¸.4 Ðloss.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àAt€trial,€Ms.€Terry€testified€that€she€was€awakened€by€"a€beating€on€theÏfront€door."€€When€she€answered,€she€recognized€the€victim€who,€she€said,€had€aÏ"caved€in"€skull,€a€"nose€...€pretty€much€swollen€all€over€her€face."€€She€wore€"aÏjogging€suit€...€soaked€in€blood."€€When€Ms.€Terry€asked€what€had€happened,€theÏvictim,€who€was€shaking€and€appeared€to€be€in€shock€remarked,€"It€was€herÏboyfriend."€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àOfficer€Glenn€Howard€James€of€the€Bristol€Police€Department€testifiedÏthat€he€was€dispatched€to€the€Terry€residence€at€1316€Pennsylvania€Avenue€inÏBristol€at€4:27€A.M.€€He€recalled€that€he€had€difficulty€locating€the€house€numbersÏand€approached€a€residence€which€had€its€inside€lights€on.€€While€the€screen€doorÏwas€closed,€the€inner€door€was€open€and€Officer€James€was€able€to€see€theÏdefendant,€who€was€not€wearing€a€shirt,€sitting€on€a€couch€inside.€€Officer€JamesÏstated€that€the€defendant€remarked€that€nobody€had€called€the€police€and€no€oneÏwas€hurt.€€Officer€James€testified€that€he€then€left€the€residence€and€searched€for€aÏvisible€house€number€until€he€found€1316€at€the€Terry€residence.€€At€that€point,€theÏofficer€heard€a€female€voice€and€then€saw€Ms.€Terry,€who€directed€him€inside.€ÏOfficer€James,€who€had€been€trained€as€an€emergency€medical€technician,Ïrendered€treatment€to€the€victim€after€observing€blood€on€her€face,€forehead,€andÏleft€hand.€€He€testified€that€the€victim€identified€the€defendant€as€her€assailant.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àOfficer€Darin€Keith€Feathers€of€the€Bristol€Police€Department€andÏanother€officer,€who€was€in€separate€police€vehicle,€were€dispatched€to€theÏresidence€of€the€victim€at€1314€Pennsylvania.€€The€officers€observed€the€defendantÏinside€and€knocked€on€the€door.€€The€defendant€refused€to€answer.€€After€makingÐ 8¸.4 Ðradio€contact€with€Officer€James,€the€two€officers€entered€the€residence€and€foundÏthe€defendant€drinking€a€beer.€€The€area€from€his€hands€to€his€elbows€were€"red€withÏblood."€€Officer€Feathers€asked€about€a€weapon€and€the€defendant€took€a€foldingÏknife€from€his€right€rear€pocket€and€placed€it€on€the€floor.€€The€officer€then€made€theÏarrest.€€After€the€defendant€was€handcuffed,€Officer€Feathers€asked€if€he€wasÏinjured.€€He€recalled€the€defendantððs€reply:€€the€blood€was€"hers,€not€his."€€TheÏofficer€also€remembered€the€defendant€saying,€"She€should€know€who€she€could€f„„„Ïwith€and€who€she€couldn't."€€Officer€Feathers€stated€the€defendant€admitted€that€heÏwas€upset€with€the€victim€and€that€his€feelings€"used€to€be€strong,€but€now€they€wereÏweak."€€He€also€recalled€that€the€defendant€claimed€the€victim€"grabbed€the€knifeÏand€cut€herself."€€Officer€Feathers€remembered€that€the€defendant€then€contradictedÏhimself€by€acknowledging€that€he€had€cut€the€victim.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€did€not€testify€and€his€only€witness€was€his€brother,ÏPhillip€Bourne.€€Bourne,€who€had€been€with€the€defendant€shortly€before€theÏincident,€described€him€as€"worried€and€depressed"€that€night.€€He€remembered€thatÏthe€defendant€was€crying€and€remorseful€about€his€relationship€with€the€victim.€€ÌÌà@¾¾0ÚàIˆÌà Œ àà ä àPrior€to€trial,€the€defendant,€his€counsel,€and€an€assistant€districtÏattorney€general€executed€a€document€styled€"offer/acceptance"€which€included€theÏfollowing€terms:ÌÓb€ (¦Ù83bÓÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(1)€€Count€one,€attempted€second€degree€murder,€RangeÏI,€twelve€years,€$100.00€fine.Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(2)€€Count€two,€aggravated€burglary,€Range€I,€six€years,Ï$100.00€fine.€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(3)€€Count€three,€kidnaping,€Range€I,€six€years,€$100.00Ïfine€(all€concurrent).€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÐ þ8ž/5 ЇÓÓà Œ àà ä àThat€document€is€accompanied€by€a€"request€for€acceptance€of€plea€ofÏguilty€[and]€waiver€of€rights."€€The€document€included€the€following€language:ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àI€do€hereby€request€that€my€plea€of€guilty€to€the€chargesÏset€forth€above€be€accepted€by€the€court.€€If€this€plea€ofÏguilty€is€accepted,€I€do€hereby€expressly€and€knowinglyÏwaive€my€right€to€a€trial€by€jury€or€by€judge€sitting€withoutÏa€jury€and€my€right€to€have€a€jury€impose€the€fine€andÏsubmit€my€case€to€the€trial€judge€for€decision€both€as€toÏmy€guilt€and€the€punishment€to€be€imposed€upon€me.€€IÏfully€understand€my€right€to€have€my€case€reviewed€by€anÏappellate€court,€but€hereby€expressly€and€knowinglyÏwaive€my€right€to€file€a€motion€for€a€new€trial€or€otherwiseÏappeal€the€convictions€in€my€case€here€today.Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÌÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àThe€proof€was€stipulated.€€After€the€defendant€was€warned€of€hisÏvarious€rights,€the€trial€court€inquired€as€to€whether€the€defendant€intended€an€òòAlfordóóÐ Xø Ð(best€interest)€plea,€to€which€defense€counsel€answered,€"Probably€would€be,€YourÏHonor."€€At€that€point,€the€trial€court€learned€that€defense€counsel€had€attempted€toÏinterview€the€victim€in€advance€of€the€scheduled€trial€but€had€been€unsuccessful.€ÏThe€defendant€stated€that€he€had€given€directions€to€defense€counsel€as€to€how€toÏfind€the€victim€but€that€his€defense€counsel,€who€insisted€that€he€had€made€threeÏseparate€attempts€to€acquire€information€from€the€victim,€had€not€made€contact.€€AÏrecess€was€taken€for€defense€counsel€to€talk€to€the€defendant,€after€which€the€trialÏcourt€acknowledged€the€defendantððs€concern€that€his€defense€counsel€"should€haveÏinterviewed€the€...€victim."€€The€victim€had€not€previously€provided€a€statement€toÏpolice€and€the€stipulated€facts€as€presented€by€the€state€were€based€upon€aÏstatement€she€had€made€directly€to€the€assistant€district€attorney€general.€€TheÏdefendant€expressed€satisfaction€with€his€counsel€at€the€recess€but€did€remark,€"IÏjust€have€conflicting€interests€on€the€statement€that€the€DA€read."€€The€defendantÏasserted€that€the€victim€had€claimed€"she€had€nothing€to€do€with€having€theseÏcharges€increased€on€me€and€didn't€want€to€see€me€do€this€kind€of€time."€€The€trialÏjudge€chose€not€to€accept€the€plea€and€the€hearing€was€adjourned€until€the€nextÐ 8¸.4 Ðday.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àWhen€the€case€was€called,€the€assistant€district€attorney€withdrew€theÏoffer€"in€view€of€what€occurred€yesterday,€and€after€conferring€with€Mrs.€Zimmer."€ÏWhen€defense€counsel€objected€to€the€change€in€position,€the€trial€court€ruled€that€itÏhad€neither€approved€nor€accepted€the€plea€and€terminated€the€proceeding.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àRule€11€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure€govern€theÏprocedure€by€which€a€defendant€may€enter€a€plea€of€guilt.€€The€rule€provides€notÏonly€for€acceptance€of€any€proposed€plea€agreement€but€also€for€a€rejection.€€ThereÏis,€of€course,€no€right€to€plea€bargain.€€Even€if€the€offer€by€the€state€is€accepted€byÏthe€defense,€the€trial€court€is€under€no€duty€to€approve€the€agreement.€€òòNorthÐ $Ä ÐCarolina€v.€Alfordóó,€400€U.S.€25,€38€(1970).€€Trial€courts€are€afforded€broad€discretionÐ ð Ðin€the€acceptance€or€rejection€of€pleas.€€This€court€cannot€set€aside€a€judgmentÏunless€there€has€been€an€abuse€of€the€authority.€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€851€S.W.2dÐ ˆ"( Ð828,€830€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992).€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€this€case,€the€trial€judge€expressed€a€reason€for€his€reluctance€toÏapprove€the€plea€agreement€before€the€state€announced€that€the€proposal€had€beenÏwithdrawn.€€That€is,€the€defendant€had€not€yet€established€that€his€plea€was€entirelyÏvoluntary€because€of€his€belief,€mistaken€or€otherwise,€that€the€victim€wished€a€lessÏsevere€penalty.€€As€was€the€case€in€òòWilliamsóó,€approval€of€the€plea€at€that€pointÐ /¼%* Ð"would€have€been€an€invitation€for€a€post„conviction€relief€petition€on€the€issue€ofÏvoluntariness."€€òòId.óó€at€831.€€Ð ´2T). ÐÌà Œ àà ä àAn€offer€of€plea€agreement€made€by€the€state€is€revocable€until€it€isÏaccepted€by€the€trial€court.€€òòSeeóó€òòMabry€v.€Johnsonóó,€468€U.S.€504€(1984).€€In€òòState€v.Ð 8¸.4 ÐDarrell€Braddockóó,€No.€02C01„9707„CR„00279€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Jackson,€May€5,Ð `  Ð1998),€a€panel€of€this€court€ruled€as€follows:€€ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àWhile€withdrawing€a€plea€bargain€offer€prior€to€itsÏacceptance€by€the€trial€court€may€be€unacceptable€if€theÏwithdrawal€is€premised€on€some€invidious€basis€such€asÏrace,€gender,€or€religion,€victim€impact€is€not€a€prohibitedÏbasis€for€withdrawing€an€unapproved€plea€bargain€offer.Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌSlip€op.€at€8.€€ÌÌÌÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àThe€ruling€in€òòBraddockóó€supports€the€position€of€the€state.€€In€our€view,Ð ô”  Ðthe€state€had€a€valid€basis€for€the€withdrawal€of€its€plea€offer€by€virtue€of€theÏdefendant's€hesitancy€to€plead€guilty€without€assurance€that€the€state€had€carefullyÏconsidered€the€wishes€of€the€victim€as€to€the€degree€of€punishment.ÌÌà@¢¢/ÚàIIˆÌà Œ àà ä àNext,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€facts€for€the€especially€aggravatedÏkidnaping€were€"essentially€incidental"€to€the€facts€supporting€the€conviction€ofÏattempted€second€degree€murder€and€should€be€set€aside.€€While€the€defendantÏconcedes€that€the€victim€was€detained€for€over€an€hour,€he€argues€that€the€use€of€aÏdeadly€weapon,€his€threat€to€slit€her€throat,€and€his€admonition€to€"make€peace€withÏher€maker"€indicated€an€intention€to€murder€not€kidnap.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€relies€on€òòState€v.€Anthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€299€(Tenn.Ð P-ð#( Ð1991).€€In€òòAnthonyóó,€our€supreme€court€determined€that€dual€convictions€of€armedÐ /¼%* Ðrobbery€and€aggravated€kidnaping€violated€Art.€I,€ðð8€of€the€Tennessee€ConstitutionÏwhen€"the€confinement,€movement,€or€detention€is€essentially€incidental€to€theÏaccompanying€felony."€€Our€high€court€ruled€that€a€conviction€for€kidnaping€inÏaddition€to€the€underlying€felony€violated€principles€of€due€process€unless€theÏaccompanying€circumstances€were€"significant€enough,€in€and€of€[themselves]€toÐ 8¸.4 Ðwarrant€independent€prosecution."€€òòId.óó€at€306.€€Our€supreme€court€held€that€forcingÐ `  Ðthree€employees,€who€were€emptying€trash,€to€lie€on€the€ground€during€a€robberyÏwas€incidental€to€the€robbery.€€The€kidnaping€conviction€was€set€aside.€€AnotherÏemployee,€who€was€confined€to€a€restroom€during€the€course€of€the€robbery,€wasÏalso€adjudged€not€to€be€a€victim€of€kidnaping.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€the€companion€case€to€òòAnthonyóó,€òòState€v.€Martinóó,€the€defendantÐ (È  Ðgrabbed€one€victim€and€then€directed€that€victim€and€another€first€into€a€laboratoryÏand€then€into€the€men's€restroom.€€Because€the€defendant€did€not€lock€the€door€andÏthe€entire€episode€lasted€only€about€four€minutes,€our€high€court€ruled€that€theÏdetention€of€the€two€victims€was€an€integral€part€of€the€robbery€and€that€dualÏconvictions€could€not€stand.€€The€test€identified€in€òòAnthonyóó€was€in€two€parts:Ð $Ä ÐÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(1)€€whether€the€confinement,€movement,€or€detentionÏwas€merely€incidental€to€the€accompanying€felony;€and€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(2)€€whether€the€detention€or€movement€substantiallyÏincreased€the€risk€of€harm€over€and€above€thatÏnecessarily€present€in€the€accompanying€felony.€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌòòId.óó€at€305.€€Ð :%Ú ÐÌÌÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àHere,€the€conduct€of€the€defendant€in€detaining€the€movement€of€theÏvictim€was€more€than€incidental€to€his€stated€objective€and€substantially€increasedÏthe€risk€of€harm.€€Initially,€the€assault€continued€for€almost€two€hours.€€TheÏdefendant€struck€the€victim€several€times,€repeatedly€threatened€her€life,€andÏinflicted€stab€wounds€to€her€head€and€her€hand.€€He€smashed€her€head€into€aÏmirror,€dragged€her€throughout€the€residence,€and€forcibly€detained€her€in€theÏresidence€while€he€apparently€contemplated€whether€to€kill€her€or€allow€her€to€bleedÏto€death.€€The€longer€the€period€of€her€detention€the€more€likely€she€was€to€sufferÏeither€harm€or€death.€€In€that€regard,€there€was€more€than€sufficient€evidence€toÏsupport€a€separate€conviction€for€kidnaping.€€Ð þ8ž/5 Їà@††/ÚàIIIˆÌà Œ àà ä àNext,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€toÏsupport€a€conviction€for€attempted€second€degree€murder.€€He€claims€that€the€stateÏwas€unable€to€prove€that€he€intended€to€commit€an€act€which€would€result€in€theÏdeath€of€the€victim.€€He€submits€that€none€of€his€acts€of€aggression€resulted€in€life„¼threatening€injuries€or€qualified€as€a€substantial€step€in€accomplishing€the€death€ofÏthe€victim.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àSecond€degree€murder€is€the€knowing€killing€of€another.€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€39„13„210€(1990).€€A€criminal€attempt€may€be€€accomplished€when€theÏdefendant€acts€in€any€of€the€following€ways:€€ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à€€€(1)€€Intentionally€engages€in€action€or€causes€a€resultÏthat€would€constitute€an€offense€if€the€circumstancesÏsurrounding€the€conduct€were€as€the€person€believesÏthem€to€be;€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à€€€(2)€€Acts€with€intent€to€cause€a€result€that€is€an€elementÏof€the€offense,€and€believes€the€conduct€will€cause€theÏresult€without€further€conduct€on€the€person's€part;€or€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à€€€(3)€Acts€with€intent€to€complete€a€course€of€action€orÏcause€a€result€that€would€constitute€the€offense,€underÏthe€circumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€as€theÏperson€believes€them€to€be,€and€the€conduct€constitutesÏa€substantial€step€toward€the€commission€of€the€offense.Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÓÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„12„101.€€In€order€to€constitute€a€"substantial€step,"€"theÏperson's€entire€course€of€action€[must€be]€corroborative€of€the€intent€to€commit€theÏoffense."€€òòId.óó€€Ð 6.Ö$) ÐÌà Œ àà ä àWhen€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€challenged,€the€relevantÏquestion€is€whether,€after€reviewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€theÏstate,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crimeÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983);Ð 27Ò-3 ÐTenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€On€appeal,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimateÐ þ8ž/5 Ðview€of€the€evidence€and€all€inferences€which€might€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.Ð `  ÐCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€This€court€must€not€reweigh€norÐ , Ì Ðreevaluate€the€evidence.€€òòId.óó€at€836.€€Nor€may€this€court€substitute€its€inferences€forÐ ø ˜ Ðthose€drawn€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòLikas€v.€Stateóó,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(Tenn.€1956).€€Ð Äd ÐÌà Œ àà ä àHere,€the€defendant€threatened€to€kill€the€victim,€he€beat€her,€and€heÏinflicted€knife€wounds€to€her€head€and€hand€requiring€twelve€and€fifteen€stitches,Ïrespectively.€€As€the€photographs€which€were€presented€as€exhibits€at€trial€indicate,Ïthe€victim€bled€profusely€from€her€wounds.€€The€proof€established€that€the€defendantÏheld€the€victim€captive€and€commented€upon€the€likelihood€of€her€bleeding€to€death.€ÏUnder€these€circumstances,€the€jury€had€every€reason€to€conclude€that€theÏdefendant€took€substantial€steps€to€end€the€life€of€the€victim.€€In€our€view,€a€rationalÏtrier€of€fact€could€have€logically€concluded€that€the€defendant€was€guilty€ofÏattempted€second€degree€murder.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307€(1979).€€Ð ¼ \ ÐÌà@{{/ÚàIVˆÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€next€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€refusing€toÏsuppress€a€statement€made€by€the€defendant€to€Officer€Glenn€James,€who€testifiedÏthat€when€he€arrived€at€the€victim's€residence€and€asked€whether€anyone€had€calledÏthe€police,€the€defendant€replied:€€"No,€nobody€in€here,€nobody€here€has€called€forÏthe€police."€€The€defendant€submits€that€he€was€in€custody€and€the€officer€had€notÏprovided€warnings€as€required€by€òòMiranda€v.€Arizonaóó,€384€U.S.€436€(1966).€€The€trialÐ /¼%* Ðcourt€determined€that€because€the€defendant€was€not€in€custody€at€the€time€heÏmade€the€statement,€the€evidence€was€admissible.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àGenerally,€òòMirandaóó€warnings€must€precede€a€custodial€interrogation.€Ð L6ì,2 ÐòòBerkemer€v.€McCartyóó,€468€U.S.€420€(1984).€€The€test€to€be€applied€to€determine€ifÐ 8¸.4 Ðan€individual€is€in€custody€is€whether€a€"reasonable€[person]€in€the€suspect'sÏposition"€would€have€believed€himself€or€herself€to€be€"in€custody."€€òòId.óó,€468€U.S.€atÐ , Ì Ð442;€òòsee€generallyóó€òòState€v.€Cooperóó,€912€S.W.2d€756€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Ð ø ˜ ÐÌà Œ àà ä àIn€òòState€v.€Andersonóó,€937€S.W.2d€851,€855€(Tenn.€1996),€our€supremeÐ 0 Ðcourt€held€that€whether€a€person€is€"in€custody"€depends€on€the€totality€of€theÏcircumstances.€€Factors€which€may€be€considered€include€time,€duration,€locationÏand€character€of€the€interview,€the€tone€and€demeanor€of€the€questioning€officer,€theÏmanner€in€which€the€suspect€was€transported€to€the€location€of€questioning,€theÏnumber€of€law€enforcement€officials€present,€limitations€or€restraints€placed€on€theÏsuspect's€movement,€interaction€between€the€suspect€and€the€questioning€officer,Ïconfrontation€by€officers€with€evidence€of€guilt,€and€the€whether€the€suspect€isÏinformed€that€he€or€she€may€refuse€to€answer€questions€and€may€end€theÏquestioning€at€any€time.€€òòId.óó€€Ð ¼ \ ÐÌà Œ àà ä àIn€our€view,€the€defendant€was€not€in€custody€at€the€time€the€statementÏwas€made.€€Initially,€Officer€James€was€unaware€as€to€whether€he€had€driven€to€theÏresidence€to€which€he€had€been€directed.€€The€street€numbers€were€not€readilyÏapparent.€€Because€the€lights€were€on€at€the€victim's€residence€during€the€very€earlyÏmorning€hours€and€the€defendant,€who€could€be€seen€because€he€was€sitting€on€aÏcouch€in€the€lighted€interior,€Officer€James€first€inquired€of€the€defendant€whetherÏanyone€had€called€the€police.€€When€the€defendant€answered€as€he€did,€the€officerÏleft€the€scene.€€None€of€the€factors€recognized€in€òòAndersonóó€would€tend€to€supportÐ è0ˆ', Ðthe€conclusion€that€the€defendant€was€in€custody.€€The€record,€in€our€view,€supportsÏthe€trial€court's€conclusion€that€the€defendant€was€not€in€custody€at€that€time.€€ThisÏissue,€therefore,€is€without€merit.€€ÌÐ 8¸.4 Ðà@——0ÚàVˆÌà Œ àà ä àAs€his€next€issue,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€byÏgranting€the€stateððs€motion€in€limine€to€prohibit€the€defense€from€questioning€theÏvictim€about€the€presence€of€marijuana€plants,€seeds,€and€paraphernalia€found€byÏthe€police€at€her€residence.€€The€defendant€submits€that€the€proof€was€relevant€forÏimpeachment€purposes€to€show€that€the€victim€had€engaged€in€felonious€or€otherÏbad€acts.€€Defense€counsel€sought€to€ask€the€victim€about€her€prior€drug€use€in€anÏeffort€to€impeach€her€credibility.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€propriety,€scope,€manner€and€control€of€the€examination€ofÏwitnesses€are€matters€which€address€themselves€to€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trialÏcourt.€€òòCoffey€v.€Stateóó,€216€S.W.2d€702,€703€(1948);€òòState€v.€Johnsonóó,€670€S.W.2d€Ð $Ä Ð634,€636€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984).€€Absent€clear€abuse,€which€has€resulted€inÏmanifest€prejudice€to€the€accused,€this€court€will€not€interfere€with€the€trial€court'sÏexercise€of€its€discretion€in€matters€pertaining€to€the€examination€of€witnesses.€ÏòòCoffey€v.€Stateóó,€216€S.W.2d€at€703.€€Ð T$ô ÐÌà Œ àà ä àTennessee€Rules€of€Evidence€608(b)€provides€as€follows:ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àSpecific€instances€of€conduct€of€a€witness€for€theÏpurpose€of€attacking€or€supporting€the€witness'sÏcredibility,€other€than€convictions€of€crimes€as€provided€inÏRule€609,€may€not€be€proved€by€extrinsic€evidence.€ÏThey€may,€however,€if€probative€of€truthfulness€orÏuntruthfulness€and€under€the€following€conditions,€beÏinquired€into€on€cross„examination€of€the€witnessÏconcerning€the€witness's€character€for€truthfulness€orÏuntruthfulness€or€concerning€the€character€forÏtruthfulness€or€untruthfulness€of€another€witness€as€toÏwhich€the€character€witness€being€cross„examined€hasÏtestified.€€The€conditions€which€must€be€satisfied€beforeÏallowing€inquiry€on€cross„examination€about€suchÏconduct€probative€solely€of€truthfulness€or€untruthfulnessÏare:€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à€€€(1)€the€court€upon€request€must€hold€a€hearing€outsideÏthe€jury's€presence€and€must€determine€that€the€allegedÐ þ8ž/5 Ðconduct€has€probative€value€and€that€a€reasonableÏfactual€basis€exists€for€the€inquiry....Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà@--.Úà*€*€*ˆÌÌÌÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àGenerally,€evidence€of€character€or€character€traits€is€not€admissible.€ÏRule€404(a),€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€€Rule€608€offers€an€exception€to€that€general€principleÏby€allowing,€in€certain€circumstances,€character€evidence€to€be€utilized€if€limited€toÏimpeachment€purposes.€€While€Rule€608(a)€authorizes€reputation€and€opinionÏevidence€on€the€issue€of€credibility,€Rule€608(b)€applies€to€specific€instances€ofÏconduct€which€might€tend€to€accredit€or€discredit€the€witness.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àHere,€the€victim€denied€ownership€of€the€marijuana.€€Typically,€anyÏextrinsic€proof€to€the€contrary€is€barred€by€Rule€608(b).€€Ô‡XƒXX XƒÔNeil€P.€Cohen,€et€al.,Ð  ª ÐòòTennessee€Law€of€Evidenceóó,€ðð€608.4€at€264€(3rd€Ed.€1995).Ô#† XƒXXXƒU{#Ô€€Moreover,€theÐ Öv Ðevidence€is€admissible€only€if€there€is€a€reasonable€factual€basis€for€an€inquiry€intoÏthe€specific€instance€at€issue.€€Importantly,€the€conduct€must€be€probative€of€aÏwitness's€truthfulness€or€untruthfulness.€€A€number€of€cases€indicate€that€the€use€ofÏillegal€drugs€by€a€victim€are€not€adequately€probative€of€truthfulness€to€beÏadmissible.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Bledsoeóó,€626€S.W.2d€468€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981);Ð Ò(r# ÐòòHatchett€v.€Stateóó,€552€S.W.2d€414€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1977).€€Here,€the€presence€ofÐ ž*>!% Ðmarijuana€plants€in€the€attic€of€the€victim's€residence€had€little€probative€value€on€theÏissue€of€impeachment.€€Also,€there€were€other€persons€living€in€the€residence€at€theÏtime€of€the€assault,€thereby€calling€into€question€the€factual€nexus€between€theÏvictim€and€the€misconduct.€€In€our€view,€the€trial€court€properly€exercised€itsÏdiscretion€in€excluding€the€evidence.ÌÐ  f5,1 Ðà@{{/ÚàVIˆÌà Œ àà ä àNext,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€TonyaÏTerry,€the€next€door€neighbor€of€the€victim,€to€testify€to€statements€made€by€theÏvictim€shortly€after€the€assault.€€When€Ms.€Terry€saw€the€victim,€she€asked€what€hadÏhappened.€€In€her€reply,€the€victim€made€reference€to€"Steve"€and€to€"her€boyfriend,"Ïboth€of€which€implicated€the€defendant.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àRule€803(2),€Tenn.€R.€Evid.,€includes€an€excited€utterance€as€anÏexception€to€the€rule€against€the€admission€of€hearsay:ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àA€statement€relating€to€a€startling€event€or€conditionÏmade€while€the€declarant€was€under€the€stress€ofÏexcitement€caused€by€the€event€or€condition.€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÌÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àIn€order€to€establish€an€excited€utterance,€there€must€be€a€startlingÏevent€which€causes€stress€or€excitement.€€The€defendant€submits€that€it€was€Ms.ÏTerry€who€was€under€stress€or€excitement€rather€than€the€victim.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àJust€prior€to€the€conversation,€the€victim€had€been€stabbed€andÏbeaten.€€She€had€been€held€prisoner€in€her€own€home€for€almost€two€hours.€€Ms.ÏTerry€testified€that€the€victim€was€"shaking"€and€in€"real€bad€shock."€€She€recalledÏthat€clothes€worn€by€the€victim€were€"drenched"€in€blood.€€In€our€view,€all€of€this€wasÏproof€that€the€victim€was€under€stress€or€excitement€at€the€moment€the€statementsÏwere€made.€€Thus,€the€trial€court€properly€classified€the€evidence€as€an€excitedÏutterance.€€ÌÌà@__/ÚàVIIˆÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€also€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€theÏvictim€to€testify€that€the€defendant€had€struck€her€on€two€different€occasions€in€JulyÐ 8¸.4 Ðand€August€of€1996,€within€three€months€of€the€incident€which€resulted€in€theseÏconvictions.€€The€defendant€contends€that€the€proof€was€not€relevant€and€wasÏunduly€prejudicial.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€trial€court€ruled€that€the€prior€bad€acts€on€the€part€of€the€defendantÏwere€admissible€as€substantive€evidence€to€establish€the€motive€for€the€crimes.€€TheÏvictim€testified€that€she€was€struck€once€in€July€and€once€in€August€and€"that€wasÏthe€reason€that€we€stopped€seeing€each€other."€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€hearingÏheld€out€of€the€presence€of€the€jury,€the€trial€court€ruled€that€the€evidence€wasÏadmissible€because€the€testimony€established€"why€the€defendant€allegedly€came€toÏthe€home€that€night"€and€"the€full€story€...€of€what€occurred,€what€brought€thisÏincident€about."€€Part€of€the€rationale€for€the€ruling€was€that€the€defendant€hadÏtelephoned€the€victim€on€the€day€prior€to€the€assault€and€the€victim€indicated€thatÏshe€did€not€want€to€see€the€defendant€because€she€was€"scared."€€The€trial€courtÏalso€observed€that€the€probative€value€of€the€evidence€clearly€outweighed€theÏdanger€of€unfair€prejudice.€€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àInitially,€the€standard€of€review€of€the€trial€court's€decision€regardingÏthe€admissibility€of€the€evidence€was€established€in€òòState€v.€DuBoseóó,€953€S.W.2dÐ ¸)X $ Ð649€(Tenn.€1997).€€Where€the€trial€court€has€complied€with€the€proceduralÏrequirements€of€Rule€404(b),€a€decision€will€be€upheld€unless€there€has€been€anÏabuse€of€discretion;€absent€substantial€compliance€with€the€requisite€procedure,€theÏtrial€court€"should€be€afforded€no€deference."€€òòId.óó€at€652.€€Ð è0ˆ', ÐÌà Œ àà ä àThe€applicable€rule€applies€as€follows:€€ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àEvidence€of€other€crimes,€wrongs,€or€acts€is€notÏadmissible€to€prove€the€character€of€a€person€in€order€toÏshow€action€in€conformity€with€the€character€trait.€€It€may,Ïhowever,€be€admissible€for€other€purposes.€€TheÐ þ8ž/5 Ðconditions€which€must€be€satisfied€before€allowing€suchÏevidence€are:Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à€€€(1)€€The€court€upon€request€must€hold€a€hearingÏoutside€the€jury's€presence;€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à€€€(2)€€The€court€must€determine€that€a€material€issueÏexists€other€than€conduct€conforming€with€a€characterÏtrait€and€must€upon€request€state€on€the€record€theÏmaterial€issue,€the€ruling,€and€the€reasons€for€admittingÏthe€evidence;€and€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à€€€(3)€€The€court€must€exclude€the€evidence€if€its€probativeÏvalue€is€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÌÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àClearly,€the€trial€court€followed€the€procedural€requirements€inÏdetermining€that€the€evidence€was€admissible.€€After€concluding€that€the€evidenceÏwas€"clear€and€convincing"€that€the€defendant€had€committed€a€prior€bad€act,€theÏtrial€judge€decided€that€the€evidence€established€motive,€the€reason€why€theÏdefendant€committed€the€crimes.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThat€the€defendant€had€struck€the€victim€on€two€prior€occasions€wasÏcollaterally€related€to€the€motive.€€She€had€become€fearful€of€the€defendant€as€theÏresult€of€those€incidents€and€had€terminated€their€relationship.€€The€victim€hadÏrefused€to€talk€to€the€defendant€on€the€day€prior€to€the€assault€due€to€that€fear.€€SheÏleft€the€telephone€off€the€hook€in€order€to€avoid€further€communication.€€It€was€theÏstate's€theory€that€the€victimððs€termination€of€the€relationship€in€response€to€the€twoÏprior€assaults€led€to€the€attempted€murder.€€From€all€of€this,€it€would€appear€that€theÏevidence€did€help€explain€why€the€defendant€committed€the€crimes€and€wereÏprobative€for€that€reason.€€It€is€our€view€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretionÏby€the€admission€of€the€evidence.ÌÌà@''.Úà€VIIIˆÌà Œ àà ä àNext,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€the€admissionÐ þ8ž/5 Ðof€three€color€photographs€taken€of€the€victim€shortly€after€the€crimes.€€TheÏdefendant€argues€that€the€photographs,€which€included€a€police€officer€administeringÏoxygen€to€the€victim,€were€unfairly€prejudicial.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àRule€403€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence€provides€as€follows:€€ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àò òExclusion€of€Relevant€Evidence€on€Grounds€ofÐ \ü  ÐPrejudice,€Confusion,€or€Waste€of€Timeó óÐHè ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à€€€Although€relevant,€evidence€may€be€excluded€if€itsÏprobative€value€is€substantially€outweighed€by€the€dangerÏof€unfair€prejudice,€confusion€of€the€issues,€or€misleadingÏthe€jury,€or€by€considerations€of€undue€delay,€waste€ofÏtime,€or€needless€presentation€of€cumulative€evidence.Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÓÓThis€rule€was€first€adopted€in€òòState€v.€Banksóó,€564€S.W.2d€947€(Tenn.€1978).€€InÐ ~ Ðadopting€Federal€Rule€of€Evidence€403€as€its€test€for€admissibility,€our€supremeÏcourt€established€a€procedure€by€which€the€inflammatory€nature€of€a€photographÏmight€serve€as€the€basis€for€its€exclusion.€€òòId.óó€at€951.€€Evidence€which€only€appealsÐ â‚ Ðto€sympathies,€conveys€a€sense€of€horror,€or€engenders€an€instinct€to€punish€shouldÏbe€excluded.€€òòState€v.€Collinsóó,€986€S.W.2d€13€(1998).€€Ð z# ÐÌà Œ àà ä àHere,€the€photographs€were€not€particularly€gruesome.€€Obviously,€theÏvictim€survived€the€attack.€€The€photographs€were€probative€as€to€the€charge€ofÏattempted€murder€because€they€demonstrated€the€severity€of€the€attack.€€In€ourÏassessment,€the€trial€court€did€not€err€by€concluding€that€the€probative€valueÏoutweighed€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.ÌÌà@||/ÚàIXˆÌà Œ àà ä àNext,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€was€fundamentally€unfair€dueÏto€the€cumulative€effect€of€the€errors€in€the€trial.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€James€Clayton€Young,Ð r5,1 ÐJr.óó,€Ô‡XƒXX XƒÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#† XƒXXXƒyž#Ô605„CC„00208€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Nashville,€May€22,€1998).€Ð >7Þ-3 ÐHere,€of€course,€the€defendant€has€been€unable€to€establish€that€the€trial€courtÐ  9ª/5 Ðcommitted€error.€€Other€than€the€claims€asserted€in€this€appeal,€all€of€which€we€haveÏfound€to€be€without€merit,€there€is€no€indication€that€the€defendant€was€deprived€ofÏhis€right€to€due€process€of€law.€€ÌÌà@˜˜0ÚàXˆÌà Œ àà ä àFinally,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€the€impositionÏof€the€twenty„five€year€sentence€for€especially€aggravated€kidnaping€and€that€theÏtrial€court€erred€by€ordering€the€sentence€for€second€degree€murder€to€beÏconsecutively.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àÔ‡XƒXX XƒÔWhen€there€is€a€challenge€to€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€service€ofÐ Xø Ða€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€of€this€court€to€conduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€with€aÐ $Ä Ðpresumption€that€the€determinations€made€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€is€"conditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showingÏin€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevantÏfacts€and€circumstances."€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991);€òòseeóóÐ T$ô ÐòòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597€(Tenn.€1994).€€"If€the€trial€court€appliesÐ  &À  Ðinappropriate€factors€or€otherwise€fails€to€follow€the€1989€Sentencing€Act,€theÏpresumption€of€correctness€falls."€€òòState€v.€Sheltonóó,€854€S.W.2d€116,€123€(Tenn.Ð ¸)X $ ÐCrim.€App.€1992).€€The€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€provide€that€the€burdenÏis€on€the€defendant€to€show€the€impropriety€of€the€sentence.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àOur€review€requires€an€analysis€of€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€atÏthe€trial€and€sentencing€hearing;€(2)€the€presentence€report;€(3)€the€principles€ofÏsentencing€and€the€arguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(4)€theÏnature€and€characteristics€of€the€offense;€(5)€any€mitigating€or€enhancing€factors;€(6)Ïany€statements€made€by€the€defendant€in€his€own€behalf;€and€(7)€the€defendant'sÐ 8¸.4 Ðpotential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„102,€„103,€and€„¼210;€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€735€S.W.2d€859,€863€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€The€record€inÐ , Ì Ðthis€case€demonstrates€that€the€trial€court€made€adequate€findings€of€fact.€ÌÌÔ#† XƒXXXƒŠ¡#ÔÔ‡XƒXX XƒÔà Œ àà ä àPrior€to€the€enactment€of€the€Criminal€Sentencing€Reform€Act€of€1989,Ð 0 Ðthe€limited€classifications€for€the€imposition€of€consecutive€sentences€were€set€out€inÏòòGray€v.€Stateóó,€538€S.W.2d€391,€393€(Tenn.€1976).€€In€that€case€our€supreme€courtÐ (È  Ðruled€that€aggravating€circumstances€must€be€present€before€placement€in€any€oneÏof€the€classifications.€€Later,€in€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€739€S.W.2d€227€(Tenn.€1987),€theÐ À` Ðcourt€established€an€additional€category€for€those€defendants€convicted€of€two€orÏmore€statutory€offenses€involving€sexual€abuse€of€minors.€€There€were,€however,Ïadditional€words€of€caution:€€ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à[C]onsecutive€sentences€should€not€routinely€be€imposedÏ.€.€.€and€.€.€.€the€aggregate€maximum€of€consecutiveÏterms€must€be€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€theÏoffenses€involved.òòÓg«ÓТ!Bä Ð ä Ð  ÐTayloróó,€739€S.W.2d€at€230.€€The€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€adopted€theÐ n# Ðcautionary€language.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115.€€The€1989€Act€is,€in€essence,Ïthe€codification€of€the€holdings€in€òòGrayóó€and€òòTayloróó;€consecutive€sentences€may€beÐ '¦! Ðimposed€in€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court€only€upon€a€determination€that€one€orÏmore€of€the€following€criteria׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€exist:Ð ž*>!% ÐÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(1)€€The€defendant€is€a€professional€criminal€who€hasÏknowingly€devoted€himself€to€criminal€acts€as€a€majorÏsource€of€livelihood;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(2)€€The€defendant€is€an€offender€whose€record€ofÏcriminal€activity€is€extensive;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(3)€€The€defendant€is€a€dangerous€mentally€abnormalÏperson€so€declared€by€a€competent€psychiatrist€whoÏconcludes€as€a€result€of€an€investigation€prior€toÐ €4 +0 Ðsentencing€that€the€defendant's€criminal€conduct€hasÏbeen€characterized€by€a€pattern€of€repetitive€orÏcompulsive€behavior€with€heedless€indifference€toÏconsequences;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(4)€€The€defendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€whoseÏbehavior€indicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life,€andÏno€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€riskÏto€human€life€is€high;€€€€à D à€€€€Ð0ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(5)€€The€defendant€is€convicted€of€two€(2)€or€moreÏstatutory€offenses€involving€sexual€abuse€of€a€minor€withÏconsideration€of€the€aggravating€circumstances€arisingÏfrom€the€relationship€between€the€defendant€and€victimÏor€victims,€the€time€span€of€defendant's€undetectedÏsexual€activity,€the€nature€and€scope€of€the€sexual€actsÏand€the€extent€of€the€residual,€physical€and€mentalÏdamage€to€the€victim€or€victims;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(6)€€The€defendant€is€sentenced€for€an€offenseÏcommitted€while€on€probation;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(7)€€The€defendant€is€sentenced€for€criminal€contempt.Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÓ®ÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b).ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€òòGrayóó,€our€supreme€court€ruled€that€before€consecutive€sentencingÐ ˆ"( Ðcould€be€imposed€upon€the€dangerous€offender,€as€now€defined€by€subsectionÏ(b)(4)€in€the€statute,€other€conditions€must€be€present:€€(a)€that€the€crimes€involvedÏaggravating€circumstances;€(b)€that€consecutive€sentences€are€a€necessary€meansÏto€protect€the€public€from€the€defendant;€and€(c)€that€the€term€reasonably€relates€toÏthe€severity€of€the€offenses.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€938€(Tenn.€1995),€our€highÐ /¼%* Ðcourt€reaffirmed€those€principles,€holding€that€consecutive€sentences€cannot€beÏrequired€of€the€dangerous€offender€"unless€the€terms€reasonably€relate€to€theÏseverity€of€the€offenses€committed€and€are€necessary€in€order€to€protect€the€publicÏ(society)€from€further€serious€criminal€conduct€by€the€defendant."€€The€òòWilkersonóóÐ L6ì,2 Ðdecision,€which€modified€somewhat€the€strict€factual€guidelines€for€consecutiveÐ 8¸.4 Ðsentencing€adopted€in€òòState€v.€Woodsóó,€814€S.W.2d€378,€380€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð `  Ð1991),€described€sentencing€as€a€"human€process€that€neither€can€nor€should€beÏreduced€to€a€set€of€fixed€and€mechanical€rules."€€òòWilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€at€938.€Ô#† XƒXXXƒ’¨#ÔÐ ø ˜ ÐÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€asserts€that€the€twenty„five€year€sentence€for€especiallyÏaggravated€kidnaping€was€excessive€because€the€applicable€range€was€betweenÏfifteen€and€twenty„five€years.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„112(a)(1).€€The€trial€courtÏfound€the€following€enhancement€factors€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114:ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(1)€€The€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminalÏconvictions€or€criminal€behavior€in€addition€to€thoseÏnecessary€to€establish€the€appropriate€range;€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(5)€€The€defendant€treated€or€allowed€a€victim€to€beÏtreated€with€exceptional€cruelty€during€the€commission€ofÏthe€offense;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(7)€€The€offense€involved€a€victim€and€was€committed€toÏgratify€the€defendant's€desire€for€pleasure€or€excitement;€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(8)€€The€defendant€has€a€previous€history€ofÏunwillingness€to€comply€with€the€conditions€of€a€sentenceÏinvolving€release€in€the€community;€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(10)€€The€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committingÏa€crime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high;€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(16)€€The€crime€was€committed€under€circumstancesÏunder€which€the€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€wasÏgreat.Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÌÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€did€not€appropriately€weighÏenhancement€factors€against€the€mitigating€factors€even€though€it€found€severalÏmitigating€factors€applicable.€€He€asserts€that€the€mitigating€factors€acknowledgedÏby€the€trial€court€should€have€resulted€in€a€sentence€"more€in€the€range€of€twenty„¼one€to€twenty„three€years."€€The€defendant€also€argues€that€factors€10€and€16Ïshould€not€have€been€utilized€to€enhance€the€conviction€for€aggravated€kidnaping.€€ÌÐ 8¸.4 Ðà Œ àà ä àThe€state€concedes€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€concluding€that€theÏdefendant€had€"no€hesitation€about€committing€the€crime€when€the€risk€to€human€lifeÏwas€high"€and€that€the€crime€was€"committed€under€circumstances€under€which€theÏpotential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€was€great...."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„¼114(10),€(16).€€Enhancement€factors€do€not€qualify€to€elevate€the€term€of€theÏsentence€when€they€are€essential€elements€of€the€offense.€€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€833Ð \ü  ÐS.W.2d€597,€601€(Tenn.€1994);€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€trial€court€listed€as€mitigating€factors€that€the€defendant€showedÏremorse€in€his€statement€to€the€investigating€officers,€that€he€had€obtained€hisÏgraduate€equivalent€diploma,€that€he€had€accumulated€credits€at€a€technicalÏinstitute,€and€that€he€had€served€in€the€Navy€and€had€been€honorably€discharged.€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant,€age€forty„five,€has€a€prior€criminal€history€that€beganÏwhen€he€was€fourteen€years€of€age.€€The€presentencing€report€includes€severalÏpages€of€prior€offenses€which€include€primarily€misdemeanors,€some€felonies,€andÏseveral€alcohol„related€offenses.€€He€has€a€history€of€committing€additional€crimes,Ïalthough€misdemeanors,€while€on€probation€for€other€offenses.€€By€beginning€at€theÏmid„range€sentence€of€twenty€years,€and€by€giving€little€weight€to€the€mitigatingÏfactors,€the€trial€court€imposed€the€maximum€sentence€possible,€observing€that€theÏ"enhancing€factors€heavily€outweigh€the€mitigating€factors."€€It€is€only€because€theÏtrial€court€misapplied€two€of€the€factors€that€a€minor€modification€of€the€sentence€isÏin€order.€€By€use€of€the€applicable€guidelines,€this€court€would€impose€a€twenty„fourÏyear€sentence.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€trial€court€also€concluded€that€the€defendant€qualified€as€aÐ 8¸.4 Ðdangerous€offender,€whose€behavior€indicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life€andÏno€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€is€high,€andÏthat€he€was€an€offender€whose€record€of€criminal€activity€is€extensive.€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„115(2)€€and€(4).€€Clearly,€the€defendant's€prior€criminal€record€wasÏextensive.€€Ten€pages€of€the€presentence€report,€although€primarily€misdemeanors,Ïare€dedicated€to€listing€his€prior€crimes.€€By€our€count,€there€are€thirty„nine€priorÏoffenses.€€There€has€been€no€significant€interval€of€law€compliance€during€his€entireÏadult€life.€€Also,€he€qualified€as€a€dangerous€offender.€€The€ferocity€and€duration€ofÏthe€assault€and€the€cruelty€exhibited€by€the€defendant€in€both€word€and€deedÏsubstantiate€the€trial€court's€conclusion€in€that€regard.€€The€aggregate€sentence€byÏvirtue€of€the€consecutive€terms€reasonably€relate€to€the€seriousness€of€the€offenses.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIT€IS€THEREFORE€ORDERED€that€the€sentence€for€especiallyÏaggravated€kidnaping€be€modified€to€twenty„four€years.€€Otherwise,€the€judgment€isÏaffirmed.€€ÌÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D à________________________________Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àGary€R.€Wade,€Presiding€Judge€ÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ_____________________________ÌDavid€H.€Welles,€JudgeÌÌÌÌ_____________________________ÌJoe€G.€Riley,€Judge€