ÿWPCÑe …U:V % 0Ü–w@r 4² Æ Õ 0 Ý 0Eý 0JB 0TŒ 0^à 0h> 0r¦ 0| 0†” 0 1uª 0dU%*ƒ B­B)ÊDCó AM6µƒS8F‹XÑÛ)$b( D3Š" 0@½"ý"Þ #\ã.M?6ÒŒ<—^B6õDV+U¥Xµ&[v~Û\vÓY^ AO,dÆ{d 0DAe D/…e B´e, øð AZ‹"Arial RegularX(´`$¡¡Ñ°ÑÒ°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€‰GXXdðXXdð7ÑÑ  Ñ ÉË×DØÙ,eÚVÛUÜÓ€ÝîÞU©U!x#3|xÞ(Ð(3Ø™$¤¤Ý ƒ`!ÝѰÑÒ°ÒÑTR[¤ AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€Œ¡XXdædæ7ÑÑ  ÑÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(=ˆ$òòÚ  Ú14Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô  ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Arial d% Line 7 d 7Border 1dd€-!Cþÿ << Gÿÿ «Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ! ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€XÔÌÌò òOcto…berÏ15,Ï1996ÌÌCecilÏCrowson,ÏJr.ÌÔ€ôÔAp…pellateÏCourtÏClerkó ó IÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7ÀŒ¡XXdædæ7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóAlthough€Ms.€Little€admitted€to€past€marijuana€and€LSD€use,€she€denied€any€drug€use€onÏthat€evening€or€since€that€evening.€Ì <Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7ÀŒ¡XXdædæ7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóMs.€Little€wanted€to€return€home,€as€she€was€to€begin€a€job€as€a€cook€at€a€nearbyÏMcDonaldððs€at€7:00€a.m.€€Ì NÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7ÀŒ¡XXdædæ7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóMs.€Little€was€unable€to€determine,€herself,€the€amount€of€gas€in€Ms.€Roeððs€car,€becauseÏthe€gas€gauge€was€apparently€broken.Ì ÑÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7ÀŒ¡XXdædæ7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóWith€respect€to€her€statements€to€various€individuals€on€the€morning€of€the€incident,Ïdescribing€the€incident,€Ms.€Little€explained€at€trial€that€she€was€unsure€what€she€said€thatÏmorning,€because,€on€that€morning,€she€was€ð ðaddledðð€and€ð ðin€shock.ððÌ Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7ÀŒ¡XXdædæ7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóDuring€this€time,€Ms.€Little€did€not€inform€Ms.€Reyna€that€she€lived€nearby.Ì XÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7ÀŒ¡XXdædæ7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóKennemore€testified€during€direct€examination€that€the€underwear€was€slightly€torn.€ÏHowever,€during€cross„examination,€he€conceded€that€he€might€be€mistaken.€€Detective€LarryÏSwafford,€a€major€crimes€detective€employed€by€the€Chattanooga€Police€Department,€testifiedÏthat,€prior€to€trial,€the€clothing€had€been€returned€to€Ms.€Little€and€that€there€had€been€nothingÏunusual€about€the€clothing.Ì'ÿÿdxd("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò Ô Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7ÀŒ¡XXdædæ7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóIn€his€brief,€the€appellant€suggests€that,€during€defense€counselððs€cross„examination€ofÏDr.€Calhoun,€the€trial€court€improperly€explained€to€the€doctor€the€legal€definition€of€serious€bodilyÏinjury€and€asked€the€doctor€if,€in€his€opinion,€the€victim€had€suffered€such€injury.€€The€appellantÏfailed€to€raise€this€issue€in€his€Motion€for€New€Trial,€cites€no€authority€for€this€proposition€in€his€briefÏto€this€court,€and€has,€accordingly,€waived€this€issue€for€the€purpose€of€appeal.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.Ï3(e);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€27(a)(4)€and€(7);€Ct.€Crim.€App.€R.€10(b).€€Ìà àNevertheless,€we€simply€note€that€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€614(b)€provides€that€the€court€mayÏinterrogate€witnesses.€€Tennessee€law€recognizes€a€courtððs€power€to€ask€questions€of€witnessesÏin€order€to€clarify€the€testimony,€if€done€in€an€impartial€manner.€€Cohen,€Sheppeard,€Paine,ÏòòTennessee€Law€of€Evidenceóó€(1995)€ðð€614.2,€p.€418€n.€474.Ìà8 àThe€trial€judge€may,€in€the€exercise€of€discretion€and€with€use€of€restraint,€askÏquestions€of€witnesses€to€clear€up€confusion€in€the€testimony€of€a€witness.€ÏUnless€the€record€shows€the€trial€judge€has€so€far€questioned€a€witness€in€such€aÏmanner€to€clearly€show€the€accused€has€been€prejudiced,€a€new€trial€will€not€beÏgranted.ÌòòState€v.€Hardinóó,€691€S.W.2d€578,€581€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1985).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Caughronóó,€855ÏS.W.2d€526,€536„537€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€510€U.S.€979,€114€S.Ct.€475€(1993)(ð ð[w]hile€weÏcaution€restraint€in€a€trial€courtððs€interjections€and€comments€during€trial,€in€the€overall€context€ofÏthis€case,€the€trial€courtððs€behavior€in€the€cited€instances€did€not€so€clearly€violate€the€mandate€ofÏimpartiality€as€to€infringe€upon€the€Defendantððs€right€to€a€fair€trialðð).€€Ìà àMoreover,€an€expert€may€testify€concerning€an€ultimate€issue€to€be€decided€by€the€trier€ofÏfact€if€his€testimony€will€substantially€assist€the€trier€of€fact€to€understand€the€evidence€or€toÏdetermine€a€fact€in€issue.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€702€and€704.€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Wallenóó,€No.€03C01„9304„CR„00136€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€November€30,€1995),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,Ï(Tenn.€1996)(ð ð[i]f›€jurors€lack€experience€or€knowledge€on€a€given€subject€and€will€be€substantiallyÏassisted€by€expert€testimony€in€their€fact„finding€task,€the€testimony€should€not€be€excludedÏbecause€it€addresses€an€ultimate€issueðð).€€We€conclude€that€the€trial€court€committed€no€error€inÏeliciting€the€doctorððs€testimony€describing€the€extent€of€Ms.€Littleððs€injuries.Ì RÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7ÀŒ¡XXdædæ7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóAlthough€the€appellant€does€not€address€principles€of€double€jeopardy€in€his€brief,€weÏsimply€note€that€the€appellantððs€convictions€survive€application€of€the€òòBlockburgeróó€test,€adoptedÏby€our€supreme€court€in€òòState€v.€Blackóó,€524€S.W.2d€913,€919„920€(Tenn.€1975).€€This€test€wasÏoriginally€enunciated€by€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€in€òòBlockburger€v.€United€Statesóó,€284ÏU.S.€299,€304,€52€S.Ct.€180,€182€(1932),€and€was€recently€reaffirmed€by€the€Supreme€Court€inÏòòUnited€States€v.€Dixonóó,€509€U.S.€688,€696,€113€U.S.€2849,€2856€(1993).Ìà8 àThe€broad€question€is€whether€or€not€the€offenses€at€issue€constitute€the€ððsameÏoffenseðð€under€the€double€jeopardy€clause.€€As€òòBlackóó€makes€clear,€multipleÏconvictions€do€not€violate€double€jeopardy€if€ðð[t]he›€statutory€elements€of€the€...Ïoffenses€are€different,€and€neither€offense€is€included€in€the€other.ðð€€Specifically,Ïthe€òòBlockburgeróó€test€requires€that€ððcourts€...€ascertain€ð ðwhether€each€[statutory]Ïprovision€requires€proof€of€a€fact€which€the€other€does€not.ððððÌòòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€538€(Tenn.€1994)(citations€omitted).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.ÏPhillipsóó,€924€S.W.2d€662,€664„665€(Tenn.€1996).€€A€comparison€of€the€statutes€at€issue€in€thisÏcase,€in€the€context€of€this€case,€clearly€demonstrates€that€the€offenses€are€not€identical€and€doÏnot€rest€on€the€same€facts.Ì CÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7ÀŒ¡XXdædæ7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóAs€the€appellant€observes€in€his€brief,€the€trial€court€also€agreed€with€the€appellantððsÏposition.€€At€the€close€of€the€Stateððs€proof,€the€appellant€submitted€a€motion€to€dismiss€theÏkidnapping€charge.€€The€trial€court€ruled:Ìà8 àIððm€not€going€to€sustain€your€motion€as€far€as€the€kidnapping€is€concerned€at€thisÏtime.€€I€will€let€the€jury€determine€that.€€But€I€think€based€on€the€law,€and€that€isÏconsidering€òòState€vs.€Anthonyóó€and€the€latest€case,€òòState€vs.€Meeksóó,€where€theyÏagain€applied€the€standards€they€set€out€in€òòState€vs.€Anthonyóó,€that€this€case€doesÏnot€constitute€kidnapping.€€But,€as€I€say,€I€will€let€the€jury€decide€first,€but€I€think€asÏa€matter€of€law€youððll€probably€win€that.ÌFollowing€the€presentation€of€all€the€proof,€the€appellant€renewed€his€motion€for€judgment€ofÏacquittal.€€The€trial€court€again€observed:Ìà8 àI€will€deny€your€motion€for€a€directed€verdict€as€to€the€kidnapping€even€though€IÏbelieve€that€probably€it€cannot€stand€based€on€the€law.€€But€Iððm€going€to€give€theÏjury€the€opportunity€to€hear€it€and€decide€it,€and€that€way€it€would€be€preserved€forÏappeal.€Ì ÈÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7ÀŒ¡XXdædæ7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóGenerally,€in€determining€whether€a€separate€kidnapping€conviction€was€supportable,Ïcourts€have€considered€the€following€factors:Ìà8 à(1)€evidence€that€the€seizure,€detention,€or€movement€was€or€was€not€inherent€inÏthe€nature€of€the€underlying€crimes;Ìà8 à(2)€whether€the€crime€was€facilitated€by€the€confinement;Ìà8 à(3)€whether€the€movement€or€confinement€prevented€the€victim€from€summoningÏassistance;Ìà8 à(4)€whether€the€movement€or€detention€lessened€the€defendantððs€risk€ofÏdetection;Ìà8 à(5)€whether€the€movement€or€detention€created€a€significant€danger€or€increasedÏthe€victimððs€risk€of€harm;Ìà8 à(6)€the€length€of€time€the€victim€was€held€or€moved;Ìà8 à(7)€the€distance€the€victim€was€moved;€andÌà8 à(8)€the€location€and€environment€of€the€place€the€victim€was€detained.ÌòòSeeóó€Annotation,€òòSeizure€or€Detention€for€Purpose€of€Committing€Rape,€Robbery,€or€OtherÏOffense€as€Constituting€Separate€Crime€of€Kidnappingóó,€39€A.L.R.5th€283,€358€(1996).Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7ÀŒ¡XXdædæ7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóAlthough€argument€of€counsel€is€not€evidence,€the€prosecutor€noted€during€argumentÏthat€the€distance€from€the€public€street€to€the€victimððs€clothing€was€approximately€thirty€or€fortyÏfeet.Ì ,Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7ÀŒ¡XXdædæ7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòContrastóó€òòState€v.€Duffóó,€No.€03C01„9501„CR„00008€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville),Ïòòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1996).€€In€òòDuffóó,€No.€03C01„9501„CR„00008,€this€court€affirmedÏthe€defendantððs€convictions€for€aggravated€kidnapping€and€rape€when€the€victim€was€tricked€intoÏstopping€her€car€on€the€side€of€the€road€in€front€of€a€closed€restaurant,€and€her€assailants€seizedÏcontrol€of€her€car€and€drove€it€around€to€the€back€of€the€restaurant.€€This€court€held:Ìà8 àWe€conclude€that€in€this€case€the€detention€and€movement€of€the€victim€behindÏthe€restaurant€was€[sic]€not€an€inherent€part€of€the€rape.€€While€confinement€andÏdetention€are€necessarily€part€of€rape,€the€movement€of€the€victim€behind€theÏrestaurant€...€was€not€necessary€for€the€appellant€to€carry€out€the€rape.€€Finally,€it€isÏclear€that€in€this€case€the€appellant€and€his€companions€sought€to€ððsubstantiallyÏlessen€the€risk€of€detectionðð€of€their€crime€by€a€passerby€when€they€drove€theÏvictim€off€the€main€highway€to€an€isolated€area€behind€the€restaurant.ÌòòSee€alsoóó€òòTarpley€v.€Stateóó,€No.€03C01„9303„CR„00067€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€DecemberÏ20,€1993),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1994).€€This€court€in€òòTarpleyóó,€No.€03C01„9303„CR„00067,€upheld€the€defendantððs€convictions€for€aggravated€kidnapping€and€rape€when€the€victimÏwas€tricked€into€stopping€on€the€side€of€the€road,€and€her€assailant€seized€control€of€her€car€andÏdrove€the€victim€to€a€cemetery€where€he€proceeded€to€rape€her.€€This€court€held:Ìà8 àIn€the€instant€case,€we€do€not€find€the€kidnapping€to€be€incidental€to€the€rape€ofÏthe€victim.€€Appellant€kidnapped€the€victim€along€the€side€of€the€highway€andÏmoved€her€a€great€distance€to€an€isolated€cemetery€before€raping€her.€€In€movingÏher€to€such€a€location€he€substantially€increased€the€risk€of€harm€to€the€victim€byÏmaking€the€offense€of€rape€easier€to€commit.ÌArguably,€both€of€these€cases€are€distinguishable€from€the€instant€case€due€to€the€greater€riskÏinherent€in€an€assailant€seizing€control€of€a€victimððs€vehicle€and€the€greater€distance€of€theÏmovements€in€these€cases.Ìà àWe€acknowledge€the€Stateððs€citation€to€òòPeople€v.€Thomasóó,€3€Cal.€App.€3d€859,€83ÏCal.Rptr.€879€(Cal.€Ct.€App.€1970),€in€which€the€California€Court€of€Appeal€upheld€a€kidnappingÏconviction€when€the€defendant€stopped€two€young€women€at€approximately€midnight€on€a€lightedÏpublic€street,€forced€them€to€enter€a€nearby€dimly€lighted€alley,€and€committed€robbery.€ÏNevertheless,€we€note€that€the€California€courtððs€decision€rested€on€that€courtððs€interpretation€ofÏthe€relevant€California€kidnapping€statute€rather€than€upon€general€principles€of€due€process.€ÏIndeed,€our€supreme€court€in€òòAnthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€at€306,€after€citing€òòThomasóó,€noted€that€ð ðitÏmust€be€remembered€that€individual€cases€are€sometimes€dependent€upon€the€wording€of€theÏparticular€statute€being€construed,€and€upon€the€clarity€of€local€legislative€intent.ðð€€Ìà àMoreover,€pursuant€to€their€interpretation€of€the€California€kidnapping€statutes,€theÏCalifornia€courts€have€been€able€to€distinguish€from€òòThomasóó€those€cases€involving€the€factualÏsituations€described€in€òòColemanóó,€òòSandersóó,€and€òòMcCurdyóó.€€Citing€the€California€statutoryÏrequirement€of€asportation€into€another€part€of€the€same€county,€a€requirement€absent€from€theÏTennessee€kidnapping€statutes,€the€California€courts€have€reversed€kidnapping€convictionsÏwhen€the€defendant€does€no€more€than€ð ðððmove€his€victim€around€inside€the€premises€in€which€heÏfinds€him.ðððð€òòPeople€v.€Rayfordóó,€884€P.€2d€1369,€1375€(Cal.€1994).Ì LÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7ÀŒ¡XXdædæ7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóFor€example,€the€test€set€forth€by€our€supreme€court€is€whether€the€kidnapping€ð ðisÏsignificant€enough,€in€and€of€itself,€to€warrant€independent€prosecution.ðð€€òòSeeóó€òòAnthonyóó,€817ÏS.W.2d€at€306.€€Moreover,€the€supreme€court€expressed€its€doubt€ð ðthat€the€legislature€intendedÏthat€every€robbery[,€rape,€or€assault]€should€also€constitute€a€kidnapping.ðð€€òòIdóó.Ì ›Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7ÀŒ¡XXdædæ7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThus,€in€òòAnthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€at€307,€the€supreme€court€noted,€at€one€point,€that€theÏdefendantððs€conduct€ð ð[s]uperficially€at€least,€might€appear€adequate€to€constitute€a€separateÏoffense.ðð€€Ì «Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ! ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€XÔÌÌò òOcto…berÏ15,Ï1996ÌÌCecilÏCrowson,ÏJr.ÌÔ€ôÔAp…pellateÏCourtÏClerkó óPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  BA Op Geneva ÒÒ  BA Op Geneva Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€Xd#ÑÑ#€Xd#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÙ€€Ùò ò›œßL€"#!;+'h|` e `€€Lß›à@ àIN€THE€COURT€OFÏCRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€KNOXVILLEÌà@ àFEBRUARYÏSESSION,€1996Ìó óÌÌÌÌò òSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEó ó,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àNo.€03C01„9504„CR„00121Ìà àAppelleeà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àHAMILTONÏCOUNTYÌvs.à àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àHon.ÏDouglas€A.€Meyer,€JudgeÌò òRICKY€MICHAEL€DIXONó ó,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à à(Agg.ÏKidnapping;€Agg.€Assault;Ïà àAppellantà àà àà à)à àAttemptedÏSexual€Battery)ÌÌÌÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à àà àà àà àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:ÌÌJerry€S.€Sloanà àà àà àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌ730€Cherry€Street,€Suite€Cà àà àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌChattanooga,€TN€€37402à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àSarah€M.€BranchÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€AttorneyÏGeneralà àà àà àà àà àà àà àCriminal€Justice€DivisionÌà àà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493à àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àWilliam€H.€Cox€IIIÌà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àH.€C.€BrightÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAsst.€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àCourts€BuildingÌà àà àà àà àà àà à600€Market€StreetÌà àà àà àà àà àà àChattanooga,€TN€€37402ÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌÌAFFIRMED€IN€PART;€REVERSED€IN€PARTÌÌÌÌò òDavid€G.€Hayesó óÌJudgeÇÓÓà@ àò òOPINIONó óÌÌà àThe€appellant,€Ricky€Michael€Dixon,€was€convicted€by€a€Hamilton€CountyÏjury€of€aggravated€kidnapping,€aggravated€assault,€and€attempted€sexualÏbattery.€€The€appellant€received,€respectively,€concurrent€sentences€of€twentyÏyears€confinement€in€the€Department€of€Correction,€fifteen€years€confinement€inÏthe€Department€of€Correction,€and€eleven€months€and€twenty„nine€daysÏconfinement€in€the€local€workhouse.€€On€appeal,€the€appellant€presents€theÏfollowing€issues:€(1)€whether€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€hisÏconvictions,€and€(2)€whether€his€convictions€violate€the€holding€of€our€supremeÏcourt€in€òòState€v.€Anthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€299€(Tenn.€1991).€€After€reviewing€theÏrecord,€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient.€€However,€in€light€of€the€factsÏof€this€case€and€pursuant€to€òòAnthonyóó,€we€agree€that€the€appellantððs€multipleÏconvictions€and€punishments€violate€the€principle€of€fundamental€fairness,Ïdepriving€the€appellant€of€his€due€process€rights.€€For€the€reasons€set€forthÏbelow,€we€conclude€that€fundamental€fairness€requires€the€dismissal€of€theÏconvictions€for€the€lesser€offenses€and€that€the€conviction€for€the€greater€offenseÏof€aggravated€kidnapping€should€stand.€ÌÌà@ àò òòòI.€€Factual€Backgroundóóó óÌÌà àThe€evidence€adduced€by€the€State€at€trial€revealed€that€in€the€earlyÍmorning€hours€of€September€6,€1992,€in€Chattanooga,€Donna€Candies€LittleÏwas€returning€home€from€a€barbeque,€celebrating€her€birthday.€€She€had€drunkÏapproximately€one€and€a€half€beers€at€the€party.× ƒ$ ××  ×€€An€acquaintance€drove€herÏand€a€friend€and€former€roommate,€Sheila€Roe,€to€Ms.€Roeððs€home€on€WillowÏStreet.€€Ms.€Little€resided€at€that€time€on€Clio€Avenue,€approximately€2.3€milesÏfrom€Ms.€Roeððs€home.€€Ms.€Roe€was€intoxicated€and€asked€Ms.€Little€to€drive€herÏin€Ms.€Roeððs€car€to€Chili€De„Bos,€a€bar€adjacent€to€Ms.€Littleððs€home.€€Ms.€RoeÏwanted€to€talk€with€her€roommate,€ð ðCat,ðð€who€worked€as€a€bartender€at€the€bar.€ÏBecause€of€Ms.€Roeððs€intoxicated€state€and€despite€Ms.€Littleððs€desire€to€returnÏhome,€Ms.€Little€agreed.× ƒ% ××  ×€€She€and€Ms.€Roe€remained€at€the€bar€forÏapproximately€ten€minutes.€€While€at€the€bar,€she€and€Ms.€Roe€encountered€theÏappellant,€and€Ms.€Roe€agreed€to€drive€the€appellant€to€Willow€Street,€where€theÏappellant€was€to€meet€some€friends.€€Apparently,€the€bartender€was€familiar€withÏthe€appellant€and€informed€Ms.€Little,€ð ðHeððs€all€right;€he€comes€in€here€...€.ðð€€Ms.ÏLittle€testified€at€trial€that,€although€she€had€seen€the€appellant€once€before€atÏChili€De„Bos,€she€had€never€spoken€to€the€appellant€and€did€not€know€hisÏname.€€Again€because€of€Ms.€Roeððs€intoxicated€state,€Ms.€Little€decided€to€driveÏMs.€Roe€home.€€The€appellant€rode€in€the€backseat.ÌÌà àWhen€they€arrived€at€Ms.€Roeððs€residence,€the€appellant€departed.€€Ms.ÏLittle€asked€Ms.€Roe€if€she€could€borrow€her€car€to€return€home.€€Ms.€RoeÏindicated€that€there€was€no€gas€in€her€car.× ƒ& ××  ×€€Therefore,€Ms.€Little€decided€to€walkÏhome.€€As€she€approached€her€house€on€Clio€Avenue,€Ms.€Little€noticed€theÏappellant€walking€behind€her.€€She€assumed€that€he€was€returning€to€the€bar.€ÏWhen€she€was€a€few€blocks€from€her€home,€the€appellant€spoke€to€her.€€SheÏturned€and€looked€at€the€appellant.€€The€appellant€then€grabbed€her.€€ÌÌà àAt€trial,€Ms.€Little€recounted:ÌÓÓà8 àHe€pinned€me€down€with€one€of€his€arms€and€covered€my€mouthÏwith€the€other,€and€lifted€me€up€off€the€ground€so€I€couldnððt€move€orÏanything.€€Then€he€slammed€me€to€the€ground€right€there,€and€heÏgrabbed€me€around€my€throat.€€He€started€squeezing€and€it€scaredÏme€so€bad€that€when€I€was€still€and€he€knew€I€wasnððt€gonna€fightÏanymore,€he€pulled€me€over€into€the€bushes.€€And€I€was€so€terrifiedÏ...€.ÌÓÓÌÌAfter€the€appellant€dragged€Ms.€Little€from€the€sidewalk€into€the€bushes€growingÏon€a€vacant€lot,€he€forced€her€to€pull€her€pants€to€her€knees.€€He€then€removedÏher€underwear.€€The€appellant€was€unable€to€engage€in€intercourse€with€theÏvictim€due€to€her€continued€struggles.€€Finally,€the€appellant€forced€Ms.€Little€toÍperform€oral€sex€on€him.× ƒ' ××  ×€€When€she€attempted€to€break€away€from€theÏappellant,€he€began€to€hit€her€on€the€side€of€her€face.€€The€appellant€completelyÏremoved€Ms.€Littleððs€pants€and€her€shoes.€€He€then€positioned€himself€on€top€ofÏthe€victim,€squeezing€her€throat.€€When€Ms.€Little€ceased€struggling,€theÏappellant€released€her.€€At€this€point,€Ms.€Little€thrust€her€fingers€into€theÏappellantððs€eyes€and€ran,€screaming,€toward€a€nearby€house.ÌÌà àIn€the€early€morning€hours€of€September€6,€1992,€Francisca€Reyna€wasÏawakened€in€her€home€on€Clio€Avenue€by€ð ða€girl€screamingðð€and€ð ða€big€oldÏknock€and€pounding€on€the€door.ðð€€Ms.€Reyna€testified€that,€when€she€lookedÏoutside,ÌÓÓà8 àwhat€I€seen€was€a€nude€girl€there.€€She€had€a€piece€of€shirt€on,Ïand€you€couldnððt€tell€her€face€cause€she€had€blood€all€over€on€theÏside€of€her€face,€and€you€couldnððt€„„„€her€face€was€just€so€messedÏup€where€it€had€been€beaten.€€She€was€screaming,€ð ðHelp€me,Ïplease;€Iððve€been€raped.ððÌÓÓÌMs.€Reyna€did€not€know€the€victim.€€Nevertheless,€she€obtained€some€clothesÏfor€Ms.€Little€and,€because€she€did€not€own€a€telephone,€drove€Ms.€Little€to€aÏnearby€gas€station€and€called€the€police.€€She€and€Ms.€Little€awaited€theÏpoliceððs€arrival€at€Ms.€Reynaððs€home.× ƒ( ××  ×ÌÌà àMalcolm€Kennemore,€a€patrol€officer€employed€by€the€ChattanoogaÏPolice€Department,€was€dispatched€to€Ms.€Reynaððs€residence€at€approximatelyÏ4:00€a.m.€€At€trial,€Officer€Kennemore€described€the€victimððs€condition€when€heÏarrived€at€Ms.€Reynaððs€residence:ÌÓÓà8 àShe€basically€in€general€terms€seemed€to€be€beat€up€pretty€bad.€ÏShe€was€scratched€up€real€bad.€€Sides€of€her€face€were€scratchedÏup.€...€[H]er€face€appeared€to€be€getting€swollen.€€Her€neck€wasÏscratched€up€and€it€was€real€red€around€her€neck.€...€[Ms.€Little]Ïwas€very€upset.€€I€could€only€get€just€sketchy€bits€and€pieces€ofÏinformation€from€her.€€She€was€just€tremendously€upset.€...Ï[B]etween€crying€and€things€she€managed€to€get€out€in€bits€andÏpieces€that€she€was€saying€that€she€was€raped€in€the€field€nextÏdoor€to€the€house.ÌÓÓÌOfficer€Kennemore€further€testified€that,€although€the€victim€was€upset,€she€didÏnot€appear€to€be€intoxicated€or€under€the€influence€of€drugs.€€She€indicated€toÏKennemore€that€she€believed€her€assailantððs€name€to€be€ð ðRonnie,ðð€but€was€notÏcertain.€€She€also€informed€Kennemore€that€the€attacker€had€penetrated€herÏvagina€both€digitally€and€with€his€penis.ÌÌà àOfficer€Kennemore€searched€the€vacant€lot€adjacent€to€Ms.€ReynaððsÏhome.€€In€a€wooded€area,€he€discovered€a€pair€of€jeans,€a€pair€of€tennis€shoes,Ïand€a€pair€of€underwear.× ƒ) ××  ×€€One€shoe€was€stuck€in€a€bush.€€Another€shoe€wasÍunderneath€the€same€bush.€€The€jeans€ð ðwere€just€wadded€...€They€just€seemedÏto€be€that€they€were€just€tossed€down€there€...€.ðð€€He€and€another€officerÏphotographed€the€clothes€as€they€were€discovered€at€the€scene.€€However,Ïthese€photographs€were€lost€at€some€point€during€the€ensuing€investigation.ÌÌà àKennemore€indicated€that€there€are€streetlights€on€Clio€Avenue€but€alsoÏstated€that,€at€night,€a€person€standing€on€Clio€Avenue€would€probably€beÏunable€to€see€someone€standing€at€the€location€of€the€clothing,€and,€evenÏduring€the€day,€would€be€unable€to€see€someone€lying€on€the€ground€at€thatÏlocation.€€With€respect€to€whether€he€noticed€drag€marks€between€the€sidewalkÏand€the€location€of€the€clothing,€the€officer€remarked,€ð ðWith€all€the€I€guess€debrisÏin€the€area€there€and€in€the€yard,€it€wouldððve€been€really€hard€to€tell€if€there€hadÏbeen€any€force€used€around€there.ðð€€Kennemore€testified€that€the€neighborhoodÏis€considered€a€ð ðhigh€crime€area.ðð€ÌÌà àOfficer€Kennemore€transported€Ms.€Little€to€Erlanger€Hospital.€€Dr.€FrankÏCalhoun,€who€practices€emergency€medicine€at€the€hospital,€testified€that,€whenÏMs.€Little€arrived€at€the€hospital,€she€was€crying.€€She€informed€the€doctor€thatÏshe€had€been€assaulted€and€raped.€€Dr.€Calhoun€examined€Ms.€Little.€€She€wasÏexperiencing€ð ða€lot€of€painðð€on€the€right€side€of€her€face.€€The€right€side€of€herÍface€was€very€swollen€and€exhibited€severe€bruising.€€X„rays€revealed€that€Ms.ÏLittle€had€suffered€a€facial€fracture,€which€required€an€operation.€€She€had€alsoÏsuffered€hemorrhages€on€her€right€eardrum.€€With€respect€to€her€torso,€she€wasÏexperiencing€tenderness€over€her€breastbone€and€in€her€abdomen.€€She€hadÏmultiple,€widespread€scratches€on€the€front€and€back€of€her€torso.€€As€to€theÏseverity€of€the€victimððs€injuries,€Dr.€Calhoun€testified€that€there€was€a€risk€ofÏdeath,€there€was€disfigurement,€and€there€was€extreme€physical€pain.€€Dr.ÏCalhoun€did€not€perform€a€vaginal€examination,€because,€at€the€hospital,€theÏvictim€denied€penetration.€€She€was€not€subjected€to€a€blood€alcohol€test,Ïbecause€she€appeared€to€be€ð ðalert€and€coherent.ðð€ÌÌà àDetective€Larry€Swafford,€the€principal€investigating€officer,€testified€thatÏOfficer€Kennemore€notified€him€of€the€incident€in€the€early€morning€hours€ofÏSeptember€6,€1992,€and€that€he€immediately€proceeded€to€Erlanger€Hospital.€ÏHe€interviewed€the€victim€at€the€hospital,€but€did€not€record€her€statement.€ÏDetective€Swafford€did€testify€that,€In€her€statement€to€him,€Ms.€Little€onlyÏalleged€digital€penetration€by€her€assailant.€€Therefore,€Swafford€did€not€requestÏa€vaginal€examination€of€the€victim.€€The€victim€never€mentioned€to€DetectiveÏSwafford€that€she€had€been€forced€to€perform€oral€sex€on€the€appellant.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€testified€at€trial.€€He€admitted€to€numerous€priorÏconvictions,€including€convictions€for€burglary,€grand€larceny,€and€DUI.€€HeÍstated€that,€on€August€17,€1992,€he€was€serving€a€sentence€in€Georgia€and€wasÏissued€a€48€hour€pass.€€He€violated€the€pass,€escaping€to€Chattanooga,ÏTennessee.€€While€in€Chattanooga,€he€sporadically€performed€yard€work€andÏfrequented€Chili€De„Bos,€where€he€drank€beer,€played€pool,€and€socialized.€ÏAccording€to€the€appellant,€he€met,€spoke€with,€and€danced€with€Ms.€Little€at€theÏbar€on€various€occasions.€€€Ms.€Little€introduced€the€appellant€to€Ms.€RoeÏapproximately€three€or€four€weeks€prior€to€the€instant€offense€and€gave€theÏappellant€Ms.€Roeððs€phone€number€and€address.€€ÌÌà àThe€appellant€further€recounted€that,€on€September€5,€1992,€he€spent€theÏday€at€Ms.€Roeððs€house,€socializing€and€drinking€beer.€€Ms.€Little€subsequentlyÏarrived.€€She€and€Ms.€Roe€left€the€house€to€attend€a€party.€€They€returned€atÏapproximately€7:30€p.m.€and€accompanied€the€appellant€to€Chili€De„Bos.€€TheyÏremained€at€the€bar€until€it€closed€at€approximately€1:00€a.m.€€Ms.€Little€thenÏdrove€the€appellant€and€Ms.€Roe€to€Ms.€Roeððs€home.€€At€some€point,€Ms.€LittleÏinvited€the€appellant€to€go€on€a€walk.€€They€exited€the€house€through€the€backÏdoor,€which€locked€automatically.€€According€to€the€appellant,€Ms.€Roe€refusedÏto€allow€them€back€into€the€house.€€Ms.€Little€then€convinced€the€appellant€toÏwalk€with€her€to€her€home€on€Clio€Avenue.€€ÌÌà àWhen€they€were€approximately€four€houses€from€Ms.€Littleððs€home,€Ms.ÏLittle€suggested€that€she€and€the€appellant€walk€onto€a€vacant€lot€and€talk.€€SheÍthen€informed€the€appellant€that€he€could€not€enter€her€home,€because€herÏboyfriend€was€present.€€The€appellant€became€angry,€but€Ms.€Little€indicatedÏthat€he€could€visit€her€later.€€Ms.€Little€and€the€appellant€then€began€to€kiss.€€TheÏappellant€testified€at€trial€that€Ms.€Little€voluntarily€performed€oral€sex€on€him.€ÏWith€Ms.€Littleððs€consent,€the€appellant€removed€Ms.€Littleððs€pants€and€shoes.€ÏDuring€this€sexual€encounter,€the€appellant€indicated€that€he€would€later€returnÏto€Ms.€Roeððs€house.€€Ms.€Little€reacted€angrily,€refusing€to€proceed€further.€€TheÏappellant,€in€turn,€became€angry€and€hit€Ms.€Little.€€They€engaged€in€a€struggle,Ïduring€which€they€fell€into€some€hedge€bushes.€€Ms.€Little€then€ran€away.€€TheÏappellant€testified€that€he€left€immediately€thereafter,€because€he€did€not€want€toÏawait€the€policeððs€arrival.€€Several€days€later,€the€appellant€left€Tennessee€andÏvisited€a€girlfriend€in€Jackson,€Mississippi.€€He€remained€in€Mississippi€forÏapproximately€four€weeks.€€He€then€returned€to€the€Department€of€Correction€inÏGeorgia.€€He€became€aware€of€the€instant€charges€in€May,€1993,€and,€on€MayÏ17,€1993,€submitted€a€ð ðDemand€for€Speedy€Trial.ððÌà8 àÌà@ àò òòòII.€€Analysisó óóóÌà àThe€appellant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€supporting€hisÏconvictions€for€aggravated€kidnapping,€aggravated€assault,€and€attemptedÏsexual€battery.€€A€jury€conviction€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€withÏwhich€a€defendant€is€initially€cloaked€and€replaces€it€with€one€of€guilt,€so€that€onÏappeal€a€convicted€defendant€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€theÍevidence€is€insufficient.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€ÏThe€defendant€must€establish€that€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€was€soÏdeficient€that€no€"reasonable€trier€of€fact"€could€have€found€the€essentialÏelements€of€the€offense€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443ÏU.S.€307,€319,€99€S.Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979);€€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,Ï259€(Tenn.€1994),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€òò€€€óó€U.S.€òò€€€óó,€115€S.Ct.€743€(1995);€€Tenn.€R.€App.ÏP.€13(e).ÌÌà àMoreover,€an€appellate€court€may€neither€reweigh€nor€reevaluate€theÏevidence€when€determining€its€sufficiency.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,Ï835€(Tenn.€1978).€€"A€jury€verdict€approved€by€the€trial€judge€accredits€theÏtestimony€of€the€witnesses€for€the€State€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€theÏState's€theory."€€òòWilliamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€465ÏU.S.€1073,€104€S.Ct.€1429€(1984).€€The€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongestÏlegitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€beÏdrawn€therefrom.€€òòIdóó.€€òòSee€alsoóó€€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€75€(Tenn.€1992),Ïòòcert.€deniedóó,€507€U.S.€954,€113€S.Ct.€1368€(1993).ÌÌà àA€person€is€guilty€of€aggravated€kidnapping€if€he€knowingly€removes€orÏconfines€another€so€as€to€interfere€substantially€with€the€otherððs€liberty€(1)€inÏorder€to€facilitate€the€commission€of€any€felony€or€flight€thereafter;€(2)€with€theÏintent€to€inflict€serious€bodily€injury€on€or€to€terrorize€the€victim€or€another;€or€(3)Íwhere€the€victim€suffers€bodily€injury.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„304€(1991).€ÏòòSee€alsoóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„302(a)€(1991).€€Again,€the€victim€testified€atÏtrial€that€the€appellant€seized€her€as€she€was€walking€home€and€dragged€herÏsome€distance€from€the€well€lit€street€into€a€nearby€vacant€lot.€€In€the€lot,€theÏappellant€restrained€the€victim€as€he€physically€and€sexually€assaulted€her.€€Dr.ÏCalhoun€described,€at€trial,€Ms.€Littleððs€extensive€injuries.€€The€appellantÏchallenges€the€credibility€of€the€victimððs€testimony.€€However,€as€already€noted,Ïweighing€the€credibility€of€witnesses€lies€solely€within€the€province€of€the€jury.€ÏAccordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€record€supports€a€conviction€for€aggravatedÏkidnapping.ÌÌÌà àA€person€commits€aggravated€assault€if,€causing€òòseriousóó€bodily€injury,€heÏ(1)€intentionally,€knowingly,€or€recklessly€causes€bodily€injury€to€another;€(2)Ïintentionally€or€knowingly€causes€another€to€reasonably€fear€imminent€bodilyÏinjury;€or€(3)€intentionally€or€knowingly€causes€physical€contact€with€another€andÏa€reasonable€person€would€regard€the€contact€as€extremely€offensive€orÏprovocative.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„102€(1991).€€òòSee€alsoóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð€39„13„101(a)€(1991).€€Serious€bodily€injury€means€bodily€injury€whichÏinvolves€(1)€a€substantial€risk€of€death;€(2)€protracted€unconsciousness;€(3)Ïextreme€physical€pain;€(4)€protracted€or€obvious€disfigurement;€or€(5)€protractedÏloss€or€substantial€impairment€of€a€function€of€a€bodily€member,€organ€or€mentalÍfaculty.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„106(a)(33)€(1991).€€The€appellant€admitted€atÏtrial€that€he€had€physically€assaulted€Ms.€Little.€€Moreover,€as€mentioned€earlier,Ïmedical€testimony€established€that,€as€a€result€of€the€appellantððs€assault,€theÏvictim€suffered€a€facial€fracture,€which€required€surgery€and€caused€extremeÏphysical€pain.€€We€conclude€that€the€record€supports€a€conviction€forÏaggravated€assault.× ƒ0 ××  ×ÌÌÌà àFinally,€a€person€commits€sexual€battery€if€he€engages€in€sexual€contactÏwith€the€victim€by€the€defendant€or€the€defendant€by€a€victim,€accompanied€byÏforce€or€coercion.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„13„505€(1991).€€òòSee€alsoóó€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð39„13„503(a)(1)€(1991).€€Sexual€contact€includes€the€intentional€touchingÏof€the€victimððs,€the€defendantððs,€or€any€other€personððs€intimate€parts,€or€theÏintentional€touching€of€the€clothing€covering€the€immediate€area€of€the€victimððs,Ïthe€defendantððs,€or€any€other€personððs€intimate€parts,€if€that€intentional€touchingÏcan€be€reasonably€construed€as€being€for€the€purpose€of€sexual€arousal€orÏgratification.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„501(6)€(1991).€€A€person€commitsÏcriminal€attempt€who,€acting€with€the€kind€of€culpability€otherwise€required€forÏthe€offense,€completes€a€substantial€step€toward€the€commission€of€the€offense.€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„12„101(a)(3)€(1991).€€The€statute€provides€that€it€is€noÏdefense€to€prosecution€for€criminal€attempt€that€the€offense€attempted€wasÏactually€committed.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„12„101(c).€€Again,€the€victim€testifiedÏthat€the€appellant€dragged€her€onto€the€vacant€lot,€forcibly€removed€her€shoes,Ïpants,€and€underwear,€attempted€penile€penetration€and,€when€unsuccessful,Ïforced€the€victim€to€perform€oral€sex€on€him.€€We€conclude€that€the€recordÏsupports€a€conviction€for€attempted€sexual€battery.ÌÌà àAdditionally,€the€appellant€contends€that€his€convictions€for€aggravatedÏkidnapping,€aggravated€assault,€and€attempted€sexual€battery€violate€hisÍconstitutional€guarantee€of€due€process.× ƒ1 ××  ×€€Citing€òòAnthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€at€299,Ïhe€contends€that€the€movement€and€detention€of€the€victim€were€essentiallyÏincidental€to€the€accompanying€aggravated€assault€and€attempted€sexualÏbattery.€€We€agree.× ƒ2 ××  ×ÌÌà àIn€òòAnthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€at€306,€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€held€that,Íwhere€the€appellant€is€charged€with€kidnapping€in€conjunction€with€anotherÏfelony,€the€court€must€make€the€following€determination:ÌÓÓà8 à[W]hether€the€confinement,€movement,€or€detention€is€essentiallyÏincidental€to€the€accompanying€felony€and€is€not,€therefore,Ïsufficient€to€support€a€separate€conviction€for€kidnapping,€orÏwhether€it€is€significant€enough,€in€and€of€itself,€to€warrantÏindependent€prosecution€and€is,€therefore,€sufficient€to€supportÏsuch€a€conviction.ÌÓÓÌOne€method€of€resolving€this€question€is€to€inquire€whether€the€confinement,Ïmovement,€or€detention€substantially€increased€the€risk€of€harm€to€the€victimÏover€and€above€that€necessarily€present€in€the€accompanying€felony€or€felonies.€ÏòòIdóó.€€The€conclusion€reached€by€a€court€will€depend€heavily€upon€the€facts€inÏeach€case.€€òòIdóó.€at€306.× ƒ3 ××  ×ÌÌà àIn€the€instant€case,€the€appellant€dragged€Ms.€Little€from€a€well€lit€street€toÍa€wooded€area€located€in€a€nearby€vacant€lot,€where€he€proceeded€toÏphysically€and€sexually€assault€her.€€An€investigating€officer€testified€at€trial€that,Ïat€night,€an€individual€standing€on€the€street€or€sidewalk€would€be€unable€to€seeÏsomeone€standing€in€the€vacant€lot,€at€the€location€from€which€Ms.€LittleððsÏclothes€were€recovered.€€However,€he€indicated€that€the€distance€from€theÏsidewalk€to€the€location€of€the€clothes€was€less€than€the€length€of€theÏcourtroom.× ƒ4 ××  ×€€In€òòState€v.€McCurdyóó,€No.€01C01„9505„CC„00124€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€at€Nashville,€December€15,€1995),€this€court€held€that€a€kidnappingÏconviction€was€essentially€incidental€to€the€accompanying€rape€when€theÏdefendant€forced€the€victim€twenty€to€twenty„five€feet€from€the€coffee/cocoaÏcounter€of€a€convenience€store€to€the€menððs€rest€room.€€Once€inside€theÏbathroom,€the€assailant€forced€the€victim€to€perform€oral€sex€on€him.€€This€courtÏobserved:ÌÓÓà8 àThe€fact€that€[the€victim]€was€abducted€into€the€rest€room€makesÏthis€issue€a€more€difficult€one€to€resolve.€€It€appears€obvious€thatÏthis€was€done€by€the€defendant€to€lessen€the€possibility€of€beingÏso€readily€detected.€[Nevertheless,€w]e€do€not€believe€that€theÏremoval€and€confinement€of€the€victim€herein€is€significantÏenough,€in€and€of€itself,€to€warrant€independent€prosecution€forÏkidnapping€...€.ÌÓÓÌòòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Colemanóó,€865€S.W.2d€455€(Tenn.€1993)(conviction€forÏaggravated€kidnapping€reversed€when,€while€robbing€a€retail€shoe€store,€theÍdefendant€used€a€gun€to€force€the€female€sales€person€into€a€back€room€of€theÏstore€where€he€proceeded€to€rape€her);€òòState€v.€Sandersóó,€842€S.W.2d€257Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1992)(conviction€forÏaggravated€kidnapping€reversed€when€defendant€forced€the€victim,€at€gunpoint,Ïto€return€from€the€parking€lot€to€the€inside€of€a€restaurant€where€the€defendantÏordered€the€victim€to€open€a€safe€and€then€bound€the€victimððs€hands€with€ductÏtape).× ƒ5 ××  ×€€Similarly,€the€proof€adduced€at€trial€in€the€instant€case€does€not€supportÍa€conviction€for€aggravated€kidnapping€òòin€additionóó€to€convictions€for€aggravatedÏassault€and€attempted€sexual€battery,€particularly€in€light€of€the€mandate€inÏòòAnthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€at€306,€ð ðto€apply€the€[kidnapping]€statute€narrowly,€so€as€toÏmake€its€reach€fundamentally€fair€and€to€protect€the€due€process€rights€of€everyÏcitizen,€even€those€charged€with€robbery,€rape,€or€the€like.ððÌÌà àHaving€concluded€that€fundamental€fairness€precludes€convictions€for€allÏthree€offenses€charged€in€the€instant€case,€we€must€next€determine€whetherÏòòAnthonyóó€mandates€the€reversal€of€the€kidnapping€conviction€rather€than€theÏlesser€convictions.€€Generally,€ð ð[u]pon€a€finding€that€two€convictions€cannot€bothÏstand,€the€conviction€for€the€greater€offense€must€stand€and€that€for€the€lowerÏoffense€must€be€vacated.€€The€grade€of€the€offense€is€determined€by€theÏpunishment;€the€offense€with€the€most€severe€punishment€is€the€greater€offenseÏand€is€the€offense€that€must€stand.ðð€€òòState€v.€Beardóó,€818€S.W.2d€376,€379€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1991).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòWalton€v.€Stateóó,€448€S.W.2d€690,€696„697€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1969).€€However,€in€òòState€v.ÏGaskellóó,€No.€285€n.1€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€April€13,€1992),€a€panel€ofÍthis€court€suggested€that€the€primary€focus€of€òòAnthonyóó€was€òòsufficiency€of€theÏevidenceóó€to€support€a€kidnapping€conviction.× ƒ6 ××  ×€€Thus,€an€òòAnthonyóó€violationÏwould€require€the€reversal€of€the€kidnapping€conviction.€€We€propose,€instead,Ïthat€the€focus€of€òòAnthonyóó€was€the€òòfairness€of€multiple€convictionsóó€for€inherentlyÏinterwoven€offenses,€an€interpretation€permitting€the€reversal€of€theÏaccompanying€offenses€should€they€be€of€a€lesser€grade.× ƒ7 ××  ×ÌÌà àMoreover,€this€court€has€observed€that€a€prosecutor€may€choose,Ïconsistent€with€òòAnthonyóó,€to€charge€òòonlyóó€kidnapping€when€confronted€by€factualÏscenarios€contemplated€by€the€supreme€court€in€òòAnthonyóó.€€òòSeeóó€òòGaskellóó,€No.Ï285€n.1.€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Robertsóó,€No.€03C01„9407„CR„00262€n.€4€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€April€16,€1996)(per€curiam).€€If€a€single€conviction€forÏkidnapping,€unaccompanied€by€other€convictions,€may€rest€upon€facts€similar€toÏthose€in€òòAnthonyóó,€then€clearly€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€cannot€be€theÏprinciple€concern.€€In€other€words,€if€the€issue€were€truly€sufficiency€of€theÏevidence,€then€facts,€insufficient€to€support€a€kidnapping€convictionÏaccompanied€by€a€conviction€for€an€interwoven€offense,€would€be€insufficient€toÍsupport€a€kidnapping€conviction€alone.ÌÌà àFinally,€an€individual€who€engages€in€a€course€of€criminal€conduct,Ïinvolving€numerous€related€offenses€of€varying€degrees€of€seriousness,€does€soÏat€his€own€risk.€€We€believe€that€this€conclusion€is€not€only€consistent€with€dueÏprocess,€but€also€with€legislative€intent.€€òòSeeóó€òòAnthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€at€306.€ÏThus,€as€we€have€already€determined€that€the€evidence€presented€at€theÏappellantððs€trial€is€sufficient€to€support€the€juryððs€verdicts,€we€affirm€theÏkidnapping€conviction€and,€in€accordance€with€the€principle€of€fundamentalÏfairness,€reverse€the€lesser€convictions€of€aggravated€assault€and€attemptedÏsexual€battery.ÌÌà@ àò òòòIII.€€Conclusionó óóóÌà àFor€the€reasons€set€forth€above,€we€reverse€the€appellantððs€convictionsÏfor€aggravated€assault€and€attempted€sexual€battery€and€dismiss€the€charges.€ÏThe€appellantððs€conviction€for€aggravated€kidnapping€is€affirmed.ÌœÇÌÌ›ÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà à____________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àDAVID€G.€HAYES,€JudgeÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ______________________________ÌJOHN€H.€PEAY,€JudgeÌÌÌ______________________________ÌWILLIAM€M.€BARKER,€œJudgeÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÒ € ÒÒ X ÒÑ ° ÑÑ € ÑÑ7€Œ¡XXdæXXdæ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÓ ` °œXÓßJ€"8;+'b|` e `€@ÿJß›à@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌà@ àAT€KNOXVILLEÌÌà@ àFEBRUARY€1996€SESSIONÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà àà à)à àNO.€03C01„9504„CR„00121Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àAppelleeà àà àà àà à)à àHAMILTON€COUNTYÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌV.à àà àà àà àà àà à)à àHON.€DOUGLAS€A.€MEYERÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àJUDGE€ÌRICKY€MICHAEL€DIXON,à àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à à€(Agg.€Kidnapping,€Agg.€Assault;Ìà àAppellantà àà àà àà à)à à€€Attempted€Sexual€Battery)ÌÌÌÌÓÓà@ àò òSEPARATE€CONCURRING€AND€DISSENTING€OPINIONó óÌÓ Ð ÓI€concur€in€the€majorityððs€opinion€to€affirm€the€appellantððs€conviction€forÏaggravated€kidnapping,€but€I€do€not€concur€in€the€decision€of€the€majority€to€reverseÏand€dismiss€the€appellantððs€convictions€for€aggravated€assault€and€attempted€sexualÍbattery.€€I€am€of€the€opinion€that€based€upon€the€facts€of€this€case€and€the€law€as€IÏview€it,€all€of€the€appellantððs€convictions€should€be€affirmed.€€ÌThe€majority,€rather€unconvincingly€to€me,€attempts€to€distinguish€the€presentÏcase€from€òòState€v.€Duffóó,€No.€03C01„9501„CR„0008€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville)Ïòòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1996).€€The€majority€attempts€to€distinguish€the€òòDuffóóÏcase€from€this€case€solely€on€the€basis€that€a€vehicle€was€involved€in€the€òòDuffóóÏkidnapping.€€ÌThe€victim€in€the€òòDuffóó€case,€while€driving€her€automobile€late€œat›€night€on€aÏKnoxville€street,€was€tricked€by€the€defendant€into€stopping€her€car€in€front€of€a€closedÏrestaurant.€€Thereafter,€the€defendant€and€his€companions€commandeered€theÏvictimððs€vehicle€and€drove€it€a€short€distance€from€its€stopping€place€upon€the€well„litÏcity€street€to€a€dark€œarea›€of€the€parking€lot€behind€the€restaurant,€and€there€œraped€theÏvictim.€€In›€affirming€Duffððs€conviction€for€aggravated€kidnapping€and€rape,€our€courtÏfound€that€ð ðthe€movement€of€the€victim€behind€the€restaurant€.€.€.€was€not€necessaryÏfor€the€appellant€to€carry€out€the€rape.€€Finally,€it€is€clear€that€in€this€case€the€appellantÏand€his€companions€sought€to€ððsubstantially€lessen€the€risk€of€detectionðð€of€their€crimeÏby€a€passerby€when€they€drove€the€victim€off€the€main€highway€to€an€isolated€areaÏbehind€the€restaurant.ððÌSimilarly,€in€this€case€the€victim€was€accosted€by€the€appellant€as€she€walkedÏlate€at€night€along€the€sidewalk€of€a€well„lighted€city€street.€€In€order€to€ð ðsubstantiallyÏlessen€the€risk€of€detectionðð€the€appellant€œforcibly›€œdragged›€the€victim€from€theÍsidewalk€onto€a€vacant€lot€which€was€overgrown.€€Testimony€at€trial€indicated€thatÏbecause€of€poor€lighting€in€the€vacant€lot€coupled€with€the€large€amount€of€overgrownÏvegetation,€it€would€not€be€possible€for€persons€on€or€near€the€street€to€observeÏsomeone€in€the€vacant€lot€at€night€even€if€they€were€standing€up.€€Further,€testimonyÏindicated€that€it€would€be€difficult€to€see€someone€in€the€vacant€lot€even€duringÏœdaylight›€hours€if€that€person€were€lying€down.€€Under€these€facts,€I€cannot€concludeÏthat€there€is€any€œmeaningful€or€significant›€distinction€between€òòDuffóó€and€this€case.€ÏMoreover,€the€photographic€exhibits€which€were€introduced€at€trial€graphically€revealÏnumerous€cuts,€scratches,€and€abrasions€sustained€by€the€victim€in€this€case€as€aÏresult€of€being€œsexually€attacked›€in€the€bushes€and€briars€growing€in€the€vacant€lot.€ÏSimply€put,€her€injuries€were€greater€because€of€the€location€of€the€rape.€ÌBased€upon€the€foregoing,€I€simply€am€unable€to€conclude€that€any€of€theÏappellantððs€crimes€were€incidental€to€another€as€contemplated€by€òòState€v.€Anthonyóó,Ï817€S.W.2d€299€(Tenn.€1991).€€Accordingly,€I€would€affirm€the€appellantððs€convictionÏfor€each€offense.€€ÌÌÓÓÌà àà àà àà àà àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌà àà àà àà àà àWILLIAM€M.€BARKER,€JUDGEÌ