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ÔÔ€%ÔÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÑ ` ÑÑ ` ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÒ  ÒÒ Ð ÒÑ7€¢uXXdÈdÈ7ÑÓÓÑ\R AØ'\Ñò òÓ  ÓÓÓÞ ÞÌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEó óÌÌò òÙ€*ÙßR€(0'A1-j|Ù ` Å `€€@ÿRßAT€JACKSONÌÌJANUARY€SESSION,€1996ó óÌÌÌÌò òÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà àà à€]à àC.C.A.€#02C01„9507„00198Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€]Ìà àó óAppellee,à àà àà àà àò ò€]Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€]Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€]à àSHELBY€COUNTYÌVS.à àà àà àà àà àà à€]Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€]à àHON.€JOHN€P.€COLTON,€JR.ÌJAMES€L.€CARTER,à àà àà à€]€€€JUDGEÌà àà àà àà àà à€€€€€€]Ìó óà àAppellant.à àà àà à€ò ò]€€€(First€Degree€Murder)ÌÌó óÌÌòòFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:à àà àà àà àòòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:ÌÌMR.€W.€MARK€WARDà àà àà àà àCHARLES€W.€BURSONÌAssistant€Shelby€Countyà àà àà àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÌPublic€Defender€€€€€€€€Ì147€Jefferson,€Suite€900€€€ÌMemphis,€TN€38103à àà àà àà àDARIAN€B.€TAYLORÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àAttorney€Generalððs€OfficeÌA.C.€WHARTONà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌShelby€County€Public€Defenderà àà àNashville,€TN€37243ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àJOHN€W.€PIEROTTIÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àCHARLES€BELLÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€AttorneyÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àCriminal€Justice€ComplexÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à3rd€FloorÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àMemphis,€TN€38103ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED€___________________________ÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌLYNN€W.€BROWN,€SPECIAL€JUDGEÌÌÌÌ›ÌÌ̛̜à@ àOPINIONÌÌÓÓà àThe€appellant,€James€L.€Carter,€was€convicted€of€the€offenseÏof€murder€œin›€the€first€degree€œand›€sentenced€to€life€in€prison.€ÏHe€has€appealed€from€that€conviction,€alleging€the€following:€€1)Ïthat€the€constitutional€provisions€against€double€jeopardy€shouldÏact€to€preclude€his€retrial€after€a€previous€trial€ended€in€aÏmistrial,€2)€that€the€testimony€of€two€witnesses€should€not€haveÏbeen€admitted€because€the€state€failed€to€preserve€the€testimonyÍof€those€witnesses€from€the€preliminary€hearing,€3)€that€theÏevidence€was€insufficient€to€convict€of€murder€in€the€firstÏdegree,€and€4)€that€it€was€error€to€admit€testimony€that€theÏvictim€had€stated€before€her€death€that€the€appellant€hadÏthreatened€her.€€After€a€careful€review€of€the€record€we€find€noÏreversible€error,€and€we€therefore€affirm€the€conviction.ÌÌà àò òI.€€Double€jeopardy.Ìó óà àThe€Shelby€County€Grand€Jury€returned€an€indictment€againstÏJames€L.€Carter€on€May€19,€1992,€charging€him€with€murder€in€theÏfirst€degree.€€He€was€appointed€the€public€defender,€and€theÏfirst€jury€trial€on€this€charge€began€March€1,€1993.€€After€theÏjury€was€sworn€and€testimony€had€begun,€multiple€problems€aroseÏincluding€crucial€new€witnesses€and€newly€discovered€physicalÏevidence,€a€pistol€which€the€state€alleged€was€the€murder€weapon.€ÏThe€state€œÌÑ€1ÑÑ€2ÑÑ€3ÑÇÑ  ÑÑ7€¢uXXdÈXXdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ7€¢uXXdÈXXdÈ7ÑÑ  Ñproposed›€to€have€ballistics€tests€performed€on€the€pistol€for€useÏduring€œthe€trial.›€€One€of€the€new€witnesses€was€represented€byÏthe€public€defender€on€other€charges,€posing€a€potential€conflictÏto€that€counsel.€€Faced€with€all€of€these€problems€the€trialÏjudge€declared€a€mistrial€òòsuaóó€òòsponteóó,€over€the€objection€of€theÏappellant.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€filed€an€interlocutory€appeal€to€this€courtÏalleging€that€to€try€him€again€would€violate€the€constitutionalÏprovision€against€double€jeopardy.€€This€court€found€that€thereÏwas€manifest€necessity€for€the€trial€court€to€declare€a€mistrialÏso€that€there€would€be€no€double€jeopardy€violation€in€a€newÏtrial,€but€precluded€the€state€from€using€the€felony€murderÏaggravating€circumstance€in€seeking€the€death€penalty€uponÏretrial.€€òòState€v.€Carteróó,€890€S.W.2d€449€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1994).€€The€appellant€did€not€file€for€permission€to€appeal€toÏthe€Tennessee€Supreme€Court.€€Now€the€appellant€attempts€toÏrelitigate€the€issue€of€mistrial€and€double€jeopardy.€€Based€uponÏproof€in€the€second€trial€and€matters€which€developed€after€theÍopinion€of€this€court€on€the€matter,€we€are€urged€to€reverse€ourÏ1994€decision.ÌÌà à"A€ruling€or€decision€once€made€in€a€particular€case€by€anÏappellate€court,€while€it€may€be€overruled€in€other€cases,€isÏbinding€and€conclusive€both€upon€the€inferior€court€in€anyÏfurther€steps€or€proceedings€in€the€same€litigation€and€upon€theÏappellate€court€itself€in€any€subsequent€appeal€or€otherÏproceeding€for€review.€A€ruling€or€decision€so€made€is€said€to€beÏ'the€law€of€the€case'."€òòClements€v.€Pearsonóó,€352€S.W.2d€236,€237,Ï209€Tenn.€223€(1961),€quoting€Black's€Law€Dictionary,€ThirdÏEdition.ÌÌà à"The€law€of€the€case,€res€judicata,€and€stare€decisis€belongÏto€the€same€family€in€that€they€have€in€view€the€termination€ofÏcontroverted€questions€of€fact€and€law.€The€law€of€the€case,Ïhowever,€is€distinguished€from€res€judicata,€in€that€the€law€ofÏthe€case€does€not€have€the€finality€of€the€doctrine€of€resÏjudicata,€and€applies€only€to€the€one€case,€whereas€res€judicataÏforecloses€parties€or€privies€in€one€case€by€what€has€been€doneÍin€another€case,€although€in€its€essence€it€is€nothing€more€thanÏa€special€and€limited€application€of€the€doctrine€of€res€judicataÏor€former€adjudication,€and€what€is€known€as€'the€law€of€theÏcase',€that€is,€the€effect€and€conclusiveness€of€a€formerÏdecision€in€the€subsequent€proceedings€in€the€same€case,€has€beenÏgenerally€put€upon€the€ground€of€res€judicata.ðð€òòClemetsóó€p.€237,Ïquoting€21€C.J.S.€Courts€ðð195.ÌÌà àWe€are€of€the€opinion€that€since€there€was€no€request€forÏpermission€to€appeal€filed€with€the€Supreme€Court€for€a€review€ofÏour€1994€decision€regarding€double€jeopardy€in€the€previousÏinterlocutory€appeal,€the€decision€of€this€court€became€final€andÏis€the€law€of€the€case.€€See€òòalso,€e.g.,óó€òòBivins€v.€HospitalóóÏòòCorporation€of€Americaóó,€910€S.W.2d€441,€442€(Tenn.€App.€1995);ÏòòState€v.€Delkóó€692€S.W.2d€431,€438€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1985);€òòErnstÏv.€Bennettóó,€38€Tenn.€App.€271,€273€S.W.2d€492€(1954);€òòLife€&ÏCasualty€Ins.€Co.€v.€Jettóó,€175€Tenn.€295,€133€S.W.2d€997€(1939);ÏòòCity€of€Bristol€v.€Bostwickóó,€146€Tenn.€205,€240€S.W.€774€(1921);ÏòòUnderwood€v.€Martinóó,€2€Tenn.€(2€Overton)€190€(1812).€€There€wasÍno€error€or€violation€of€double€jeopardy€in€the€retrial€of€theÏappellant.ÌÌà àò òII.€€Preliminary€hearing€testimony.ó óÌà àThe€appellant€alleges€that€because€the€State€failed€toÏpreserve€a€recording€of€the€preliminary€hearing,€the€trial€courtÏshould€have€prohibited€the€testimony€of€two€juveniles,€EdwardÏLove€and€Marcaidus€Dishmon,€both€of€whom€testified€at€theÏpreliminary€hearing.€Both€were€crucial€witnesses€to€the€state'sÏcircumstantial€case.€Their€testimony€is€summarized€in€theÏfollowing€when€we€consider€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence.ÌÌà àRule€5.1(a),€Tennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure€providesÏthat€at€a€preliminary€hearing,€"proceedings€shall€be€preserved€byÏelectronic€recording€or€its€equivalent€and€when€the€defendant€isÏsubsequently€indicted€such€recording€shall€be€made€available€forÏlistening€to€by€the€defendant€or€defendant's€counsel€to€the€endÏthat€they€may€be€apprised€of€the€evidence€introduced€upon€theÏpreliminary€examination."€€The€rule€states€no€sanction€forÍfailure€to€prepare,€preserve,€and€make€available€such€a€recording.ÌÌà àFrom€the€record€in€this€case€we€are€unable€to€determine€whatÏhappened€to€the€tape€of€appellant's€preliminary€hearing€in€thisÏcase.€€At€a€pre„trial€hearing€which€preceded€the€first€trialÑ€4ÑÇÑ  Ñcounsel€for€the€state€indicated€that€they€had€thoroughly€searchedÏfor€the€tape€recording,€but€could€not€locate€it.€€Apparently,€theÏState€had€delivered€a€tape€recording€to€the€defense€in€the€beliefÏthat€it€was€the€tape€of€the€preliminary€hearing,€but€it€was€not.€ÏThe€trial€court€found€both€before€the€first€trial€and€the€secondÏtrial€that€œthe›€State€œcould€not€be€ordered€to›€turn€over€somethingÏthat€it€did€not€have.€€The€appellant's€motion€to€suppress€theÏtestimony€of€Dishmon€and€Love€on€this€ground€was€effectivelyÏdenied.Ìà àÌà àThe€failure€to€provide€a€recording€or€its€equivalent€mayÏconstitute€harmless€error.€€òòState€v.€McBeeóó,€644€S.W.2d€425€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1982);€òòState€v.€Buttsóó,€640€S.W.2d€37€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1982).€€The€state's€proof€in€each€of€those€cases€wasÏcharacterized€as€being€overwhelming.€€The€circumstantial€proof€inÏthis€case€does€not€rise€to€that€level.€€However,€we€can€findÏnothing€in€the€record€which€indicates€that€the€petitioner€wasÏprejudiced€by€the€lack€of€an€electronic€recording€of€hisÏpreliminary€hearing.€€The€only€allegation€of€an€inconsistency€inÏthe€testimony€of€either€of€these€witnesses€is€that€one€of€theÍyouths€"froze"€at€the€preliminary€hearing€and€was€unable€to€makeÏany€statement€at€all.€€If€this€in€fact€occurred,€it€could€haveÏbeen€elicited€by€means€other€than€the€use€of€a€tape€recording€ofÏthe€preliminary€hearing.€€Additionally,€trial€counsel€was€able€toÏuse€the€prior€testimony€of€both€witnesses€in€the€first€trial€toÏcross€examine€them€at€the€second€trial,€and€did€so€quite€ably.€ÏCounsel€also€made€appropriate€use€of€statements€the€boys€hadÏpreviously€given€to€the€police€for€cross€examination.€€The€properÏremedy€when€an€electronic€recording€of€a€preliminary€hearing€isÏlost€or€unavailable€would€be€to€request€the€trial€court€toÏdismiss€the€indictment€and€remand€to€the€General€Sessions€CourtÏfor€a€second€preliminary€hearing.€€See€òòState€v.€Melvin€LouisÏalias€Marvin€Louis€Rushtonóó,€No.€1260€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€atÏKnoxville,€filed€May€11,€1990).€No€such€request€was€made€in€thisÏcase.€ÌÌà àUnder€these€circumstances,€although€the€appellant€wasÏrepresented€by€different€counsel€at€preliminary€hearing€and€atÏtrial,€we€find€that€the€loss€of€the€recording€of€the€preliminaryÍhearing€was€at€most€harmless€œerror.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(b);ÏTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(a).›ÌÌò òà àIII.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óÌà àThe€testimony€of€the€key€witnesses€in€this€case€isÏsummarized€as€follows.€€Larry€Paige€testified€that€he€had€beenÏdating€the€murder€victim,€Lisa€Renee€Watkins,€for€about€two€weeksÏat€the€time€of€her€death€on€November€22,€1991.€€On€the€day€of€theÏmurder€Larry€Paige€visited€with€Ms.€Watkins€at€her€apartment€inÏMemphis€at€about€4:00€p.m.,€and€then€departed.€€When€he€returnedÏabout€an€hour€later,€Ms.€Watkins'€door€was€unlocked,€which€wasÏnot€her€custom.€€Mr.€Paige€entered€her€kitchen€and€found€theÏstove€on€and€cookies€prepared€to€be€baked.€€Upon€going€upstairsÏhe€found€Ms.€Watkins€œlying›€face€down€on€her€bedroom€floor€andÏunresponsive.€€The€closet€door€was€open€and€articles€from€Ms.ÏWatkins'€purse€were€strewn€upon€her€bed,€unlike€when€he€had€left.€ÏMr.€Paige€was€concerned€that€there€might€be€someone€posing€aÏdanger€to€him€still€in€the€apartment,€so€he€went€next€door€andÏasked€the€neighbor€to€call€the€police.ÌÌà àDr.€Jerry€Francisco,€pathologist€and€county€medicalÏexaminer,€testified€that€the€cause€of€death€for€Lisa€Watkins€wasÏa€bullet€which€entered€her€left€back€just€below€the€armÏattachment€to€the€chest.€€The€bullet€passed€through€Ms.€WatkinsÏhitting€her€heart€and€lungs,€coming€to€rest€just€beneath€theÏbreastbone€in€the€front.ÌÌà àMr.€Paige€had€known€the€defendant,€James€L.€Carter,€for€someÏtime.€€The€defendant€had€dated€Ms.€Watkins€prior€to€Paige€datingÏher.€€Paige€testified€that€several€weeks€before€the€murder€he€hadÏwitnessed€an€altercation€between€the€defendant€and€Ms.€Watkins.€ÏMs.€Watkins€and€the€defendant€were€€arguing€and€œð ðphysically›Ïœfighting.ð𛀀When€Ms.€Watkins€and€Paige€went€inside€Ms.€Watkins'Ïapartment,€the€defendant€kicked€on€the€door,€saying€"there€wasn'tÏgoing€to€be€no€rest€haven,"€and€that€he€was€going€to€burn€theÏhouse€down.€€Ms.€Watkins€called€the€police.€€Prior€to€the€murderÏPaige€had€seen€Ms.€Watkins€in€possession€of€a€.380€automaticÏpistol.ÌÌà àToby€Maxwell€lived€in€the€same€apartment€as€the€victim,€outÏof€her€kindness.€€He€was€not€romantically€involved€with€Ms.ÏWatkins,€and€called€her€"sister."€€Mr.€Maxwell€testified€that€theÏdefendant€and€Ms.€Watkins€had€dated.€€After€they€broke€up€theÏdefendant€came€to€her€apartment,€got€into€a€fight€with€her,€andÏtook€her€gun.€€Mr.€Maxwell€had€heard€Mr.€Carter€say€to€the€victimÏthat€if€he€couldn't€have€her,€nobody€else€œwas.›ÌÌà àRuth€Brown€testified€that€on€the€day€of€the€murder€she€had€aÏtelephone€conversation€with€the€victim,€Lisa€Watkins,€at€aboutÏ5:30€p.m.€€Ms.€Brown€spoke€regularly€with€Ms.€Watkins,€at€leastÏonce€every€day.€€Ms.€Watkins€œtold›€œher€that›€she€had€been€datingÏthe€defendant,€James€Carter,€but€had€started€to€date€Larry€Paige.€ÏMs.€Watkins€also€told€Ms.€Brown€that€the€defendant€had€told€herÏthat€if€œð ðshe›€œcouldnððt›€be€with€him€sheœÔ€%ôÔ€Ô€%XÔcouldnððt€be€with€anybody,ðð›Ïand€further€that€there€would€be€no€rest€haven€for€her.€€Ms.ÏWatkins€had€called€the€police€twice€on€the€defendant,€once€whenÏhe€took€Ô% € Ôher€pistol€from€her€which€the€police€made€him€give€back,Ïand€another€time€when€they€were€fighting.€€Ms.€Brown€advised€herÏto€move€from€her€apartment,€but€she€refused.ÌÌà àOn€the€day€following€the€murder,€Ronald€Wilkinson,€anÏinvestigator€for€the€Memphis€Police€Department,€took€a€tape„recorded€statement€from€the€defendant€as€follows:€€Mr.€CarterÏstated€that€he€was€not€in€Ms.€Watkins'€apartment€on€the€day€ofÏthe€murder€and€had€not€been€there€for€about€three€weeks€to€aÏmonth,€the€last€time€being€an€occasion€that€the€police€had€beenÏcalled.€€The€police€came€because€Carter€had€"jumped€on"€Ms.ÏWatkins,€and€he€had€her€gun.€€Mr.€Carter€stated€that€he€returnedÏthe€gun,€a€.380€automatic€pistol,€to€her€that€night.€€Also€in€theÏstatement€Mr.€Carter€described€his€activities€on€the€day€of€theÏmurder,€which€included€riding€around€with€Michael€Carrick€forÏmost€of€the€afternoon.ÌÌà àOfficer€Leslie€Currin€of€the€Memphis€Police€DepartmentÏtestified€that€she€went€to€the€defendant's€apartment€after€theÏmurder€to€pick€him€up.€€When€she€and€other€officers€arrived,€Mr.ÏCarter€was€talking€on€the€telephone.€€He€hung€up€the€telephoneÏand€stated€"I€don't€know€what€you€all€are€looking€for€me€for.€€IÏdidn't€kill€that€girl."€€Mr.€Carter€explained€to€the€officersÍthat€his€sister€had€told€him€that€someone€had€shot€Lisa€Watkins,Ïand€that€she€was€dead.€€The€defendant€gave€the€officers€differentÏversions€of€when€he€had€last€seen€the€victim.€€Mr.€Carter€alsoÏtold€the€officers€that€he€and€Ms.€Watkins€had€several€fights€inÏthe€past€because€she€was€cheating€on€him€for€someone€named€Larry,Ïbut€this€was€all€in€the€past.ÌÌà àGerald€Speed€grew€up€in€the€same€neighborhood€as€theÏdefendant.€€He€testified€that€on€the€afternoon€of€the€murder€heÏobserved€James€Carter€go€over€to€the€victim's€house€at€aboutÏdusk,€and€saw€Carter€at€her€front€door.€€He€also€testified€thatÏhe€had€obtained€a€.380€semiautomatic€pistol€from€Arthur€Ramsey.€ÏThe€pistol€was€admitted€into€evidence.€€A€sales€slip€from€a€pawnÏshop€recorded€that€Ms.€Watkins€had€purchased€that€pistol€and€someÏammunition€on€November€1,€1991.€€Ricco€Raybon€testified€that€onÏthe€day€Lisa€Watkins€was€murdered€Michael€Carrick€came€to€hisÏhouse€at€about€5:30€or€6:00€p.m.€€Mr.€Carrick€pulled€out€theÏpistol€and€asked€Mr.€Raybon€to€keep€it.€€Raybon€asked€noÏquestions,€but€kept€the€pistol€until€he€sold€the€pistol€to€ArthurÍRamsey.€€A€ballistics€examination€revealed€that€the€bullet€whichÏkilled€Ms.€Watkins€was€fired€from€the€.380€automatic€pistol.ÌÌà àOn€the€day€of€the€murder€Gwendolyn€Clark€was€in€theÏapartment€next€door€to€Lisa€Renee€Watkins.€€About€dusk€she€heardÏthree€gunshots€coming€from€Ms.€Watkins'€apartment.€€Ms.€Clark€putÏher€ear€to€the€wall€adjoining€the€Watkins€apartment€and€heard€aÏmale€voice€ask€"Renee,€where€the€thing€at?€œ[sic]›€Where€the€thingÏœat€[sic],›€Renee?"€after€which€Ms.€Clark€heard€Ms.€Watkins€mumbleÏsomething.€€About€five€minutes€later€Ms.€Clark€heard€the€backÏdoor€of€the€victim's€apartment€close.€€She€went€to€the€window€butÏdid€not€see€anyone.€€Gunshots€being€somewhat€common€at€theÏapartment,€she€did€not€call€the€police.€€The€gunshots€wereÏconfirmed€by€Bobby€Hamilton€who€heard€two€gunshots€while€talkingÏto€Ms.€Clark's€daughter€on€the€telephone.ÌÌà àEdward€Love,€age€eleven€at€the€time€of€trial,€was€playingÏfootball€near€the€victim's€home€with€Marcaidus€Dishmon€on€theÏafternoon€of€the€murder.€€Young€Mr.€Love€testified€that€he€sawÏJames€Carter€come€out€the€back€door€of€Lisa€œWatkinsðð›€apartmentÍand€then€go€back€in.€€Shortly€afterwards€Mr.€Love€heard€twoÏshots,€then€observed€the€defendant€and€another€man€come€aroundÏthe€building€running.€€It€was€dark,€and€he€could€not€identify€theÏother€man.€€Marcaidus€Dishmon,€age€13,€also€testified€that€whileÏhe€was€playing€football€he€heard€two€shots€coming€from€theÏdirection€of€Lisa€œWatkinsðð›€apartment.€€About€three€seconds€laterÏhe€saw€two€men€coming€around€the€victim's€apartment.€€The€menÏwere€jogging,€not€running.€€One€of€the€men€was€the€defendant,€whoÏhad€something€with€a€black€handle€on€it.€€The€defendant€put€theÏobject€in€his€coat.€€It€was€kind€of€dark€outside.€€Mr.€DishmonÏalso€could€not€identify€the€second€man.€€Both€of€these€youngÏwitnesses€were€certain€in€identifying€the€defendant€at€trial€andÏdid€so€in€a€photo€line€up€shortly€after€the€murder.ÌÌà àOn€behalf€of€the€defendant,€Arthur€Ramsey€testified€that€heÏhad€never€acquired€a€gun€from€Ricco€Raybon,€nor€had€he€everÏprovided€a€gun€to€Gerald€Speed.€€Further,€that€he€never€at€anyÏtime€had€a€.380€semiautomatic€pistol€in€his€possession.€€Mr.ÏRamsey€was€incarcerated€for€a€conviction€for€robbery.ÌÌà àThe€defendant,€James€Carter,€testified€that€the€deceasedÏLisa€Renee€Watkins€had€been€his€girlfriend€for€several€months.€ÏDuring€their€relationship€they€had€several€arguments€and€oneÏphysical€altercation.€€About€three€weeks€to€a€month€before€sheÏwas€œmurdered,›€Lisa€Watkins€pulled€a€gun€on€Mr.€Carter.€€He€tookÏthe€gun€away€from€her,€but€gave€it€back€later€when€she€was€goingÏto€call€the€police.€€That€event€ended€their€relationship;€Mr.ÏCarter€was€never€around€her€afterwards.€€Although€he€had€a€key€toÏMs.€Watkins'€apartment,€Mr.€Carter€returned€it€when€he€moved€out.ÌÌà àOn€the€afternoon€of€the€murder€Mr.€Carter€testified€that€hisÏcurrent€girlfriend€dropped€him€off€at€the€victim's€apartmentÏcomplex€at€about€3:00€p.m.€where€he€met€Michael€Carrick€andÏKarlton€Carrick.€€The€three€men€went€riding€around€to€Germantown,Ïpurchased€beer€and€some€ammunition.€€At€about€6:00€p.m.€when€itÏwas€dark,€Michael€Carrick€and€the€defendant€got€out€at€aÏrestaurant€near€the€same€apartment€complex.€€Karlton€CarrickÏjoined€them€shortly€afterwards.€€The€three€men€retrieved€a€.22Ïcaliber€pistol€from€Michael€Carrick's€house,€and€the€defendantÏtested€it€by€shooting€twice€up€into€the€air€at€a€location€distantÍfrom€the€victim's€apartment.€€He€gave€the€pistol€back€to€MichaelÏCarrick.€€Mr.€Carter€proceeded€to€the€store€and€arcade,€and€uponÏleaving€saw€flashing€lights.€€Mr.€Carter's€sister€informed€himÏthat€Larry€had€found€Renee€dead€in€the€house;€someone€had€shotÏher.€€Mr.€Carter€went€to€his€house€where€he€was€arrested.€€HeÏtestified€that€he€had€not€been€to€Lisa€Renee€Watkins'€house€onÏthe€day€of€her€murder,€and€that€he€did€not€kill€her.€€Mr.€CarterÏdid€identify€the€weapon€in€evidence€as€belonging€to€Ms.€Watkins.€ÏHe€denied€ever€threatening€to€burn€her€house€down€and€deniedÏsaying€if€he€could€not€have€her,€no€one€would.ÌÌà àMichael€Carrick€testified€that€he€had€accompanied€theÏdefendant€on€the€afternoon€of€the€murder,€traveling€the€places€asÏMr.€Carter€had€testified.€€They€never€went€to€Lisa€œWatkinsðð›Ïhouse.€€After€dark,€around€6:00€p.m.€Mr.€Carter€shot€the€.22Ïcaliber€gun€twice,€and€then€he€headed€toward€a€store.€€MichaelÏCarrick€gave€the€.22€caliber€gun€to€the€police€after€the€murder,Ïbut€was€told€it€was€not€the€gun€they€were€looking€for.€€Mr.ÏCarrick€testified€that€he€did€not€give€a€.380€semiautomaticÏpistol€to€Ricco€Raybon€on€the€day€of€the€murder€or€afterwards.ÌÌà àKarlton€Carrick,€a€cousin€to€Michael€Carrick,€testified€toÏthe€same€sequence€of€events,€that€he€had€been€with€the€defendantÏand€Michael€Carrick€from€about€3:30€p.m.€to€5:30€p.m.€on€the€dayÏof€the€murder.€€Further€that€he€did€not€know€Lisa€Watkins€and€hadÏnever€been€to€her€house.ÌÌà àMarcus€Roddie€testified€that€approximately€a€little€afterÏ5:30€p.m.€on€the€day€of€the€murder€he€saw€the€defendant€walkingÏto€the€store,€and€joined€Mr.€Carter€in€going€there.€€When€Mr.ÏRoddie€left,€the€defendant€was€in€the€arcade€portion€of€theÏstore.€€Derrick€Smith€testified€that€on€that€day€he€saw€theÏdefendant€with€his€two€sisters,€Renell€and€Pearline€Carter,€inÏthe€evening€before€dark€in€a€parking€lot€near€Smith's€residence.€ÏMr.€Carter€lived€near€Smith€in€the€same€apartment€complex€as€theÏvictim.€€Mr.€Smith€could€not€state€the€time€at€which€he€saw€theÏdefendant.€€ÌÌà àRenell€Carter,€sister€to€the€defendant,€was€at€home€watchingÏtelevision€on€the€evening€of€the€murder€when€a€girl€from€nextÍdoor€knocked€on€the€door€and€said€that€Renee€was€dead.€€Ms.ÏCarter€walked€around€to€the€victim's€apartment€where€she€saw€anÏambulance€and€police€cars.€€Ms.€Carter€was€walking€back€to€herÏhouse€when€she€saw€the€defendant€coming€from€the€store.€€Ms.ÏCarter€told€the€defendant€that€Ms.€Watkins€had€been€found€dead.€ÏIt€was€dark€outside,€probably€about€6:00€p.m.ÌÌ€€€€€€€When€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€challenged,€theÏstandard€of€review€by€an€appellate€court€is€whether,€afterÏconsidering€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€theÏprosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€theÏessential€elements€of€the€offense€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ÏòòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€61€L.€Ed.€560Ï(1979);€òòState€v.€Duncanóó,€698€S.W.2d€63,€67€(Tenn.€1985);€Tenn.€R.ÏApp.€P.€13(e).€This€rule€applies€to€verdicts€based€on€both€directÏand€circumstantial€evidence.€òòState€v.€Thomasóó,€755€S.W.2d€838,€842Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988);€òòState€v.€Lequireóó,€634€S.W.2d€608,€614Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982).€Circumstantial€evidence€may€be€usedÏexclusively€to€establish€guilt€for€a€criminal€act.€€òòState€v.óóÏòòBohananóó,€745€S.W.2d€892,€895€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€òòState€v.óóÍòòButtreyóó,€756€S.W.2d€718,€721€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988).€€For€thisÏto€occur,€the€circumstantial€evidence€must€be€consistent€with€theÏguilt€of€the€accused,€inconsistent€with€his€innocence,€and€mustÏexclude€every€other€reasonable€theory€or€hypothesis€except€thatÏof€guilt.€òòState€v.€Tharpeóó,€726€S.W.2d€896,€900€(Tenn.€1987).€ÌÌà àà àThe€jury€decides€the€weight€to€be€given€toÏcircumstantial€evidence€as€well€as€the€inferences€to€be€drawn,Ïand€the€extent€to€which€the€circumstances€are€consistent€withÏguilt€and€inconsistent€with€innocence.€œ€òòMarable›€v.€Stateóó,€203ÏTenn.€440,€313€S.W.2d€451,€457€(Tenn.€1958);€òòState€v.€Couryóó,€697ÏS.W.2d€373,€377€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1985).€€A€jury€convictionÏremoves€the€presumption€of€innocence€with€which€a€defendant€isÏinitially€cloaked€and€replaces€it€with€one€of€guilt,€so€that€onÏappeal€a€convicted€defendant€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€thatÏthe€evidence€is€insufficient.€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913Ï(Tenn.€1982).€€It€is€not€the€function€of€this€court€to€reweighÏevidence€adduced€at€a€criminal€trial.€A€guilty€verdict,€approvedÏby€the€trial€judge,€accredits€the€testimony€of€the€state'sÏwitnesses€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€testimony€in€favor€of€theÍtheory€of€the€state.€òòState€v.€Hatchettóó,€560€S.W.2d€627€(Tenn.Ï1978).€€On€appeal€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongestÏlegitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€and€legitimateÏinferences€which€may€be€drawn€therefrom.€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571ÏS.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€ÌÌà àThe€testimony€in€this€case€placed€the€appellant,€JamesÏCarter,€entering€the€victim's€apartment€immediately€before€shotsÏwere€fired€in€her€residence.€€Moments€later€the€appellant€wasÏobserved€running€or€jogging€from€the€direction€of€her€residence.€ÏThrough€a€series€of€transactions,€the€murder€weapon€was€traced€toÏMichael€Carrick,€who€accompanied€Mr.€Carter€on€the€afternoon€ofÏthe€murder.€€Prior€to€the€murder,€Mr.€Carter€had€threatened€toÏburn€the€victim's€home€and€stated€that€her€home€would€be€no€"restÏhaven,"€referring€to€the€victim's€new€relationship€with€theÏboyfriend€who€had€replaced€the€appellant€in€the€victim'sÏaffections.€€The€alibi€evidence€presented€on€behalf€of€theÏappellant€still€places€him€within€a€short€walking€distance€of€theÏscene€of€the€murder€when€Ms.€Watkins€was€killed.€€It€seems€thatÏno€witness€had€looked€at€a€clock;€all€the€times€in€the€testimonyÍwere€estimated.€€We€find€this€evidence€to€be€more€than€sufficientÏfor€a€reasonable€finder€of€fact€to€determine€that€James€CarterÏwas€the€perpetrator€of€the€murder€of€Lisa€Watkins€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€also€contends€that€the€proof€was€insufficientÏfor€the€jury€to€find€the€elements€of€deliberation€andÏpremeditation€necessary€to€sustain€a€conviction€of€murder€in€theÏfirst€degree.€€The€applicable€statute€defines€these€elements€asÏfollows:Ìà à(1)€"Deliberate€act"€means€one€performed€with€a€cool€à àà à€Ïà àpurpose;€andÌà à(2)€€"Premeditated€act"€means€one€done€after€the€exercise€ofÏà àà àreflection€and€judgment.€.€.ÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„13„201(b)€(1989).ÌPremeditation€is€defined€as€"a€previously€formed€design€or€intentÏto€kill."€€Deliberation€"requires€that€the€killing€be€done€with€aÏcool€œpurpose,in›€other€œwords,›€that€the€killer€be€free€from€theÏpassions€of€the€moment."€€òòState€v.€Westóó€844€S.W.2d€144,€147Ï(Tenn.€1992).€€Premeditation€and€deliberation€may€be€proven€whereÍ"there€is€no€direct€evidence€of€the€perpetrator's€state€of€mind."€ÏòòStateóó€òòv.€Brownóó€836€S.W.2d€530,€541€(Tenn.€1992).€€Factors€œsuch€as›Ïthe€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€an€unarmed€victim€and€priorÏdeclarations€of€intent€to€kill€the€victim€may€be€consideredÏregarding€both€premeditation€and€deliberation.€€òòIdóó.€541„542.ÌÌà àThe€proof€in€this€case€as€we€must€consider€it€on€appealÏshows€that€in€the€weeks€preceding€the€murder€the€appellant€madeÏstatements€that€he€was€going€to€burn€down€the€victim's€house;Ïthat€there€would€be€no€rest€haven;€and€that€if€he€couldn't€haveÏthe€victim,€no€one€would.€€We€are€of€the€opinion€that€such€proofÏis€sufficient€for€a€rational€finder€of€fact€to€find€that€theÏappellant€had€for€some€time€considered€killing€Ms.€Watkins.€€TheÏproof€is€sufficient€to€show€the€reflection€and€judgment€regardingÏthe€killing€of€a€human€being€to€constitute€premeditation.€€TheÏvictim€was€indisputably€unarmed€when€she€was€shot.€€The€witnessesÏwho€saw€the€appellant€shortly€before€and€after€the€murder€did€notÏindicate€that€the€appellant€was€in€any€disturbed€mental€state.€ÏHis€statements€to€police€soon€after€the€murder€were€a€clearÏnarrative€of€the€events€of€that€afternoon,€although€the€jury€didÍnot€find€his€alibi€credible.€€We€are€of€the€opinion€that€theÏproof€also€sufficiently€shows€deliberation.€€This€issue€isÏwithout€merit.ÌÌò òà àIV.€€Testimony€Regarding€Statements€of€the€Victim.ó óÌà àOver€the€appellant's€timely€objection,€Ruth€Brown€wasÏallowed€to€testify€that€the€victim€had€related€threats€made€byÏthe€appellant€to€her€as€summarized€above.€€The€state€concedesÏthat€those€statements€should€not€have€been€admitted€pursuant€toÏthe€state€of€mind€exception€to€the€hearsay€rule€as€provided€inÏTenn.€R.€Evid.€803(3),€because€such€statements€were€doubleÏhearsay.ÌÌà àHowever,€Larry€Paige€had€testified€that€when€the€appellantÏwas€kicking€on€the€victim's€door€the€appellant€stated€that€herÏhome€would€be€"no€rest€haven"€and€that€he€was€going€to€burn€downÏher€house.€€Toby€Maxwell€testified€that€the€appellant€had€saidÏthat€if€the€victim€couldn't€be€with€him,€she€couldn't€haveÏanybody.€€Officer€Wilkinson€testified€that€the€appellant€had€saidÏthat€he€had€"jumped€on"€Ms.€Watkins€and€taken€her€gun.€€OfficerÍCurrin€testified€that€the€appellant€admitted€having€severalÏfights€with€Ms.€Watkins€because€she€was€cheating€on€him€with€aÏperson€named€Larry.ÌÌà àAfter€a€careful€examination€of€the€record€in€this€case€weÏare€of€the€opinion€that€the€admission€of€Ms.€Brown's€testimonyÏwas€in€this€case€harmless€€considering€the€totality€of€theÏevidence.€€€The€jury€would€have€heard€testimony€from€otherÏwitnesses€of€each€specific€threat€that€the€appellant€made€to€Ms.ÏWatkins€before€she€was€murdered,€plus€the€incident€in€which€theÏappellant€"jumped€on"€Ms.€Watkins€and€took€her€pistol.€We€cannotÏfind€that€the€testimony€which€was€admitted€in€error€more€probablyÏthan€not€affected€the€judgment€or€would€result€in€prejudice€toÏthe€judicial€process.€€œTenn.€R.›€œApp.P.€36(b).›€€Nor€do€we€findÏthat€the€œerror€affirma„€tively›€appears€to€have€affected€theÏresult€of€the€trial€on€the€merits.€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€œP.›€œ52(a).›€ThisÏissue€is€without€merit.ÌÌà àFinding€no€reversible€error€in€the€trial€of€the€appellant,ÏJames€L.€Carter,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.ÌÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà à_______________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àLynn€W.€œBrown,€Special€Judge›ÌÌÌÌœÌÌÌÌCONCUR:›ÌÌÌÌ_______________________________ÌPaul€G.€Summers,€JudgeÌÌÌÌ_______________________________ÌJerry€L.€Smith,€JudgeÌ€