ÿWPC$ 3U:Ú % 0Üw@ö46JY 0 a 0D 0JÅ 0T 0^c 0hÁ 0r) 0|› 0† 0 1u- 0d¢ B 0@# D3c U *– B)À DCé AM, Êy ”C AQׯ( 0Dî 0D2 D/v B¥½ÂNv~ÍvÓK,c½¬AZ‹"Arial RegularX(´`$¡¡Ñ°ÑÒ°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€‰GXXdðXXdð7ÑÑ  Ñ _E`aEbcEdeEfghÓ€äzz!ï3|xs(Ð(3(˜$¤¤Ý ƒ`!ÝѰÑÒ°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€)ÇXXdædæ7ÑÑ  ÑÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ d("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò'ÿÿdxd< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d$$$$7Border 1dd* %Cþÿ << Gÿÿ ÀÝ ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ! ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÝ ƒ+"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€#ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€#XÔÌÌò òJuneÏ6,Ï1997ÌÌCecilÏCrowson,ÏJr.ÌÔ€#ôÔAp…pellateÏCourtÏClerkó ó ŠÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóCrawford€conceded€during€cross„examination€that,€during€the€week€prior€to€trial,Ïfollowing€his€encounter€with€the€appellant€in€the€courthouse,€he€looked€briefly€at€the€photographÏthat€he€had€selected€from€the€photographic€lineup€two€or€three€months€following€the€offense.€€HeÏagain€looked€at€the€photograph€on€the€morning€of€the€trial.Ì*+ ,-Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó..'÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd ³Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóOn€redirect€examination,€he€testified€that,€while€he€was€employed,€he€was€attempting€toÏpay€the€court€costs€and€fines.€€Ì DÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€pre„sentence€report€reflects€that,€in€addition€to€the€instant€offense,€the€appellantððsÏcriminal€record€includes€the€following:Ìà8 à(1)à8 àOn€July€10,€1992,€the€appellant€was€arrested€and€convicted€ofÏdriving€with€a€revoked€license,€for€which€the€appellant€received€aÏpartially€suspended€sentence€of€six€months;Ìà8 à(2)à8 àon€June€28,€1993,€the€appellant€was€arrested€for€a€weaponsÏoffense€and,€on€July€1,€1993,€was€convicted€of€the€offense,€forÏwhich€he€was€fined€and€required€to€forfeit€the€weapon;€Ìà8 à(3)à8 àOn€July€1,€1993,€the€appellant€was€arrested€and€convicted€ofÏdriving€under€the€influence€of€an€intoxicant,€for€which€heÏreceived€a€partially€suspended€sentence€of€eleven€months€andÏtwenty„nine€days;Ìà8 à(4)à8 àOn€January€6,€1994,€the€appellant€was€arrested€for€possession€ofÏmarijuana€and,€on€September€23,€1994,€was€convicted€of€theÏoffense,€for€which€he€received€a€partially€suspended€sentence€ofÏeleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days;Ìà8 à(5)à8 àOn€January€13,€1994,€the€appellant€was€arrested€for€possessionÏof€cocaine€and,€on€September€23,€1994,€was€convicted€of€theÏoffense,€for€which€he€received€a€partially€suspended€sentence€ofÏeleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days,€concurrent€with€theÏsentence€for€possession€of€marijuana;Ìà8 à(6)à8 àOn€September€15,€1994,€the€appellant€was€arrested€andÏconvicted€of€driving€under€the€influence€of€an€intoxicant,€forÏwhich€the€appellant€received€a€partially€suspended€sentence€ofÏeleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days.ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€Xd#ÑÑ#€Xd#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  Ýò òÙ€*ÙßR€&'%A1-j|` | `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€JACKSONÌà@ àOCTOBER€SESSION,€1996Ìó óÌÌÌÌò òSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àNo.€02C01„9511„CC„00349Ìà àAppelleeà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àMCNAIRY€COUNTYÌvs.à àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àœHon.€Jon€Kerry€Blackwood,›€JudgeÌRANDLE€DAVIS,à àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à à(Delivery€of€a€Schedule€IIÌà àAppellantà àà àà à)à àControlled€Substance)Ìó óÌÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à àà àà àà àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:ÌÌò òTHOMAS€T.€WOODALLó óà àà àà àò òCHARLES€W.€BURSONó óÌ203€Murrell€Streetà àà àà àà àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌDickson,€TN€€37056„1075à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àò òROBIN€L.€HARRISó óà àà àà àÌ(ON€APPEAL€ONLYà àà àà àAssistant€AttorneyÏGeneralà àà àà àà àà àà àà àCriminal€Justice€DivisionÌà àà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌò òGARY€F.€ANTRICANó óà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493à àà àDistrict€Public€Defenderà àà àÌP.€O.€Box€700à àà àà àà àà àà àÌSomerville,€TN€€38068ò òà àà àà àELIZABETH€T.€RICEó óÌà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌ(AT€TRIAL€AND€OF€COUNSELÌON€APPEAL)à àà àà àà àò òED€NEAL€McDANIELó óÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAsst.€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà à300€Industrial€DriveÌà àà àà àà àà àà àSelmer,€TN€€38375ÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌÌò òDavid€G.€Hayesó óÌJudgeÇÓÓà@ àò òOPINIONó óÌÌà àThe€appellant,€Randle€Davis,€was€convicted€by€a€McNairy€County€jury€ofÏdelivery€of€a€Schedule€II€controlled€substance,€a€class€C€felony.€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€39„17„417€(a)(2)€and€(c)(2)€(1993€Supp.).€€The€trial€court€sentenced€theÏappellant€as€a€standard,€range€I€offender€to€forty€months€incarceration€in€theÏTennessee€Department€of€Correction.€€On€appeal,€the€appellant€challenges€theÏsufficiency€of€the€evidence€underlying€his€conviction,€asserts€that€his€sentenceÏis€excessive,€and€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€him€anÏalternative€sentence.ÌÌà@ àò òòò1.€€Factual€Backgroundó óóóÌà àThe€appellantððs€case€proceeded€to€trial€on€June€26,€1995.€€At€trial,€theÏState€presented€the€testimony€of€Kevin€Crawford,€an€officer€with€the€SomervilleÏPolice€Department€and€an€agent€with€the€Twenty„Fifth€Judicial€Drug€Task€Force.€ÏOn€December€6,€1993,€at€approximately€7:30€p.m.,€Officer€Crawford,Ïaccompanied€by€an€informant€named€Para€Wilkerson,€visited€a€residenceÏreportedly€belonging€to€a€Taurus€Davis,€also€known€as€ð ðœWee€Wee›.ðð€€CrawfordÏdrove€his€car€onto€the€driveway€and€observed€someone€standing€on€the€porch.€ÏAfter€determining€that€œWee€Wee›€was€not€at€home,€Crawford€informed€the€manÏon€the€porch€that€he€wanted€to€buy€crack€cocaine€and€gave€him€one€hundredÏdollars.€€The€man€entered€the€residence€and€returned€with€seven€ð ðrocksðð€ofÍcrack€cocaine.€€After€the€transaction€was€completed,€Crawford€departed.ÌÌà àAt€trial,€Crawford€identified€the€appellant€as€the€individual€from€whom€heÏhad€bought€the€crack€cocaine.€€Crawford€had€never€seen€the€appellant€prior€toÏthe€evening€of€the€offense.€€However,€on€that€evening€he€was€able€to€clearly€seeÏthe€appellant.€€Crawford€testified€that,€although€it€was€dark€at€the€time€of€theÏoffense,€his€headlights€were€on€and€directed€at€the€porch.€€The€appellant€wasÏalso€standing€underneath€two€porch€lights.€€Crawford€testified€that€the€porchÏlight€€alone€was€sufficient€ð ðthat,€you€know,€[the€appellant]€could€see€...€what€theÏvalue€of€the€money€I€was€holding€in€my€hand€was,€and€I€could€see€what€I€hadÏgot€in€return€in€my€hand,€without€having€to€use€additional€lighting.ðð€€Moreover,Ïthe€appellant€approached€Crawfordððs€car€on€three€separate€occasions:€first,€inÏorder€to€obtain€the€money;€second,€in€order€to€deliver€the€drugs;€and,€third,€inÏorder€to€discuss€with€Crawford€the€possibility€of€future€transactions.€€On€theseÏoccasions,€the€appellant€leaned€into€the€passenger€window.€€He€was€a€distanceÏof€three€feet€or€less€from€the€officer.€€Finally,€Crawford€testified€that,€during€theirÏencounter,€he€looked€at€the€appellant€carefully€for€the€purpose€of€subsequentÏidentification.ÌÌà àOn€cross„examination,€Crawford€stated€that€he€returned€to€the€residenceÏseveral€times€following€the€drug€transaction,€but€did€not€again€encounter€theÏappellant.€€Two€or€three€months€following€the€instant€offense,€CrawfordÍidentified€the€appellant€from€an€array€of€twenty€or€twenty„five€photographs.€€TheÏphotographs€had€been€selected€on€the€basis€of€Crawfordððs€description€of€theÏperson€who€had€sold€the€drugs€to€him:ÌÓÓà8 àI€had€purchased€drugs€from€a€male€black,€approximately€early€20'sÏ„„„€years€of€age;€would€be€approximately€six„foot€to€six„foot„two;Ïaverage€color,€not€heavy,€but€medium€build.ÌÌÓÓAccording€to€the€standard€procedure€of€the€drug€task€force,€Crawford€submittedÏthe€appellantððs€case€to€the€District€Attorneyððs€Office€in€July€or€August,€1994.€€TheÏMcNairy€County€Grand€Jury€returned€an€indictment€in€January,€1995.€€ÌÌà àCrawford€next€encountered€the€appellant€the€week€prior€to€trial,€asÏCrawford€was€exiting€a€courtroom.€€He€testified€at€trial€that,€on€this€occasion,€heÏimmediately€recognized€the€appellant.€€On€the€morning€of€the€trial,€defenseÏcounsel€presented€Crawford€with€an€array€of€nine€photographs.€€Crawford€again€œÌÌÌidentified›€the€appellant.€€Crawford€asserted€at€trial€that€there€existed€no€doubt€inÏhis€mind€that€the€appellant€was€the€individual€who€sold€him€the€crack€cocaine.× ƒ( ××  ×ÌÌà àThe€appellant€testified€at€trial.€€He€stated€that€Taurus€Davis,€or€ð ðœWeeÍWee›,ðð€is€his€first€cousin.€€He€could€not€recall€whether€or€not€he€visited€his€cousinÏon€the€date€of€the€offense.€€He€testified€that,€at€the€time€of€the€offense,€he€wasÏworking€with€the€Cornelius€Lumber€Company€and€frequently€visited€his€cousinÏon€weekends.€€He€denied€selling€or€delivering€cocaine€on€the€date€of€theÏoffense€and€denied€having€seen€Officer€Crawford€before€the€day€of€the€trial.€€HeÏadmitted€that€he€was€aware€that€cocaine€was€being€sold€from€his€cousinððsÏresidence.ÌÌà àOn€July€14,€1995,€the€trial€court€conducted€a€sentencing€hearing.€€TheÏState€relied€upon€the€proof€adduced€at€trial€and€the€pre„sentence€report.€€TheÏappellant€testified€on€his€own€behalf.€€The€appellant€stated€that€he€was€twenty„two€years€old€and€had€completed€the€tenth€grade€in€high€school.€€In€1991€orÏ1992,€he€participated€in€the€ð ðKnoxville€Job€Corpsðð€and€received€training€inÏbuilding€maintenance.€€At€the€time€of€the€sentencing€hearing,€he€was€employedÏat€Venco€Furniture€Company.€€He€had€been€employed€at€the€furniture€companyÏsince€two€weeks€prior€to€trial€in€the€instant€case.€€The€appellant€is€married€andÏhas€two€children.€€He€testified€that€his€family€was€staying€with€his€wifeððs€family€inÏGreenville,€South€Carolina,€until€he€had€resolved€his€various€criminal€cases.€ÏHe€was€living€with€his€mother.€€He€testified€that€he€contributed€fifty€dollars€perÏweek€toward€the€support€of€his€children€and€also€occasionally€assisted€hisÏmother€in€paying€bills.€€ÌÌà àHe€admitted€that,€in€the€past,€he€had€associated€with€people€who€used€orÏsold€drugs,€including€his€cousin.€€He€denied€ever€using€drugs€and€asserted€thatÏhe€was€attempting€to€detach€himself€from€acquaintances€involved€in€drug„related€activity.€€He€admitted€that€in€early€1994,€he€was€convicted€ofÏmisdemeanor€possession€of€cocaine€and€misdemeanor€possession€ofÏmarijuana.€€He€also€admitted€to€prior€convictions€for€driving€under€the€influenceÏof€an€intoxicant€and€a€weapons€offense.€€The€appellant€continued€to€deny€anyÏinvolvement€in€the€instant€offense.ÌÌà àOn€cross„examination,€the€appellant€testified€that€he€had€not€yet€fully€paidÏcourt€costs€and€fines€imposed€pursuant€to€his€convictions€for€cocaine€andÏmarijuana€possession.× ƒ/ ××  ×€€He€confessed€that€his€employment€history€is€sporadic,Ïas€are€his€financial€contributions€to€his€wife€and€children.ÌÌà àThe€appellantððs€mother€testified.€€She€confirmed€that€the€appellant€hadÏobtained€employment€and€that€he€assisted€her€in€paying€household€bills.€€SheÏalso€testified€that€he€tried€to€support€his€family.€€She€observed€that,€recently,€theÏappellant€was€remaining€at€home€more€often€and€appeared€to€have€ð ðlearnedÏhis€lesson.ððÌÌà àIn€sentencing€the€appellant€to€three€years€and€four€months€incarceration,Ïthe€trial€court€found€the€aggravating€factor€that€the€defendant€has€a€previousÏhistory€of€criminal€convictions€or€criminal€behavior€in€addition€to€thoseÏnecessary€to€establish€the€appropriate€range.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114Ï(1993€Supp.).× ƒ0 ××  ×€€The€court€concluded€that€this€factor€outweighed€the€mitigatingÏfactor€that€the€appellantððs€conduct€neither€caused€nor€threatened€serious€bodilyÏinjury.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113€(1990).€€In€denying€an€alternativeÏsentence,€the€trial€court€further€concluded€that€the€appellantððs€criminal€record,Ïthe€seriousness€of€the€offense,€and€deterrence€outweighed€the€presumption€ofÏan€alternative€sentence.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„102(6)€(1990)€and€ðð40„35„103(1)(A),€(B)€(1990).€€In€its€Sentencing€Order,€the€trial€court€additionallyÏconsidered€the€appellantððs€ð ðlack€of€steady€and€continuous€employmentðð€and€theÏpast€failure€of€measures€less€restrictive€than€confinement.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„103(1)(C),€(5).ÌÌà@ àò òòò2.€€Analysisó óóóÌò òa.à àSufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óÌà àThe€appellant€first€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€supportingÏthe€verdict.€€A€jury€conviction€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€with€whichÏa€defendant€is€initially€cloaked€and€replaces€it€with€one€of€guilt,€so€that€onÏappeal€a€convicted€defendant€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€theÏevidence€is€insufficient.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€ÏThe€defendant€must€establish€that€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€was€soÏdeficient€that€no€"reasonable€trier€of€fact"€could€have€found€the€essentialÏelements€of€the€offense€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443ÏU.S.€307,€319,€99€S.Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979);€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,Ï259€(Tenn.€1994);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).ÌÌà àAn€appellate€court€may€neither€reweigh€nor€reevaluate€the€evidenceÏwhen€determining€its€sufficiency.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835Ï(Tenn.€1978).€€Questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€witnesses€and€the€weightÏand€value€to€be€given€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€theÍevidence,€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€and€not€the€appellate€courts.€€òòState€v.ÏPruettóó,€788€S.W.2d€559,€561€(Tenn.€1990).€€"A€jury€verdict€approved€by€the€trialÏjudge€accredits€the€testimony€of€the€witnesses€for€the€State€and€resolves€allÏconflicts€in€favor€of€the€State's€theory."€€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410Ï(Tenn.€1983).€€The€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€theÏevidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòId.óó€ÏòòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€75€(Tenn.€1992).ÌÌà àThe€appellant€essentially€argues€that€Officer€Crawfordððs€identification€ofÏthe€appellant€did€not€establish€the€appellantððs€guilt€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€ÏHowever,€ð ð[i]t€is€well€established€that€the€identification€of€a€defendant€as€theÏperson€who€committed€the€offense€for€which€he€is€on€trial€is€a€question€of€fact€forÏthe€determination€of€the€jury€upon€consideration€of€all€competent€proof.€€òòState€v.ÏStricklandóó,€885€S.W.2d€85,€87€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.ÏWilliamsóó,€No.€01C01„9505„CR„00146€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€NovemberÏ12,€1996);€òòState€v.€Rollinsóó,€No.€03C01„9308„CR„00250€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€atÏKnoxville),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1995).€€Moreover,€this€court€has€heldÏthat€the€identification€testimony€of€a€victim€is,€by€itself,€sufficient€to€support€aÏconviction.€€òòIdóó.€€We€conclude€that€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial€is€sufficient.€€ÌÌò òb.à àSentencingÌà àI.€€The€Length€of€the€Sentenceó óÌà àThe€appellant€contends€that€his€offense€does€not€warrant€a€sentence€ofÏthree€years€and€four€months€incarceration€in€the€Department€of€Correction.€ÏReview,€by€this€court,€of€the€length€or€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence€is€òòdeÏnovoóó€with€a€presumption€that€the€determination€made€by€the€trial€court€is€correct.€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d)€(1990).€€This€presumption€only€applies,Ïhowever,€if€the€record€demonstrates€that€the€trial€court€properly€consideredÏsentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,Ï823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€If€the€trial€court€applies€inappropriateÏfactors€or€otherwise€fails€to€comply€with€the€1989€Sentencing€Act,€theÏpresumption€of€correctness€falls.€€òòState€v.€Sheltonóó,€854€S.W.2d€116,€123€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1992).€€For€the€reason€set€forth€later€in€this€opinion,€the€presumptionÏof€correctness€does€not€accompany€the€sentence€imposed.ÌÌà àIn€any€event,€the€appellant€bears€the€burden€of€establishing€that€theÏsentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court€is€erroneous.€€òòState€v.€Leeóó,€No.€03C01„9308„CR„00275€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€April€4,€1995).€€In€determiningÏwhether€the€appellant€has€met€this€burden,€this€court€must€consider€the€factorsÏlisted€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210(b)(1990)€and€the€sentencing€principlesÏdescribed€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„102€and€ðð€40„35„103.ÌÌà àMoreover,€with€respect€to€the€length€of€a€sentence,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ40„35„210€provides€that€the€minimum€sentence€within€the€appropriate€range€isÍthe€presumptive€sentence.€€If€there€are€enhancing€and€mitigating€factors,€theÏcourt€must€start€at€the€minimum€sentence€in€the€range€and€enhance€theÏsentence€as€appropriate€for€the€enhancement€factors€and€then€reduce€theÏsentence€within€the€range€as€appropriate€for€the€mitigating€factors.€€òòIdóó.€€If€thereÏare€no€mitigating€factors,€the€court€may€set€the€sentence€above€the€minimum€inÏthat€range,€but€still€within€the€range.€€òòIdóó.€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Diesóó,€829€S.W.2dÏ706,€710€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).€€"[T]here€is€no€particular€value€assigned€byÏthe€1989€Sentencing€Act€to€the€various€factors€and€the€'weight€affordedÏmitigating€or€enhancement€factors€derives€from€balancing€relative€degrees€ofÏculpability€within€the€totality€of€the€œÌÌcircumstances›€of€the€case€involved.'"€€òòState€v.€Marshallóó,€870€S.W.2d€532,€541Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993)(citation€omitted).ÌÌà àAs€noted€earlier,€in€determining€the€length€of€the€appellantððs€sentence,Ïthe€trial€court€considered€the€appellantððs€criminal€history€and€also€the€absenceÏof€any€serious€bodily€injury€or€the€threat€thereof.€€The€appellant€contends€thatÏthe€trial€court€should€have€applied€mitigating€factor€(6),€concerning€theÏappellantððs€youth,€and€mitigating€factor€(11),€that€the€defendant€committed€theÏoffense€under€such€unusual€circumstances€that€it€is€unlikely€that€a€sustainedÏintent€to€violate€the€law€motivated€his€conduct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113.ÌÌà àFirst,€with€respect€to€the€appellantððs€youth,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(6),€the€record€reflects€that€the€appellant€was€twenty„one€at€the€time€of€theÏinstant€offense.€€The€appellant€does€not€explain€how€his€age€affected€hisÏjudgment€nor€is€there€any€evidence€in€the€record€indicating€that€the€appellantÏwas€unable€to€appreciate€the€nature€of€his€conduct.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Winstonóó,ÏNo.€01C01„9302„CR„00069€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville),€òòperm.€to€appealÏdeniedóó,€(Tenn.€1994)(citing€òòState€v.€Adamsóó,€864€S.W.2d€31,€33€(Tenn.€1993),€forÏthe€proposition€that€a€defendantððs€youth€should€be€considered€in€the€context€ofÏthe€defendantððs€education,€maturity,€experience,€mental€capacity€orÏdevelopment,€and€any€other€pertinent€circumstances€tending€to€demonstrate€theÏdefendantððs€ability€or€inability€to€appreciate€the€nature€of€his€conduct).€€Second,Ïthe€record€is€absolutely€void€of€any€evidence€indicating€that€the€appellant€actedÏunder€ð ðunusual€circumstances.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(11).€€AlthoughÏOfficer€Crawford€did€not€encounter€the€appellant€during€his€subsequent€visits€toÏœWee€Wee›ððs€residence,€the€appellant€himself€admitted€that€he€frequently€visitedÏhis€cousin€and€was€aware€that€his€cousin€was€conducting€drug€transactions€atÏhis€residence.€€We€conclude€that€the€record€supports€the€trial€courtððs€impositionÏof€a€sentence€four€months€greater€than€the€minimum€sentence.ÌÌà àò òII.€€The€Denial€of€an€Alternative€Sentenceó óÌà àThe€appellant€also€contests€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€probation€orÏcommunity€corrections.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„303€(1993€Supp.);€Tenn.ÍCode€Ann.€ðð€40„36„106€(1993€Supp.).€€Both€probation€and€communityÏcorrections€are€non„incarcerative€alternative€sentences.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð€40„35„104€(c)€(Supp.€1993).€€Therefore,€we€must€initially€ascertain€whetherÏthe€trial€court€properly€excluded€the€appellant€from€any€form€of€alternativeÏsentencing.ÌÌà àIn€reviewing€a€trial€court's€denial€of€an€alternative€sentence,€we€mustÏdetermine€whether€the€appellant€is€entitled€to€the€statutory€presumption€that€heÏis€a€favorable€candidate€for€alternative€sentencing.€€òòState€v.€Binghamóó,€910ÏS.W.2d€448,€453€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.Ï1995)(citing€òòState€v.€Bonestelóó,€871€S.W.2d€163,€167€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993)).ÏThe€appellant€in€this€case€is€a€standard€offender€convicted€of€a€class€C€felonyÏand,€therefore,€is€entitled€to€the€presumption.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„102(5)Ïand€(6).€€This€determination€alone€does€not€end€our€inquiry.€€The€presumptionÏcan€be€successfully€rebutted€by€facts€contained€in€the€presentence€report,Ïevidence€presented€by€the€State,€the€testimony€of€the€accused€or€a€defenseÏwitness,€or€any€other€source€provided€it€is€admissible€as€evidence€and€madeÏpart€of€the€record.€€òòState€v.€Jerniganóó,€929€S.W.2d€391,€395„396€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1996).ÌÌà àTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„103€provides:ÌÓÓÒ  ÒÒ ` ÒÒ ` ÒÒ ` Ò(1)€€Sentences€involving€confinement€should€be€based€onÍthe€following€considerations:Ìà0 à(A)€€Confinement€is€necessary€to€protect€society€byÏrestraining€a€defendant€who€has€a€long€history€ofÏcriminal€conduct;Ìà0 à(B)€€Confinement€is€necessary€to€avoid€depreciatingÏthe€seriousness€of€the€offense€or€confinement€isÏparticularly€suited€to€provide€an€effective€deterrenceÏto€others€likely€to€commit€similar€offenses;€or̛̜à0 à(C)€€Measures€less€restrictive€than€confinement€haveÏfrequently€or€recently€been€applied€unsuccessfully€toÏthe€defendant.ÌÒ  ÒÒ ` ÒÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓÌòòBinghamóó,€910€S.W.2d€at€454€(citing€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169).€€A€court€mayÏalso€apply€the€mitigating€and€enhancing€factors€set€forth€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ40„35„113€and€„114,€as€they€are€relevant€to€the€ðð€40„35„103€considerations.€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210(b)(5).€€Finally,€the€potential€or€lack€of€potential€forÏrehabilitation€of€a€defendant€should€be€considered€in€determining€whether€heÏshould€be€granted€an€alternative€sentence.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„103(5).ÌÌà àInitially,€we€note€that€the€trial€court€considered€deterrence€in€sentencingÏthe€appellant.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„103(1)(B).€€Generally,€before€a€trialÏcourt€can€deny€alternative€sentencing€on€the€basis€of€deterrence€alone,Ïevidence€in€the€record€must€support€a€need€within€the€jurisdiction€to€deterÏindividuals€other€than€the€appellant€from€committing€similar€crimes.€€òòBinghamóó,Ï910€S.W.2d€at€455€(citing€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€170);€€òòBonestelóó,€871€S.W.2d€atÏ169;€€òòState€v.€Byrdóó,€861€S.W.2d€377,€380€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993);€€òòState€v.ÍJonesóó,€No.€03C01„9302„CR„00057€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€NovemberÏ22,€1994),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1995).€€A€finding€that€the€appellant'sÏsentence€will€have€a€deterrent€effect€cannot€be€merely€conclusory.€€òòIdóó.€ÏMoreover,€recently,€inòò€State€v.€Kirbyóó,€No.€03C01„9505„CR„00130€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€at€Knoxville,€November€18,€1996),€although€this€court€noted€ð ða€generalÏacknowledgment€of€a€widespread€and€serious€problem€with€drugs€which€mustÏbe€deterred,ðð€the€court€also€noted€that€ð ðthe€General€Assembly€has€not€seen€fit€toÏdeclare€drug€offenders€as€a€group€unfit€for€probation,ðð€or€other€alternativeÏsentences.€€In€any€event,€Officer€Crawford€testified€at€trial€that,€over€a€period€ofÏtwo€or€two€and€one€half€years,€he€was€officially€involved€in€fifty€or€sixty€drugÏcases€in€five€counties,€including€McNairy€County.€€He€was€unofficially€involvedÏin€other€cases.€€During€a€six€month€period,€in€McNairy€County€alone,€heÏorchestrated€approximately€twenty€drug€ð ðbuys.ðð€€Finally,€the€appellant€himselfÏacknowledged€that€drug€related€activity€was€probably€occurring€at€his€cousinððsÏresidence.€€Accordingly,€the€record€supports€the€consideration€of€deterrence.ÌÌà àHowever,€we€note€that€the€seriousness€of€the€offense€would€not€aloneÏsupport€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€an€alternative€sentence.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ40„35„103(1)(B).ÌÓÓà8 àIn€order€to€deny€an€alternative€sentence€based€on€the€seriousnessÏof€the€offense,€"the€circumstances€of€the€offense€as€committedÏmust€be€especially€violent,€horrifying,€shocking,€reprehensible,Ïoffensive,€or€otherwise€of€an€excessive€or€exaggerated€degree,"Íand€the€nature€of€the€offense€must€outweigh€all€factors€favoring€aÏsentence€other€than€confinement.ÌÓÓÌòòBinghamóó,€910€S.W.2d€at€454€(citing€òòState€v.€Hartleyóó,€818€S.W.2d€370,€374„375Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991)).€€The€record€reflects€that€the€appellant€sold€sevenÏrocks€of€crack€cocaine,€amounting€to€three€tenths€of€a€gram€of€crack€cocaine.€ÏThe€circumstances€of€this€offense€simply€do€not€satisfy€the€applicable€standard.ÌÌà àNevertheless,€we€conclude€that€the€appellantððs€criminal€history€supportsÏthe€trial€courtððs€denial€of€an€alternative€sentence.€€Although€the€appellantððsÏcriminal€record€includes€only€misdemeanors,€this€court€has€held€that€there€is€noÏprohibition€against€considering€misdemeanor€offenses€to€enhance€a€sentence.€ÏòòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Deanóó,€No.€03C01„9508„CC„00251€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€atÏKnoxville,€January€10,€1997);€òòState€v.€Dixonóó,€No.€01C01„9402„CC„00052Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€September€20,€1995);€òòState€v.€Meeksóó,€No.Ï02C01„9405„CC„00101€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€June€21,€1995),€òòperm.€toÏappeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1996).€€Additionally,€with€respect€to€those€offensesÏoccurring€after€the€instant€offense€but€before€the€sentencing€hearing,€this€courtÏhas€held:ÌÓÓà8 à[T]rial€judges€can€consider€criminal€convictions€or€any€otherÏcriminal€behavior€which€occurred€prior€to€the€sentencing€hearingÏas€constituting€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€or€criminalÏbehavior,€regardless€of€whether€the€convictions€or€behaviorÏoccurred€before€or€after€the€criminal€conduct€under€consideration.ÌœÌÌ›ÌÓÓòòState€v.€Pooleóó,€No.€02C01„9506„CC„00178€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,ÏJanuary€31,€1996)(citing€òòState€v.€Watersóó,€No.€01C01„9106„€CR„00158€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€at€Nashville,€February€20,€1992).€€The€appellant€proffers€no€reasonÏwhy€this€court€should€decline€to€consider€the€past€failure€of€partially€suspendedÏsentences€to€deter€the€appellant€from€criminal€conduct.€€Finally,€we€agree€thatÏthe€appellantððs€sporadic€employment€history€also€weighs€against€an€alternativeÏsentence.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Hughesóó,€No.€01C01„9502„CC„00033€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€at€Nashville),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1996).ÌÌà àTherefore,€we€affirm€the€appellantððs€conviction€and€the€sentence€imposedÏby€the€trial€court.ÌœÌÌ›ÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà à____________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àDAVID€G.€HAYES,€JudgeÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ_____________________________ÌJOHN€H.€PEAY,€JudgeÌÌÌ_____________________________ÌPAUL€G.€SUMMERS,€Judge