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ÔÔ€FÔÝ  ÝÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÒ 4 ÒÒ ° ÒÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÓÓòòÙ€"ÙÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€IÔßR€JKHA1-j|` Å `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEóóÌà@ àòòAT€KNOXVILLEÌÓ  ÓóóOCTOBER€1996€SESSIONÌÓ  ÓÌÓÓÒ€X€ÒÓ ` <ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à à*Ìà àà à*Ìà àAppellee,à à*ÌVS.à àà à*à àà à*ÌMARK€CHRISTOPHERÏDAVIS,à à*à àà à*à àAppellant.à àÓ ` hÜÓ*Ìà àà à*ÌÓ ` °œXÓà àÉC.C.A.€#€03C01„9601„CR„00006ÌÌHAMILTON€COUNTY€ÌÌHon.€Stephen€M.€Bevil,€Judge€ÌÌÓÓ(Second€Degree€Murder)òòÉÒ/z„Ñ…ÒFor€Appellant:óóÌÓÓAlan€R.€BeardÌ737€Market€Street,€Suite€601ÌChattanooga,€TN€€37402ÌÉòòFor€Appellee:óóÌÌCharles€W.€BursonÌAttorney€General€&€ReporterÌÌSusan€RosenÌœCounsel€for€the€State€›Ì450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌNashville,€TN€€37243„0493ÌÌÓÓÓÓThomas€J.€EvansÌAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌ600€Market€Street,€Third€FloorÌChattanooga,€TN€€37402ÉÒÒOPINION€FILED:€€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌÌÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÓÓÓÓÌÌÌÌGARY€R.€WADE,€JUDGEÓÓÔ€LÔÌÇÖ€MÖÖ€NÖÔ€IÔà@ àòòò òOPINIONó óóóÌòòò òà àà àóóó óThe€defendant,€Mark€Christopher€Davis,€was€convicted€of€secondÏdegree€murder.€€The€trial€court€classified€the€defendant€as€a€Range€I€offender€andÏimposed€a€twenty„year€sentence.€€In€this€appeal€of€right,€the€defendant€challengesÏthe€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€and€claims€the€trial€court€erred€by€admitting€hisÏincriminating,€pretrial€statements.€€ÌÌà àà àWe€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà àà àIn€the€late€evening€of€September€7,€1994,€the€defendant€and€a€friend,ÏDarren€Hubbard,€were€walking€near€a€housing€project€in€Chattanooga€when€aÏwhite€van€approached.€€The€driver,€Michael€œUnderhill,›€stopped€his€vehicle€andÏasked€the€defendant€if€he€had€any€drugs€to€sell.€€The€defendant,€who€was€armedÏwith€a€concealed€handgun,€answered€in€the€affirmative,€entered€the€van,€andÏshortly€thereafter€shot€the€victim.€€The€defendant€jumped€out€of€the€van,€œwhich€thenÏtraveled›€down€the€street€œand›€off€the€roadway€into€a€wooded€area.€€The€defendantÏwalked€over€to€Hubbard,€showed€him€two€five€dollar€bills€and€a€ten,€and€then€left€€toÏbuy€some€marijuana.€€ÌÌà àà àConstance€Smyer€saw€the€van€roll€into€the€woods.€€She€and€herÍmother€contacted€the€police.€€ÌÌà àà àAnthony€Bernard,€a€Chattanooga€police€officer,€was€the€first€officer€toÏarrive€at€the€scene.€€He€climbed€down€an€embankment€and€through€thick€brush€toÏreach€the€van.€€When€asked€if€he€was€all€right,€the€victim€replied:€€"Yes,€I'm€justÏdrunk,€I'm€okay."€€Officer€Bernard€then€noticed€a€small€amount€of€blood€on€theÏvictim€and€called€for€an€ambulance.€€When€the€victim€removed€his€wallet€to€showÏhis€driver's€license,€œseveral€crumpled€dollar€bills€of€unknown€denomination€fell›€toÏthe€ground€and€the€officer€directed€him€to€put€œthem›€back€into€his€pocket.€€When€theÏambulance€arrived,€the€victim€tried€to€stand,€fell€to€the€ground,€and€eventually€died.€ÏAt€trial,€Officer€Bernard€could€not€recall€having€seen€a€knife€in€the€van.€€ÌÌà àà àDetective€Swafford€was€assigned€to€investigate€the€shooting.€€AfterÏreceiving€a€tip,€the€detective€interviewed€Hubbard€and,€based€upon€the€informationÏacquired,€sought€to€question€the€defendant.€€After€being€read€his€rights€and€signingÏa€waiver€form,€the€defendant€claimed€he€was€stoned€on€the€night€of€the€shootingÏand€denied€seeing€the€victim's€white€van.€€Upon€further€questioning,€however,€heÏadmitted€that€he€had€seen€the€van€and€acknowledged€that€he€had€sold€drugs€to€theÏdriver;€he€denied€any€involvement€in€the€shooting.€€When€the€defendant€began€toÏchange€his€story,€the€detective€asked€Hubbard€to€talk€to€the€defendant€and€toÍencourage€him€to€"tell€the€truth."€€Upon€further€interrogation,€the€defendant€admittedÏshooting€the€victim.€€A€full€statement€from€the€defendant€was€then€tape„recorded.€€ÌÌà àà àDarren€Hubbard,€who€was€a€witness€for€the€state,€testified€that€he€hadÏjoined€the€defendant€in€a€visit€to€œa›€cousin's€residence€on€the€day€of€the€murder;Ïthey€played€cards,€drank€beer€and€smoked€marijuana.€€€€Hubbard€claimed€that€heÏand€the€defendant€left€the€residence€that€evening€and€were€walking€the€sameÏdirection€down€the€street€when€the€driver€of€a€white€van€stopped€and€asked€if€theyÏhad€any€drugs€to€sell.€€The€defendant€answered€yes€and€got€into€the€van.€€After€theÏvan€was€driven€a€short€distance,€Hubbard€heard€gun€shots€and€saw€the€van€stop.€ÏWhen€the€defendant€got€out€of€the€vehicle,€he€admitted€that€he€had€shot€the€victimÏ"because€he€didn't€give€œ[me]›€the€money."€€When€Hubbard€asked€what€he€"got€offÏthis€job,"€the€defendant€œdid€not€speak€but›€did€show€Hubbard€twenty€dollars.€ÏHubbard€testified€that€he€told€the€defendant€that€if€the€police€became€involved,€heÏexpected€the€defendant€to€exonerate€him.€€Hubbard€claimed€that€he€then€went€toÏhis€girlfriend's€apartment€and€the€defendant€left€to€buy€some€marijuana.€€ÌÌà àà àHubbard€refuted€many€of€the€claims€the€defendant€made€to€police.€ÏFor€example,€he€denied€that€the€defendant€told€him€that€the€victim€was€armed€withÏa€knife€or€that€the€shooting€was€in€self„defense.€€He€denied€that€the€defendant€hadÍcrack€cocaine€on€the€night€of€the€murder.€€Although€Hubbard€œclaimed€at›€trial€that€heÏhad€previously€seen€the€van€parked€at€a€"crack€house"€and€described€the€driver€asÏa€"crack€œhead,"€he€admitted€that€he€originally€told€police€he€had€no€prior€knowledgeÏof€the€van.€€›€Ìà àà àÌà àà àCharles€Harlan,€M.D.,€the€chief€medical€examiner€for€the€state,Ïtestified€that€the€victim,€who€was€shot€twice,€had€a€blood€alcohol€level€of€.07%;€heÏdescribed€that€as€the€equivalent€of€the€victim€drinking€five€beers.€€Because€heÏfound€a€trace€amount€of€cocaine€in€the€bloodstream,€Dr.€Harlan€determined€that€theÏvictim€had€ingested€cocaine€between€twelve€hours€to€fifteen€minutes€before€hisÏdeath.€€Although€there€were€no€needle€marks€on€the€victim€to€indicate€recentÏinjections,€certain€crystalline€structures€in€the€œvictim's›€arteries€indicated€that€theÏvictim€had€previously€taken€œillegal›€œdrugs›€intravenously.€€Dr.€Harlan€also€providedÏhis€findings€on€the€trajectory€of€the€bullets€that€tended€to€refute€the€defendant'sÏrendition€of€the€shooting.€€ÌÌà àà àAt€trial,€the€defendant€claimed€self„defense.€€He€contended€that€aÏfemale€cousin€had€given€him€money€to€buy€drugs€for€resale€to€pay€her€rent.€€HeÏtestified€that€he€had€about€twenty€crack„cocaine€rocks€when€he€was€approached€byÏthe€victim.€€The€defendant€insisted€that€the€victim€snatched€five€of€the€"rocks"€evenÍthough€the€twenty€dollars€was€only€enough€œto€pay€for›€one.€€The€defendant€claimedÏthat€when€he€demanded€either€the€crack€or€money,€the€victim€attacked€him€with€aÏknife.€€The€defendant€acknowledged€shooting€the€victim;€when€the€victim€continuedÏto€attack,€a€second€shot€was€fired.€€The€defendant€contended€that€he€jumped€fromÏthe€van,€taking€only€the€twenty€dollars€and€leaving€the€drugs€behind.€€ÌÌà àà àÔ% €2 ÔOn€appeal,€of€course,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimateÏview€of€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€which€might€be€drawnÏtherefrom.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€The€credibility€ofÏthe€witnesses,€the€weight€to€be€given€their€testimony,€and€the€reconciliation€ofÏconflicts€in€the€proof€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€jury€as€triers€of€fact.€€òòByrge€v.ÏStateóó,€575€S.W.2d€292,€295€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€When€the€sufficiency€of€theÏevidence€is€challenged,€the€relevant€question€is€whether,€after€reviewing€theÏevidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€haveÏfound€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòState€v.ÏWilliamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€ÌÌà àà àIt€is€the€state's€duty€to€prove€every€element€of€the€crime.€€SecondÏdegree€murder€is€defined€as€the€"knowing€killing€of€another."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏœ39„13„210(a)(1).›€€"Knowing"€is€further€defined€as,€"act[ing]€œknowingly›€with€respect€toÍthe€conduct€...€when€the€person€is€aware€of€the€nature€of€the€œconduct."€€òòIdóó.€ð𛀜39„11„106(20).›€€Knowing€is€applied€to€the€result€of€someone's€conduct€if€"the€person€isÏaware€that€the€conduct€is€reasonably€certain€to€cause€the€œresult."€€òòIdóó.€ÌÌà àà àIn›€our€assessment,€the€œjury€had›€a€rational€basis€for€its€determination.€ÏThe€defendant€admitted€that€he€had€concealed€his€gun€between€his€legs€beforeÏentering€the€van.€€He€acknowledged€at€trial€that€he€intended€to€fire€the€first€shot€intoÏthe€victim.€€While€he€denied€intentionally€shooting€the€victim€a€second€time,€heÏconceded€that€the€gun€was€in€his€hand€and€his€finger€on€the€trigger€when€the€shotÏwas€fired.€€Hubbard€overheard€the€defendant€confess€to€the€shooting.€€As€was€theirÏprerogative,€the€jury€rejected€the€self„defense€theory€and€accredited€the€testimonyÏof€the€state's€witnesses.€€òòSeeóó€òòArterburn€v.€Stateóó,€œ391›€S.W.2d€648€œ(Tenn.€1965);›ÏòòState€v.€Gilbertóó,€612€S.W.2d€œ188,€190€(Tenn.›€Crim.€App.€1980).€€There€was€clearlyÏsufficient€evidence€to€support€a€verdict€of€a€"knowing"€second€degree€murder.€€ÌÌà àà àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€overruling€hisÏmotion€in€limine,€presented€on€the€day€of€trial,€to€disallow€the€introduction€of€certainÏstatements€made€by€the€defendant€prior€to€his€being€informed€of€his€òòMirandaóóÍrights.× ƒO ××  ×€œSee›€David€Louis€Raybin,€òòTennessee€Criminal€Practice€and€Procedureóó,€ððÏœ24.70€for€a€general€discussion€of€motions€in€limine.€€Where›€the€defendant€claimsÏthat€the€state€has€taken€a€statement€under€circumstances€that€œviolate›€aÏconstitutional€right,€the€appropriate€remedy€is€to€file€a€motion€to€suppress.€€Tenn.€R.ÏCrim.€P.€12(b)(3),€(f);€òòState€v.€Zylaóó,€628€S.W.2d€œ39,€41€›€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981).€ÏBecause€the€trial€court€considered€the€issue€on€the€merits,€we€have€chosen€to€treatÏthe€pretrial€hearing€as€if€the€defendant€had€utilized€the€proper€procedure.€€òòSeeóóÏòòState€v.€Johnsonóó,€œ673€S.W.2d›€877,€883€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984).€€ÌÌà àà àThe€standard€of€review€by€an€appellate€court€on€a€motion€to€suppressÏhas€recently€been€clarified€by€our€supreme€court€in€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,Ï23€(Tenn.€1996).€€The€party€prevailing€in€the€trial€court€is€entitled€to€the€strongestÏlegitimate€view€of€the€evidence€adduced€at€the€suppression€hearing€as€well€as€allÏreasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawn€from€that€evidence.€€œòòIdóó.€Ï"So›€long€as€the€greater€weight€of€the€evidence€supports€the€trial€court's€findings,Ïthose€findings€should€be€upheld€on€œappeal."›€€òòId.óó€€ÌÌà àà àAt€the€pretrial€hearing,€the€defendant€claimed€that€he€was€taken€intoÍcustody€and€questioned€by€police€before€being€advised€of€his€rights.€€HeÏacknowledged,€however,€that€he€was€read€his€rights€and€signed€a€waiver€formÏbefore€giving€his€taped€statement.€€On€cross„examination,€the€defendant€claimedÏthat€he€could€not€remember€being€advised€of€his€constitutional€rights€during€hisÏprior€arrests.€€ÌÌà àà àOfficer€Swafford,€having€had€seventeen€years€of€experience€in€lawÏenforcement,€kept€notes€of€his€interrogation.€€He€specifically€recalled€havingÏadvised€the€defendant€of€his€rights€and€accepting€his€written€waiver€before€anyÏquestions€were€asked.€€€òòMirandaóó€warnings€must€precede€the€custodial€interrogationÏof€a€suspect.€€œòòBerkemer›€v.€McCartyóó,€468€U.S.€420€(1984).€€To€determine€the€validityÏof€a€waiver€of€òòMirandaóó,€this€state€adheres€to€the€totality€of€the€circumstances€test;Ïthat€is,€was€the€waiver€voluntarily,€knowingly,€and€intelligently€made:€€ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àœ[T]he›€question€of€waiver€must€be€determined€on€œ"the›Ïparticular€facts€and€circumstances€surrounding€œ[the]›Ïcase,€including€the€background,€experience,€andÏconduct€of€the€œaccused."Ì€€›ÌœòòÓÓNorth›€Carolina€v.€Butleróó,€441€U.S.€369,€œ374„75€(1979)(quoting€òòJohnson€v.€Zerbstóó,Ï304€U.S.€458€(1938));›€òòseeóó€œòòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€544„45€(Tenn.Ï1994).›€€œÌÌ›à àà àThe€trial€court€obviously€accredited€the€testimony€of€Officer€SwaffordÏwhen€it€determined€that€the€defendant€had€been€timely€advised€of€his€constitutionalÏrights€and€had€executed€a€valid€waiver.€€The€record€fully€supports€that€œfinding,›€andÏœthus,›€we€find€no€error.€€ÌÌà àà àAccordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€€ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌà àà àà àà àà àà àGary€R.€Wade,€JudgeÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌDavid€H.€Welles,€JudgeÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌJerry€L.€Smith,€JudgeÌ