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Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àNashville,€TN€37243Ìà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÌà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àVictor€S.€Johnson,€IIIÌà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àandÌà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJames€MilamÌ€€€€à ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÐ `'X $ Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àWashington€Square,€Suite€500Ìà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à222€2nd€Avenue€NorthÌà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àNashville,€TN€37201„1649ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:____________________ÌÌÌÌREVERSED€AND€REMANDEDÌÌJoseph€M.€TiptonÌJudgeÌÐ >:639 ЇÌÓÓà@õõ)Dàòòò òO€P€I€N€I€O€Nó óóóˆà0 È àÐîæÈ€%È€% ÐÌà ¸ àThe€defendant,€Corey€Lamar€Campbell,€appeals€as€of€right€from€hisÐ † ~ Ðconviction€by€a€jury€in€the€Davidson€County€Criminal€Court€for€second€degree€murder,€aÐ R J ÐClass€A€felony.€€He€was€sentenced€to€twenty€years€confinement€in€the€Department€ofÐ   ÐCorrection.€€On€appeal,€the€defendant€contends€that€(1)€the€evidence€is€insufficient€toÐ êâ  Ðsupport€the€conviction,€and€(2)€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€charging€the€jury€with€theÐ ¶®  Ðlesser€offense€of€voluntary€manslaughter.€€Because€the€trial€court€failed€to€instruct€theÐ ‚z  Ðjury€on€voluntary€manslaughter,€we€must€reverse€the€conviction€and€remand€the€case€toÐ NF Ðthe€trial€court€for€a€new€trial.Ð  ÐÌà ¸ àThe€defendant€was€prosecuted€for€the€first€degree€premeditated€murder€ofÐ ²ª ÐKenneth€Frierson.€€At€trial,€Maureen€Boyd€testified€that€she€was€the€victimððs€girlfriendÐ ~v Ðand€that€on€March€24,€1996,€she€and€her€autistic€daughter,€Lisa,€were€riding€aroundÐ JB Ðtown€with€the€victim.€€She€said€the€victim€stopped€at€the€defendantððs€house€to€talk€withÐ ! Ðthe€defendant.€€She€said€the€victim€and€defendant€were€friends.€€She€said€they€stoppedÐ â"Ú Ðin€front€of€the€defendantððs€house,€and€the€defendant€eventually€came€out€and€greetedÐ ®$¦! Ðthe€victim.€€She€said€the€two€did€not€seem€happy€to€see€each€other.€€She€said€theÐ z&r# Ðdefendant€and€victim€had€a€short€conversation.€€Ð F(>!% ÐÌà ¸ àMs.€Boyd€testified€that€when€she€and€the€victim€were€ready€to€leave,€sheÐ Þ+Ö$) Ðnoticed€that€Lisaððs€door€in€the€back€of€the€car€was€open.€€She€said€that€when€she€askedÐ ª-¢&+ Ðthe€defendant€to€close€the€door,€the€victim€became€angry,€and€she€and€the€victimÐ v/n(- Ðscuffled€over€the€keys.€€She€said€she€tried€to€get€out€of€the€car,€and€the€victim€tried€toÐ B1:*/ Ðkeep€her€in.€€She€said€their€argument€lasted€about€three€minutes,€and€they€were€yellingÐ 3,1 Ðand€hitting€each€other.€€She€said€that€when€she€got€out€of€the€car,€the€victim€also€gotÐ Ú4Ò-3 Ðout€and€pushed€the€defendant€out€of€his€way.€€She€said€the€victim€chased€her€and€gotÐ ¦6ž/5 Ðher€back€into€the€car.€€She€said€the€defendant€then€headed€toward€his€house.€€She€saidÐ r8j17 Ðthe€victim€asked€the€defendant€if€he€was€going€to€call€the€police,€but€the€defendant€didÐ  Ðnot€respond.€€She€stated€that€the€victim€got€back€into€the€car,€drove€to€the€end€of€theÐ ÔÌ Ðstreet€and€turned€around.€€She€said€she€pulled€the€key€out€of€the€ignition,€cutting€off€theÐ   ˜ Ðcar.€€She€said€she€left€the€car,€and€the€victim€pursued€her€to€get€her€back€in€the€car.€Ð l d ÐShe€said€she€then€looked€up€and€saw€the€defendant€approaching€the€victim.€€She€saidÐ 80 Ðthe€defendant€had€a€gun€in€his€hand,€and€the€victimððs€back€was€toward€the€defendant.€Ð ü  ÐShe€said€the€victim€turned€around,€threw€his€hands€up€and€said,€ð ðCorey,€man,€whatððs€upÐ ÐÈ  Ðman?ðð€€She€said€the€defendant€was€only€a€few€steps€away€from€the€victim,€and€he€shotÐ œ”  Ðthe€victim.€€She€said€the€victim€fell€to€the€ground,€and€the€defendant€walked€up€to€theÐ h` Ðvictim€and€shot€him€again€in€the€temple.€€She€said€the€defendant€said,€ð ðThatððs€what€youÐ 4, Ðget€for€disrespecting€me.ðð€€She€said€the€defendant€then€turned€around€and€went€insideÐ ø Ðhis€house.Ð ÌÄ ÐÌà ¸ àMs.€Boyd€identified€photographs€of€her€watch€and€the€victimððs€goldÐ d\ Ðnecklace€that€were€found€lying€in€the€street,€but€she€said€she€did€not€know€how€they€gotÐ 0 ( Ðthere.€€She€denied€asking€the€defendant€for€help€during€her€altercation€with€the€victim.€Ð ü!ô ÐShe€said€she€did€not€believe€that€she€was€in€danger€from€the€victim.€€She€said€theÐ È#À  Ðvictim€did€not€have€a€weapon€and€did€not€take€aggressive€or€threatening€action€towardÐ ”%Œ" Ðthe€defendant.€Ð `'X $ ÐÌà ¸ àMs.€Boyd€stated€that€the€victim€pushed€her€during€their€scuffle,€but€sheÐ ø*ð#( Ðdenied€that€the€victim€pushed€or€hit€Lisa.€€She€said€that€Lisa€tried€to€intervene€duringÐ Ä,¼%* Ðthe€argument€and€that€the€victim€put€up€his€arm€to€keep€Lisa€from€approaching.€€SheÐ .ˆ', Ðsaid€the€victim€hit€her€with€his€hand.€€She€testified€that€she€is€five€feet€tall€and€weighsÐ \0T). Ðninety„five€pounds.€€She€said€the€victim€was€six€feet€tall€and€weighed€one€hundredÐ (2 +0 Ðsixty„five€pounds.€€She€testified€that€when€the€victim€got€out€of€the€car€during€the€firstÐ ô3ì,2 Ðâ âaltercation,€he€pushed€the€defendant€and€said,€ð ðDo€you€want€some€of€these?ðð€€She€saidÐ À5¸.4 ÐÑ í:Ñâ  âÑÜÜÑÑÑâ  âÑ  Ñshe€did€not€have€any€scratches€or€marks€from€her€altercation€with€the€victim,€only€a€tornÐ  Ðshirt.€€She€said€the€victim€was€upset€and€was€in€a€rage.Ð ÔÌ Ðâ âÌà ¸ àMs.€Boyd€testified€that€both€she€and€the€victim€had€been€drinking€that€day.€Ð l d ÐShe€admitted€that€the€victim€used€the€word€ð ðbitchðð€during€their€argument.€€She€admittedÐ 80 Ðthat€she€hesitated€on€direct€examination€when€she€was€asked€whether€she€was€afraidÐ ü  Ðof€the€victim.€€She€stated€that€she€was€not€scared€because€the€victim€would€not€haveÐ ÐÈ  Ðkilled€her€while€Lisa€was€present.€€She€admitted€that€during€the€second€altercation€afterÐ œ”  Ðshe€got€the€keys€from€the€victim€and€as€the€defendant€was€approaching,€the€victimÐ h` Ðturned€around€and€took€two€steps€toward€the€defendant.€Ð 4, ÐÌà ¸ àDetective€Kent€McAllister€testified€that€he€recovered€a€gun€from€theÐ ÌÄ Ðdefendantððs€father,€Bernard€Campbell.€€He€said€that€when€he€asked€Mr.€CampbellÐ ˜ Ðwhere€he€got€the€gun,€Mr.€Campbell€took€him€behind€the€house.€€Detective€McAllisterÐ d\ Ðtestified€that€he€spoke€with€Ms.€Boyd€at€the€scene€for€about€fifteen€minutes€and€that€heÐ 0 ( Ðdid€not€recall€seeing€any€injuries€on€her.€€He€also€stated€that€he€did€not€remember€Ms.Ð ü!ô ÐBoydððs€clothes€being€torn.€€Ð È#À  ÐÌà ¸ àOfficer€Steve€Wiley€testified€that€he€arrested€the€defendant€at€the€scene.€Ð `'X $ ÐHe€said€the€defendant€stated€that€the€victim€came€into€his€yard€and€disrespected€himÐ ,)$"& Ðand€that€he€shot€the€victim€in€self„defense.€€Officer€Wiley€said€the€defendant€stated€thatÐ ø*ð#( Ðhe€was€sorry€and€did€not€mean€to€do€it.€€He€said€the€defendant€told€him€that€the€gunÐ Ä,¼%* Ðhad€been€dropped€and€someone€had€picked€it€up€and€taken€it.€€He€said€the€defendantÐ .ˆ', Ðtold€him€that€he€was€afraid€of€the€victim€and€that€he€had€shot€the€victim€after€fightingÐ \0T). Ðwith€him.€€He€said€the€defendant€told€him€that€he€and€the€victim€argued€and€that€theÐ (2 +0 Ðdefendant€left€to€get€a€gun.€€He€admitted€that€he€did€not€put€this€in€his€report.Ð ô3ì,2 ÐÌÐ Œ7„06 Ðà ¸ àDr.€Bruce€Levy,€the€Chief€Medical€Examiner€for€Davidson€County,€testifiedÐ  Ðthat€he€reviewed€the€victimððs€autopsy€report€that€was€prepared€by€Dr.€Mizell,€the€formerÐ ÔÌ Ðmedical€examiner.€€He€said€that€Dr.€Mizell€performed€the€autopsy.€€He€said€the€cause€ofÐ   ˜ Ðdeath€was€two€gunshot€wounds,€one€to€the€head€and€one€to€the€chest.€€He€said€that€theÐ l d Ðbullet€entered€the€head€at€the€right€temple€and€that€the€range€of€fire€was€six€to€twenty„Ð 80 Ðfour€inches.€€He€said€the€bullet€exited€the€left€cheek€area.€€He€said€the€range€of€fire€forÐ ü  Ðthe€chest€injury€was€more€than€two€feet.€€He€said€the€bullet€to€the€chest€went€through€heÐ ÐÈ  Ðbreastbone,€perforated€the€blood€vessel€that€transports€blood€from€the€head€and€upperÐ œ”  Ðchest€to€the€heart,€and€perforated€the€lung.€€He€said€the€injury€would€have€causedÐ h` Ðsevere€bleeding.€€He€said€the€bullet€to€the€head€went€through€the€skull,€struck€the€brain,Ð 4, Ðand€exited€through€the€face.Ð ø ÐÌà ¸ àDr.€Levy€testified€that€the€victim€was€six€feet€tall€and€weighed€one€hundredÐ ˜ Ðand€sixty„six€pounds.€€He€said€the€victim€had€fresh€abrasions€and€contusions€on€hisÐ d\ Ðabdomen,€chest€and€back€that€could€be€consistent€with€having€been€in€a€fight€beforeÐ 0 ( Ðthe€gunshot€wounds€were€inflicted.€€He€said€the€victimððs€blood€alcohol€content€was€.24Ð ü!ô Ðpercent.€€He€said€he€also€detected€the€presence€of€.1€microgram€of€cocaine,€which€is€aÐ È#À  Ðvery€small€amount.€€He€testified€that€the€combination€of€alcohol€and€cocaine€can€lead€toÐ ”%Œ" Ðexplosive€and€dangerous€behavior€and€could€cause€one€to€go€into€a€rage.Ð `'X $ ÐÌà ¸ àDelores€Custer€testified€that€she€attended€a€baby€shower€at€the€houseÐ ø*ð#( Ðnext€to€the€defendantððs€house€on€the€day€in€question.€€She€testified€that€as€she€wasÐ Ä,¼%* Ðwalking€down€the€street,€she€saw€a€car€stopped€with€a€man€and€woman€inside.€€SheÐ .ˆ', Ðsaid€the€woman€was€holding€something€and€would€not€give€it€to€the€man,€and€she€saidÐ \0T). Ðthe€man€hit€the€woman.€€She€said€the€man€got€out€of€the€car,€went€to€the€passengerÐ (2 +0 Ðside€and€hit€the€woman€again€with€his€fists.€€She€said€the€woman€had€her€hands€upÐ ô3ì,2 Ðduring€the€fight.€€She€said€the€defendant€then€came€outside€and€yelled,€ð ðTake€that€outÐ À5¸.4 Ðfrom€in€front€of€my€house.ðð€€She€said€the€man€turned€around€and€yelled€something€backÐ Œ7„06 Ðto€the€defendant.€€She€said€they€then€started€walking€toward€each€other,€and€theÐ  Ðdefendant€pointed€a€gun€at€the€man.€€Ms.€Custer€said€she€ran€and€heard€gunshots.€Ð ÔÌ ÐShe€said€she€never€saw€anything€in€the€manððs€hands.Ð   ˜ ÐÌà ¸ àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€lived€with€his€parents€at€the€time€of€theÐ 80 Ðshooting.€€He€said€he€knew€the€victim€from€high€school€and€had€dated€Ms.€BoydððsÐ ü  Ðdaughter.€€He€said€that€on€March€24,€he€went€outside€to€prepare€to€wash€his€girlfriendððsÐ ÐÈ  Ðcar.€€He€said€he€was€sweeping€the€garage€when€a€friend€told€him€that€the€victim€was€inÐ œ”  Ðhis€front€driveway.€€He€said€he€finished€sweeping€the€garage€then€walked€out€to€theÐ h` Ðvictimððs€car.€€He€stated€that€he€and€victim€made€small€talk€and€that€when€the€victim€gotÐ 4, Ðready€to€leave,€Ms.€Boyd€asked€the€defendant€to€shut€the€back€door.€€He€said€heÐ ø Ðcomplied,€but€the€victim€became€angry€and€told€Ms.€Boyd,€ð ðDonððt€you€be€asking€CoreyÐ ÌÄ Ðto€do€a€damn€thing.ðð€€He€said€the€victim€began€hitting€Ms.€Boyd€with€his€fists.€€He€saidÐ ˜ Ðhe€told€the€victim€to€stop,€but€the€victim€would€not.€€He€said€the€victim€pushed€Lisa.€€HeÐ d\ Ðsaid€he€told€the€victim€to€leave,€and€the€victim€started€the€car.€€He€said€he€thought€theyÐ 0 ( Ðwere€finished,€and€he€went€to€wash€his€girlfriendððs€car.Ð ü!ô ÐÌà ¸ àThe€defendant€testified€that€the€victim€made€a€U„turn€and€drove€back€upÐ ”%Œ" Ðthe€street.€€He€said€he€saw€the€victim€beating€Ms.€Boyd€hard,€and€Ms.€Boyd€yelled€forÐ `'X $ Ðthe€defendant€to€help€her.€€He€said€he€told€the€victim€to€quit,€but€the€victim€said,€ð ðManÐ ,)$"& Ðyou€want€some?ðð€€He€said€the€victim€continued€to€beat€Ms.€Boyd€and€pulled€Ms.€BoydððsÐ ø*ð#( Ðshirt€over€her€head.€€He€said€the€victim€then€took€a€couple€of€swings€at€him.€€He€said€heÐ Ä,¼%* Ðthen€went€to€the€garage€to€get€a€tire€tool€to€scare€off€the€victim.€€He€stated€that€as€heÐ .ˆ', Ðwas€walking€toward€the€victim,€a€friend,€Greg€Brooks,€handed€the€defendant€a€gun.€€HeÐ \0T). Ðsaid€he€dropped€the€tire€tool€and€took€the€gun,€but€he€did€not€know€if€the€gun€wasÐ (2 +0 Ðloaded.€€He€said€he€tried€to€break€up€the€fight€between€the€victim€and€Ms.€Boyd,€and€theÐ ô3ì,2 Ðvictim€swung€at€him.€€He€said€the€victim€said,€ð ðMotherf***er,€I€canððt€believe€you€pulled€aÐ À5¸.4 Ðgun€out€on€me€.€.€.€motherf***er,€Iððm€going€to€kill€you.ðð€€He€said€the€victim€chargedÐ Œ7„06 ÐÑ †Ñâ  âÑTR[ì AØ'ÿ Legal[ì AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ LegalTÑâ  âÑ  Ñtoward€him,€and€he€shot€the€victim.€€He€said€the€victim€looked€wild,€and€he€thought€theÐ  Ðvictim€might€kill€him.€€The€defendant€said€he€did€not€remember€firing€the€second€shot.Ð ÔÌ ÐÌà ¸ àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€told€the€police€that€he€did€not€know€whereÐ l d Ðthe€gun€was€because€he€was€afraid.€€He€said€he€did€not€know€if€the€victim€had€anythingÐ 80 Ðin€his€hand€when€the€victim€charged€toward€him.€€He€said€that€he€was€trying€to€help€Ms.Ð ü  ÐBoyd€and€to€defend€himself.€€He€said€Ms.€Boyd€was€bruised€and€had€a€bloody€nose.€Ð ÐÈ  ÐHe€testified€that€he€is€six€feet€tall€and€weighs€one€hundred€fifty€pounds.Ð œ”  ÐÌà ¸ àOfficer€Tommy€Elder€of€the€Nashville€Police€Department€testified€that€heÐ 4, Ðarrived€at€the€scene€around€4:30€p.m.€€He€said€he€found€a€tire€tool€lying€in€the€grass€atÐ ø Ðthe€scene.€€He€said€the€tire€tool€was€approximately€twelve€feet,€ten€inches€from€theÐ ÌÄ Ðedge€of€the€curb.Ð ˜ ÐÌà ¸ àFirst,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€aÐ 0 ( Ðconviction€for€second€degree€murder.€€He€contends€that€the€state€did€not€prove€that€theÐ ü!ô Ðkilling€was€knowing,€and€he€argues€that€he€did€not€know€the€gun€was€loaded€and€wasÐ È#À  Ðnot€reasonably€certain€that€his€conduct€would€cause€the€victimððs€death.€€The€stateÐ ”%Œ" Ðcontends€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient.€€We€agree.Ð `'X $ ÐÌà ¸ àOur€standard€of€review€when€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€questionedÐ ø*ð#( Ðon€appeal€is€ð ðwhether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€theÐ Ä,¼%* Ðprosecution,€òòanyóó€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€theÐ .ˆ', Ðcrime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.Ð \0T). Ð2781,€2789€(1979).€€This€means€that€we€do€not€reweigh€the€evidence€but€presume€thatÐ (2 +0 Ðthe€jury€has€resolved€all€conflicts€in€the€testimony€and€drawn€all€reasonable€inferencesÐ ô3ì,2 Ðfrom€the€evidence€in€favor€of€the€state.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Sheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2d€542,€547Ð À5¸.4 Ð(Tenn.€1984);€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€Ð Œ7„06 Їà ¸ àSecond€degree€murder€is€defined€as€the€knowing€killing€of€another.€€Tenn.Ð  ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„210(a)(1).€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„302(b)€provides€as€follows:Ð ÔÌ ÐÓÓÓ  Óà8 ¸ àð ðKnowingðð€refers€to€a€person€who€acts€knowingly€with€respectÐ   ˜ Ðto€the€conduct€or€to€circumstances€surrounding€the€conductÐ † ~ Ðwhen€the€person€is€aware€of€the€nature€of€the€conduct€or€thatÐ l d Ðthe€circumstances€exist.€€A€person€acts€knowingly€with€respectÐ R J Ðto€a€result€of€the€personððs€conduct€when€the€person€is€awareÐ 80 Ðthat€the€conduct€is€reasonably€certain€to€cause€the€result.Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌÌÌÓ  ÓÓÓà ¸ àThe€evidence€shows€that€after€witnessing€the€argument€between€theÐ ¶®  Ðvictim€and€Ms.€Boyd,€the€defendant€went€to€his€garage€to€get€a€tire€tool.€€On€his€wayÐ ‚z  Ðtoward€the€victim,€he€dropped€the€tire€tool€and€took€a€gun.€€He€walked€toward€theÐ NF Ðunarmed€victim€and€shot€him€once€in€the€chest.€€The€defendant€then€shot€the€victimÐ  Ðagain€in€the€temple€at€close€range.€€The€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€a€finding€thatÐ æÞ Ðthe€defendant€acted€knowingly.Ð ²ª ÐÌà ¸ àNext,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€refusing€toÐ JB Ðcharge€the€lesser€offense€of€voluntary€manslaughter€as€requested€by€the€defendant.€Ð ! ÐHe€contends€that€the€evidence€shows€that€he€was€afraid€of€the€victim,€that€the€victimÐ â"Ú Ðhad€swung€at€him€twice€and€pushed€him,€and€that€he€only€shot€the€victim€after€theÐ ®$¦! Ðvictim€moved€toward€him€in€a€threatening€manner.€€The€state€contends€that€because€noÐ z&r# Ðevidence€of€passion€exists,€the€trial€court€was€not€required€to€charge€voluntaryÐ F(>!% Ðmanslaughter.Ð * #' ÐÌà ¸ àPursuant€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„18„110(a),€a€trial€court€is€required€ð ðtoÐ ª-¢&+ Ðcharge€the€jury€as€to€all€of€the€law€of€each€offense€included€in€the€indictment,€withoutÐ v/n(- Ðany€request€on€the€part€of€the€defendant€to€do€so.ðð€€When€the€evidence€introduced€byÐ B1:*/ Ðeither€party€is€susceptible€of€inferring€guilt€of€a€lesser€offense,€the€trial€court€has€aÐ 3,1 Ðmandatory€duty€to€charge€such€lesser€offense.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„18„110(a);Ð Ú4Ò-3 ÐòòJohnson€v.€Stateóó,€531€S.W.2d€558,€559€(Tenn.€1975).€€An€instruction€is€not€required€ifÐ ¦6ž/5 Ðthe€record€contains€no€evidence€to€support€a€conviction€for€the€lesser€offense.€€òòState€v.Ð r8j17 ÐTrustyóó,€919€S.W.2d€305,€311€(Tenn.€1996).€€However,€ð ðthe€trial€court€must€consider€theÐ  Ðevidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€existence€of€the€lesser€included€offense€andÐ ÔÌ Ðif€the€evidence€so€considered€permits€an€inference€of€guilt€of€a€lesser€offense,€the€trialÐ   ˜ Ðcourt€must€give€instructions€as€to€that€lesser€offense.ðð€€òòState€v.€Brooksóó,€909€S.W.2dÐ l d Ð854,€861€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996).Ð 80 ÐÌà ¸ àVoluntary€manslaughter€is€ð ðthe€intentional€or€knowing€killing€of€another€inÐ ÐÈ  Ða€state€of€passion€produced€by€adequate€provocation€sufficient€to€lead€a€reasonableÐ œ”  Ðperson€to€act€in€an€irrational€manner.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„211(a).€€TheÐ h` Ðdefendant€testified€that€the€victim€swung€at€him€several€times€and€that€as€he€walkedÐ 4, Ðtoward€the€victim€to€break€up€the€fight,€the€victim€threatened€to€kill€him€and€chargedÐ ø Ðtoward€him.€€The€defendant€testified€that€he€was€afraid€of€the€victim€and€feared€that€theÐ ÌÄ Ðvictim€would€kill€him.€€Ms.€Boyd€testified€that€she€and€the€victim€were€arguing€and€thatÐ ˜ Ðthe€victim€was€hitting€her.€€She€testified€that€the€victim€pushed€the€defendant€at€oneÐ d\ Ðpoint€and€that€the€victim€took€two€steps€toward€the€defendant€before€the€defendant€shotÐ 0 ( Ðhim.€€Delores€Custer€testified€that€the€victim€yelled€something€at€the€defendant€whenÐ ü!ô Ðthe€defendant€asked€him€to€leave€and€that€the€two€were€walking€toward€each€otherÐ È#À  Ðbefore€the€shooting.€€Ð ”%Œ" ÐÌà ¸ àWe€believe€that€the€evidence€sufficiently€raises€the€issue€of€passion€uponÐ ,)$"& Ðadequate€provocation.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Bullingtonóó,€532€S.W.2d€556,€559„60€(Tenn.€1976);Ð ø*ð#( ÐòòCapps€v.€Stateóó,€478€S.W.2d€905,€907€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1972)€(holding€that€passion€isÐ Ä,¼%* Ðan€emotional€state€which€includes€fear,€terror,€excitement€or€nervousness)(òòoverruledóó€òòonóóÐ .ˆ', Ðòòotheróó€òògroundsóó,€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530€(Tenn.€1992)).€€Thus,€the€trial€courtÐ \0T). Ðerred€by€not€instructing€the€jury€on€voluntary€manslaughter.€€We€further€hold€that€theÐ (2 +0 Ðerror€in€the€present€case€constitutes€reversible€error,€whether€viewed€under€Rule€36(b),Ð ô3ì,2 ÐT.R.A.P.,€and€Rule€52(a),€Tenn€R.€Crim.€P.,€or€under€the€constitutional€standard€of€Ð À5¸.4 Ðharmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€997€S.W.2d€101,€106Ð Œ7„06 Ð(Tenn.€1998).€€It€is€significant€that€the€jury€acquitted€the€defendant€of€first€degreeÐ  Ðmurder€and€convicted€him€of€the€lowest€offense€of€which€the€jury€was€aware,€secondÐ ÔÌ Ðdegree€murder.€€The€defendant€was€entitled€to€have€the€jury€consider€the€evidence€as€itÐ   ˜ Ðrelated€to€both€second€degree€murder€and€voluntary€manslaughter.Ð l d ÐÌà ¸ àIn€consideration€of€the€foregoing€and€the€record€as€a€whole,€we€reverseÐ ü  Ðand€remand€this€case€to€the€trial€court€for€a€new€trial.Ð ÐÈ  ÐÌÓÓà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È à__________________________Ð h` Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àJoseph€M.€Tipton,€JudgeÐ NF ÐÌCONCUR:Ð  ÐÌÌ__________________________Ð ÌÄ ÐJames€Curwood€Witt,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ ²ª ÐÌÌ__________________________Ð d\ ÐJohn€Everett€Williams,€JudgeÐ JB Ѐ€Ð 0 ( Ðà ° ààH°° °à