ÿWPC$ ê{³å3²ýËß“x,=³”Œüåü»_ùçHí ­è¹sés<À®¥"bñÃsÑÝ63a®Ñ?ü›CŽO²5§‰úÑ›ÄÄÞøtó&iŽö»ñÿËÒø>¥óÞ)u[Rælðµæ›¸l. =ŽýjÛŒ |˜)ÃÂ5§ú|Y ¶7ëzá¤pœ‚ò~œ)«a%€ÙÌR™YçB𠯜q¾µ‹¬švÓ&Q!MÃÃ}D¸ i°â]Ï®âçJÐéÎuÿú¡ üHSb¦’Ã2€+ÚH7ùxÑLhÚy×¢²ùUÈð²cdݜ٪â?™3Ób#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ UN· w 4 z Ò— i x mz N‘ Æ“ ÆY Æ Æå }«N(U@* 0DjE®4°°°°°ä 1uì 72a 0c“““““““““““““““böööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööö 0ëþþþþ Béé 0¤ D5ª D-ß 0K ! ! ASW!ƪ! 0¤p" 0D# A«X#˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0»¶ªÞ(L (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular¬sp'4Õ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 sÝ ƒRo$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€X$<X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ\@R3Ø' Letter\ÑThe€Code€did€not€recognize€ð ðbounty€huntersðð€as€such€until€the€enactment€of€section€40„11„Ð ° Ð318,€effective€May€18,€1998.€€That€section€defines€a€bounty€hunter€as€ð ðan€agent€of€a€professionalÐ –æ Ðbondsman€who€[,for€a€contingent€fee,]€attempts€to€or€takes€into€custody€a€person€who€has€failed€toÐ |Ì Ðappear€in€court€and€whose€bond€has€been€forfeited.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„11„318€(Supp.€1999).€Ð b² ÐUnder€this€section,€persons€convicted€of€felonies€are€disqualified€to€act€as€bounty€hunters.€€Tenn.Ð H˜ ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€40„11„318(b)€(Supp.€1999).€€A€convicted€felon€who€performs€the€services€of€a€bountyÐ . ~ Ðhunter€commits€a€Class€A€misdemeanor.€€òòIdóó.Ð  d ÐÌà  àThe€1998€act€governing€the€activities€of€bounty€hunters€obviously€did€not€apply€to€theÐ à 0 Ðenterprise€in€which€the€defendant€was€engaged€on€October€1,€1996.€€As€a€convicted€felon,€theÐ Æ   Ðdefendant€would€have€been€disqualified€to€act€as€a€bounty€hunter€under€the€1998€act.€€However,€codeÐ ¬ ü  Ðsection€40„11„128€prohibits€convicted€felons€from€acting€as€bondsmen€or€agents€of€bondsmen.€Ð ’â  ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„11„128€(1997).€€This€code€section€does€apply€to€the€defendant€and€disqualifiesÐ xÈ  Ðhim€to€act€as€either€a€bondsman€or€as€an€agent€for€one.€€€(ÖÃ9 Z‹(Times New Roman (#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó *Ý ƒRo$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€X$<X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔTo€the€extent€that€Code€section€39„14„112(c)(2)€establishes€an€affirmative€defense€toÐ ° Ðextortion€when€the€defendant€claims€appropriate€compensation€for€ð ðlawful€services,ðð€it€is€not€clearÐ –æ Ðthat€the€defendantððs€bounty€hunting€ð ðservicesðð€were€lawful.€€A€private€citizen€may€effect€an€arrestÐ |Ì Ðfor€an€offense€not€committed€in€his€or€her€presence€ð ðwhen€a€felony€has€been€committed,€and€theÐ b² Ðarresting€person€has€reasonable€cause€to€believe€that€the€person€arrested€committed€it.ðð€€Tenn.€CodeÐ H˜ ÐAnn.€ðð€40„7„109(a)(3)€(1997).€€Even€if€the€ð ðcitizenððs€arrestðð€statute€may€be€applied€in€the€presentÐ . ~ Ðsituation€where€the€citizen€knows€about€a€capias€issued€against€the€person€arrested,€the€record€in€theÐ  d Ðpresent€case€establishes€no€basis€for€concluding€that€a€felony€had€been€committed€or€that€Conrad€hadÐ ú J Ða€reasonable€basis€for€believing€that€Shelby€committed€it.Ð à 0 ÐÌà  àApart€from€the€citizenððs€arrest€provision€in€section€39„14„112(c),€section€40„11„133(b)€allowsÐ ¬ ü  Ða€qualified€bondsman,€after€a€bond€forfeiture,€to€authorize€another€person€to€arrest€the€principal,€byÐ ’â  Ða€written€endorsement€ð ðon€a€certified€copy€of€the€capias.ðð€€This€provision,€however,€is€unavailingÐ xÈ  Ðto€the€defendant€because€the€record€contains€no€copy€of€the€capias€and€no€written€endorsement€thatÐ ^®  Ðauthorized€the€defendant€to€arrest€Shelby.€€Further,€the€defendant,€as€a€convicted€felon,€is€notÐ D”  Ðqualified€to€act€as€a€bondsman€or€as€an€agent€for€a€bondsman.€€òòSeeóó€Ô_ÔTCAÔ_Ô€ðð€40„11„128€(1997).€Ð *z  ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€the€record€fails€to€support€the€notion€that€the€defendantððs€ð ðservicesðð€wereÐ öF Ðlawful. 3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à- ù-(|G2o$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€QP»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€X$<X»»Ô d(|3V~$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€QP»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3V~$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€QP»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€QP»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€¼QP»»»ÔÑ8€$<XXdæ»»d8Ñà@HHìàIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@''%ìàAT€JACKSONˆÐ ¾ ÐÔ‡X$<X»¼QPÔÓ  ÓÌÌò òÔ#†¼QP»XX$!% Ðdefendant.€€At€some€point,€Grove€gave€the€victim€a€receipt€for€$200,€upon€which€he€signed€his€nameÐ Ô&$"& Ðfictitiously€as€Stanley€Granderson.€€After€receiving€the€$200,€the€defendant€removed€the€handcuffsÐ º' #' Ðand€released€Shelby.Ð  (ð#( ÐÌà  àà ` àAfter€the€men€released€Shelby,€the€victim€ð ðsmack[ed€him]€up€side€[his]€head,ðð€droveÐ l*¼%* Ðhim€home,€and€told€him€ð ðto€get€[his]€ass€out€of€her€car.ðð€€She€testified€that€she€had€refused€to€signÐ R+¢&+ Ðthe€May€1996€bail€bond€because€she€had€determined€that€she€ð ðwas€not€paying€any€more€money€toÐ 8,ˆ', Ðkeep€[Shelby]€out€of€jail.ðð€€Ð ° ÐÌà  àà ` àOn€the€evening€of€October€1,€1996,€after€leaving€the€company€of€the€defendant€andÐ |Ì ÐGrove,€the€victim€called€the€police.€€Her€complaint€led€to€charges€which€ultimately€resulted€in€theÐ b² Ðextortion€conviction.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àà ` àAt€the€defendantððs€trial,€the€state€introduced€a€letter€addressed€to€Grove€which,€byÐ  d Ðhandwriting€analysis,€the€state€proved€had€been€written€by€the€defendant.€€In€it,€the€defendantÐ ú J Ðpleaded€with€Grove€to€ð ðexonerateðð€the€defendant€from€the€charges.€Grove,€who€also€had€chargesÐ à 0 Ðpending€against€him€from€the€October€1€incident,€testified€as€a€state€witness.€€The€defendant€optedÐ Æ   Ðnot€to€testify€but€did€present€two€alibi€witnesses€who€testified€that€the€defendant€was€in€HollyÐ ¬ ü  ÐSprings,€Mississippi,€on€October€1,€1996.€€Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àI.€€òòSufficiency€of€the€Evidenceóó.Ð ^®  ÐÌà  àà ` àWe€address€as€a€single€issue€the€defendantððs€claims€that€the€evidence€is€insufficientÐ *z  Ðto€support€the€verdict€and€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€overruling€his€Tennessee€Rule€of€CriminalÐ ` ÐProcedure€29€motion€for€judgment€of€acquittal.€The€standard€for€the€trial€courtððs€determination€ofÐ öF Ðthe€Rule€29€claim€is€the€same€as€the€appellate€court€uses€to€review€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence.€Ð Ü, ÐTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€29(a);€òòState€v.€Bushóó,€942€S.W.2d€489,€517€(Tenn.€1997)€(appendix,€excerpt€ofÐ Â ÐCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals€opinion,€Hayes,€J.);€òòState€v.€Adamsóó,€916€471,€473€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ¨ø Ð1995).€Ð ŽÞ Ðà  àÔ‡X$<XXX$<ÔÌà  àà ` àWhen€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€challenged,€the€relevant€question€for€anÐ Zª Ðappellate€court€is€whether,€after€reviewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€theÐ @ Ðprosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyondÐ &v Ða€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€99€S.Ct.€2781,€2782€(1979);€Tenn€R.€App.Ð  \ ÐP.€13.€€òòSeeóó€òòalsoóó,€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405€(Tenn.€1983).€€This€rule€applies€to€findings€basedÐ òB Ðon€both€direct€and€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Thomasóó,€755€S.W.2d€838,€842€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð Ø( ÐApp.€1988).€€Circumstantial€evidence€alone€may€be€sufficient€to€convict€one€of€a€crime.€€òòState€v.Ð ¾ ÐBolingóó,€840€S.W.2d€944,€947€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992).Ô#†X$<XXX$<™)#ÔÔ‡X$<XXX$<ÔÔ#†¼QP»XX$!% ÐÌà  àà ` àMoreover,€a€verdict€against€the€defendant€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€andÐ º' #' Ðraises€a€presumption€of€guilt€on€appeal,€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.€2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973);€òòAnglinÐ  (ð#( Ðv.€Stateóó,€553€S.W.2d€616,€620€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1977),€which€the€defendant€has€the€burden€ofÐ †)Ö$) Ðovercoming.€€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€551€S.W.2d€329,€331€(Tenn.€1977).Ð l*¼%* ÐÌà  àà ` àÔ#†X$<XXX$!% Ðprohibited€from€accepting€anything€ð ðof€value€from€a€principal€except€the€premiumðð€and€ð ðcollateralÐ Ô&$"& Ðor€security€or€other€indemnity€from€the€principal€which€shall€be€returned€upon€final€termination€ofÐ º' #' Ðliability€on€the€bond.ðð€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„11„126(8)€(1997).€€òòóó€In€the€latter€case,€the€bondsmanÐ  (ð#( Ðâ âmust€provide€a€receipt€for€the€collateral€which€describes€the€collateral€and€states€the€terms€forÐ †)Ö$) Ðredemptionòòóó€of€the€collateral.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ° Ðâ âÌà  àà ` àHaving€reviewed€the€applicable€provisions€of€the€bail€bonding€law,€we€find€noÐ |Ì Ðprovision€which€authorizes€a€bondsman€or€his€agent€to€charge€expenses€to€his€principal.€€In€additionÐ b² Ðto€the€bond€premium,€the€bondsman€may€accept€collateral,€but€the€defendantððs€activities€in€procuringÐ H˜ Ð$200€from€Ms.€Wright€on€October€1,€1996€cannot€reasonably€be€viewed€as€obtaining€collateral€orÐ . ~ Ðsecuring€Shelbyððs€bond.€€The€defendant€did€not€characterize€the€money€in€this€manner,€and€theÐ  d Ðreceipt€€„„€even€if€it€could€be€viewed€as€otherwise€legitimate€„„€did€not€specify€terms€for€theÐ ú J Ðredemption€of€the€collateral,€as€required€by€section€40„11„126(8).€€Thus,€we€discern€no€specific€norÐ à 0 Ðexpress€authority€for€the€defendant€to€assert€that€the€$200€served€as€reimbursement€for€his€expenses.€Ð Æ   ÐÌÌà  àà ` àWe€are€aware€that€Code€section€39„14„112(b)€establishes€affirmative€defenses€toÐ xÈ  Ðextortion€when€the€accused€ð ðreasonably€claim[s]:€(1)€Appropriate€restitution€or€appropriateÐ ^®  Ðindemnification€for€harm€done,€or€(2)€Appropriate€compensation€for€property€or€lawful€services.ðð€Ð D”  ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„14„112(b)€(1997).€€We€have€considered€whether€the€defendantððs€claim€forÐ *z  Ðexpense€reimbursement€avails€him€an€affirmative€defense,€based€upon€some€general€theory€ofÐ ` Ðentitlement€such€as€òòquantum€meruitóó.€€However,€on€this€basis€as€well,€the€defendantððs€claim€fails.€Ð öF ÐFirst,€in€order€to€rely€upon€an€affirmative€defense,€a€defendant€must,€ð ðno€later€than€ten€(10)€daysÐ Ü, Ðbefore€trial,€notify€the€district€attorney€general€in€writing€of€the€intentionðð€to€rely€upon€a€specifiedÐ Â Ðaffirmative€defense,€and€he€must€ð ðfile€a€copy€of€the€notice€with€the€trial€court€clerk.ðð€€Tenn.€CodeÐ ¨ø ÐAnn.€ðð€39„11„204(c),€(d)€(1997).€€The€trial€court€clerkððs€technical€record€filed€as€part€of€the€appellateÐ ŽÞ Ðrecord€reflects€no€such€filing.€€Second,€to€make€out€an€affirmative€defense€to€extortion,€the€defendantÐ tÄ Ðmust€have€òòreasonablyóó€demanded€an€òòappropriateóó€value€for€restitution,€indemnification€orÐ Zª Ðcompensation.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„14„112(b)€(1997).€€Nothing€in€the€record€establishes€theÐ @ Ðamount€of€any€expense€born€by€the€defendant€in€apprehending€Shelby,€much€less€the€appropriatenessÐ &v Ðof€any€expense€claim.€€Further,€the€method€employed€by€the€defendant€in€demanding€the€moneyÐ  \ Ðcannot€be€described€as€reasonable.€€He€physically€assaulted€the€victimððs€son€in€her€presence€andÐ òB Ðbrandished€a€gun€in€her€home.€€ð ðThe€issue€of€the€existence€of€an€affirmative€defense€may€not€beÐ Ø( Ðsubmitted€to€the€jury€unless€it€is€fairly€raised€by€the€proof.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„204(d)€(1997).€Ð ° ÐThus,€we€conclude€that€the€record€fails€to€show€that€an€affirmative€defense€pursuant€to€section€39„14„Ð –æ Ð112(b)€was€fairly€raised.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ð |Ì ÐÌà  àà ` àFor€the€foregoing€reasons,€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€theÐ H˜ Ðconviction.Ð . ~ ÐÓ  ÓÌII.€€òòConsecutive€Sentencing.óóÐ ú J ÐÌÓ  Óà  àà ` àRelying€upon€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„155(b),€which€establishesÐ Æ   Ðguidelines€for€consecutive€sentencing,€the€defendant€asserts€in€his€brief€that€the€trial€court€erredÐ ¬ ü  Ðin€ordering€the€present€sentence€to€be€served€consecutively€to€previous€convictions€of€aggravatedÐ ’â  Ðkidnapping€and€aggravated€robbery.€€The€state€argues€that€Tennessee€Rule€of€Criminal€ProcedureÐ xÈ  Ð32(c)(3)€controls€and€òòrequiresóó€consecutive€sentencing.Ð ^®  ÐÌà  àà ` àThere€is€no€dispute€that€the€defendant€was€on€parole€for€the€prior€felonyÐ *z  Ðconvictions€when€the€extortion€was€committed€on€October€1,€1996.€€Rule€32(c)(3)€provides€forÐ ` Ðthe€mandatory€consecutive€service€of€a€ð ðsentence€for€a€felony€committed€while€on€parole€for€aÐ öF Ðfelony.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€32(c)(3)(A).Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àà ` àDuring€oral€argument,€the€defendant€conceded,€and€we€agree,€that€the€state€isÐ ¨ø Ðcorrect.€€Consecutive€sentencing€was€required€by€Rule€32(c)(3).Ð ŽÞ ÐÌÓ  ÓIII.€€òòConclusion.Ð Zª ЇóóÓ  Óà0  àà0` (#(#àFinding€no€reversible€error,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€Ð°` (#` (# Ѐ€Ð –æ ЀÔ#†¼QP»XX$<´2#Ô