ÿWPCŠ1 …U:V % 0 Ü–w@r 4² Æ Õ 0 Ý 0Dý 0JA 0T‹ 0^ß 0h= 0r¥ 0| 0†“ 0 1u© 0d B‚U*ŸB)ÉDCò AM5µ‚Ì72 D35‘hzù 0@s˳·~b5"ý—$v~”(vÓ* AOå/Æ40 0Dú0 D/>1 Bm1, øð AZ‹"Arial RegularX(´`$¡¡Ñ°ÑÒ°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€‰GXXdðXXdð7ÑÑ  Ñ vDwUxyDzD{|D}D~UÓ€·‚^!3|xŠ(Ð(3´™$¤¤Ý ƒ`!ÝѰÑÒ°ÒÑTR[¤ AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€LýXXdædæ7ÑÑ  ÑÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô  ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ d< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d$$$$7Border 1dd€-%Cþÿ << Gÿÿ «Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ! ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€#XÔÌÌò òJan…uaryÏ13,Ï1997ÌÌCecilÏCrowson,ÏJr.ÌÔ€#ôÔAp…pellateÏCourtÏClerkó ó ÂÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóGreen€intended€to€use€her€sister,€Sonia€McConnell's,€vehicle€to€take€Young€home.€ÏGreen€and€McConnell€resided€at€4301€Tennessee€Avenue.Ì (Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€order€"restrains€and€enjoins€[the€appellant]€from€coming€about€[Green]€wherever€sheÏmay€be"€€and€"specifically€from€abusing,€threatening€to€abuse€[Green],€or€committing€any€acts€ofÏviolence€upon€[Green]€upon€the€penalty€of€contempt."Ì'ÿÿdxd ‡Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€appellant€allegedly€threw€a€brick€through€the€windshield€of€Green's€car.Ì pÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€aggravating€factor€found€by€the€jury€was€"The€murder€was€committed€while€theÏdefendant€was€engaged€in€committing€or€was€an€accomplice€in€the€commission€of€or€wasÏattempting€to€commit€or€was€fleeing€after€committing€or€attempting€to€commit€any€first€degreeÏmurder,€arson,€rape,€burglary,€theft,€kidnaping."Ì("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò ÁÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(j)(1)€provides€"The€defendant€has€no€significant€history€ofÏprior€criminal€history."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(j)(3)€provides€"The€victim€was€a€participant€inÏthe€defendant's€conduct€or€consented€to€the€act."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(j)(6)€providesÏ"The€defendant€acted€under€extreme€duress€or€under€the€substantial€domination€of€anotherÏperson."Ì ­Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„13„204(j)(2)€provides€"The€murder€was€committed€while€theÏdefendant€was€under€the€influence€of€extreme€mental€or€emotional€disturbance;"€(j)(7)€providesÏ"The€youth€or€advanced€age€of€the€defendant€at€the€time€of€the€crime;"€and€(j)(8)€provides€"TheÏcapacity€of€the€defendant€to€appreciate€the€wrongfulness€of€the€defendant's€conduct€or€toÏconform€the€defendant's€conduct€to€the€requirements€of€the€law€was€substantially€impaired€as€aÏresult€of€mental€disease€or€defect€or€intoxication€which€was€insufficient€to€establish€a€defense€toÏthe€crime€but€which€substantially€affected€the€defendant's€judgment."Ì XÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóOther€acts€may€be€admitted€to€prove€such€issues€as€motive,€intent,€knowledge,€absenceÏof€mistake€or€accident,€common€scheme€or€plan,€identity,€completion€of€the€story,€opportunity,Ïand€preparation.€€òòNeil€P.€Cohen€et€al.,óó€€òòTennessee€Law€of€Evidence€€óóðð404.6€(3rd€ed.1995).Ì óÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€appellant€contends€that€"a€sentence€of€life€without€parole€achieves€all€the€purposesÏnecessary€for€which€the€sentence€was€imposed,"€and,€essentially,€that€any€sentence€in€addition€toÏa€sentence€of€life€without€parole€is€excessive.€€We€find€no€merit€to€this€argument.€€ConsecutiveÏsentencing€ensures€that€a€defendant€"committing€separate€and€distinct€violations€of€the€law€willÏreceive€separate€and€distinct€sentences."€€òòState€v.€Robinsonóó,€No.€02C01„9501„CC„00024€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€at€Jackson,€Dec.€13,€1995).€€Accordingly,€"[a]€defendant€[is]€not€.€.€.€able€to€escapeÏconsecutive€sentencing€simply€because€one€of€the€crimes€was€so€heinous€as€to€warrant€lifeÏwithout€parole."€€òòIdóó.€ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€Xd#ÑÑ#€Xd#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  Ýò òÙ€€ÙßR€&'%A1-j|` e `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€KNOXVILLEÌà@ àSEPTEMBER€SESSION,€1996Ìó óÌÌÌÌò òSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEó ó,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àNo.€03C01„9602„CR„00072Ìà àAppelleeà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àHAMILTON€COUNTYÌvs.à àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àHon.€Douglas€A.€Meyer,€JudgeÌò òLEON€BARNETT€COLLIERó ó,à à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à à(First€Degree€Murder;Ìà àAppellantà àà àà à)à àAttempted€First€Degree€Murder)ÌÌÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à àà àà àà àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:ÌÌArdena€J.€Garthà àà àà àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌDistrict€Public€Defenderà àà àà àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌà àÌDonna€Robinson€Millerà àà àà àMichael€J.€Fahey,€IIÌAsst.€District€Public€Defenderà àà àAssistant€Attorney€Generalà à€ÏWilliam€A.€Dobsonà àà àà àà àCriminal€Justice€DivisionÌAsst.€District€Public€Defenderà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌSuite€300,€701€Cherry€Streetà àà àNashville,€TN€37243ÌChattanooga,€TN€€37402à àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àKenneth€RuckerÌà àà àà àà àà àà àLegal€AssistantÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àWilliam€H.€Cox€IIIÌà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àCity/County€Courts€BuildingÌà àà àà àà àà àà àRoom€300Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àChattanooga,€TN€37402ÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌÌò òDavid€G.€Hayesó óÌJudgeÇÓÓà@ àòòò òOPINIONÌÌóóó óà àThe€appellant,€Leon€Barnett€Collier,€was€convicted€by€a€Hamilton€CountyÏjury€of€the€first€degree€murder€of€Marketta€Green€and€the€attempted€first€degreeÏmurder€of€Eric€Young.€€Following€these€convictions,€the€jury€sentenced€theÏappellant€to€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole€for€the€first€degreeÏmurder€of€Ms.€Green.€€The€trial€court€imposed€a€twenty€year€sentence€for€theÏattempted€first€degree€murder€conviction€and€ordered€this€sentence€to€runÏconsecutively€with€the€sentence€of€life€without€parole.€€On€appeal,€the€appellantÏraises€three€issues€for€our€determination:€€(1)€€whether€the€evidence€wasÏsufficient€to€support€a€conviction€for€first€degree€murder€and€a€sentence€of€lifeÏwithout€the€possibility€of€parole;€(2)€whether€the€admission€of€prior€bad€acts€ofÏthe€appellant€was€error;€and€(3)€whether€consecutive€sentences€were€proper.ÌÌà àAfter€reviewing€the€record€and€applicable€case€law,€we€conclude€that€theÏtrial€court€did€not€commit€error.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm.ÌÌÌà@ àò òI.€€òòBackgroundóóó óÌÌà àThe€proof€developed€at€trial€revealed€that€the€appellant€and€MarkettaÏGreen€had€been€involved€in€a€relationship,€but€had€ultimately€separated.€€PriorÍto€occurrence€of€the€instant€offenses,€Green€began€dating€Eric€Young.€€OnÏDecember€30,€1993,€Green,€Young,€and€Kristy€McConnell,€Green's€ten€year€oldÏniece,€left€the€residence€of€Green's€sister€in€order€to€take€Young€to€his€home.€ÏBefore€taking€Young€home,€Green€decided€to€drive€to€her€house€to€exchangeÏcars,€because€her€windshield€was€cracked€and€appeared€to€be€nearingÏcollapse.€€Reaching€her€residence€at€4301€Tennessee€Avenue,€Chattanooga,Ïbetween€11:20€and€11:30€p.m,€she€parked€her€vehicle€at€the€side€of€the€house,Ïon€43rd€Street.€€Green,€Young,€and€McConnell€exited€the€vehicle€and€startedÏ"walking€up€the€hill€across€the€street€to€Sonia's€car."× ƒ( ××  ×€€ÌÌà àHalfway€across€the€street,€the€group€spotted€"[the€appellant]€.€.€.€runningÏout€from€behind€the€house."€€The€appellant,€glancing€at€Young,€stated,€"Oh,Ïyou're€the€one."€€The€appellant€produced€a€gun€and€fired€the€weapon€threeÏtimes€in€Young's€direction.€€Two€of€the€bullets€struck€Young€and€he€fell€to€theÏground.€€After€the€shooting,€the€appellant€gazed€at€Young's€body€before€movingÏtoward€Marketta€Green.ÌÌà àGreen€ran€onto€the€porch€of€her€house€imploring€Kristy€McConnell€to€runÏto€the€house.€€While€McConnell€was€running€toward€Green,€the€appellantÏintercepted€her€and€pushed€her€into€a€tree.€€The€appellant€approached€GreenÍon€the€porch€and€"held€the€gun€looking€at€Marketta€[Green]."€€Green€franticallyÏattempted€to€unlock€the€front€door€of€the€house.€€The€appellant€continued€to€holdÏthe€gun€on€Green€and€then€shot€her€in€the€back.€€After€firing€the€weapon,€theÏappellant€"started€laughing€and€ran€off."€€Although€she€had€been€shot,€GreenÏmanaged€to€unlock€the€door€and€enter€the€house€before€collapsing€in€theÏdoorway.€€McConnell€called€911€and€her€mother.ÌÌà àOfficer€Charles€Wells€of€the€Chattanooga€Police€Department€respondedÏto€the€call.€€Upon€arriving€at€4301€Tennessee€Avenue,€Wells€observed€YoungÏlying€on€the€sidewalk.€€Young€told€Wells€that€he€had€been€shot€three€times€in€theÏback.€€Wells€noticed€McConnell,€who€was€screaming€"she's€in€here."€ÏResponding€to€these€calls,€Wells€entered€the€house€and€found€Green€lyingÏinside€the€doorway.€€"She€was€conscious€when€I€got€there.€€She€was€real€hot,Ïshe€was€real€sweaty,€she€was€crying,€she€said€she€was€in€a€lot€of€pain€.€.€.€€sheÏkept€telling€me€.€.€.€that€she€didn't€want€to€die."€€Wells€asked€Green€"Who€shotÏyou?"€€She€answered,€"Leon€.€.€.€€Leon€Collier.€.€.€."€€She€also€informed€WellsÏthat€the€appellant€was€her€"ex„boyfriend€and€father€of€her€baby."€€€Both€victimsÏwere€transported€to€the€hospital.€€At€the€hospital,€Sergeant€Jeff€Francis€spokeÏwith€Young.€€Young€told€Francis€that€"Leon,€the€father€of€Green's€baby,€had€shotÏhim."€ÌÌà àMeanwhile,€after€fleeing€the€crime€scene,€the€appellant€appeared€at€theÍhouse€of€Matt€Stoddard,€around€11:30€p.m.€€The€appellant€informed€StoddardÏthat€he€had€shot€his€ex„girlfriend€and€her€boyfriend€with€a€".357."€€The€appellantÏagreed€to€turn€himself€in€to€the€police.€€Stoddard€left€the€appellant€at€his€houseÏshortly€after€that€because€Stoddard€had€to€pick€up€his€roommate,€Chris€BalthropÏfrom€work.€€Stoddard€and€Balthrop€returned€to€find€the€appellant€still€at€theirÏresidence.€€The€appellant€told€Balthrop€that€he€had€shot€his€ex„girlfriend€and€herÏboyfriend€with€a€".357"€earlier€that€evening.€€He€explained€that€he€had€beenÏupset€because€Young€had€informed€him€that€he€would€never€see€his€childÏagain.€€ÌÌà àBecause€they€had€previously€made€plans,€Balthrop€and€Stoddard€againÏleft€their€residence,€leaving€the€appellant€inside.€€At€5:30€a.m.,€StoddardÏtelephoned€the€appellant,€who€was€still€at€Stoddard's€house,€and€informed€himÏthat€the€"news"€had€just€reported€that€Marketta€Green€had€died€and€Eric€YoungÏwas€in€critical€condition.€€The€appellant€appeared€upset€over€Green's€demise,Ïstating€that€he€never€intended€to€kill€her€and€that€"he€wished€Mr.€Young€hadÏdied€instead€of€her."€€Moreover,€he€added€"I€shot€[Young]€three€times€with€a€.357Ïand€he's€still€alive.€€I€can't€believe€it."€€Because€of€this€call,€Stoddard€returned€toÏhis€house,€where€he€met€Officer€Lyndon€Atkins.€€Stoddard€let€Atkins€in€theÏhouse,€at€which€time€Atkins€arrested€the€appellant.€€ÌÌà àDr.€Frank€King,€the€medical€examiner€for€Hamilton€County,€performed€theÍautopsy€of€Green's€body.€€He€determined€that€her€death€resulted€from€the€singleÏgunshot€wound€to€her€back.€€Specifically,€€he€stated€that€Green€died€of€"bloodÏloss,"€caused€by€internal€injuries€to€various€organs.€€King€also€stated€thatÏGreen's€death€"would€not€be€instantaneous€.€.€.€€[it€would€be€a]€minimum€ofÏminutes,€possibly€an€hour€.€.€.€"€before€death€would€occur.€€Young€testified€thatÏhe€sustained€two€gunshot€wounds,€one€to€his€lower€back€and€one€to€his€leg.€ÏBecause€of€these€injuries,€he€remained€in€the€hospital€for€twelve€days.€ÏMoreover,€the€gunshot€wounds€caused€Young€to€lose€both€a€kidney€and€hisÏspleen.€€One€bullet€remains€in€his€leg.ÌÌà àAt€the€appellant's€trial,€both€Young€and€Kristy€McConnell€testified€that,Ïprior€to€the€instant€offenses,€they€were€acquainted€with€the€appellant.€€They€thenÏpositively€identified€him€as€the€perpetrator€of€the€instant€offenses.€€Moreover,Ïevidence€at€trial€proved€the€violent€nature€of€the€appellant€and€Green'sÏrelationship.€€Sonia€McConnell,€Green's€sister,€testified€that,€on€November€16,Ï1993,€the€appellant€telephoned€Green€and€notified€her€that€he€was€on€his€wayÏto€her€residence.€€Fifteen€to€twenty€minutes€later,€the€appellant€knocked€on€theÏdoor€of€Green's€residence.€€Green€told€the€appellant€to€leave€her€alone.€€TheÏappellant€"pulled€out€a€gun€on€her€in€her€face€and€he€said€to€her,€he€said,€œððI'll›Ïblow€your€[expletive€deleted]€brains€œout.ðð"›€€Officer€Damon€Davidson€spoke€withÏGreen€after€this€incident€and€advised€her€to€seek€a€warrant€against€theÏappellant.€€Ronald€Durby,€the€Clerk€and€Master€of€Chancery€Court,€testified€thatÍan€order€of€protection€was€issued€for€Green€against€the€appellant€on€NovemberÏ30,€1993.× ƒ) ××  ×€€Additionally,€Melanie€Clark,€the€clerk€of€the€Hamilton€CountyÏCriminal€Court,€testified€that€an€aggravated€assault€charge,€resulting€from€theÏNovember€16,€1993€incident,€was€pending€against€the€appellant€.ÌÌà àOfficer€Terrence€Meadows€testified€regarding€an€incident€occurring€onÏDecember€28,€1993,€two€days€prior€to€Green's€murder.€€Meadows€responded€toÏa€disorder€call€at€4301€Tennessee€Avenue,€Green's€residence.× ƒ+ ××  ×€€Shortly€afterÏMeadows€arrived,€the€telephone€rang€and€Green€answered€the€call.€€AppearingÏfrightened,€Green€notified€Meadows€that€"[t]his€is€Leon,"€and€handed€theÏtelephone€to€Meadows.€€Meadows€identified€himself€as€a€police€officer,Ïhowever,€the€other€party€continued€yelling€"I'll€kill€you€and€that€[expletiveÏdeleted]€boyfriend€of€yours."€€Meadows€again€identified€himself€as€a€policeÏofficer.€€At€this€time,€a€woman€responded€that€she€was€the€appellant's€motherÏand€asked€to€speak€with€Green.ÌÌà àBased€upon€this€evidence,€the€jury€returned€a€verdict€finding€theÏappellant€guilty€of€first€degree€murder€and€attempted€first€degree€murder.€€AÍsentencing€hearing€was€held€at€a€later€date,€during€which€the€State€elected€notÏto€put€on€any€additional€proof.€€The€appellant,€although€electing€not€to€testifyÏduring€the€guilt€phase,€chose€to€testify€at€the€sentencing€hearing.€€He€stated€that,Ïat€the€time€of€the€offenses,€he€was€twenty„two€years€old€and€had€lived€inÏChattanooga€his€entire€life.€€The€appellant€graduated€from€Howard€HighÏSchool,€where€he€was€placed€in€special€education€classes.€€He€emphasized€hisÏskill€as€a€trumpet€player€while€in€junior€high€and€high€school,€conceding€that€heÏcould€never€achieve€"1st€chair"€trumpet.€€He€admitted€that€his€abuse€of€alcoholÏand€drugs€began€when€he€was€thirteen€years€old.€€ÌÌà àAdditionally,€the€appellant€testified€that€he€was€married€to€Tanesha€ReedÏCollier,€who€he€had€begun€dating€when€he€was€twelve€years€old.€€The€coupleÏlived€together€for€one€year€and€two€children€were€born€of€this€union,€althoughÏone€child€was€deceased.€€While€married€to€Tanesha€Reed€Collier,€the€appellantÏbegan€dating€Marketta€Green.€€The€appellant€and€Green€had€one€child€together.€ÏThe€appellant€asserted€his€innocence€of€the€first€degree€murder€of€MarkettaÏGreen€"because€it's€not€premeditated,€it€wasn't€intentional."€ÌÌà àPamela€Price,€a€member€of€the€appellant's€church,€testified€that€she€hasÏknown€the€appellant€for€approximately€twelve€to€fourteen€years.€€She€stated€thatÏthe€appellant€attended€church€regularly€and€was€active€in€the€church's€youthÏprogram.€€She€stated€that€the€appellant's€family€was€close€and€that€theÍappellant€was€a€good€father€to€his€two€children.€€Another€church€member,ÏMildred€Smith,€confirmed€Ms.€Price's€observations.€€The€appellant's€bandÏdirector€from€high€school,€David€Sharp,€testified€that€the€appellant€was€a€mildÏmannered€person€"who€worked€really€hard."€€He€added€that€the€appellant€was€aÏfollower€and€not€a€leader.€€ÌÌà àThe€appellant's€mother,€Mary€Collier,€confirmed€the€appellant's€alcoholÏand€drug€problem.€€She€also€indicated€that€the€appellant€battled€with€periodicÏstates€of€depression.€€She€testified€that,€while€in€high€school,€the€appellant€hadÏbeen€admitted€into€the€Green€Leaf€Center€for€detoxification.€€However,€after€oneÏmonth,€she€and€her€husband€discharged€the€appellant€against€the€advice€of€theÏstaff.€€The€appellant's€father,€Leon€Collier,€Sr.,€testified€that€he€and€his€wifeÏfought€frequently€during€the€appellant's€formative€years.ÌÌà àA€clinical€neuropsychologist,€Dr.€Eric€Engum,€testified€that€the€appellantÏexhibits€signs€of€organic€impairment,€or€brain€damage.€€He€explained€that,€œÌÌÌÌÌbecause›€of€this€impairment,€the€appellant€is€unable€to€reason€or€respond€to€theÏworld€rationally.€€He€added€that€the€appellant€is€unable€to€process€information,€œÌverbally›€mediate,€or€problem€solve€as€the€average€individual€does.€ÏNonetheless,€Dr.€Engum€concluded€that€the€appellant€was€competent€and€sane.€ÏDr.€Thomas€Jefferson€Brooks,€III,€an€obstetrician„gynecologist,€testifiedÏregarding€the€appellant's€medical€conditions€at€birth.€€Specifically,€he€stated€thatÏthe€appellant's€Apgar€score€was€low€and€that€a€child€born€with€this€low€scoreÏcould€have€brain€damage.€€In€rebuttal€to€this€testimony,€the€State€called€Dr.ÏThomas€Ford,€a€psychologist,€to€testify€regarding€his€examination€of€theÏappellant.€€Dr.€Ford€testified€that€"the€results€[of€the€appellant's€evaluation]Ïindicated€that€Mr.€Collier€was€competent€to€aid€in€.€.€.€€his€defense€and€work€withÏhis€attorney,€and€they€also€found€that€he€did€not€meet€the€criteria€for€[theÏdefense€of]€not€guilty€by€reason€of€insanity."€€Additionally,€he€indicated€that,Ïeven€if€the€appellant€had€any€type€of€organic€brain€damage,€any€such€damageÏwould€not€affect€his€capacity€to€appreciate€the€wrongfulness€of€his€conduct.ÌÌà àUnanimously€finding€the€presence€of€one€statutory€aggravating€factor,€theÏjury€sentenced€the€appellant€to€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€ofÏparole.× ƒ, ××  ×€€€At€a€later€date,€the€trial€court€sentenced€the€appellant€to€twenty€yearsÏincarceration€for€the€attempted€first€degree€murder€conviction.€€Moreover,Ïfinding€the€appellant€to€be€a€"dangerous€offender,"€the€court€ordered€thisÍsentence€to€run€consecutively€to€his€sentence€of€life€without€the€possibility€ofÏparole.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìà àÌ̛̜à@ àò òòòII.€€Sufficiency€of€the€EvidenceÌœ›œÌ›à@ àA.€€First€€Degree€MurderÌóóà àó óIn€his€first€issue,€the€appellant€argues€that€"the€evidence€contained€in€theÏrecord€in€this€case€is€insufficient€to€support€the€jury's€finding€that€Defendant€wasÏguilty€of€first€degree€murder."€€We€disagree.€€ÌÌà àThe€appellant€argues€that€the€evidence€presented€fails€to€support€theÏfindings€of€both€premeditation€and€deliberation.€€In€support€of€his€argument,€theÏappellant€cites€to€òòState€v.€Thorntonóó,€730€S.W.2d€309€(Tenn.€1987).€€In€this€case,Ïour€supreme€court€reiterated€the€legal€principle€that€"the€encountering€by€aÏspouse€of€[his€mate€and€her€lover€in€bed]€.€.€.€€constitute[s]€sufficient€provocationÏto€reduce€a€charge€of€homicide€from€one€of€the€degrees€of€murder€toÏmanslaughter."€€òòIdóó.€€at€309.€€The€appellant's€reliance€on€òòThorntonóó€is€òòcompletelyóóÏunsupported€by€the€facts.€€€Not€only€was€the€appellant€not€married€to€Green,€butÏhe€was€married€to€another€woman.€€Also,€there€is€no€indication€that€Green€andÏYoung€were€engaged€in€the€behavior€contemplated€by€òòThorntonóó.€€ThisÍargument€is€entirely€without€merit.ÌÌà àNonetheless,€when€there€is€a€challenge€to€the€verdict€based€on€theÏsufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€court€must€review€the€evidence€in€the€light€mostÏfavorable€to€the€prosecution€and€determine€whether€"any€rational€trier€of€factÏcould€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonableÏdoubt."€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979);ÏòòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€259€(Tenn.€1994);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€WeÏdo€not€reweigh€or€reevaluate€the€evidence;€these€are€issues€resolved€by€theÏtrier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€ÏFurthermore,€a€guilty€verdict€accredits€the€testimony€of€witnesses€for€the€State,Ïand€a€presumption€of€guilt€replaces€the€presumption€of€innocence.€€òòState€v.ÏGraceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973).€€The€appellant€bears€the€burden€ofÏproving€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€the€jury€verdict€in€his€case.€ÏòòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).ÌÌà àFirst€degree€murder€not€committed€in€the€perpetration€of€a€crime€requiresÏthe€"intentional,€premeditated€and€deliberate€killing€of€another."€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð39„13„202€(a)(1)€(1994€Supp.).€€A€death€caused€by€the€intentional€act€ofÏanother€is€presumed€to€be€second€degree€murder.€€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2dÏ530,€543€(Tenn.€1992).€€Thus,€the€State€must€prove€premeditation€andÏdeliberation€to€raise€the€offense€to€first€degree€murder.€€òòIdóó.€€PremeditationÍnecessitates€"the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment,"€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„201(b)(2)€(1991),€"includ[ing]€instances€of€homicide€committed€by€poison€orÏlying€in€wait,"€and€requiring€"a€previously€formed€design€or€intent€to€kill."€€òòStateÏv.€Westóó,€844€S.W.2d€144,€147€(Tenn.€1992).€€Deliberation,€on€the€other€hand,€isÏdefined€as€a€"cool€purpose€.€.€.€formed€in€the€absence€of€passion."€€òòBrownóó,€836ÏS.W.2d€at€538€(citations€and€internal€quotations€omitted).€€Deliberation€alsoÏrequires€"some€period€of€reflection,€during€which€the€mind€is€free€from€theÏinfluence€of€excitement."€€òòIdóó.;€òòsee€alsoóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„201(b)(2).€€€€ÌÌà àThe€elements€of€premeditation€and€deliberation€are€questions€for€the€juryÏand€may€be€inferred€from€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€killing.€€òòState€v.ÏGentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€1,€3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,Ï(Tenn.€1994).€€Although€there€are€no€strict€standards€governing€what€constitutesÏproof€of€premeditation€and€deliberation,€several€relevant€circumstances€areÏhelpful€in€the€inquiry,€including:€the€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€an€unarmedÏvictim;€the€fact€that€the€killing€was€particularly€cruel;€declarations€by€theÏdefendant€of€his€intent€to€kill;€and€the€making€of€preparations€before€the€killingÏfor€the€purpose€of€concealing€the€crime.€€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€No.€02C01„9412„CR„0028€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€€Jackson,€Mar.€27,€1996),€òòreh'g€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€May€1,€1996)€€(citing€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€541„42)).€€Additional€factorsÏfrom€which€the€jury€may€infer€premeditation€and€deliberation€include€planningÏactivities€by€the€appellant€prior€to€the€killing,€the€appellant's€prior€relationshipÍwith€the€victim,€and€the€nature€of€the€killing.€€òòIdóó.€(citing€òòState€v.€Bordisóó,€No.Ï01C01„9305„CR„00157€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€Feb.€24,€1995),€òòperm.€toÏappeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€July€10,€1995)€(quoting€2€W.€LaFave€and€A.€Scott,€Jr.,ÏòòSubstantive€Criminal€Lawóóòò€óó€ðð7.7€(1986)));€€òòGentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€at€4„5€(citationÏomitted).€€€€€€€ÌÌ€€€à àReviewing€the€present€case€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,ÏGreen,€Young,€and€McConnell€were€in€the€middle€of€the€street€before€theÏappellant€came€running€from€the€side€of€Green's€house.€€Thus,€the€jury€couldÏreasonably€infer€premeditation€on€behalf€of€the€appellant€due€to€his€òòlying€in€waitóóÏfor€the€arrival€of€his€victims.€€Upon€greeting€his€victims,€the€appellant€calmlyÏapproached€Young,€shot€him€three€times,€and€stared€at€his€first€victim€beforeÏturning€toward€Green.€€Upon€approaching€Green,€the€appellant€held€the€gun€onÏher€for€about€a€minute€while€she€frantically€attempted€to€unlock€her€front€door.€ÏThe€appellant€then€shot€Green€in€her€back.€€After€accomplishing€his€deed,€theÏappellant€began€to€laugh.€€The€manner€in€which€the€crimes€were€committed€isÏsufficient€to€show€the€cool€and€deliberate€intent€of€the€appellant.€€Additionally,Ïafter€the€shootings,€the€appellant€proceeded€to€the€home€of€Matt€Stoddard€andÏChris€Balthrop,€although€his€own€home€was€on€45th€Street,€a€few€blocks€fromÏthe€incident.€€The€appellant's€journey€to€Stoddard's€residence€evidences€a€planÏto€evade€the€police€by€not€going€to€his€own€home.€€Furthermore,€the€appellantÏmade€a€deal€with€Stoddard€that€he€would€turn€himself€in€at€a€later€time€and€forÍStoddard€not€to€turn€him€in€to€the€police.€€"Calmness€immediately€after€a€killingÏmay€be€evidence€of€a€cool,€dispassionate,€premeditated€murder."€€òòWestóó,€844ÏS.W.2d€at€148.€€Also,€the€weapon€was€never€recovered.€€Although€theÏconcealment€of€evidence€after€the€fact€is€not€probative€of€the€appellant's€state€ofÏmind€before€the€murder,€the€fact€that€the€concealment€occurred€immediatelyÏafter€the€killing€supports€the€theory€that€the€appellant€committed€the€killing€"inÏthe€absence€of€passion."€€òòIdóó.€€Additionally,€the€appellant's€prior€statements€to€hisÏvictim€clearly€demonstrated€his€intentions,€i.e.,€"I'll€kill€you€and€your€[expletiveÏdeleted]€boyfriend."€and€"I'll€blow€your€[expletive€deleted]€brains€out."€ÏAccordingly,€we€conclude€that€there€is€sufficient€evidence€including€theÏappellant's€lying€in€wait,€his€relationship€to€the€victim,€the€nature€of€the€killing,Ïthe€appellant's€behavior€during€the€killing,€and€the€appellant's€actions€followingÏthe€murder€to€support€the€jury's€finding€of€premeditation€and€deliberation.€ThisÏissue€is€without€merit.€€ÌÌà@ àò òòòB.€€Life€Without€Possibility€of€Paroleóóó óÌà àThe€appellant€also€challenges€the€evidence€supporting€his€sentence€ofÏlife€without€the€possibility€of€parole.€€In€order€to€impose€a€sentence€of€life€withoutÏthe€possibility€of€parole,€a€jury€must€unanimously€find€that€the€State€has€provenÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€the€existence€of€at€least€one€statutory€aggravatingÏcircumstance.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„13„204(I),€„207(c)€(1994€Supp.).€€In€theÏpresent€case,€the€jury€found€that€"the€murder€was€committed€while€theÍdefendant€was€engaged€in€committing,€or€was€an€accomplice€in€the€commissionÏof,€or€was€attempting€to€commit,€or€was€fleeing€after€committing€or€attempting€toÏcommit,€any€first€degree€murder,€arson,€rape,€robbery,€burglary,€theft,Ïkidnaping."€€òòSeeóó€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(I)(7).€€The€appellant€contendsÏthat,€"[g]iven€[the€appellant's]€convictions€for€both€offenses,€the€use€of€theÏconviction€for€œthe€€€€€€€€€€€€€€›€attempted€murder€of€Eric€Young€as€an€enhancingÏfactor€unfairly€constitutes€double€enhancement."Ìœ›Ìà àIt€is€settled€law€in€this€state€that€the€aggravating€circumstance€set€forth€inÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„207(I)(7)€€òòcannotóó€be€used€to€enhance€a€sentence€forÏòòfelony€murderóó€to€death€or€life€without€parole.€€òòState€v.€Middlebrooksóó,€840€S.W.2dÏ317,€323€(Tenn.€1992)€(emphasis€added).€€Specifically,€the€use€of€circumstanceÏ(I)(7)€to€aggravate€a€conviction€for€felony€murder€is€"a€òòduplication€of€the€crimeóóÏitself€and€does€not€narrow€the€class€of€death„eligible€defendants€as€isÏconstitutionally€required."€€òòState€v.€Bigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€797,€814„15€(Tenn.Ï1994)€(emphasis€added).€€However,€the€present€case€does€not€present€aÏòòMiddlebrooksóó€issue.€€The€appellant€was€convicted€of€òòfirst€degree€murderóó,€notÏfelony€murder.€€Application€of€aggravating€circumstance€(I)(7)€to€the€offense€ofÏfirst€degree€murder€has€been€approved€by€this€court.€€òòSeeóó€€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€868ÏS.W.2d€561,€581€(Tenn.€1993),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€„„€U.S.€„„,€115€S.Ct.€417€(1994);ÏòòState€v.€Hodgesóó,€No.€01C01„9212„CR„00382€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,ÏMay€18,€1995).€€Hence,€the€retention€of€this€aggravating€circumstance,€in€light€ofÍthe€decision€in€òòMiddlebrooksóó,€remains€applicable€to€first€degree€murderÏcommitted€in€connection€with€one€of€the€specially€enumerated€felonies.€€ThisÏissue€is€without€merit.€ÌÌà àNext,€the€appellant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€toÏinstruct€the€jury€as€to€mitigating€factors€(1),€(3),€and€(6).€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ39„13„204(j).× ƒ. ××  ×€€Specifically,€he€argues€that€the€court's€failure€to€provide€the€juryÏwith€these€instructions,€prejudiced€him€and€therefore€mandates€a€newÏsentencing€hearing.€€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€trial€courtÏinstructed€the€jury€as€to€mitigating€circumstances€(j)€(2),€(7),€and€(8),€in€additionÏto€factor€(9),€"any€other€mitigating€factor€which€is€raised€by€the€evidence."× ƒ/ ××  ×à8 àÌÌà àTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„13„204(e)€requires€the€trial€judge€to€instruct€theÏjury€to€"weigh€and€consider€any€[statutory]€mitigating€circumstances€òòraised€byÏthe€evidenceóó€at€either€the€guilt€or€sentencing€hearing€or€both.€.€.€."€€(EmphasisÍadded).€€òòSee€alsoóó€€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€29€(Tenn.€1996)€("[T]he€onlyÏmandatory€instructions€with€respect€to€mitigating€circumstances€are€that€thoseÏstatutory€circumstances€which€are€raised€by€the€evidence€shall€be€expresslyÏcharged.")€(quoting€òòState€v.€Hartmanóó,€703€S.W.2d€106,€118€(Tenn.€1985);Ïòòaccordóó€€òòCazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€at€268;€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€857€S.W.2d€1,€15€(Tenn.Ï1993);€òòState€v.€Wrightóó,€756€S.W.2d€669,€674€(Tenn.€1988);€òòState€v.€Kingóó,€718ÏS.W.2d€241,€249€(Tenn.€1986)).€€€In€fact,€it€is€error€for€the€trial€court€"to€chargeÏany€statutory€mitigating€circumstances€that€were€not€raised€by€the€evidence€atÏthe€guilt€or€sentencing€hearing."€€òòHartmanóó,€703€S.W.2d€at€118€(citing€òòState€v.ÏBuckóó,€670€S.W.2d€600€(Tenn.€1984)).€€Thus,€the€question€is€whether€mitigatingÏcircumstances€(1),€€(3),€and€(6)€were€raised€by€the€evidence.ÌÌà àTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(j)(1)€provides€"[t]he€defendant€has€noÏsignificant€history€of€prior€criminal€activity."€€The€trial€court€concluded€that€thisÏfactor€was€not€applicable€and€we€agree.€€The€evidence€overwhelminglyÏdemonstrates€the€prior€criminal€behavior€of€the€appellant,€i.e.,€a€pending€chargeÏfor€the€November€16,€1993,€aggravated€assault€of€Marketta€Green;€the€issuanceÏof€an€order€of€protection€for€Green€on€November€22,€1993;€and€verbal€threatsÏagainst€Green€on€December€28,€1993.€€This€is€sufficient€to€show€a€"significantÏhistory€of€prior€criminal€activity."€€òòSeeóó€€òòState€v.€Matsonóó,€666€S.W.2d€41,€44Ï(Tenn.€1984)€("'[P]rior€criminal€history'€is€not€limited€to€prior€criminalÏconvictions.").€€Thus,€the€court€properly€denied€the€appellant's€request€to€instructÍthis€mitigating€circumstance.ÌÌà à€€The€appellant€also€contends€that€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(j)(3),Ï"the€victim€was€a€participant€in€the€defendant's€conduct€or€consented€to€the€act,"Ïapplies.€€Specifically,€he€argues€that€the€testimony€of€Chris€Balthrop,€indicatingÏthat€he€had€been€provoked€by€Eric€Young's€assertion€that€he€would€never€seeÏhis€son€again,€œwarrants›€an€instruction€on€this€mitigating€factor.€€These€factsÏsimply€do€not€support€any€"participation"€or€"consent"€on€behalf€of€MarkettaÏGreen.€€Furthermore,€no€other€proof€in€the€record€suggests€implication€of€thisÏfactor.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€argues€that€he€"acted€under€extreme€duress€or€under€theÏsubstantial€domination€of€another€person,"€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„13„204(j)(6).€ÏHe€contends€that,€because€of€his€"volatile"€relationship€with€Green€combinedÏwith€Young's€threat€that€he€would€never€again€see€his€son,€he€was€underÏextreme€duress€at€the€time€of€the€instant€offenses.€There€was€no€credible€proofÏthat€these€circumstances€caused€the€appellant€to€be€under€"extreme€duress,"Ïwhich€is€defined€as€a€threat€"of€such€a€character€as€to€overcome€the€mind€andÏwill€and€destroy€the€free€agency€of€a€person€of€ordinary€firmness."€€€òòState€v.ÏRobertsóó,€No.€01C01„9110„CC„00296€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€July€15,Ï1993),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€Nov.€15,€1993)€(citing€òòJohnson€v.€Rolandóó,Ï61€Tenn.€€(2€Baxt.)€203,€206€(1872)).€€The€trial€court€did€not€err€by€refusing€toÍinstruct€this€circumstance.ÌÌÌà àFinally,€the€appellant€contends€that€the€"jury€did€not€properly€weighÏmitigating€and€enhancing€factors."€€He€reasons€that,€if€the€jury€did€weigh€theÏapplicable€factors€properly,€the€appellant€would€have€received€a€sentence€of€lifeÏimprisonment€rather€than€a€sentence€of€life€without€parole.€€First,€questionsÏconcerning€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€to€theÏevidence,€as€well€as€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€theÏtrier€of€fact,€not€this€court€nor€the€appellant.€€òòState€v.€Mossóó,€No.€02C01„9404„CR„00072€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€Nov.€2,€1994).€€Thus,€it€was€the€jury'sÏprerogative€as€to€what€factors€warranted€greater€weight.€€The€record€amplyÏsupports€their€conclusion.€€€Moreover,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„207(g)Ïprovides€that€"a€sentence€of€life€without€possibility€of€parole€shall€be€consideredÏappropriate€if€the€state€has€proved€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€òòat€least€oneóóÏstatutory€aggravating€circumstance€contained€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(I).€.€.€."€€The€jury€found€the€presence€of€one€aggravating€circumstance,€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(I)(7).€€We€have€determined€that€this€factor€is€applicableÏto€the€present€case.€€Accordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€toÏsustain€the€appellant's€sentence€of€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole.ÌÌÌà@ àò òIII.€€òòPrior€Bad€Acts€ó óÌóóà àÌà àAt€trial,€Sonia€McConnell€testified€that,€on€November€16,€1993,€theÏappellant€came€to€their€home€at€4301€Tennessee€Avenue,€pulled€out€a€gun,€andÏtold€Marketta€Green€"I'll€blow€your€brains€out."€€Other€testimony€confirmed€theÏissuance€of€an€order€of€protection€and€pending€aggravated€assault€chargeÏresulting€from€this€incident.€€Officer€Terrence€Meadows€testified€that,€onÏDecember€28,€1993,€while€responding€to€a€disorder€call€at€4301€TennesseeÏAvenue,€the€telephone€rang€and€was€subsequently€answered€by€Marketta€ÌÌÌÌGreen.€€Green€relayed€the€telephone€to€Meadows,€who€heard€the€caller,Ïidentified€as€the€appellant,€yelling,€"I'll€kill€you€and€that€[expletive€deleted]Ïboyfriend€of€yours."€€The€appellant€insists€that€the€trial€court€improperly€admittedÏthis€evidence€at€trial.€€We€disagree.ÌÌà àGenerally,€"[e]vidence€of€other€crimes,€wrongs,€or€acts€is€not€admissibleÏto€prove€the€character€of€a€person€in€order€to€show€action€in€conformity€with€theÏcharacter€trait."€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€404(b).€€Nonetheless,€such€evidence€òòmayóó€beÍadmissible€for€other€purposes.€× ƒ0 ××  ×€€òòIdóó.€€Before€evidence€of€other€crimes,€wrongs,€orÏacts€may€be€admitted€for€other€purposes,€the€following€conditions€must€beÏsatisfied:ÌÓÓà8 à(1)€€The€court€upon€request€must€hold€a€hearing€outside€the€jury'sÏpresence;ÌÌà8 à(2)€€The€court€must€determine€that€a€material€issue€exists€otherÏthan€conduct€conforming€with€a€character€trait€and€must€uponÏrequest€state€on€the€record€the€material€issue,€the€ruling,€and€theÏreasons€for€admitting€the€evidence;€andÌÌà8 à(3)€€The€court€must€exclude€the€evidence€if€its€probative€value€isÏoutweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.ÌÌÓÓòòIdóó.€€ÌÌà àPrior€to€trial,€the€appellant€filed€a€motion€in€limine€asking€the€court€toÏprevent€the€State€from€introducing€prior€instances€of€misconduct€by€theÏappellant.€€The€court€permitted€the€State€to€introduce€testimony€regarding€theÏappellant's€prior€incidents€of€misconduct€toward€Marketta€Green.€€The€courtÏreasoned€that€the€State€could€"use€the€prior€bad€acts€to€prove€motive€andÏintent."€€Additionally,€the€court€found€that€the€probative€value,€as€to€theÏappellant's€motive,€outweighs€any€unfair€prejudice€resulting€from€theÏintroduction€of€such€testimony.ÌÌà àThe€trial€court€complied€with€the€requirements€of€Rule€404(b)(1),€(2),€andÏ(3).€€Specifically,€the€court€found€that€the€evidence€of€the€appellant's€priorÏviolent€episodes€with€Green€were€relevant€to€establish€the€appellant's€motiveÏand€intent.€€"Violent€acts€indicative€of€the€relationship€between€the€victim€of€aÏviolent€crime€and€the€defendant€prior€to€the€commission€of€the€offense€areÏrelevant€to€show€intent."€€òòState€v.€Clayborneóó,€€No.€02C01„9507„CR„00185Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€June€10,€1996)€(citing€òòSmithóó,€868€S.W.2d€at€574.).€ÏMoreover,€we€conclude€that€the€probative€value€of€the€collective€testimonyÏoutweighed€any€prejudicial€effect.€€Accordingly,€the€evidence€was€properlyÏadmitted.ÌÌÌà0 àà àà@ àò òòòIV.€€Consecutive€SentencesÌÌà àóóó óIn€his€final€issue,€the€appellant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€byÏordering€his€sentence€for€attempted€first€degree€murder€to€run€consecutively€toÏhis€sentence€for€first€degree€murder.€€We€conclude€otherwise.ÌÌà àà àReview,€by€this€court,€of€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€service€ofÏa€sentence€is€òòde€novoóó€with€a€presumption€that€the€determination€made€by€theÏtrial€court€is€correct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d)(1990).€€This€presumptionÏonly€applies,€however,€if€the€record€demonstrates€that€the€trial€court€properlyÍconsidered€relevant€sentencing€principles.€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,Ï169€(Tenn.€1991).€€In€the€case€before€us,€the€trial€court€considered€relevantÏsentencing€principles€and€pronounced€his€reasons€for€imposing€the€appellant'sÏsentence.€€Thus,€the€presumption€applies.€€Moreover,€this€court€may€modify€aÏsentence€only€if,€in€the€court's€opinion,€the€sentence€is€excessive€or€the€mannerÏof€service€is€inappropriate.€€òòState€v.€Russellóó,€773€S.W.2d€913,€915€(Tenn.€1989).ÌÌà àIn€making€our€review,€this€court€must€consider€the€evidence€heard€at€trialÏand€at€sentencing,€the€presentence€report,€the€arguments€of€counsel,€the€natureÏand€characteristics€of€the€offense,€any€mitigating€and€enhancement€factors,€theÏdefendant's€statements,€and€the€defendant's€potential€for€rehabilitation.€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„102,€„103(5),€„210(b)€(1990);€òòsee€alsoóó€€òòState€v.€Byrdóó,€861ÏS.W.2d€377,€379€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993)€(citing€òòAshbyóó,€923€S.W.2d€at€168).€ÏThe€burden€is€on€the€appellant€to€show€that€the€sentence€imposed€wasÏimproper.€€Sentencing€Commission€Comments,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€ÌÌà àà àIf€a€defendant€is€convicted€of€more€than€one€criminal€offense,€theÏcourt€may€order€the€sentences€to€run€consecutively.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115€(1990).€€In€the€present€case,€the€trial€court€imposed€consecutive€sentencesÏbased€upon€the€appellant's€classification€as€a€dangerous€offender.€€Thus,€theÏonly€determination€is€whether€the€appellant€qualifies€as€a€"dangerous€offender."€ÍTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(4).ÌÌà àIn€òòGray€v.€Stateóó,€538€S.W.2d€391,€393€(Tenn.€1976),€our€supreme€courtÏheld€that€"[a]€defendant€may€be€classified€as€a€dangerous€offender€òòif€the€crimesÏfor€which€he€is€convictedóó€indicate€that€he€has€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life,Ïand€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€isÏhigh."€€(Emphasis€added).€€òòSee€alsoóó€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(4);€€òòStateÏv.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€937€(Tenn.€1995).€€If€a€court€decides€to€imposeÏconsecutive€sentences€based€upon€the€inherently€dangerous€nature€of€theÏinstant€offenses,€the€court€should€base€its€decision€upon€the€presence€ofÏaggravating€circumstances€and€not€merely€on€the€fact€that€two€or€moreÏdangerous€crimes€were€committed.€€òòGrayóó,€538€S.W.2d€at€393.€€€In€the€presentÏcase,€the€trial€court€found€the€following€aggravating€circumstances:€€theÏappellant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminal€behavior,€the€offense€involved€moreÏthan€one€victim,€the€appellant€treated€the€victim€with€exceptional€cruelty,€aÏfirearm€was€used€in€the€commission€of€the€offenses,€and€the€appellant€was€onÏbond€at€the€time€the€offenses€were€committed.€€Additionally,€we€find€it€necessaryÏto€recount€the€circumstances€of€these€offenses.€€The€appellant€first€armedÏhimself€with€a€.357€caliber€pistol€and,€in€direct€violation€of€an€order€of€protection,Ïproceeded€to€Green's€residence.€€At€the€house€concealed€by€the€darkness€ofÏthe€night,€he€waited€for€his€victims,€ambushing€them€as€they€returned€home.€ÏAfter€shooting€Young€twice€from€behind,€the€appellant€stared€at€Young'sÍmotionless€body€before€turning€to€his€next€victim.€€Finding€her€on€the€porch,€heÏwatched€Green€struggle€to€unlock€her€front€door.€€He€listened€to€her€pleas€forÏmercy.€€He€then€fired€the€fatal€blow€to€her€back.€€Despite€the€horror€he€had€justÏinflicted€upon€this€family,€the€appellant€began€to€laugh.€€McConnell,€Green's€tenÏyear€old€niece,€was€forced€to€observe€the€entire€episode,€which€resulted€in€theÏdeath€of€her€aunt.€€Clearly,€the€circumstances€of€these€offenses€are€aggravated.€ÏWe€conclude€that€the€proof€before€us€establishes€that€the€appellant€had€noÏhesitation€about€committing€a€crime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high.€€Thus,Ïthe€offenses€committed€by€the€appellant€are€sufficient€to€qualify€him€as€aÏ"dangerous€offender."€€ÌÌà àHowever,€this€classification€alone€will€not€justify€consecutive€sentencing.€ÏòòWilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€at€938.€€"The€proof€must€also€establish€that€the€termsÏimposed€are€òòreasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses€committedóó€andÏare€òònecessary€in€order€to€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€acts€by€theÏoffenderóó."€€òòIdóó.€€In€the€present€case,€we€find€that€the€sentences€are€reasonablyÏrelated€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses€and€are€necessary€to€protect€the€publicÏfrom€further€criminal€acts€of€the€appellant.× ƒ1 ××  ×€€We€are€unable€to€conclude€that€theÍtrial€court€abused€its€discretion€in€ordering€consecutive€sentences.€€This€issue€isÏwithout€merit.€€ÌÌÌà0 àà àà@ àò òòòV.€€Conclusionó óóóÌÌà àAfter€a€thorough€review€of€the€record€and€the€applicable€law,€we€find€noÏerror€in€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€Additionally,€in€accordance€with€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„207(g),€we€conclude€that€the€jury€appropriately€found€theÏpresence€of€one€statutory€aggravating€factor€and€did€not€arbitrarily€impose€aÏsentence€of€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole.€€Accordingly,€the€judgments€ofÏconviction€and€sentences€are€affirmed.ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà à____________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àDAVID€G.€HAYES,€JudgeÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌ_____________________________ÌJOHN€H.€PEAY,€JudgeÌÌÌ_____________________________ÌWILLIAM€M.€BARKER,€Judge