ÿWPCÕ nÿYÐÐÝ ‚ZŠÇX€zî‡ÞÿÀÉ•:—ÿ$z\ëÕ¢µØX#}øéž”8¼«Ï^ÆS /¦ëdÁ×뙉"t‹žÀWf;3ù_Ž¥•Ч~A®ÈänÅdV%SÙÎià|þê (·B3ìÂ{på?¸6iWò]+Bª®é‹_®À,Ä7Ì141sŽY4’bm*ÝÁ(ø<ù4ñ*ÀNõ‰™“cFd¤‰3ï,ä÷êÍû™«–h!ÎgÑšÁ‡¾œÏšßU‹MKÆm'š;¸[÷ ÎZ~njR·ÈÅÄ3È4 K:†Ð÷¶¢ÇÓ´È|QØšKn#~5U»ê ¤i£#X‰â³#†eƒÚDg›YÌ]Ãs[Ô Æþì¿iPÈÙš!'6„ë!*ƒº¶ê¥lžx¾»ö¤+PrIéw7'G )PðÜ®ÞgÊ~kW¨ûì˜òMûZ6ÀpÙ› Gd)œ¿Rê4{¬t!Þ3Å3lT¬L¶÷$÷ µˆ¦˜’©‚âiVpZT>éªCårnrú?(Né¶™ÓâîO.)êò¹•5˜‡ò¯+—!'ð s× ×}=þÈ ê8SbTÊÎëÝyOÿ þH0JSxSŒ5á[䈽Þ Ô‘J…# F UNQ %Ÿ 0(¥ U:Í b w@ 4O c r èz U:b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b Bœ œ œ œ œ D3¹ ¹ ¹ 0Dì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì AO0 Æ  0DE D/‰ B¸˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡,Ù¹6 AZ‹"Arial Regular- ù-  D!"#$D%e&'(Ó€uM%3|x1 ÞÔ€ XÛJXXXÔÔ€ X XÛJÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€ XÛJX ÔÐ  ÐÌJanuary€22,€1999ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAMÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular d%%%%'ÿÿdxd(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýñ%ñ›ñ%ññ%ñ›ñ%ñÑ` °ÑÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€ŠQ¶ŠXXÔÔ€Šv¿ŠŠŠQ¶ÔÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ€ÑÑ7€%XXdìdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÓ  Óñ%ñœñ%ñò òñ(ñœßr€ *<,(j 8` `€€@E f ` 8ttxPX` ð  rß›ñ(ñIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÐ `  ÐÌAT€NASHVILLEÌÌAUGUST€SESSION,€1998ÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à À àà  à)€€€C.C.A.€NO.€01C01„9711„CC„00521Ð ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à p àó óÐ `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àAppellee,ò òà h àà À àà  à)à p àÐ `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)€€€COFFEE€COUNTYÌV.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)€€€€€€€Ð `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à p àÐ `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)€€€HON.€GERALD€L.€EWELL,€SR.,€JUDGEó óÐ ` Ðò òPARKS€A.€BRYAN,à h àà À àà  à)€€€€€€€ó óà p àÐ ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àò òà  à)à p àó óà È àÐ ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àAppellant.à h àà À àò òà  à)€€€(FIRST€DEGREE€MURDER)€Ð ` Ðó óÌÌÌòòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:à h àà À àà  àòòà p àFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:Ð Hè ÐÌò òB.€CAMPBELL€SMOOTà h àà À àà  àà p àJOHN€KNOX€WALKUP€Ð 8 Ø Ðó óDistrict€Public€Defender€à h àà À àà  àà p àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÐ 8!Ø ÐÌò òRACHEL€E.€WILLISà h àà À àà  àà p àKAREN€M.€YACUZZOÐ (#È Ðó óAssistant€Public€Defender€à À àà  àà p àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÐ ($È Ð603€East€Carroll€Streetà h àà À àà  àà p à2nd€Floor,€Cordell€Hull€BuildingÐ  %À ÐññTullahoma,€TN€37388ññññà ` àà ¸ àà  àññà h àà À àà  àà p à425€Fifth€Avenue€North€Ð &¸ Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àNashville,€TN€€37243ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àò òC.€MICHAEL€LAYNE€€Ð )   Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àó óDistrict€Attorney€General€Ð *  ! ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àò òSTEPHEN€E.€WEITZMAN€ó óÐ ð+"# Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àP.O.€Box€147€Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àManchester,€TN€37355€ÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED€________________________ÌÌAFFIRMED€ÌÌTHOMAS€T.€WOODALL,€JUDGE¹Ó  ÓÔ€°ßó°ŠŠv¿Ôò òòòOPINIONóóó óÔ€Šv¿Š°°ßóÔÐ ˆ9(01 ÐÐ ^;þ12 Їñ$ñÌñ$ñÓ  ÓÓÓà ` àThe€Defendant,€Parks€A.€Bryan,€appeals€as€of€right€following€his€conviction€inÏthe€Coffee€County€Circuit€Court.€€Following€a€jury€trial,€Defendant€was€convicted€ofÏpremeditated€first„degree€murder€and€was€sentenced€to€life€imprisonment€withoutÏparole.€€Defendant€appeals€both€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€and€the€admissionÏof€certain€photographs€of€the€victim€which€he€argues€were€more€prejudicial€thanÏprobative.€€We€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà ` àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence,€theÏstandard€is€whether,€after€reviewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€theÏprosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€theÏcrime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319€(1979).€Ð À` ÐOn€appeal,€the€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€andÏall€inferences€therefrom.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€Ð   @ ÐBecause€a€verdict€of€guilt€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€replaces€it€withÏa€presumption€of€guilt,€the€accused€has€the€burden€in€this€court€of€illustrating€why€theÏevidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€verdict€returned€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.Ð p& ÐTuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982);€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476Ð `(  Ð(Tenn.€1973).€€ÌÌà ` àQuestions€concerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€toÏbe€given€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence,€areÏresolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€not€this€court.€€òòState€v.€Pappasóó,€754€S.W.2d€620,€623Ð 2°(* Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòpermóó.€òòtoóó€òòappealóó€òòdeniedóó,€òòidóó.€(Tenn.€1987).€€Nor€may€this€courtÐ 4 *, Ðreweigh€or€reevaluate€the€evidence.€€òòCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€at€835.€€A€jury€verdictÐ ð5,. Ðapproved€by€the€trial€judge€accredits€the€Stateððs€witnesses€and€resolves€all€conflictsÏin€favor€of€the€State.€€òòGraceóó,€493€S.W.2d€at€476.Ð Ð9p02 Їà ` àRebecca€Nickerson€worked€with€the€victim,€Helen€Bryan,€at€PCA€Apparel€inÏ1984.€€She€also€knew€the€Defendant€and€thought€the€two€would€make€a€good€match.€ÏAfter€ð ðmatchmaking,ðð€the€two€began€a€relationship€and€Helen€and€the€DefendantÏeventually€married.€€Nickerson€continued€to€socialize€with€them€for€several€years€andÏknew€their€marriage€was€unstable.€€ÌÌà ` àAbbie€Walker€was€a€friend€of€the€victim€and€knew€her€marriage€to€be€ð ðvolatile.ðð€ÏThey€talked€almost€daily,€but€Walker€did€not€often€see€her€in€person.€€In€May€1995,Ïshe€took€the€victim€to€Alabama€to€Restoration€Ranch,€a€nondenominational€ChristianÏrehab€center.€€The€victim€went€to€this€shelter€to€escape€her€husbandððs€abuse€and€toÏrecover€from€her€own€alcoholism.€€The€day€after€Walker€drove€the€victim€to€theÏshelter,€the€Defendant€came€to€her€home€requesting€the€victimððs€location.€€€WalkerÏrecalled€that€she€lied€and€told€him€that€she€did€not€know.€€Defendant€then€stated€thatÏhe€believed€the€victim€was€driving€to€California€to€see€her€sister,€but€that€her€carÏwould€not€make€it€and€would€probably€break€down€before€she€reached€theÏMississippi€River.€€While€Defendant€believed€the€victim€would€have€to€call€him€toÏcome€to€get€her,€he€stated€that€he€would€go€after€ð ðthe€car€and€the€dog,€but€.€.€.€notÏ.€.€.€after€her.ðð€€When€Walker€asked€the€Defendant€if€he€would€leave€her€on€the€sideÏof€the€road,€Defendant€responded,€ð ðIf€I€brought€the€bitch€back€here,€I€would€kill€her.ðð€ÏWalker€described€the€Defendantððs€expression€when€he€stated€that€he€would€kill€theÏvictim€as€ð ðvery€serious,€just€dead€set.ðð€€Ð  :À00 Їà ` àThe€victim€called€the€Defendant€two€(2)€days€later€and€asked€him€to€come€andÏpick€her€up€at€Restoration€Ranch.€€Defendant€brought€the€victim€home.€€FollowingÏthe€victimððs€return€home,€Walker€did€not€speak€with€her€as€frequently€because€sheÏwas€afraid€of€the€victimððs€husband.€€They€spoke€every€few€weeks.€€On€August€17,Ï1995,€the€victim€called€Walker.€€Walker€recalled€that€the€victim€was€not€able€to€getÏher€breath€very€well€and€had€a€ð ðshudderyðð€voice.€€Walker€never€spoke€with€the€victimÏagain,€and€learned€that€she€had€been€killed€two€(2)€days€later.ÌÌà ` àDebra€Luttrell€is€an€EMT€with€the€Coffee€County€Ambulance€Service.€€She€wasÏcalled€to€the€scene€of€the€Defendant€and€the€victimððs€home€on€Roy€Bryan€Road€onÏAugust€18,€1995,€at€approximately€8:30€to€9:00€p.m.€€When€Luttrell€arrived,€deputiesÏwere€already€present€at€the€scene.€€Defendant€met€Luttrell€and€her€partner€in€theÏdoorway,€then€they€found€the€victim€lying€on€the€bed€on€her€back€with€no€signs€ofÏlife.€€Luttrell€recalled€that€the€victim€ð ðlooked€like€she€had€been€beat€from€her€headÏdown€to€her€feet.€€There€was€[sic]€new€bruises€on€top€of€old€bruises€that€just€coveredÏall€of€her€body.ðð€€She€noted€that€it€was€one€of€the€worst€beatings€she€had€ever€seen.€ÏThe€victimððs€body€was€cool€in€temperature,€and€she€was€not€yet€stiff,€indicating€toÏLuttrell€that€the€victim€had€been€dead€over€fifteen€to€twenty€minutes.€€They€attemptedÏto€revive€the€victim,€but€there€was€no€response.€€ÌÌà ` àVarious€officers€testified€that€they€were€present€at€the€scene€and€that€theÏvictim€had€bruises€over€the€entire€length€of€her€body,€suffering€one€of€the€worstÏbeatings€they€had€ever€seen.€€The€Defendant€advised€the€police€that€the€victim€hadÏfallen€on€a€propane€bottle€in€the€living€room,€but€no€propane€bottles€were€found€inÏthe€house.€€All€the€officers€testified€as€to€the€filth€of€the€living€conditions,€with€alcoholÐ  :À00 Ðbottles€and€trash€strewn€about€the€home.€€Bloody€toilet€paper€was€found€in€theÏDefendantððs€yard€and€blood€stains€were€on€the€floor€near€the€victimððs€bed.€€Also,€aÏpartially€empty€vodka€bottle€was€found€in€a€brown€paper€bag,€and€scientific€testsÏconfirmed€that€the€paper€bag€had€the€victimððs€blood€on€it.ÌÌà ` àDr.€David€Florence€observed€the€victim€in€the€emergency€room€andÏdetermined€she€was€both€medically€and€legally€dead€upon€arrival€at€the€hospital.€ÏAfter€performing€an€examination€of€her€body,€Dr.€Florence€found€in€excess€of€sixtyÏ(60)€or€seventy€(70)€bruises€on€the€victimððs€body,€with€some€less€than€forty„eight€(48)Ïhours€old€and€some€approximately€seven€(7)€days€old.€€She€had€also€suffered€elevenÏ(11)€fractured€ribs,€causing€six€(6)€puncture€wounds€in€her€lung,€inflicted€between€aÏfew€minutes€to€forty„eight€(48)€hours€prior€to€her€death.€€While€the€victim€may€haveÏbeen€able€to€walk,€talk,€and€breathe€after€these€injuries€were€inflicted,€she€wouldÏhave€been€in€pain€and€would€have€had€difficulty€speaking.€€Dr.€Florence€testified€thatÏthe€victimððs€voice€would€have€sounded€crackly€or€like€a€whisper.€€The€back€of€her€ribÏcage€also€had€multiple€fractured€ribs,€likely€inflicted€at€least€three€(3)€months€priorÏto€her€death.€€In€addition,€she€had€a€large€laceration€on€the€back€of€her€head€whichÏwas€inflicted€shortly€before€her€death€as€she€was€still€bleeding€from€that€lacerationÏupon€her€arrival€at€the€hospital.ÌÌà ` àDr.€Charles€Harlan€testified€regarding€the€results€of€the€victimððs€autopsy.€€HerÏdeath€was€caused€by€multiple€blows€to€the€chest€which€produced€ð ðblood€and€air€inÏthe€space€around€the€lungs€compressing€the€lungs€and€causing€her€to€be€unable€toÏbreathe.ðð€€After€the€fractured€ribs€punctured€her€lungs,€the€victim€slowly€bled€toÏdeath,€struggling€to€breathe€and€having€a€ð ðvery€tough€way€to€die.ðð€€From€theÐ  :À00 Ðexamination€it€appeared€that€the€victim€had€been€beaten€over€a€period€of€time,€andÏit€was€likely€that€she€died€ð ðover€many€hours€or€a€couple€of€days.ðð€€ÌÌà ` àDeputy€Mike€Jarvis€was€guarding€the€victimððs€body€prior€to€her€transport€to€theÏmedical€examinerððs€office€when€the€Defendant€entered€the€room€and€asked€to€seeÏthe€victim.€€After€approaching€her€body,€the€Defendant€turned€his€back€and€removedÏthe€victimððs€bloodstained€shirt€and€then€hid€it€underneath€his€jacket.€€When€JarvisÏconfronted€the€Defendant,€the€Defendant€replied€that€it€was€the€victimððs€favorite€shirtÏand€he€wanted€to€keep€it€in€remembrance€of€her.€€Jarvis€refused€to€allow€theÏDefendant€to€keep€the€shirt,€and€the€shirt€was€admitted€into€evidence.ÌÌà ` àInvestigator€Alexander€recorded€the€Defendantððs€statement€regarding€theÏvictimððs€death.€€In€his€statement,€Defendant€recalled€that€he€had€been€to€the€groceryÏstore€after€work€on€August€18,€1995.€€When€he€pulled€into€his€driveway,€he€blew€theÏhorn€but€received€no€response€from€the€victim.€€This€angered€the€Defendant€whoÏwas€drinking€alcohol€at€the€time.€€He€then€picked€up€the€groceries€and€carried€themÏinto€the€kitchen,€returning€to€the€car€to€drink€more€alcohol.€€In€his€statement,ÏDefendant€admits€he€was€ð ðfurious,ðð€and€went€inside,€leaning€over€to€ð ðthumpðð€his€wifeÏwith€the€vodka€bottle€on€the€back€of€the€head.€€They€had€a€few€drinks€together,€butÏDefendant€was€still€angry€and€told€the€victim€to€go€to€bed.€€When€the€victim€rose,€sheÏfell€down.€€Having€to€help€the€victim€up€made€him€so€mad€that€he€kicked€her€in€theÏside,€possibly€more€than€once.€€Defendant€then€drug€her€to€bed€by€the€armpits.€ÏWhen€he€put€her€in€bed,€Defendant€noticed€some€blood€on€her€pillow€and€he€gotÏsome€toilet€paper€to€place€on€the€cut€on€her€head.€€ÌÐ  :À00 Ðà ` àSome€time€after€he€returned€to€the€living€room€to€watch€television,€DefendantÏheard€the€victim€fall€out€of€bed.€€When€he€went€to€check€on€her,€he€noticed€that€sheÏhad€fallen€and€ð ðmessed€on€herself.ðð€€Defendant€pulled€off€her€pink€shorts€and€thenÏcleaned€her€off,€throwing€her€shorts€on€the€porch.€€When€Defendant€returned€to€herÏroom,€the€victim€had€ð ðmessed€on€herself€again,ðð€and€this€made€him€so€mad€that€heÏhit€her€with€his€fists.€€Defendant€stated€he€was€ð ðnice€enough€to€clean€her€up€again,ððÏthen€went€back€to€watching€television.€€Later€he€got€worried€about€his€wife,€so€heÏwent€to€check€on€her€and€discovered€she€was€pale.€€When€he€checked€for€her€pulse,Ïhe€thought€he€heard€a€small€heartbeat€and€he€shook€her€to€wake€her€up.€€When€heÏagain€checked€for€a€pulse€and€could€not€find€one,€he€called€911€and€started€CPR.ÌÌà ` àDefendant€argues€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€a€convictionÏfor€first„degree€murder.€€Defendant€suggests€that€his€case€is€similar€to€òòState€v.Ð À!` ÐBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530€(Tenn.€1992),€in€which€a€conviction€for€first€degree€murderÐ È#h Ðwas€reversed€and€modified€to€a€second€degree€murder€conviction.€€DefendantÏsuggests€that€because€the€abuse€of€his€wife€had€existed€for€an€extended€period€ofÏtime,€he€should€not€have€expected€the€abuse€occurring€on€August€17,€18,€and€19€toÏhave€killed€the€victim.€€Therefore,€Defendant€argues€if€he€had€no€expectation€of€herÏdeath,€he€could€not€have€committed€first€degree€murder.€€ÌÌà ` àIn€order€to€convict€the€Defendant€in€the€case€òòsubóó€òòjudiceóó,€the€State€was€Ð 2 (( Ðrequired€to€prove€that€he€committed€an€unlawful€killing,€both€intentionally€and€withÏpremeditation.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1).€€Premeditation€requires€that€theÏact€be€committed€after€the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment,€but€the€purpose€toÏkill€is€not€required€to€have€pre„existed€in€the€mind€of€the€defendant€for€any€definiteÐ  :À00 Ðperiod€of€time.€€òòIdóó.€at€(d).€€Whether€a€defendant€has€acted€with€premeditation€is€aÐ `  Ðquestion€for€the€jury€to€determine,€and€it€may€be€inferred€from€the€manner€andÏcircumstances€of€the€killing.€€òòState€v.€Gentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€1,€3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð p  Ð1993).€€The€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€an€unarmed€victim,€the€declarations€of€aÏdefendant€of€his€intent€to€kill,€the€infliction€of€multiple€wounds,€the€defendantððs€priorÏrelationship€with€the€victim,€and€the€fact€that€the€killing€was€particularly€cruel€are€allÏfactors€which€the€jury€may€consider€in€determining€whether€the€murder€wasÏpremeditated.€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€541„42;€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€660Ð ˜8 Ð(Tenn.€1997).€€ÌÌà ` àIn€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€there€is€more€than€sufficient€evidenceÏthat€the€Defendant€committed€the€first€degree€murder€of€the€victim.€€WhenÏquestioned€regarding€his€actions€after€the€victim€ð ðdisappearedðð€from€their€home€inÏMay€1995,€only€three€(3)€months€prior€to€her€death,€the€Defendant€stated,€ð ð[i]f€IÏbrought€the€bitch€back€here,€I€would€kill€her.ðð€€This€declaration€by€the€Defendant€ofÏhis€intent€to€kill€the€victim€was€made€when€Defendant€was€ð ðvery€serious.ðð€€In€additionÏto€this€threat€to€kill€the€victim,€when€he€did€kill€the€victim€multiple€wounds€wereÏinflicted€upon€her.€€In€addition€to€nearly€seventy€(70)€bruises€on€her€body,€the€victimÏhad€numerous€broken€ribs€and€her€lungs€were€punctured.€€Also,€she€had€a€largeÏlaceration€on€her€head€as€a€result€of€a€wound€admittedly€inflicted€by€the€Defendant.€ÏIn€his€statement€to€the€police,€the€Defendant€admitted€to€both€hitting€and€kicking€theÏvictim€on€multiple€occasions.€€The€Defendantððs€prior€relationship€with€the€victim€wasÏfilled€with€turmoil,€as€two€witnesses€testified€to€the€ð ðvolatileðð€nature€of€theirÏrelationship.€€Finally,€the€jury€could€have€inferred€from€the€circumstances€of€theÏkilling€that€the€Defendant€was€particularly€cruel.€€Medical€evidence€demonstrated€thatÐ  :À00 Ðthe€victimððs€injuries€may€have€been€inflicted€up€to€forty„eight€(48)€hours€prior€to€herÏarrival€to€the€hospital,€following€which€she€had€a€painful,€slow€death,€described€byÏDr.€Harlan€as€a€ð ðvery€tough€way€to€die.ðð€€Even€the€Defendantððs€own€statementÏindicates€his€cruelty€€in€his€actions€toward€his€own€wife,€in€which€he€describes€kickingÏand€hitting€her€for€having€to€help€her€walk€and€to€clean€her€up€although€he€indicatedÏhe€was€ð ðnice€enough€to€clean€her€up€again.ðð€€The€evidence€demonstrated€that€someÏof€the€victimððs€wounds€were€inflicted€nearly€two€(2)€days€prior€to€her€death,€duringÏwhich€the€Defendant€admittedly€became€angry€with€her€and€beat€her€repeatedly.€ÏThe€Defendantððs€actions€caused€the€victim€to€have€difficulty€standing,€walking,Ïremaining€conscious,€and€maintaining€control€of€her€bodily€functions,€yet€heÏcontinued€to€abuse€her.€€ÌÌà ` àDefendantððs€declarations€of€his€intent€to€kill€the€victim,€the€infliction€of€multipleÏwounds,€the€nature€of€their€relationship€and€the€particularly€cruel€nature€of€hisÏconduct€are€all€circumstances€from€which€the€jury€properly€inferred€premeditation.€ÏWhile€Defendant€may€argue€to€the€contrary,€there€is€no€evidence€that€he€killed€theÏvictim€while€suffering€from€a€sudden€and€uncontrollable€rage.€€Rather,€he€repeatedlyÏbeat,€kicked€and€otherwise€abused€the€victim€until€her€body€could€no€longerÏwithstand€the€lethal€abuse.€€This€issue€has€no€merit.ÌÌà ` àDefendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€improperly€admitted€evidence€ofÏphotographs€of€the€victim€during€her€autopsy.€€He€asserts€that€the€photographsððÏprobative€value€was€substantially€outweighed€by€the€prejudice€they€created.€€TheÏâ âtrial€court€ruled€the€photographs€were€admissible€with€the€following€explanation:Ð 8¸.. ÐÓÓà8 ` àThe€issue€is€whether€or€not€the€probative€value€outweighs€theÏâ âprejudicial€effect€that€might€be€incurred€as€a€result€of€this€butÏnotwithstanding€Dr.€Harlanððs€graphic€verbal€testimony,€I€think€theseÏphotographs€will€show€to€the€jury€more€than€can€ever€be€describedÏverbally€by€testimony€of€anyone€and€are€probative€to€the€extent€that,Ïaccording€to€the€defendant€over€here,€she€fell€and€hit€her€head€on€aÏpropane€tank,€and€for€that€and€various€reasons,€to€show€the€jury€whatÏthe€injury€exactly€was€to€the€head€and€to€the€rib€cage.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌÓÓÌThe€admissibility€of€photographs€falls€within€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court,Ïwhose€ruling€will€not€be€overturned€except€upon€a€clear€showing€of€an€abuse€ofÏdiscretion.€€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€262„63€(Tenn.€1994),€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó,€513Ð œ< ÐU.S.€1086,€115€S.Ct.€743,€130€L.Ed.2d€644€(1995);€òòState€v.€Zirkleóó,€910€S.W.2d€874,Ð ¤D Ð888€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€A€photo€must€be€relevant€to€an€issue€that€the€juryÏmust€decide€and€the€probative€value€of€the€photograph€must€outweigh€anyÏprejudicial€effect€that€it€may€have€upon€the€trier€of€fact€before€a€photograph€may€beÏadmitted€into€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Aucoinóó,€756€S.W.2d€705,€710€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð Ä"d Ð1988),€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó,€489€U.S.€1084€(1989);€òòState€.v€Bradenóó,€867€S.W.2d€750,€758Ð Ì$l Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).ñ%ñ›ñ%ñÌÌà ` àòòBanks€v.€Stateóó,€564€S.W.2d€947€(Tenn.€1978),€sets€forth€the€factors€to€beÐ ä*„!! Ðtaken€into€consideration€in€determining€whether€the€inherently€prejudicial€characterÏof€the€photographs€outweighs€their€probative€value.€€These€factors€are€as€follows:Ï(1)€their€accuracy€and€clarity;€(2)€whether€they€were€taken€before€the€corpse€wasÏmoved,€if€the€position€and€location€of€the€body€when€found€is€œmaterial;ñ&ñ€(3)ñ&ñ›€theÏinadequacy€of€testimonial€evidence€in€relating€the€facts€to€the€jury;€and€œñ'ñ(4)€ñ'ñthe›€needÏfor€the€evidence€to€establish€a€òòprima€facieóó€case€of€guilt€or€to€rebut€the€defendantððsÐ 7´-- Ðcontentions.€€òòIdóó.€at€951.Ð 9¼// Їà ` àThe€accuracy€and€clarity€of€these€photos€is€not€contested,€but€the€photos€wereÏadmittedly€made€after€the€victimððs€body€had€been€moved.€€ñ%ñœñ%ñPhotographs€of€a€corpseÏare€admissible€in€murder€prosecutions,€if€they€are€relevant€to€issues€on€trial,Ïnotwithstanding€their€gruesome€and€horrifying€character.€€òòBanksóó,€564€S.W.2d€at€951.Ð x ÐWhileñ%ñ›ñ%ñ€photographs€made€during€or€after€an€autopsy€are€often€condemned,€they€areÏnot€rendered€inadmissible€merely€because€they€ñ%ñœñ%ñareñ%ñ›ñ%ñ€cumulative€ñ%ñœñ%ñto€theñ%ñ›ñ%ñ€testimony€atÏtrial.€ñ%ñœñ%ñ€òòSeeóóñ%ñ›ñ%ñ€ñ%ñœñ%ñòòCollins€v.€Stateóó,€506€S.W.2d€179,€185€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1973);ñ%ñ›ñ%ñ€òòState€v.Ð 0  ÐStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€542€(Tenn.€1994).€€Obviously€these€photos€areÐ ˜8 Ðrelevant€to€this€case€due€to€the€issue€of€whether€the€Defendant€intentionally€and€withÏpremeditation€killed€the€victim€or€whether€she€hit€her€head€on€a€propane€bottle€as€heÏfirst€stated€to€the€police.€€The€Defendant€admitted€to€kicking€the€victim,€possibly€moreÏthan€once,€and€hitting€the€victim€in€the€head,€also€perhaps€more€than€once.€ÏHowever,€the€photographs€demonstrate€that€the€victimððs€extensive€injuries€could€notÏhave€been€caused€by€only€a€òòfewóó€punches€or€kicks.€€The€medical€testimonyÐ È#h Ðdemonstrated€that€the€force€of€these€blows€was€sufficient€to€result€in€a€compoundÏfracture€of€the€victimððs€ribs,€causing€the€puncture€of€her€lungs.€€Admittedly,€theseÏphotos€are€somewhat€graphic€and€gruesome.€€However,€this€court€has€previouslyÏupheld€the€trial€courtððs€decision€to€allow€ñ%ñœñ%ñthe€admissionñ%ñ›ñ%ñ€of€gruesome€autopsyÏphotographs€of€the€victim€when€other€Stateððs€witnesses€had€described€the€subjectsÏof€the€photographs.€€òòState€v.€Terrence€Davisóó,€C.C.A.€No.€02C01„9511„CR„00343,Ð ø/˜&& ÐShelby€County€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Jackson,€June€2,€ñ%ñœñ%ñ1997),€òòpermóó.€òòtoóó€òòappealóó€òòdeniedóóÐ 2 (( Ð(Tenn.€1998).ñ%ñ›ñ%ñ€€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌà ` àWe€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ìñ%ñœñ%ññ ñ̛̛̛Ìñ ññ$ñ›ñ$ñÓ  Óñ ñà ` à›Ìñ ññ%ñ›ñ%ññ!ñÓÓñ!ñÐ  :À00 Ðñ%ñœñ%ññ"ñ‡à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à____________________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àTHOMAS€T.€€WOODALL,€JudgeÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌJOSEPH€M.€TIPTON,€JudgeÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌJOE€G.€RILEY,€Judgeñ"ññ#ñ›Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à____________________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àTHOMAS€T.€€WOODALL,€JudgeÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌÌÌÌ___________________________________Ìñ#ñ