ÿWPC• UB´ %öU.ü*n: 04=qw@y4¹ 0JÍ 0T 0^k 0hÉ 0r1 0|£ 0† 0¥ 1u5 0dªU6 v~D vÓ <þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiX%ä2¼A`ArialTT3|Xl«<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiXXxþ6X@ÉJQX@%ä2¼A`ArialTTt10cpiXXXä2¼P±ŠQXP%ä2¼A`ArialTTt10cpi„„…ä2¼P±ŠQ„P( ¤T$¡¡Ó  Ó cDdefDgDeheifjekr‚leäzz!2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô  ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Courier NewPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÝ  Ý›Ñ\R AØ'\ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  ÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€ÔÞ ÞÌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌAT€JACKSONÌÌSEPTEMBER€1996€SESSIONÌÓ  ÓÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà à€€APPELLEE,à à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àNo.€02„C„01„9509„CC„00260Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àLauderdale€CountyÌv.à àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àJon€Kerry€Blackwood,€JudgeÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à à(Escape)ÌKENNETH€CULP,à àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àAPPELLANT.à à)ÌÌÌÌFOR€THE€APPELLANT:à àà àà àà àFOR€THE€APPELLEE:ÌÌJulie€K.€Pillowà àà àà àà àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌAssistant€Public€Defenderà àà àà àà àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÌP.O.€Box€700à àà àà àà àà à500€Charlotte€AvenueÌSomerville,€TN€38068à àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0497Ì(Trial€and€Appeal)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àEllen€H.€PollackÌDavid€S.€Stocktonà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌAssistant€Public€Defenderà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌP.O.€Box€700à àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌSomerville,€TN€38068Ì(Trial€Only)à àà àà àà àà àà àElizabeth€T.€RiceÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌOF€COUNSEL:à àà àà àà àà à302€Market€StreetÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àSomerville,€TN€38068ÌGary€F.€AntricanÌDistrict€Public€Defenderà àà àà àà àJames€W.€Freeland,€Jr.ÌP.O.€Box€700à àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€Public€DefenderÌSomerville,€TN€38068à àà àà àà à302€Market€StreetÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àSomerville,€TN€38068ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:____________________________________ÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌJoe€B.€Jones,€Presiding€JudgeÌÑ7€XdðXXdð7ÑÌò òÓ  ÓÔ€„ÔO€P€I€N€I€O€Nó óÌÓ  ÓÔ€XÔÌÌÌÓÓà àThe€appellant,€Kenneth€Culp,€was€convicted€of€escape,€a€Class€E€felony,€by€aÏjury€of€his€peers.€€The€trial€court,€finding€the€appellant€to€be€a€career€offender,€imposedÏa€Range€III€sentence€consisting€of€confinement€for€six€(6)€years€in€the€Department€ofÏCorrection.€€In€this€Court,€the€appellant€contends€the€trial€court€committed€error€ofÏprejudicial€dimensions€by€(a)€permitting€a€sheriffððs€deputy€to€testify€regarding€aÏtelephone€call€he€received€on€the€evening€the€appellant€escaped,€(b)€failing€to€instructÏthe€jury€on€the€defense€of€duress,€and€(c)€giving€an€erroneous€instruction€on€theÏdefense€of€necessity.€€After€a€thorough€review€of€the€record,€the€briefs€of€the€parties,Ïand€the€authorities€which€govern€these€issues,€this€Court€is€of€the€opinion€theÏjudgment€of€the€trial€court€should€be€affirmed.Ìà àOn€October,€21,€1992,€the€appellant€was€convicted€of€sale€of€a€Schedule€IIÏcontrolled€substance,€a€felony.€€When€he€was€being€taken€back€to€the€LauderdaleÍCounty€Jail,€he€broke€loose€from€a€deputy€sheriff€and€escaped.€€The€appellant€went€toÏthe€home€of€his€grandmother.€€She€told€the€appellant€she€was€going€to€return€him€toÏthe€jail.€€While€she€was€in€the€bathroom,€the€appellant€took€his€grandmother's€keys€andÏleft€in€her€motor€vehicle.€€Ìà àThe€appellant€drove€to€Brownsville.€€Apparently€he€ran€out€of€gas.€€He€called€hisÏgirlfriend€to€come€get€him.€€The€girlfriend€in€turn€called€the€Lauderdale€County€Sheriff'sÏDepartment€and€told€the€authorities€where€the€appellant€could€be€found.€€TheÏLauderdale€authorities€called€the€Haywood€County€Sheriff's€Department,€and€advisedÏthe€Haywood€officers€where€the€appellant€was€located.€€Officers€were€dispatched€toÏthe€area.€€A€deputy€sheriff,€a€distant€relative€of€the€appellant,€apprehended€him.€€TheÏappellant€was€returned€to€the€Lauderdale€County€Jail€on€the€evening€of€October€21st.Ìà àThe€appellant€interposed€the€defenses€of€necessity€and€duress.€€He€presentedÏevidence€he€was€threatened€by€jail€authorities.€€According€to€the€appellant,€theseÏpeople€threatened€to€kill€him€on€more€than€one€occasion.ÌÑ7€XXdðXdð7Ñà àThe€record€reflects€the€appellant€escaped€in€August€of€1992€from€theÏLauderdale€County€Jail.€€The€Lauderdale€County€Sheriff's€Department€notified€theÏObion€County€Sheriff's€Department€the€appellant€could€be€found€at€the€home€ofÏCynthia€Nichols,€the€appellant's€girlfriend.€€The€Obion€County€authorities€went€to€theÏhome€of€Nichols€on€September€4,€1992.€€The€authorities€arrested€the€appellant€andÏNichols.€€The€appellant€expressed€fear€of€being€returned€to€the€Lauderdale€CountyÏJail.€€He€asked€the€officers€to€take€photographs€of€him.€€The€Obion€authorities€routinelyÏtake€pictures€of€people€arrested€for€identification€purposes.€€Two€photographs€wereÏtaken€of€the€appellant.€€The€Lauderdale€County€deputy€sheriffs€came€to€Obion€County,Ítook€custody€of€the€appellant€and€Nichols,€and€returned€them€to€the€LauderdaleÏCounty€Jail.Ìà àThe€appellant€testified€he€was€taken€into€a€large€room€and€interrogated.€€TheÏsheriff,€Jerry€Crain,€supposedly€used€racial€slurs€when€addressing€him€or€talking€aboutÏhim.€He€did€the€same€with€regard€to€the€appellant's€girlfriend.€€The€appellant€is€anÏAfrican€American€while€his€girlfriend€is€a€Caucasian.€€The€difference€in€their€raceÏseemed€to€enrage€the€sheriff.Ìà àAccording€to€the€appellant,€Crain€told€him:€€"You€think€youððre€real€smart,€and€IÏwill€hurt€you,€or€kill€you.€.€.€.€€We€don't€allow€that€type€of€stuff€in€Lauderdale€County,"Ïreferring€to€interracial€dating€or€marriage.€€Crain€referred€to€his€girlfriend€as€a€"yeller„headed€nigger€lover."€€He€accused€the€girlfriend€of€helping€the€appellant€escape€fromÏthe€jail.€€The€appellant€also€testified€Crain€told€him:€€"Whatever€I€have€to€do€to€get€youÏoff€the€streets,€and€keep€you€off€the€streets,€I'll€do€it,€if€it€takes€me€killing€you€.€.€.€oneÏway€or€the€other."€€When€the€appellant€left€the€room,€Crain,€according€to€the€appellant,Ïstruck€him€twice€in€a€hallway€outside€the€men's€restroom.Ìà àThe€appellant€supposedly€talked€to€an€F.B.I.€agent€by€the€name€of€WilliamÏCastleberry€on€September€9,€1992.€€The€agent€was€investigating€violations€of€civilÏrights€that€occurred€in€the€Lauderdale€County€Jail.€€It€appears€Crain€beat€NicholsÏseverely€after€he€talked€to€the€appellant.€€This€was€the€focal€point€of€the€investigation.€ÏDavid€Crain,€the€sheriff's€son,€supposedly€told€the€appellant€he€would€be€killed€if€it€wasÏdetermined€the€appellant€had€furnished€the€agent€with€information€concerning€hisÏfather€or€him.€€The€appellant€also€claims€he€was€slapped€across€the€face€by€a€deputyÏjailer.Ìà àThe€record€reflects€the€Crains€were€removed€from€office€after€being€indicted€byÏa€federal€grand€jury.€€This€occurred€on€September€12th€or€13th.€€The€Crains€neverÏreturned€to€the€jail.€€The€appellant€does€not€contend€that€he€was€threatened€or€abusedÏafter€being€slapped€by€the€deputy€jailer.Ìà àThe€state€presented€evidence€to€establish€the€appellant€did€not€bring€what€hadÏtaken€place€in€the€jail€to€the€attention€of€the€court€during€his€October€21st€trial.€€TheÏappellant€testified€he€told€his€lawyer,€and€his€lawyer€told€him€it€was€not€the€time€toÏbring€such€information€to€the€attention€of€the€judge.€€Evidence€was€also€introduced€toÏestablish€"racial€slurs"€were€not€made€as€claimed€by€the€appellant.€€Furthermore,€theÏstate's€evidence€established€the€appellant€was€not€threatened€and€Crain€did€not€enterÏthe€cell€area€in€the€jail€later€that€day,€September€4th,€as€the€appellant€claimed.€Finally,Ïthe€Acting€Sheriff€testified€the€Lauderdale€County€Sheriff's€Department€had€never€hadÏan€employee€by€the€name€of€"Lumley,"€the€name€of€the€deputy€jailer€who€allegedlyÏslapped€the€appellant.ÌÌò òÓ  ÓI.ó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àThe€appellant€contends€the€trial€court€committed€error€of€prejudicial€dimensionsÏby€permitting€the€State€of€Tennessee€to€introduce€evidence€that€Lauderdale€CountyÏActing€Sheriff€Ted€Sutton€received€a€telephone€call€from€Cynthia€Nichols.€€The€trialÏobjection€to€this€evidence€was€predicated€upon€the€failure€to€authenticate€orÏdemonstrate€how€Sutton€knew€Cynthia€Nichols€was€the€person€calling.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.ÏEvid.€901(a)€and€(b)(6).Ìà àAny€error€in€admitting€this€evidence€was€harmless.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(b).€€TheÏappellant€testified€he€called€Nichols,€told€her€he€was€in€Brownsville€and€the€preciseÏlocation€where€he€would€be,€and€asked€her€to€come€get€him.€€Nichols€was€the€onlyÏperson€who€knew€where€the€appellant€was€situated.€€She€apparently€called€theÏLauderdale€County€Sheriff's€Department€and€advised€a€deputy€sheriff€where€theÏappellant€could€be€located.Ìà àThis€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌò òÓ  ÓII.ó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àThe€appellant€contends€the€trial€court€committed€error€of€prejudicial€dimensionsÏby€refusing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€defense€of€duress.€€He€argues€the€evidence€fairlyÏraises€this€defense.€€This€Court€is€of€the€opinion€the€defense€of€duress€was€not€fairlyÏraised€by€the€evidence.Ìà àBefore€the€defense€of€duress€is€fairly€raised€by€the€evidence,€the€evidence€mustÏestablish€the€following:Ìà àa.)€€The€accused€was€threatened€with€harm;Ìà àb.)€€The€nature€of€the€threatened€harm€was€predicated€upon€a€well„groundedÏfear€of€death€or€serious€bodily€harm;Ìà àc.)€€The€threatened€harm€was€present,€imminent€and€impending,€and€itÏcontinued€throughout€the€time€the€act€was€committed;Ìà àd.)€€The€accused€is€not€able€to€withdraw€in€safety;€€andÌà àe.)€€The€desirability€and€urgency€of€avoiding€the€threatened€harm€clearlyÍoutweighs€the€harm€sought€to€be€prevented€by€the€law€proscribing€the€conduct€whenÏbased€upon€ordinary€standards€of€reasonableness.€€ÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„504(a).€€In€this€case,€the€evidence€does€not€fairly€raise€€(c).Ìà àThe€only€people€who€allegedly€threatened€the€appellant€were€Jerry€Crain,€theÏsheriff,€and€his€son,€David€Crain,€an€employee€of€the€Lauderdale€County€Sheriff'sÏDepartment.€€When€the€Crains€were€indicted€by€a€federal€grand€jury€for€violating€theÏcivil€rights€of€a€prisoner,€Cynthia€Nichols,€the€Crains'€employment€with€the€LauderdaleÏCounty€Sheriff's€Department€was€terminated.€€This€occurred€a€few€days€after€theÏappellant€talked€to€Agent€Castleberry€on€September€9,€1992.€€Neither€Jerry€Crain€norÏDavid€Crain€returned€to€the€sheriff's€department.€€The€chief€deputy€was€appointedÏacting€sheriff.€€The€record€does€not€establish€any€threats€or€misconduct€after€the€CrainsÏwere€terminated.€€Furthermore,€the€trial€occurred€on€October€21,€1992,€more€than€aÏmonth€after€the€Crains€were€terminated.€€In€short,€the€threatened€harm€dissipated€and€itÏwas€neither€present,€imminent€or€impending€nor€did€the€threatened€harm€continueÏfrom€September€4,€1992,€until€the€appellant€escaped.Ìà àThis€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌò òÓ  ÓIII.ó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àThe€appellant€contends€the€trial€court€gave€an€erroneous€instruction€to€the€juryÏregarding€the€defense€of€necessity.€€He€argues€the€trial€court€"incorporated€additionalÏelements"€which€are€not€contained€in€the€appropriate€statute,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„609.Ìà àThis€is€the€second€appeal€in€this€case.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Culpóó,€900€S.W.2d€707Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€During€the€first€trial,€the€trial€court€refused€to€permit€theÏappellant€to€present€the€defense€of€necessity€to€the€jury.€€This€Court€found€the€trialÏcourt€committed€reversible€error€in€this€regard€and€remanded€this€case€for€a€new€trial.€ÏIn€doing€so,€this€Court€set€forth€the€conditions€which€must€be€met€to€establish€theÏdefense€of€necessity.€€òòCulpóó,€900€S.W.2d€at€711.€€Neither€the€appellant€nor€the€State€ofÏTennessee€sought€relief€in€the€Supreme€Court.Ìà àThis€issue€is€governed€by€the€law€of€the€case.€€€Therefore,€this€Court€will€notÏaddress€the€issue€on€the€merits.ÌÌÓÓÌÌà àà àà àà àà à_____________________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€JOE€B.€JONES,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ________________________________________Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€DAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌ_______________________________________Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€JERRY€L.€SMITH,€JUDGEÌ