ÿWPCå ×{œ‡×5ÚGšýM¾#¶Ð*2=ê–x<+BžŸAm‚³ƒ/F™Ù>Lˆ’&W¤-‚¤º¨A¢dæízÉï¼Íޤ Q*µá¦Åi5¶ò´ò¡jXà·ÞA•d°6ÜVz𠼤¥ÕcÄwMB™w*ÊQBe0JîSH} ÷挚26áägsÿÏÜòõ‘VWéÒÈnx: cgOz¸~?  Ð1202€Stahlman€Buildingà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àà  àÐ ,%$! ÐNashville,€TN€€37201à h àà À àà  àò òVictor€S.€Johnson€IIIó óÐ & " Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌ(AT€TRIAL)Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àò òDan€Hammó óÐ Ê(Â!% Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAsst.€District€Attorney€GeneralÌò òKarl€Deanó óà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àWashington€Sq.,€Suite€500Ð œ*”#' ÐDistrict€Public€Defenderà h àà À àà  à222„2nd€Avenue,€N.€Ð ˆ+€$( Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àNashville,€TN€€37201ÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÐ 0þ(- ÐÌREVERSED;€CONVICTION€MODIFIED€TO€SECOND€DEGREE€MURDER;ÌREMANDED€FOR€SENTENCING€ÌÌÌÌò òDavid€G.€Hayes,ó ó€JudgeÐ P6H/4 ÐÐ  <7405 ÐÔ_ÔÓÓÔ‡XP#XXXÔà@+®àò òòòOPINIONˆÐ  ÐÌóóó óà ` àThe€appellant,€Clarence€Davis,€was€convicted€of€the€premeditated€firstÐ   ˜ Ðdegree€murder€of€Benjamin€Kirk€in€the€Davidson€County€Criminal€Court€and€wasÐ l d Ðsentenced€to€life€imprisonment.€€In€this€appeal,€the€appellant€challenges€theÐ 80 Ðsufficiency€of€the€evidence€supporting€his€first€degree€murder€conviction,€specificallyÐ ü  Ðhe€argues€that€the€proof€failed€to€establish€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€the€requisiteÐ ÐÈ  Ðelement€of€€premeditation.€€Ð œ”  ÐÌà ` àAfter€a€review€of€the€evidence€presented€at€trial,€we€conclude€that€the€proof€isÐ 4, Ðinsufficient€to€support€a€conviction€for€premeditated€first€degree€murder.€Ð ø ÐAccordingly,€we€vacate€the€judgment€of€conviction€and€sentence€entered€by€the€trialÐ ÌÄ Ðcourt.€€However,€we€find€evidence€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€of€secondÐ ˜ Ðdegree€murder.€€This€case€is€remanded€to€the€trial€court€for€resentencing.Ð d\ ÐÌÌà@ÒÒ)®àò òBACKGROUNDˆÐ È#À  Ðà ` àó óIn€May€of€1997,€the€appellant€and€his€wife€lived€with€the€appellantððs€mother„Ð ”%Œ" Ðin„law,€Corrine€Bell,€in€Nashville.€€The€backyard€of€the€Bell€residence€joined€theÐ `'X $ Ðbackyard€of€Benjamin€Kirk.€€No€fences€or€other€barriers€separated€the€yards.€€OnÐ ,)$"& ÐMemorial€Day€afternoon,€May€26,€the€appellant€and€Ben€Kirk€visited€with€oneÐ ø*ð#( Ðanother€while€relaxing€in€their€backyards.€€During€a€portion€of€the€afternoon,€theÐ Ä,¼%* Ðappellant€was€preparing€to€grill€for€members€of€his€wifeððs€family€that€were€arriving€atÐ .ˆ', Ðthe€Bell€residence.€€After€5€p.m.,€the€appellant€and€Kirk€were€joined€by€Kirkððs€friendÐ \0T). ÐJames€Bass.€€Both€Bass€and€Kirk€were€professors€at€Tennessee€State€University.€€Ð (2 +0 ÐÌà ` àOver€the€next€ð ðtwo€and€a€half€to€three€hour€period€of€timeðð€the€appellantÐ À5¸.4 Ðtraveled€ð ðback€and€forthðð€between€his€yard€and€Kirkððs€yard.€€During€this€period,€Kirk,Ð Œ7„06 ÐBass,€and€the€appellant€routinely€engaged€in€conversation€and€the€drinking€of€KirkððsÐ X9P28 ÐCrown€Royal€whiskey.€€The€appellantððs€nieces€who€had€arrived€earlier€for€theÐ  Ðbarbeque€ventured€into€Kirkððs€backyard€to€play€with€the€appellantððs€Rottweiler€dogÐ ÔÌ Ðthat€was€running€loose€in€Kirkððs€yard.€€One€of€the€nieces,€approximately€four€yearsÐ   ˜ Ðold,€approached€the€three€men€at€the€table.€€Kirk€placed€the€child€on€his€knee€whileÐ l d Ðpreparing€her€a€hotdog.€€Bass€observed€nothing€inappropriate€about€Kirkððs€behaviorÐ 80 Ðwith€the€child.€€Ð ü  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð ÐÈ  Ðà ` àThereafter,€Kirk€invited€his€wife€to€join€the€men€outside.€€Kirk€and€theÐ œ”  Ðappellant€continued€to€drink€Crown€Royal.€€Abruptly,€the€appellant€stood€and€beganÐ h` Ðdancing€to€the€music€with€a€gun€in€his€hand€ð ðswinging€it€from€side€to€side.ðð€€After€aÐ 4, Ðfew€minutes,€the€appellant€stopped€dancing€and€placed€the€gun€inside€theÐ ø Ðwaistband€of€his€pants.€€Bass€testified€that€he€witnessed€no€argument€or€hostilityÐ ÌÄ Ðbetween€Kirk€and€the€appellant.€€Feeling€uncomfortable,€however,€in€his€presentÐ ˜ Ðsurroundings,€Bass€left€the€Kirkððs€residence€around€8:40€p.m.€€Ð d\ ÐÌà ` àBrenda€Kirk,€the€wife€of€the€victim,€testified€that€she€remained€inside€for€theÐ ü!ô Ðmajority€of€the€time€the€three€men€were€outside.€€However,€that€evening,€Mrs.€KirkÐ È#À  Ðobserved€the€appellant€dancing€in€front€of€Mr.€Bass€but€she€did€not€notice€a€gun€inÐ ”%Œ" Ðthe€appellantððs€hand.€Finding€his€behavior€odd,€she€returned€indoors€and€went€toÐ `'X $ Ðbed€around€9€p.m.€€Sometime€after€11€p.m.,€her€neighbor,€Ms.€Bell,€telephoned€toÐ ,)$"& Ðinform€her€that€something€had€happened€to€her€husband.€€Mrs.€Kirk,€havingÐ ø*ð#( Ðawakened€her€daughter,€ran€downstairs€and€found€her€husband€lying€on€the€patio.€Ð Ä,¼%* ÐSoon€thereafter,€the€paramedics€and€the€police€arrived€to€find€the€victim€deceased.Ð .ˆ', ÐÌà ` àDetective€Clifford€Mann€with€Metro€Police€arrived€at€the€crime€scene€betweenÐ (2 +0 Ð11:30€p.m.€and€midnight.€€He€assisted€with€the€interviews€of€Ms.€Bell€and€Mrs.€Kirk.€€Ð ô3ì,2 ÐThe€crime€scene€revealed€three€spent€.380€shell€casings.€€No€one€witnessed€theÐ À5¸.4 Ðshooting,€nor€was€any€weapon€ever€discovered.€€After€the€shooting,€the€appellantÐ Œ7„06 Ðunchained€his€dog,€told€his€wife€and€mother„in„law€what€he€had€done,€and€walkedÐ X9P28 Ðsix€miles€into€downtown€Nashville.€€Several€days€later,€on€June€3,€1997,€theÐ  Ðappellant€was€taken€into€custody.€€Following€the€appellantððs€waiver€of€hisÐ ÔÌ Ðconstitutional€rights,€he€provided€the€police€with€a€detailed€statement€admitting€hisÐ   ˜ Ðshooting€of€the€victim.€€The€appellantððs€recorded€statement,€which€was€a€crucial€partÐ l d Ðof€the€Stateððs€proof,€was€introduced€into€evidence€at€trial.€€Excerpts€of€the€statementÐ 80 Ðrelevant€to€the€issue€of€premeditation€are€as€follows:Ð ü  ÐÓÓà8 ` à[Kirk]€had€been€knowing€me€for€eight€years€and€it€ainððt€like€Iððm€noÐ ÐÈ  Ðperfect€stranger€to€him.€.€.€[W]e€were€best€buddies.€Ð¶® ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` à.€.€.€€€€Ðœ” ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àSo€we€was€over€there.€.€.€and€then€he€grabbed€my€little€nieces,€youÐ ‚z  Ðknow,€he€was€cuddling€them,€you€know,€and€I€was€sitting€thereÐ h` Ðwatching€him€and€then€Coach€Bass€was€just€smiling€at€him€as€he€wasÐ NF Ðfondling€them.€.€.€And€then€I€told€them€to€go€on€back€over€there€on€theirÐ 4, Ðside€of€the€yard€and€do€what€they€gonna€do,€you€know,€play€on€overÐ  Ðthere€.€.€.€Kirk€persuaded€me€and€the€Coach€and€kids€to€come€on€backÐ ø Ðover€there€again.€.€.€.€And€he€sat€(òòname€inaudibleóó)€on€his€knee€first€andÐ æÞ Ðthen€he€started€fondling€her€.€.€.€I€sent€them€on€back€over€there€and€weÐ ÌÄ Ðjust€kept€on€listening€to€music€and€drinking€and€things.€€Then€.€.€.Ð ²ª Ðeverybody€left.€.€.€and€me€and€him€[Kirk]€and€Coach€Bass€was€justÐ ˜ Ðsitting€there€and€I€got€to€talking€to€Kirk€about,€you€know,€what€he€hadÐ ~v Ðbeen€doing.€.€.€.€Coach€Bass.€.€.[left]€at€that€particular€time.Ðd\` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` à.€.€.€ÐJB` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àI€figured€I€was€there€you€know€and€it€was€my€responsibility€.€.€.€€to€doÐ 0 ( Ðsomething€about€it.€.€.€.€€€I€didnððt€have€no€intention€of€doing€nothingÐ ! Ðphysically€to€him,€I€just€wanted€.€.€.€[to]€communicate€with€him.€€Let€himÐ ü!ô Ðknow€how€I€feel€so€he€can€correct€himself.Ðâ"Ú` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` à.€.€.ÐÈ#À ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àHe€got€up€„€he€stand€up€and€I€stand€up€„€you€know.€.€.€we€got€in€anÐ ®$¦! Ðheated€argument.€€He€told€me,€what€you€talking€about€nigger.€€So€heÐ ”%Œ" Ðstood€up€and€I€stood€up€you€know€and€then€thatððs€when€Bass€walkedÐ z&r# Ðtoward€the€door€talking€to€his€[Kirkððs]€wife.€.€.€.€He€pushed€me€causeÐ `'X $ ÐIððm€trying€to€relate€to€him€you€know€and€he€get€hostile€with€me€youÐ F(>!% Ðknow.€.€.€I€was€trying€to€communicate€with€him.€€You€know€„€I€wasÐ ,)$"& Ðtrying€to€tell€him€what€he€was€doing€„€trying€to€make€him€see€what€heÐ * #' Ðwas€doing.Ðø*ð#(` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` à.€.€.ÐÞ+Ö$)` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àI€keep€my€weapon€on€me.€.€.€.ÐÄ,¼%*` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àQ:€(Detective)€€And€you€had€it€on€your€side„€while€you€was€barbequingÐ ª-¢&+ Є€when€he€asked€you€to€come€over€there?Ð.ˆ',` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àA:€(Defendant)€Yes,.€.€.€I€had€come€from€the€other€side€of€town€„€onÐ v/n(- Ðfortieth€„€and€I€just€you€know€had€it€and€hadnððt€put€it€away.€€Ð\0T).` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` à.€.€.€ÐB1:*/` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àQ:€(Detective)€Now€Clarence,€why€didnððt€you,€when€you€saw€it€wasÐ (2 +0 Ðgetting€out€of€hand,€and€he€had€done€something€to€offend€you,€whyÐ 3,1 Ðdidnððt€you€leave€and€go€to€your€house€and€call€the€police€and€reportÐ ô3ì,2 Ðhim?ÐÚ4Ò-3` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àA:€(Defendant)€I€donððt€know.€€I€just€wasnððt€thinking.ÐÀ5¸.4` ü!` ü! ÐÌÌÓÓà ` àDr.€Bruce€Levy,€the€medical€examiner€for€Davidson€County,€testified€that€theÐ r8j17 Ðvictim€exhibited€two€gunshot€wounds,€one€to€the€right€side€of€his€face€fracturing€theÐ >:639 Ðbones€of€the€skull€and€the€other€to€his€abdomen€piercing€his€aorta,€intestines,€andÐ  Ðbackbone.€€The€doctor€testified€that€both€wounds€were€potentially€fatal.€€He€statedÐ ÔÌ Ðthat€the€gunshot€wound€to€the€abdomen€was€fired€in€contact€range,€i.e.,€where€theÐ   ˜ Ðgun€is€in€actual€contact€with€the€body€when€fired.€€The€doctor€determined€the€causeÐ l d Ðof€death€to€be€hemorrhaging€from€the€gunshot€wound€to€the€abdomen.€€TheÐ 80 Ðtoxicology€report€revealed€that€the€victimððs€blood/alcohol€content€was€.13€grams.€Ð ü  ÐFrom€this€report,€the€doctor€opined€that€the€victim€had€consumed€about€a€dozenÐ ÐÈ  Ðð ðone„and„a„half€ounceðð€shots€of€whiskey.Ð œ”  ÐÌà ` àFollowing€this€testimony,€the€State€rested€their€case€and€the€defenseÐ 4, Ðpresented€no€proof.€€The€jury€returned€a€verdict€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder.Ð ø ÐÌà@––!®àò òSufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óˆÐ ˜ ÐÌà ` àThe€appellant€contends€the€proof€is€insufficient€to€support€a€verdict€of€firstÐ 0 ( Ðdegree€murder.€€Specifically,€he€asserts€that€there€is€no€evidence€of€premeditation.€Ð ü!ô ÐHe€argues€that,€at€best,€the€evidence€supports€second€degree€murder.Ð È#À  ÐÌà ` àA€jury€conviction€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€with€which€aÐ `'X $ Ðdefendant€is€initially€cloaked€and€replaces€it€with€one€of€guilt,€so€that€on€appeal,€aÐ ,)$"& Ðconvicted€defendant€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€the€evidence€isÐ ø*ð#( Ðinsufficient.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€It€is€the€appellateÐ Ä,¼%* Ðcourtððs€duty€to€affirm€the€conviction€if€the€evidence€viewed€under€these€standardsÐ .ˆ', Ðwas€sufficient€for€any€rational€trier€of€fact€to€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€theÐ \0T). Ðoffense€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€317,€99Ð (2 +0 ÐS.Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979);€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€259€(Tenn.€1994),€òòcert.Ð ô3ì,2 Ðdeniedóó,€513€U.S.€1086,€115€S.Ct.€743€(1995);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€On€appeal,Ð À5¸.4 Ðthe€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€allÐ Œ7„06 Ðlegitimate€or€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,Ð X9P28 Ð839€S.W.2d€54,€75€(Tenn.€1992),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€507€U.S.€954,€113€S.Ct.€1368€(1993).€Ð  ÐÌà ` àOnce€a€homicide€is€established€it€is€presumed€to€be€second€degree€murder.€Ð   ˜ ÐòòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530,€543€(Tenn.€1992).€€The€State,€then,€has€theÐ l d Ðburden€of€proving€the€element€of€premeditation€to€elevate€the€offense€to€first€degreeÐ 80 Ðmurder.€€òòId.óó€€Premeditation€necessitates€ð ðthe€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment,ððÐ ü  Ðrequiring€a€ð ðpreviously€formed€design€or€intent€to€kill.ðð׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€òòState€v.€Westóó,€844€S.W.2dÐ ÐÈ  Ð144,€147€(Tenn.€1992).€€Ð œ”  ÐÌà ` àThe€element€of€premeditation€is€a€question€for€the€jury€and€may€be€inferredÐ 4, Ðfrom€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€killing.€€òòState€v.€Gentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€1,€3Ð ø Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1994).€€Because€the€trier€ofÐ ÌÄ Ðfact€cannot€speculate€as€to€what€was€in€the€killerððs€mind,€the€existence€of€facts€ofÐ ˜ Ðpremeditation€must€be€determined€from€the€appellantððs€conduct€in€light€of€theÐ d\ Ðsurrounding€circumstances.€€òòState€v.€Johnny€Wrightóó,€No.€01C01„9503„CC„00093Ð 0 ( Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€Jan.€5,€1996).€€Although€there€is€no€strict€standardÐ ü!ô Ðgoverning€what€constitutes€proof€of€premeditation,€several€relevant€circumstancesÐ È#À  Ðare€helpful,€including:€the€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€an€unarmed€victim;€the€factÐ ”%Œ" Ðthat€the€killing€was€particularly€cruel;€declaration€by€the€defendant€of€his€intent€to€kill;Ð `'X $ Ðand€the€making€of€preparations€before€the€killing€for€the€purpose€of€concealing€theÐ ,)$"& Ðcrime.€€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€660€(Tenn.€1997),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€„„€U.S.€„„,Ð ø*ð#( Ð118€S.Ct.€1536€(1998)€(citing€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€541„42).€€Additional€factors€fromÐ Ä,¼%* Ðwhich€a€jury€may€infer€premeditation€include€planning€activities€by€the€appellant€priorÐ .ˆ', Ðto€the€killing,€the€appellantððs€prior€relationship€with€the€victim,€and€the€nature€of€theÐ \0T). Ðkilling.€€òòGentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€at€4„5€(citation€omitted).€Ð (2 +0 ÐÐ ô3ì,2 Ðà ` àTaken€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€the€proof€established€that€theÐ  Ðappellant€and€the€victim€were€friends€for€nearly€eight€years€and€had€been€neighborsÐ ÔÌ Ðfor€a€month.€€On€the€day€of€the€homicide,€at€the€victimððs€invitation,€the€appellantÐ   ˜ Ðjoined€him€and€Bass€for€drinks€and€continued€visiting€with€them€throughout€theÐ l d Ðevening.€€Bass€confirmed€that€both€the€victim€and€the€appellant€were€drinkingÐ 80 Ðwhiskey€throughout€the€evening€as€confirmed€by€the€victimððs€toxicology€report.€€TheirÐ ü  Ðrelationship€was€amicable€without€any€previous€history€of€animosity.€€Moreover,€allÐ ÐÈ  Ðconversations€that€evening,€as€testified€to€by€Bass,€were€amicable€as€well.€€Indeed,Ð œ”  Ðthe€proof€shows€that,€on€this€evening,€the€appellant€and€the€victimððs€relationshipÐ h` Ðremained€harmonious.€€There€existed€no€indication€of€any€hostility€until€theÐ 4, Ðaccusation€by€the€appellant€toward€the€victim€erupted€into€an€argument€between€theÐ ø Ðtwo.€€After€confronting€the€victim€with€the€accusation,€the€victim€became€hostile€andÐ ÌÄ Ðshoved€the€appellant.€€Then,€the€appellant€pulled€the€gun€on€the€victim€andÐ ˜ Ðadmittedly€shot€the€victim€twice€at€close€range.€€The€proof€does€not€support€theÐ d\ Ðproposition€that€the€appellant€obtained€the€weapon€to€use€against€the€victim.€Ð 0 ( ÐRather,€the€only€proof€as€to€this€issue€indicates€that€the€appellant€always€carried€aÐ ü!ô Ðweapon.€€Ð È#À  ÐÌà ` àAfter€careful€consideration€of€all€the€facts€and€circumstances€surrounding€thisÐ `'X $ Ðhomicide,€we€are€unable€to€conclude€that€the€element€of€premeditation€wasÐ ,)$"& Ðestablished.€€Indeed,€the€appellantððs€confrontation€with€the€victim€regarding€theÐ ø*ð#( Ðalleged€sexual€abuse€and€the€subsequent€altercation€which€resulted€in€the€shootingÐ Ä,¼%* Ðis€not€indicative€of€the€ð ðexercise€of€reflection€and€judgment.ðð€€Moreover,€although€theÐ .ˆ', Ðappellant€admitted€that€it€was€his€ð ðresponsibility€.€.€.€to€do€something€about€[theÐ \0T). Ðfondling]ðð€of€his€nieces,€the€record€does€not€support€proof€beyond€a€reasonableÐ (2 +0 Ðdoubt€of€homicidal€intent€at€this€point.€€Indeed,€the€appellantððs€statement€at€thisÐ ô3ì,2 Ðstage€manifested€the€opposite,€i.e.,€ð ðI€didnððt€have€no€intention€of€doing€nothingÐ À5¸.4 Ðphysical€to€him.ðð€€As€evidence€of€premeditation,€the€State€contends€that€theÐ Œ7„06 Ðevidence€is€sufficient€based€upon€the€use€of€the€deadly€weapon€upon€an€unarmedÐ X9P28 Ðvictim€and€the€two€shots€that€hit€the€victim.€€Although€we€agree€that€this€homicideÐ  Ðwas€committed€with€a€deadly€weapon€against€an€unarmed€victim,€that€alone€will€notÐ ÔÌ Ðsupport€premeditation.€€Otherwise,€all€homicides€involving€a€deadly€weapon€wouldÐ   ˜ Ðconstitute€first€degree€murder.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Tuneóó,€872€S.W.2d€922,€925€(Tenn.Ð l d ÐCrim.€App.€1993).€€Moreover,€we€cannot€conclude€that€the€two€shots€constituteÐ 80 Ðevidence€of€premeditation€because€ð ð[r]epeated€blows€can€be€delivered€in€the€heat€ofÐ ü  Ðpassion,€with€no€design€or€reflection.ðð€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€542.€€Ð ÐÈ  ÐÌà ` àNext,€the€State€contends€that€the€victim€had€sufficient€time€to€contemplate€hisÐ h` Ðactions€in€order€to€remove€the€gun€from€his€waist€area€and€aim€it€at€the€victim.€€TheÐ 4, ÐState€argues€that€because€the€appellant€fired€one€shot€at€contact€range€into€theÐ ø Ðabdomen€and€then€another€at€the€victimððs€head,€that€firing€at€different€parts€of€theÐ ÌÄ Ðvictimððs€body€suggests€time€to€reflect€upon€his€actions€constituting€premeditation.Ð ˜ ЀÌà ` àAgain,€repeated€blows€do€not€constitute€evidence€of€premeditation€regardlessÐ 0 ( Ðof€the€different€parts€of€the€body€where€the€shots€were€fired.€€òòSee€e.g.óó,€òòBrownóó,€836Ð ü!ô ÐS.W.2d€at€542.€€While€we€acknowledge€that€only€a€moment€of€time€is€required€toÐ È#À  Ðformulate€premeditation,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(d)€requires€that€the€timeÐ ”%Œ" Ðmust€be€ð ðfree€from€excitement€and€passion.ðð€€The€evidence€shows€that€following€theÐ `'X $ Ðaccusation€and€argument,€the€victim€shoved€the€appellant€evincing€passion€whichÐ ,)$"& Ðresulted€in€the€victimððs€shooting€and€death.€€In€sum,€the€absence€of€planning€activity,Ð ø*ð#( Ðthe€absence€of€hostility€between€the€two,€and€the€circumstances€surrounding€theÐ Ä,¼%* Ðmanner€of€the€killing,€all€militate€against€proof€of€premeditation€or€that€the€appellantÐ .ˆ', Ðkilled€according€to€a€preconceived€design.€€Absent€the€element€of€premeditation,€theÐ \0T). Ðappellantððs€conviction€for€first€degree€murder€cannot€stand.€€Ð (2 +0 ÐÌà ` àNotwithstanding€this€conclusion,€again,€a€homicide€is€presumed€to€be€secondÐ À5¸.4 Ðdegree€murder.€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€543.€€Second€degree€murder€is€a€knowingÐ Œ7„06 Ðkilling€of€another.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„210(a)(1)€(1997).€€Under€the€facts€ofÐ X9P28 Ðthis€case,€we€find€that€the€proof€establishes€that€the€appellant€acted€ð ðknowinglyðð€withÐ  Ðan€awareness€that€the€discharge€of€a€gun€at€close€range€to€the€victimððs€head€and€atÐ ÔÌ Ðcontact€range€to€the€abdomen€was€reasonably€certain€to€cause€death.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.Ð   ˜ ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€39„11„106€(20)€(1997).€€We€conclude€that€there€is€evidence€to€supportÐ l d Ðð ðknowingðð€conduct,€and,€therefore,€a€conviction€for€second€degree€murder.Ð 80 ÐÌà ` àFor€the€reasons€set€forth€above,€we€reverse€the€appellantððs€conviction€forÐ ÐÈ  Ðpremeditated€murder€and€vacate€the€accompanying€sentence.€€This€cause€isÐ œ”  Ðremanded€to€the€trial€court€for€entry€of€judgment€of€conviction€in€accordance€with€thisÐ h` Ðopinion€and€for€re„sentencing€consistent€with€the€principles€of€sentencing.€€€€€€Ô#†XP#XXXP#í#ÔÐ 4, ÐÌÌÓÓà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à____________________________________Ð ˜ Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àDAVID€G.€HAYES,€JudgeÐ ~v ÐÌÌÌCONCUR:Ð ! ÐÌÌÌ___________________________________Ð ®$¦! ÐJOE€G.€RILEY,€JudgeÐ ”%Œ" ÐÌÌÌ___________________________________Ð ,)$"& ÐL.€T.€LAFFERTY,€Senior€Judge