ÿWPC‘8 …U:V %U.–ÄnXÔ, 0Ã4 U:÷ w@1 4q 0… 0DŒ 0JÐ 0T 0^n 0hÌ 0r4 0|¦ 0†" 0¨ 1u8 0d­B) B:DCW AMš´çâ›\} D3Ù« è· 0@ŸºßÀ™ ¨Y"‰&5Š(]¿*y-v~•/ 1vÓ1 AOì6Æ;7 0D8 D/E8 Bt8<þ6X9`("Courier NewTTX%ä2¼A`ArialTT3|xT"«<þ6X9`("Courier NewTTXXxþ6X@ÉDQX@%ä2¼A`ArialTTTTXXXä2¼P±ŠQXP(›žZ$¡¡Ñ  ÑÔ€XðñXXXÔÑ` °ÑÑܰÑÑTRY3Ø' Letter3Ø' 3Ø' Letterÿ3Ø'TÑ,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular H"`eI"r‚J"K"1eL"M"UN"O"P"Ó€Q"·‚^!ppppp8(·(3[t$¤¤Ý ƒžZ!ÝÑ  ÑÔ€X€èXXXÔÑ` °ÑÑܰÑÑTRY 3Ø' Letter3Ø' 3Ø' Letterÿ3Ø'TÑÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ% Line 7 d d####7Border 1dd€-%Cþÿ << Gÿÿ ªÝ ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÔ€ÔÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€XÔÌÌò òÓ` ` ƒXßÀ–XÓMarch€18,€1997ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó ØÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÔ€ÔÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R3Ø'\Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó€€Ô€ôÔThe€defendant€remains€on€bond€pending€the€outcome€of€this€appeal.Ì RÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÔ€ÔÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R3Ø'\Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó€€Ô€ôÔTiffany€Collins€was€not€married€when€the€offense€occurred.€€At€the€time€of€trial,€she€wasÏmarried€to€David€Collins.€€€We€refer€to€her€throughout€the€opinion€by€the€name€she€used€at€trial.Ì$$$$'ÿÿdxd ¡Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÔ€ÔÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R3Ø'\Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó€€Ô€ôÔThe€defendantððs€brother,€Dean,€lived€in€the€mobile€home.€€Dean€Duncan€suffers€fromÏcertain€medical€problems€that€cause€seizures,€especially€when€he€drinks.€€The€defendant€and€theÏdefendantððs€father€testified€that€they€checked€on€him€a€couple€of€times€each€day.Ì ÞÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÔ€ÔÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R3Ø'\Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó€€Ô€ôÔThe€police€found€Barbeeððs€car€keys€in€the€grass€near€his€automobile.Ì("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò °Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÔ€ÔÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R3Ø'\Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó€€Ô€ôÔIn€her€statement€to€the€police,€Tiffany€Collins€said€that€they€drove€immediately€from€theÏscene€of€the€robbery€to€the€trailer.€€Deputy€McCoig€testified€that€he€could€not€recall€her€telling€himÏthat€the€defendant€had€showered€and€changed€clothes€before€they€returned€to€the€trailer.Ì ¶Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÔ€ÔÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R3Ø'\Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó€€Ô€ôÔThe€wallet€was€never€recovered.Ì žÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÔ€ÔÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R3Ø'\Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó€€Ô€ôÔThe€defendant€was€on€parole€at€the€time.€€He€had€previously€had€a€serious€problem€withÏalcohol.€€The€record€indicates€that€at€the€parole€revocation€hearing,€the€board€heard€BarbeeððsÏtestimony€and€overturned€the€revocation.€€The€defendantððs€sentence€for€his€previous€convictionÏexpired€shortly€thereafter.€€At€trial€the€jury€heard€portions€of€Barbeeððs€testimony€at€the€revocationÏhearing€in€which€he€stated€at€first€that€the€defendant€was€one€of€the€assailants€and€then€flatlyÏdenied€that€he€could€identify€him.Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÔ€ÔÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R3Ø'\Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó€€Ô€ôÔThe€defense€did€not€request€nor€did€the€trial€court€give€an€instruction€limiting€theÏstatement€to€impeachment€purposes.€€Since€the€defense€has€not€raised€the€issue€in€his€motionÏfor€new€trial€or€on€appeal,€we€do€not€address€it€here.Ì +Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÔ€ÔÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R3Ø'\Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó€€Ô€ôÔThe€record€contains€no€physical€evidence,€such€as€muddy€clothing,€footprints,€muddyÏtires,€or€tire€tracks,€to€connect€the€defendant€to€the€offense.€Ì SÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÔ€ÔÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R3Ø'\Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó€€Ô€ôÔThe€trial€court€also€noted€that€the€closeness€of€the€corroboration€question€hadÏinfluenced€its€decision€to€allow€the€defendant€to€remain€free€on€bail€both€pending€sentencing€andÏon€appeal.Ì oÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÔ€ÔÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R3Ø'\Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó€€Ô€ôÔThe€defendant€was€the€leader€in€the€commission€of€the€crime,€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„114(2),Ïand€the€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€wasÏhigh.€€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„114(10).€€€ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hHÙStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÔ€ÔÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÑ\R3Ø'\ÑÝ  Ý›Ò  ÒÒ ° ÒÓ  ÓÑ7€†õXXdÖdÈ7ÑÑ  Ñò òÑ\R AØ'\ќـ€ÙßR€&'%A1-j|` Å `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌà@ àó óIN€THE€TENNESSEE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALSÌÌ€à@ àAT€KNOXVILLEÌÌà@ àMARCH€1996€SESSIONÌÌà@ àÌÌÓ` °½` ˜XÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àò òà àà àó ó)à àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà à)à àà àÌà àAppellee,à àà àà à)à àNo.€03C01„9511„CC„00367Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌv.à àà àà àà àà à)à àJefferson€Countyà àÌà àà àà àà àà à)ÌGREGG€DUNCAN,à àà àà àà à)à àHonorable€Ben€W.€Hooper,€II,ÏJudge€Ìà àà àà àà àà à)€Ìà àAppellant.à àà àà à)à àà àÌà àà àà àà àà à)à à€(Robbery)Ìà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à àà àà àà àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:ÌÌS.€Dwayne€Jollayà àà àà àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌ2224€Branner€Ave.à àà àà àà àAttorney€General€of€TennesseeÌJefferson€City,€TN€37760à àà àà àà àandÌ(AT€TRIAL)à àà àà àà àà àTimothy€F.€BehanÌà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€General€ofÏTennesseeÌCarl€R.€Ogle,€Jr.à àà àà àà àCriminal€Justice€SectionÌP.O.€BÔ% €6 Ôox€129€€€€€à àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌJefferson€City,€TN€37760à àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493Ì(ON€APPEAL)Ìà àà àà àà àà àAlfred€C.€Schmutzer,€Jr.Ìà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àSevier€County€CourthouseÌà àà àà àà àà àSevierville,€TN€37862Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àandÌà àà àà àà àà àJames€L.€GassÌà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àP.O.€Box€70Ìà àà àà àà àà àDandridge,€TN€37725ÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:_____________________ÌÌà àà àà àÌAFFIRMEDÌÌJoseph€M.€TiptonÌJudgeÌÌÓÓÓ  ÓÓ` °‚X˜XÓà@ àòòò òO€P€I€N€I€O€NàHgg1gàó óóóÌÌà àThe€defendant,€Gregg€Duncan,€was€convicted€in€a€jury€trial€in€theÏJefferson€County€Circuit€Court€of€robbery,€a€Class€C€felony.€€He€was€sentencedÏto€serve€five€years€as€a€Range€I,€standard€offender.× ƒ( ××  ×€€The€defendant€appeals€asÏof€right€contending€that€the€record€contains€insufficient€evidence€corroboratingÏthe€testimony€of€two€accomplices€and€that€his€sentence€is€excessive.€€WeÏdisagree€with€the€defendant's€claims€and€affirm€the€defendantððs€conviction€andÏsentence.ÌÌà àBecause€the€defendant€questions€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,Ïwe€discuss€the€facts€of€this€case€in€some€detail.€€At€around€9:00€p.m.€onÏDecember€27,€1993,€James€Barbee€reported€to€the€Jefferson€County€SheriffððsÏDepartment€that€he€had€been€the€victim€of€a€robbery€in€which€two€men€attackedÏhim,€struck€him€on€the€head€and€took€his€wallet.€€He€told€the€police€that€a€youngÏwoman,€Tiffany€Collins× ƒ) ××  ×,€had€called€him€earlier€that€evening€and€invited€him€toÏ"party"€with€her.€€He€picked€her€up€at€Wal„Mart,€and€because€she€said€sheÏneeded€some€money,€they€stopped€at€the€bank.€€Barbee€put€the€money€in€hisÏright€pants€pocket.€€She€drove€him€to€a€secluded€area€on€a€muddy€gravel€roadÏand€said€"letððs€get€out."€€He€got€out€on€the€passenger€side€and€started€to€walkÏdown€the€road.€€Tiffany€Collins€was€behind€him€when€two€men€charged€out€ofÏthe€bushes.€€Someone€hit€him€in€the€stomach€and€on€the€head.€€He€wasÏunconscious€briefly€and€when€he€regained€his€senses,€he€was€alone.€€HisÏwallet€and€car€keys€were€missing.€€The€money,€however,€was€still€in€his€pantsÏpocket.€€Barbee€could€neither€identify€nor€describe€the€men€who€attacked€him.€ÏAt€approximately€11:00€p.m.,€Bud€McCoig€of€the€Jefferson€County€SheriffððsÏDepartment€found€Tiffany€and€David€Collins€at€the€mobile€home€where€TiffanyððsÍfather€was€staying.× ƒ+ ××  ×€€At€the€time€of€McCoigððs€arrival,€the€defendant€was€sitting€inÏa€white€automobile€outside€the€mobile€home€where€he€was€talking€with€a€youngÏwoman.€€After€speaking€to€the€Collinses,€McCoig€took€them€to€the€police€stationÏin€Jefferson€City.€€Several€hours€later,€both€confessed€and€named€the€defendantÏas€the€other€man€who€participated€in€the€robbery.€€The€police€arrested€theÏdefendant€at€his€fatherððs€home€on€the€morning€of€the€28th,€but€he€made€noÏstatement€to€the€police.€€All€three€were€released€on€bail.ÌÌà àTiffany€and€David€Collins€testified€for€the€state€at€the€defendantððsÏtrial.€€According€to€Tiffany€Collinsðð€testimony,€the€defendant€had€dropped€by€theÏtrailer€on€the€evening€before€the€robbery.€€Because€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Collins€neededÏmoney€in€order€that€they€could€return€to€Kansas,€the€defendant€suggested€thatÏthey€rob€J.D.€Barbee€whom€David€Collins€had€met€in€a€drug€rehabilitationÏprogram.€€The€discussion€ended€when€Tiffany€Collins€protested€that€they€did€notÏneed€to€rob€Barbee€because€he€gave€her€money€anytime€she€asked€for€it.€€TheÏnext€day,€however,€David€Collins€changed€his€mind,€and€Tiffany€Collins€decidedÏto€participate.€€She€testified€that€at€about€8:30€p.m.€she€drove€Barbee€to€theÍplace€where€the€two€men€were€waiting.€€The€defendant€hit€Barbee€and€then€theÏthree€ran€for€the€defendantððs€car€that€was€parked€nearby.€€She€dropped€the€keysÏto€Barbeeððs€car€on€the€ground.× ƒ, ××  ×€€After€buying€some€beer,€they€drove€to€theÏdefendantððs€house€where€he€showered€and€changed€clothes€before€returning€toÏthe€trailer€sometime€after€10:30€p.m.× ƒ. ××  ×€€ÌÌà àDavid€Collins€testified€that€he€was€very€drunk€on€the€date€of€theÏrobbery.€€Because€he€was€so€high,€the€defendant€drove€his€car€and€took€theÏlead€in€the€actual€robbery.€€The€ground€where€they€hid€was€very€muddy.€€TheÏdefendant€hit€Barbee€with€a€beer€bottle€and€took€his€wallet.€€However,€DavidÏCollins€testified€that€he€threw€the€wallet€either€into€the€lake€or€into€a€nearbyÏdumpster€when€he€found€that€it€contained€no€cash.× ƒ/ ××  ×€€When€they€returned€to€theÏtrailer,€Dean€Duncan€was€passed€out€on€the€couch,€and€Bob€French,€TiffanyððsÏfather,€was€drunk.€€Collins€had€just€taken€a€shower€when€the€police€arrived.ÌÌà àBarbee€was€unable€to€identify€the€defendant€positively€as€one€ofÏthe€men€who€attacked€him.€€The€prosecutor€asked,€"Do€you€see€anybody€here€inÏthe€courtroom€that€looks€like€anybody€that€came€toward€you?"€€And€BarbeeÏreplied,€"yeah,€him€down€there,€Duncan,€one€.€.€.€."€€During€cross„examination,ÏBarbee€conceded€that€he€did€not€know€who€hit€him,€and€Tiffany€Collins€couldÏhave€hit€him€from€behind.€€He€was€unable€to€provide€any€details€of€his€attackersððÏappearance€such€as€clothing€or€hair€because€it€all€happened€too€fast.€€BarbeeÏconceded€that€after€her€release€from€custody,€Tiffany€Collins€told€him€that€theÏdefendant€was€one€of€the€persons€who€robbed€him.€€He€said€that€he€could€notÏspecifically€identify€the€defendant€as€the€person€who€hit€him.€€€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€presented€an€alibi€defense.€€He€testified€that€heÏspent€the€entire€day€except€for€two€brief€periods€of€time€at€his€fatherððs€home.€€AtÏabout€3:30€p.m.€and€again€at€about€10:30€p.m.,€he€went€at€his€fatherððs€request€toÏcheck€on€his€brother.€€His€father€was€worried€because€his€brother€was€drinkingÏheavily.€€When€he€arrived€at€the€trailer€at€about€10:30€p.m.,€he€found€his€brotherÏpassed€out€on€the€couch.€€He€spent€a€few€minutes€talking€to€Bob€French,€andÏthen€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Collins€arrived.€€The€couple€went€immediately€to€another€partÏof€the€trailer,€and€he€had€no€conversation€with€them.€€When€his€girlfriend€cameÏto€the€trailer,€he€took€his€bottle€of€beer€and€went€out€to€talk€with€her€in€the€car.€€AtÍthat€point,€McCoig€arrived.€€When€the€Collinses€left€with€McCoig,€the€defendantÏwent€into€the€trailer€to€find€out€what€had€happened.€€French€told€him€that€he€didÏnot€know€why€McCoig€had€taken€the€Collinses€with€him.€€Because€theÏdefendant€was€worried€about€driving€home€after€drinking€a€couple€of€beers,€heÏasked€his€girlfriend€to€drive€him.× ƒ0 ××  ×€€He€and€his€father€returned€for€his€carÏsometime€after€midnight.ÌÌà àThe€defendantððs€father€and€two€other€persons€testified€that€theÏdefendant€was€at€home€the€entire€evening€except€for€the€time€period€betweenÏabout€10:15€and€11:30€p.m.€€Bob€French€confirmed€that€the€defendant€hadÏarrived€at€the€trailer€before€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Collins€returned€and€that€he€was€cleanÏand€neatly€dressed.€€When€David€Collins€came€in€shortly€afterward,€he€wasÏcovered€with€mud.€€French€said€that€David€and€Tiffany€did€not€come€in€by€theÏfront€door€and€that€they€went€immediately€to€the€back€of€the€trailer.€€French€alsoÏtestified€that€David€Collins€planned€the€entire€robbery€when€the€defendant€wasÍnot€present€and€that€he€had€heard€no€discussions€between€the€defendant€andÏCollins€about€the€robbery.ÌÌà àWilliam€Mayford€Barbee,€the€victimððs€cousin,€testified€that€he€wasÏpresent€in€the€courthouse€when€Mr.€Jollay,€the€defense€attorney,€approachedÏJames€Barbee€and€introduced€him€to€the€defendant.€€The€victim€shook€handsÏwith€the€defendant€and€did€not€react€in€any€way.ÌÌà àThe€state€recalled€McCoig€as€a€rebuttal€witness.€€He€testified€thatÏjust€before€the€preliminary€hearing€French€told€him€that€he€heard€the€threeÏdefendants€discussing€the€robbery€together.€€At€the€time,€McCoig€made€a€briefÏnote€to€that€effect.€€The€note€was€admitted€into€evidence€at€the€trial.€€TheÏdefense€did€not€object€to€this€testimony€except€to€question€why€the€statementÏhad€not€been€provided€earlier.× ƒ1 ××  ×€€McCoig€also€testified€that€when€he€arrived€atÏthe€trailer,€he€was€dressed€in€plain€clothes€and€was€driving€his€personal€vehicle.€ÌÌà àThe€trial€court€found€that€Tiffany€and€David€Collins€wereÏaccomplices€as€a€matter€of€law€and€gave€the€jury€an€appropriate€instructionÏrequiring€corroboration€of€their€testimony.€€The€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€ofÏrobbery.€€ÌÌà àOn€appeal,€the€defendant€argues€that€Barbeeððs€identification€of€theÏdefendant€is€so€weak€and€ineffectual€and€so€tainted€by€his€conversations€withÏTiffany€Collins€that€the€evidence€in€the€record€is€insufficient€to€corroborate€theÏaccomplicesðð€testimony.€€The€state€contends€that€Barbeeððs€questionableÏidentification€when€considered€with€the€defendantððs€presence€at€the€trailer,€hisÏknowledge€of€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Collinsðð€arrest€when€he€could€not€have€known€thatÏMcCoig€was€a€police€officer,€and€Frenchððs€statement€that€he€heard€theÏdefendant€discuss€the€robbery€with€David€Collins€is€sufficient€to€satisfyÏTennesseeððs€standard€for€corroborative€testimony.œ× ƒ2 ××  ×›€€This€is€a€very€closeÏquestion€indeed.Ìà àÌà àOur€standard€of€review€when€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€isÏquestioned€on€appeal€is€"whether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€mostÍfavorable€to€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€theÏessential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt."€€òòJackson€v.ÏVirginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979).€€It€is€well€establishedÏthat€a€jury€verdict,€approved€by€the€trial€court€accredits€the€testimony€of€theÏstateððs€witnesses.€€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€75€(Tenn.€1992).€This€meansÏthat€we€may€not€reweigh€the€evidence,€but€must€presume€that€the€jury€hasÏresolved€all€conflicts€in€the€testimony€and€drawn€all€reasonable€inferences€fromÏthe€evidence€in€favor€of€the€state.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Sheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2d€542,€547Ï(Tenn.€1984);€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€ÌÌà àIn€Tennessee,€a€conviction€may€not€be€based€upon€theÏuncorroborated€testimony€of€an€accomplice.€€òòState€v.€Bigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€797,Ï803€(Tenn.€1994).€€An€accomplice€is€an€individual€who€knowingly,€voluntarily,Ïand€with€common€intent€participates€with€the€principal€offender€in€theÏcommission€of€an€offense.€€òòState€v.€Lawsonóó,€794€S.W.2d€363,€369€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€1990).€€The€testimony€of€one€accomplice€may€not€be€used€to€corroborateÏthe€testimony€of€another.€€òòBethany€v.€Stateóó,€565€S.W.2d€900,€903€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€1978).€€Whether€other€evidence€sufficiently€corroborates€the€testimony€ofÏan€accomplice€is€a€question€of€fact€entrusted€to€the€jury.€€òòState€v.€Bigbeeóó,€885ÏS.W.2d€at€803.€€The€general€rule€is:ÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 àà à[T]here€must€be€some€fact€testified€to,€entirelyÏindependent€of€the€accompliceððs€testimony,€which,Ïtaken€by€itself,€leads€to€the€inference,€not€only€that€aÏcrime€has€been€committed,€but€also€that€theÏdefendant€is€implicated€in€it;€and€this€independentÏcorroborative€testimony€must€also€include€some€factÏestablishing€the€defendantððs€identity.€€ThisÏcorroborative€evidence€may€be€direct€or€entirelyÏcircumstantial,€and€it€need€not€be€adequate,€in€and€ofÏitself,€to€support€a€conviction;€it€is€sufficient€to€meetÏthe€requirements€of€the€rule€if€it€fairly€and€legitimatelyÏtends€to€connect€the€defendant€with€the€commissionÏof€the€crime€charged.€€It€is€not€necessary€that€theÏcorroboration€extend€to€every€part€of€theÏaccompliceððs€evidence.€€The€corroboration€need€notÏbe€conclusive,€but€it€is€sufficient€if€this€evidence,€ofÏitself,€tends€to€connect€the€defendant€with€theÏcommission€of€the€offense,€although€the€evidence€isÏslight€and€entitled,€when€standing€alone,€to€but€littleÏconsideration.ÌÌòòÓÓÓ  ÓState€v.€Gayloróó,€862€S.W.2d€546,€552€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992)€(quoting€òòHawkinsÏv.€Stateóó,€4€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€121,€133„34,€469€S.W.2d€515,€520€(1971)).ÌÌà àThe€trial€court,€in€denying€the€motion€for€judgment€of€acquittal,€heldÏthat€the€proof€just€barely€met€the€test.€€We€conclude€that€the€corroboratingÏevidence€is€slight€and€that,€standing€on€its€own,€none€of€it€would€be€sufficient€toÏconvict.€However,€based€on€our€standard€of€review,€we€agree€that€the€evidenceÏcontained€in€the€record€is€sufficient€to€corroborate€Mr.€and€Mrs.€CollinsððÏtestimony€that€the€defendant€was€a€participant€in€the€robbery.€€He€was€presentÍat€the€trailer€when€the€accomplices€said€the€crime€was€planned.€€After€theÏoffense€was€committed,€he€arrived€at€the€trailer€just€before€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Collins.€ÏThe€Collinses€had€no€vehicle€and€were€dependent€on€others€for€transportation.€ÏMoreover,€Deputy€McCoig€testified€in€rebuttal€that€Bud€French,€Tiffany€CollinsððÏfather,€told€him€that€he€heard€the€three€discussing€the€robbery.€€The€victimððsÏidentification€of€the€defendant€is€weak€and€limited€to€his€statement€that€DuncanÏ"looked€like"€one€of€the€men€who€came€charging€at€him.€€However,€whenÏconsidered€as€a€whole,€the€evidence€in€the€record,€although€admittedlyÏinconclusive€when€taken€separately,€constitutes€sufficient€corroboration€underÏour€case€law€to€sustain€the€defendantððs€conviction.€€ÌÌà àNext,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€sentenced€him€toÏserve€five€years€as€a€Range€I,€standard€offender€based€on€unproven€orÏinapplicable€enhancement€factors.€€Robbery€is€a€Class€C€felony.€€T.C.A.€ðð€39„13„401(b).€€A€Range€I€standard€offender€may€be€sentenced€to€not€less€thanÏthree€nor€more€than€six€years.€€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„112(a)(3).€€The€prosecutionÏargued€that€€five€of€the€enhancement€factors€provided€in€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„114Ïapplied:ÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 à(1)€The€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminalÏconvictions€or€behavior€in€addition€to€thoseÏnecessary€to€establish€the€appropriate€range;ÌÌà8 à(4)€The€victim€was€particularly€vulnerable€because€ofÏage;ÌÌà8 à(5)€The€defendant€treated€or€allowed€the€victim€to€beÏtreated€with€exceptional€cruelty;€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìà8 àÌà8 à(8)€The€defendant€has€a€previous€history€ofÏunwillingness€to€comply€with€conditions€of€aÏsentence€involving€release€into€the€community;€and€à àÌÌà8 à(13)(B)€The€felony€was€committed€while€on€releaseÏfrom€œparole.Ì›ÌÓÓÓ  ÓThe€trial€court€made€no€specific€findings€regarding€the€enhancement€œfactors,Ï›stating€only€that€"the€enhancement€factors€as€set€out€by€the€State€bear€greatÏweight,€and€are€very€appropriate€to€[this]€case."€€It€referred€briefly€to€theÏdefendantððs€past€record€and€gave€some€weight€to€the€fact€that€the€defendantÏhad€not€had€any€problems€for€some€time.× ƒ3 ××  ×Ì€€Ìà àWhen€there€is€a€challenge€to€the€length,€range€or€manner€ofÏservice€of€a€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€of€this€court€to€conduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€withÍa€presumption€that€the€determinations€made€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€€T.C.A.Ïðð€€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€is€"conditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showingÏin€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€allÏrelevant€facts€and€circumstances."€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.Ï1991).€€The€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€provide€that€the€burden€is€onÏthe€defendant€to€show€the€impropriety€of€the€sentence.€€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„401,ÏSentencing€Commission€Comments.€€Our€review€requires€an€analysis€of€(1)€theÏevidence,€if€any,€received€at€the€trial€and€sentencing€hearing;€(2)€theÏpresentence€report;€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencing€and€the€arguments€ofÏcounsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(4)€the€nature€and€characteristics€ofÏthe€offense;€(5)€any€mitigating€or€enhancing€factors;€(6)€any€statements€made€byÏthe€defendant€in€his€own€behalf;€and€(7)€the€defendant's€potential€forÏrehabilitation€or€treatment.€€T.C.A.€ðððð€40„35„102,€„103€and€„210;€òòState€v.€Smithóó,Ï735€S.W.2d€859,€863€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).Ìà àOn€appeal,€the€defendant€does€not€argue€that€factor€(13)€isÏinapplicable,€and€the€state€concedes€that€factors€(4)€and€(5€)€should€not€apply.€ÏHowever,€the€state€contends€that€factors€(2)€and€(10)€are€also€supported€by€theÍrecord.× ƒ4 ××  ×€€Because€the€trial€court€did€not€make€specific€findings€on€the€recordÏshowing€that€he€had€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€factsÏand€circumstances€in€sentencing€the€defendant,€we€review€the€record€òòdeóó€òònovoóóÏwithout€the€presumption€of€correctness.ÌÌà àWe€conclude€that€the€record€supports€the€application€of€fourÏenhancement€factors.€€The€presentence€report€reflects€that€the€defendant€has€aÏlengthy€juvenile€history€of€difficulties€with€the€law,€as€well€as€several€felonyÏconvictions€as€an€adult.€€The€defendant€does€not€dispute€the€informationÏprovided€in€the€report.€€He€has€a€significant€history€of€previous€criminal€behaviorÏand€convictions€sufficient€to€justify€the€use€of€factor€(1).€€The€record€alsoÏestablishes€that€the€defendant€was€on€parole€for€burglary€and€larceny€when€thisÏoffense€occurred.€€Factor€(13)€may€appropriately€be€used€to€enhance€theÏdefendantððs€sentence€in€this€case.€€Further,€we€give€some€weight€to€factor€(8),Ïbecause€the€presentence€report€shows€that,€as€a€juvenile,€the€defendant€hadÏseveral€times€violated€the€conditions€of€probation.€€He€ran€away€from€programsÏwhere€he€had€been€placed,€broke€curfew,€and€possessed€alcohol€andÍmarijuana.€€€We€likewise€note,€though,€that€most€of€these€difficulties€were€relatedÏto€drug€and€alcohol€abuse.€€The€defendantððs€parole€officer€testified€that€theÏdefendant€had€managed€to€control€his€alcohol€problem€after€a€1992€D.U.I.Ïconviction€and€had€recently€made€moderate€progress€in€keeping€a€steady€job.€€€ÌÌÌà àAlso,€the€record€supports€the€application€of€enhancement€factorÏ(2),€regarding€the€defendant€being€a€leader.€€Although€Bud€Frenchððs€testimonyÏcontradicts€the€accomplicesðð€assertions€that€the€defendant€suggested€andÏcarried€out€the€plan€with€their€help,€the€Collinsesðð€testimony€is€sufficient€to€justifyÏthe€trial€courtððs€findings€under€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence€standard.€€òòSeeóóÏòòState€v.€Carteróó,€908€S.W.2d€410,€413€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€According€toÏthem,€the€defendant€suggested€the€robbery,€helped€plan€it,€provided€his€car,Ïand€struck€the€victim.€€The€fact€that€the€Collinses€had€their€own€motives€forÏparticipating€does€not€negate€the€defendantððs€role.€€We€conclude€that€theÏdefendant€was€a€leader€in€the€commission€of€the€offense.€€ÌÌà àThe€state€also€contends€that€the€defendant€had€no€hesitationÏabout€committing€this€crime€when€the€risk€to€the€victimððs€life€was€high,Ïenhancing€factor€(10),€and€that€his€sentence€should€be€increased€accordingly.€ÍHowever,€the€defendant€was€indicted€for€"feloniously,€knowing,€and€by€violence"Ïobtaining€property€from€the€person€of€James€Barbee€pursuant€to€T.C.A.€ðð€39„13„401.€€This€court€has€previously€held€that€a€great€risk€to€a€victimððs€life€exists€inÏvirtually€all€robbery€cases€and€will€ordinarily€not€be€applicable€to€the€offenses€ofÏaggravated€robbery€or€robbery.€€òòState€v.€Claybrooksóó,€910€S.W.2d€868,€872Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994);€òòState€v.€Charles€Thomas€Kelsoóó,€No.€03C01„9305„CR„00141,€Hamilton€County,€slip€op.€at€5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Dec.€17,€1993).€€We€doÏnot€believe€factor€(10)€is€appropriate€for€this€case.€€ÌÌà àThe€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€to€serve€five€years.€€TheÏfour€enhancement€factors€supported€by€the€record€provide€ample€justification€Ïfor€the€enhanced€sentence.€€The€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà à__________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àJoseph€M.€Tipton,€JudgeÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ________________________ÌPaul€G.€Summers,€JudgeÌÌÌÌ________________________ÌCharles€Lee,€Special€Judge