ÿWPCØ0 ÄBKÀlåaµtΑÀç®Ý²ÔGPt—$ÐØ0«3vÍéÒìîgcn#Å!ýØšP‹ÁK+³‰L~nP¥3ïq¶aºÛ m K­¥îK­˜³P°°a­ôhµ…ÈõsøØ<’Á ˆetí>s}:y8\¶uû ¹¦€xÈ3¶,‰FÎ4ÏŽ í*.gïîl5´!…Ù;ç_‡. XWYì4xÈEþñ`ñ‚ñ†^n<ƒ‡’£,äóS¨ü4AÕ>UlX ¥£ªÄ]Ód!ÑÄà𖌠ÑO-ýjÚyIÍÉÌqÈÜ._W´h8:\œ/^ÒLwÅâÕ»f1ÛY,Ê)­¿jóíx/äÕ&zI¶¯HAm2‘3SœG­\P^(û­‹äÃh¿+³qü°x~™ú'oùH¸r„SX©BhSnm Ú4ÂÚ5r #‡…”ÚÚ’”äúþ$~µ ¶Ð+½ÞpiŽ4D´«|µÐ‘ZQøq7¯eÌÜuõ! `]“óU“ÿ¦˜üïÆÛzE®tN#ÔYfn1‘»Û·}I;ãƒ×|`Nd×ݾÊ×K î,:æêTV{_¨±º¼;†–·ÐäÈ›{%z£o=U.V %„bŠûŽß‰ßhGn­W 0( U:4w¸n4&B: 0™| 0DU :YU:“´ÍµU:66pݦ fƒ!jé#BS%U:•&ûÏ&U:Ê(f)U:j+µ¤+U:Y, B“, 0D°,&ô, D3. AQM.Æž. 0Dd/ 0D¨/ D/ì/ B0U:80808080808080808080808080808080fr0<þ6X9`(CourierX ù ñÝ ƒ)„$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€Xß=XXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€defendant€was€not€convicted€of€aggravated€rape€pursuant€to€CountÐ `  Ð6.€€The€indictment€alleged€alternatively€aggravated€vaginal€rape€while€armed€withÏa€weapon€(Count€4)€and€aggravated€vaginal€rape€causing€bodily€injury€(Count€6).€ÏThe€jury€was€instructed€it€could€find€the€defendant€guilty€of€one,€but€not€bothÏcounts.€€They€returned€a€verdict€of€guilt€on€Count€4. ÕÝ ƒ)„$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€Xß=XXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà0 ¸ à(1)€€The€defendant€had€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€orÐ `  Ðcriminal€behavior€in€addition€to€those€necessary€to€establish€theÏappropriate€range;Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à(2)€€The€defendant€was€a€leader€in€the€commission€of€an€offenseÏinvolving€two€(2)€or€more€criminal€actors;Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à.€.€.€Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à(4)€€A€victim€of€the€offense€was€particularly€vulnerable€because€ofÏage€or€physical€or€mental€disability€.€.€.€Ð#ð¸ (#¸ (# ø #Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à(5)€€The€defendant€treated€or€allowed€a€victim€to€be€treated€withÏexceptional€cruelty€during€the€commission€of€the€offense;Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à.€.€.€Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à(7)€€The€offense€involved€a€victim€and€was€committed€to€gratify€theÏdefendant's€desire€for€pleasure€or€excitement;Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à.€.€.€Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à(8)€€The€defendant€has€a€previous€unwillingness€to€comply€with€theÏconditions€of€a€sentence€involving€release€in€the€community;Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à.€.€.€Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à(11)€€The€felony€resulted€in€death€or€bodily€injury€or€involved€theÏthreat€of€death€or€bodily€injury€to€another€person€and€the€defendantÏhas€previously€been€convicted€of€a€felony€that€resulted€in€death€orÏbodily€injury;€Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à.€.€.€Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à(13)€€The€felony€was€committed€while€on€any€of€the€following€formsÏof€release€status€if€such€release€is€from€a€prior€felony€conviction:Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  à.€.€.€Ìà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#à(B)€parole;Ð (#(# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#à.€.€.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0 ` àTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(1),€(2),€(4),€(5),€(7),€(8),€(11),€(13)(B)€(1997). ÕÝ ƒ)„$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€Xß=XXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà0 ¸ à(1)€€The€defendant€had€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€orÐ `  Ðcriminal€behavior€in€addition€to€those€necessary€to€establish€theÏappropriate€range;Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à(2)€€The€defendant€was€a€leader€in€the€commission€of€an€offenseÏinvolving€two€(2)€or€more€criminal€actors;Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à.€.€.€Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à(4)€€A€victim€of€the€offense€was€particularly€vulnerable€because€ofÏage€or€physical€or€mental€disability€.€.€.€Ð#ð¸ (#¸ (# ° #Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à(5)€€The€defendant€treated€or€allowed€a€victim€to€be€treated€withÏexceptional€cruelty€during€the€commission€of€the€offense;Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à.€.€.€Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à(7)€€The€offense€involved€a€victim€and€was€committed€to€gratify€theÏdefendant's€desire€for€pleasure€or€excitement;Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à.€.€.€Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à(8)€€The€defendant€has€a€previous€unwillingness€to€comply€with€theÏconditions€of€a€sentence€involving€release€in€the€community;Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à.€.€.€Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à(11)€€The€felony€resulted€in€death€or€bodily€injury€or€involved€theÏthreat€of€death€or€bodily€injury€to€another€person€and€the€defendantÏhas€previously€been€convicted€of€a€felony€that€resulted€in€death€orÏbodily€injury;€Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à.€.€.€Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#à(13)€€The€felony€was€committed€while€on€any€of€the€following€formsÏof€release€status€if€such€release€is€from€a€prior€felony€conviction:Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  à.€.€.€Ìà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#à(B)€parole;Ð (#(# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#à.€.€.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0 ` àTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(1),€(2),€(4),€(5),€(7),€(8),€(11),€(13)(B)€(1997).3|x-«<þ6X9`(CourierXôxþ6X@ɹ`7ûX@($¡¡, øð AZ"Arial RegularÝ,EÞ,ß,à,á,Dâ,ã,Eä,Då,æ,Dç,è,ë,ì,Dí,î,Uï,£eð,r‚ñ,ò,Eó,Pô,õ,Eö,÷,eø,r‚ù,Dú,û,eü,Ó€V& 8Ý ƒ$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€Xi…XXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€names€of€the€young€women€the€defendant€and€his€companionÐ `  Ðvictimized€are€of€no€consequence€to€the€issue€presented€in€this€appeal.€€Thus,Ïwe€identify€them€only€by€their€initials.(I(2$¤¤Ý ƒ !ÝÝ  ÝÒ°ÒÔ€Xi…XXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular ªÝ ƒ)„$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€Xß=XXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€trial€court€applied€only€slight€weight€to€this€factor. «Ý ƒ)„$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€Xß=XXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€trial€court€accorded€only€slight€weight€to€this€factor.,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular ,Ý ƒ)„$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€Xß=XXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝWe€infer€that€the€state€concedes€this€factor€should€not€be€applied€from€itsÐ `  Ðfailure€to€argue€in€its€brief€that€the€trial€court's€application€of€this€factor€wasÏcorrect. ÓÝ ƒ)„$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€Xß=XXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýò òWhat€he€said€was€"Boy,€she's€tight."€€For€the€reader,€ignorance€isÐ `  Ðbliss.ó ó \Ý ƒ)„$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€Xß=XXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝUnder€the€law€applicable€to€the€defendant,€the€presumptive€sentence€isÐ `  Ðthe€minimum€within€the€range.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210(c)€(1990).€€InÐ P ð Ð1995,€the€Code€was€amended€to€provide€that€the€presumptive€sentence€for€aÏClass€A€felony€is€the€midpoint€within€the€range.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„Ð 0 Ð Ð210(c)€(1997).€€The€amendment€applies€to€crimes€committed€on€or€after€July€1,Ï1995.€€Acts€1995,€Ch.€493,€ðð€1. `Ý ƒ)„$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€Xß=XXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝWe€have€considered€only€those€crimes€listed€in€the€state's€Notice€ofÐ `  ÐIntent€to€Seek€Enhanced€Punishment€in€determining€the€defendant's€sentencingÏrange€classification.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„202(a)€(1997). 8Ý ƒ)„$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€Xß=XXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€names€of€the€young€women€the€defendant€and€his€companionÐ `  Ðvictimized€are€of€no€consequence€to€the€issue€presented€in€this€appeal.€€Thus,Ïwe€identify€them€only€by€their€initials.,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular ñÝ ƒ)„$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€Xß=XXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€defendant€was€not€convicted€of€aggravated€rape€pursuant€to€CountÐ `  Ð6.€€The€indictment€alleged€alternatively€aggravated€vaginal€rape€while€armed€withÏa€weapon€(Count€4)€and€aggravated€vaginal€rape€causing€bodily€injury€(Count€6).€ÏThe€jury€was€instructed€it€could€find€the€defendant€guilty€of€one,€but€not€bothÏcounts.€€They€returned€a€verdict€of€guilt€on€Count€4.,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular \Ý ƒ)„$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€Xß=XXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝUnder€the€law€applicable€to€the€defendant,€the€presumptive€sentence€isÐ `  Ðthe€minimum€within€the€range.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210(c)€(1990).€€InÐ P ð Ð1995,€the€Code€was€amended€to€provide€that€the€presumptive€sentence€for€aÏClass€A€felony€is€the€midpoint€within€the€range.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„Ð 0 Ð Ð210(c)€(1997).€€The€amendment€applies€to€crimes€committed€on€or€after€July€1,Ï1995.€€Acts€1995,€Ch.€493,€ðð€1.,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular «Ý ƒ)„$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€!Xß=XXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€trial€court€accorded€only€slight€weight€to€this€factor.,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular d(3¯$££Ý ƒ !ÝÝ  Ý Ý ƒ(¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€,Xi…XXXÔÔ€,„eX,Xi…ÔÓ  ÓÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€,Xi…X,„eÔÐ  ÐÌò òMarch€15,€1999Ð šš ÐÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€,ôËð ôX,Xi…ÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó""""'ÿÿdxd'(#)*Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ !ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó++'÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular \Ñ\R AØ'ÿ Legal\ÑÝ ƒ !ÝÝ  Ýñï,ñ›ñï,ñÑ` °ÑÒ°ÒÓ  ÓÔ€ XrTXXXÔñï,ñ›ñï,ñÑ7€ rT XXdðdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑñü,ñœßr€&$%<,(j 8` `€€@EÈf ` ttx$` ð Úrß›ñü,ñÌÑ€Ñò òà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ P ð ÐÌ€à@::'àAT€KNOXVILLEˆÐ 0 Ð ÐÌà@#àNOVEMBER€1998€SESSIONó óˆÐ ° ÐÌÌÌò òSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,€à À àà  àó ó)Ð Ðp  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à p àÐ À`  Ðà ` àà ¸ àAppellee,à h àà À àà  à)à p àC.C.A.€No.€03C01„9712„CR„00543Ð °P  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ìvs.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à p àKnox€Countyà x àÐ 0  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ìò òDUSTIN€DWAYNE€DAVIS,à À àó óà  à)à p àHon.€Ray€L.€Jenkins,€Judge€ò òÐ p Ðó óà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ð ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àAppellee.à h àà À àà  à)à p à(Especially€Aggravated€Robbery,Ð Pð Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à0 p àAggravated€Rape€„€2€counts,Ð@àp(#p(# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àTheft,€Especially€Aggravatedà0@l!p(#p(#àà0@l!¸ (#¸ (#àà0@l!(#(#àà0@l!h(#h(#àà0@l!À(#À(#àà0@l!(#(#àÐ p(#p(# Ðà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àKidnapping)Ð p(#p(# Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÌÌFOR€THE€APPELLANT:à h àà À àà  àà p àFOR€THE€APPELLEE:Ð ð ÐÌò òGREGORY€P.€ISAACS€ó ó(on€appeal)ò òà  àà p àJOHN€KNOX€WALKUPÐ Ð p Ðó óAttorney€at€Lawà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÐ À!` ÐP.O.€Box€2448ÌKnoxville,€TN€€37901à h àà À àà  àà p àò òTODD€R.€KELLEYó óÐ  #@ Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌò òSUSAN€E.€SHIPLEY€ó ó(at€trial)ò òà À àà  àà p àó ó425€Fifth€Ave.€N.,€2d€Floorò òÐ €%  Ðó óAttorney€at€Lawà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493Ð p& Ð602€S.€Gay€St.,€Ste.€501ÌKnoxville,€TN€€37902à h àà À àà  àà p àò òRANDALL€E.€NICHOLSó óÐ P(ð! Ðò òà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àó óDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÐ @)à" Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àò òROBERT€JOLLEYÐ  +À!$ Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àó óAsst.€District€Attorney€GeneralÐ ,°"% Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àCity„County€Bldg.Ìà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àKnoxville,€TN€€37902Ð p(#p(# ÐÌò òÌOPINION€FILED:________________ÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌJAMES€CURWOOD€WITT,€JR.,€JUDGEó óÐ €4 +. ÐÐ  p5,/  ÐÑ€<†Ñà@qq*àò òòòOPINIONó óóóˆÐ `  ÐÌÓÓà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant,€Dustin€Dwayne€Davis,€appeals€from€his€convictionsÏof€especially€aggravated€robbery,€theft,€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€and€twoÏcounts€of€aggravated€rape.€€He€received€these€convictions€in€the€Knox€CountyÏCriminal€Court€following€a€trial€before€a€jury€of€his€peers.€€He€is€presently€serving€anÏeffective€100„year€sentence€consecutively€to€a€sentence€for€other€criminal€activity.€ÏIn€this€appeal,€he€raises€several€challenges€to€his€convictions:ÌÓÓà8 ` à1.à0¸ ` Ð ` Ð àWhether€the€trial€judge€erred€in€presiding€at€trial€after€initiallyÐ €  Ðrecusing€himself.Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà8 ` à2.à0¸ ` Ð ` Ð àWhether€the€evidence€sufficiently€supports€the€jury's€findingsÐ ` Ðof€guilt€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€of€the€five€convictions.Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà8 ` à3.à0¸ ` Ð ` Ð àWhether€he€was€denied€a€fair€trial€by€the€trial€court's€admissionÐ @à Ðof€evidence€of€the€victim's€pregnancy€and€subsequentÏabortion.Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà8 ` à4.à0¸ ` Ð ` Ð àWhether€the€trial€court€properly€denied€his€motion€for€judgmentÐ ° Ðof€acquittal€on€the€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€count€andÏtwo€of€the€three€aggravated€kidnapping€counts.Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà8 ` à5.à0¸ ` Ð ` Ð àWhether€the€trial€court€properly€sentenced€him€to€an€effectiveÐ à€ Ð100€year€sentence.Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌÓÓFinding€no€error€in€the€proceedings€below,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àIn€the€late€evening€hours€of€August€7,€1991€or€early€morning€hours€ofÏAugust€8,€1991,€the€defendant€and€another€ñï,ñœñï,ñman€identified€only€as€"Baby"ñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñÏapproached€20„year„old€S.W.€and€her€16„year„old€female€companion,€M.T,ñï,ñœñï,ññï,ñ׃×ñï,ññï,ñ׃×ñï,ñÝ ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€outsideÐ 0*Ð # Ðthe€Carousel€Club€in€Knoxville.€€The€men€asked€if€they€could€buy€the€women€a€beer,Ïand€the€women€accepted.€€The€group€went€to€the€men's€vehicle,€where€theÏdefendant€and€S.W.€got€into€the€front€seat€and€their€companions€got€into€the€backÏseat.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€began€driving€toward€Magnolia€Avenue,€and€S.W.Ð p5,/ Ðinquired€why€they€were€not€going€to€Cumberland€Avenue.€€The€defendant€repliedÏthat€beer€was€cheaper€on€Magnolia.€€ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àAfter€the€beer€was€purchased,€S.W.€told€the€defendant€that€she€andÏM.T.€needed€to€go€back€to€the€Carousel.€€The€defendant€said€okay€but€drove€in€theÏopposite€direction.€€He€said€they€were€going€to€his€cousin's€house.€€They€droveÏthrough€a€housing€project€area,€and€the€defendant€said€his€cousin€was€not€home.€ÏÌà ` àà ¸ àS.W.€again€told€the€defendant€she€was€ready€to€go€back€to€theÏCarousel.€€She€asked€the€defendant€where€they€were€going,€and€he€replied€thatÏpeople€had€been€killed€and€raped€in€the€area€but€she€did€not€need€to€worry€aboutÏthat.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€pulled€into€a€dead„end€road€near€a€ball€park.€€TheÏdefendant€asked€to€see€ñï,ñœñï,ñS.W.'sñï,ñ›ñï,ñ€jewelry€and€inquired€about€its€authenticity.€€S.W.Ïagain€asked€to€go€back€to€the€Carousel€and€said€she€and€M.T.€would€walk€back€ifÏnecessary.€€The€defendant€said,€"You€won't€get€anywhere"€and€took€a€lead€pipeÏfrom€under€the€car€seat.€€He€threatened€to€hit€S.W.€with€the€pipe.€S.W.€and€M.T.Ïattempted€to€escape€the€car,€but€they€were€unsuccessful.€€The€defendant€hit€M.T.Ïon€the€leg€with€the€pipe.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€pulled€S.W.€by€her€long€hair€to€the€hood€of€the€car,Ïwhere€he€hit€her€in€the€face€with€his€fist€until€she€surrendered€her€diamond€ring.€€TheÏdefendant€then€pulled€S.W.€up€by€her€ñï,ñœñï,ñhair€andñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€then€forcibly€led€her€to€the€ball€field.€ÏAt€the€top€of€a€flight€of€steps,€he€demanded€her€watch.€€She€surrendered€it,€and€heÏpushed€her€toward€the€steps.ÌÐ  :À04 Ðà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€demanded€that€S.W.€perform€oral€sex€on€him,€and€sheÏtold€him€she€had€a€venereal€disease€in€her€throat€to€try€to€get€out€of€the€situation.€ÏThe€defendant€forced€S.W.€to€remove€her€pants,€and€he€forced€her€down€andÏpenetrated€her€anally.€€He€told€her€if€she€moved€he€would€strike€her€with€the€leadÏpipe.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€became€angry€when€S.W.€would€not€perform€as€heÏdemanded.€€He€yanked€her€up€by€her€hair€and€hit€her€on€the€leg€with€the€pipe.€€A€carÏdrove€by€and€frightened€the€defendant,€and€he€made€S.W.€pick€up€her€clothes€andÏwalk€over€to€the€dugout.€€Inside€dugout,€the€defendant€forced€himself€on€S.W.Ïvaginally.€€ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àWhile€these€events€were€transpiring,€the€defendant's€companionÏdemanded€M.T.'s€jewelry.€€He€told€her€that€if€she€did€not€turn€it€over,€the€defendantÏwould€take€it€anyway,€and€she€would€rather€have€him€take€it€than€the€defendant.€ÏThe€defendant's€companion€told€M.T.€to€take€off€her€clothes.€€When€she€refused,€heÏtold€her€that€the€defendant€would€make€her€do€it.€€However,€he€took€no€steps€toÏforce€her€to€comply€with€his€demand.€€M.T.€eventually€convinced€the€defendant'sÏcompanion€to€yell€to€check€on€ñï,ñœñï,ñS.W.ñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant's€sexual€assault€of€S.W.€ceased€when€M.T.€beganÏyelling€from€the€area€above.€€The€defendant's€companion€appeared,€and€theÏdefendant€took€more€jewelry€from€S.W.€after€hitting€her€several€times.€While€thisÏwas€going€on,€M.T.€flagged€down€a€car.€€The€defendant€and€his€companion€fled.ÌÌà@üü-àò òIó óˆÐ @8à.2 Ðà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€complains€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€presiding€at€trialÐ  :À04 Ðafter€initially€recusing€himself.€€On€March€30,€1993,€Judge€Ray€L.€Jenkins€enteredÏan€order€recusing€himself€and€the€other€Knox€County€Criminal€Court€judgesÏ"because€the€victim€of€the€alleged€crimes€is€an€employee€of€the€Knox€CountyÏCriminal€Clerk's€Office."€€Judge€Bill€Swann,€sitting€by€interchange,€presided€untilÏApril€16,€1996,€on€which€date€the€court€minutes€reflect€Judge€Swann€ordered€theÏcases€transferred€to€Judge€Jenkins€for€trial,€"[t]he€reason€for€.€.€.€[the€transfer]€.€.€.Ïno€longer€existing€.€.€.€."€€The€record€reflects€no€objection€whatsoever€prior€to€trial,Ïat€trial,€or€in€the€motion€for€new€trial.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€Code€of€Judicial€Conduct€provides€that€"[a]€judge€shall€disqualifyÏhimself€or€herself€in€a€proceeding€in€which€the€judge's€impartiality€might€reasonablyÏbe€questioned€.€.€.€."€€Tenn.€R.€Sup.€Ct.€10,€Canon€3(E)(1).€€When€a€judge€isÏdisqualified€under€the€Code,€he€"may€disclose€on€the€record€the€basis€of€the€judge'sÏdisqualification€and€may€ask€the€parties€and€their€lawyers€to€consider,€out€of€theÏpresence€of€the€judge,€whether€to€waive€disqualification."€€Tenn.€R.€Sup.€Ct.€10,ÏCanon€3(F).€€If€the€basis€for€the€disqualification€is€any€reason€other€than€personalÏbias€or€prejudice€concerning€a€party€and€"the€parties€and€lawyers€agree,€without€theÏparticipation€of€the€judge,€.€.€.€that€the€judge€should€not€be€disqualified,€the€judgeÏmay€participate€if€he€is€ñï,ñœñï,ñwilling."ñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€€Tenn.€R.€Sup.€Ct.€10,€Canon€3(F).€€Such€agreement€Ïshall€be€reflected€in€the€record.€€Tenn.€R.€Sup.€Ct.€10,€Canon€3(F).ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€law€relating€to€recusal€further€provides€that€failure€to€raise€anÏissue€regarding€the€judge's€impartiality€in€a€timely€manner€may€result€in€waiver.€€ÏòòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòThompson€v.€Stateóó,€958€S.W.2d€156,€171„72€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).Ð €4 +. ÐÓÓà8 ` àFor€otherwise€the€parties€would€be€allowed€to€experiment€with€theÏcourt€by€tacit€acquiescence,€and€raise€the€objection€when€the€resultÏof€the€trial€proved€to€be€unfavorable.Ð ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8 ` à.€.€.€Ð ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8 ` àAnd,€generally,€if€the€facts€are€known€to€the€party€recusing,€he€isÐ  :À04 Ðbound€to€make€his€objection€before€issue€joined,€and€before€the€trialÏis€commenced,€otherwise€he€will€be€deemed€to€have€waived€theÏobjection€.€.€.€.€€If€the€objection€be€raised€of€record,€and€the€courtÏundertake€to€proceeding€notwithstanding,€the€judgment€might€be€heldÏvoid€under€these€principles€.€.€.€.€€€But€if€no€objection€be€made,€and€theÏcourt€is€permitted€to€go€to€a€trial€of€the€case€on€the€merits,€theÏjudgment€is€clearly€not€void€on€its€face,€and€something€more€than€theÏmere€existence€of€the€fact€on€which€the€incompetency€rests€should€beÏrequired€to€authorize€a€resort€to€another€tribunal.Ð ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌÓÓòòThompsonóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€172€(quoting€òòHolmes€v.€Easonóó,€76€Tenn.€754,€757,€761Ð À`  Ð(1882)).ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThis€situation€falls€squarely€within€the€waiver€rule€recited€in€òòThompsonóó.€Ð ` ÐThe€defendant€did€not€object€to€Judge€Jenkins'€service€in€the€court€below.€€Clearly,Ïhe€knew€of€the€previous€recusal€and€the€basis€therefor.€€Having€now€received€anÏunfavorable€verdict€and€sentence,€he€should€not€now€be€allowed€to€mount€a€belatedÏattack€to€Judge€Jenkins'€impartiality€in€the€absence€of€"something€more€than€theÏmere€existence€of€the€fact€on€which€the€incompetency€rests€.€.€.€."€€òòThompsonóó,€958Ð À!` ÐS.W.2d€at€172.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àMoreover,€this€issue€lacks€merit.€€Judge€Jenkins€recused€himself€andÏhis€colleagues€because€"the€victim"€was€an€employee€in€the€Criminal€Court€Clerk'sÏoffice.€€Apparently,€"the€victim"€left€this€employment,€and€Judge€Jenkins€resumedÏhis€duties€with€respect€to€the€defendant's€cases.€€Because€the€reason€for€recusalÏno€longer€existed€when€Judge€Swann€turned€the€cases€back€over€to€Judge€Jenkins,Ïthe€situation€did€not€fall€squarely€within€the€provisions€of€the€Code€requiring€formalÏconsideration€and€memorialization€of€consent€for€the€judge€to€hear€the€case.€€òòSeeóóÐ  2@), ÐTenn.€R.€Sup.€Ct.€10,€Canon€3(F).€€Thus,€Judges€Jenkins€and€Swann€cannot€beÏfaulted€for€failing€to€comply€with€those€provisions.€€Ìñï,ñœñï,ñÌñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñÐ  :À04 Ðà@àà,àò òIIó óˆÐ `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àNext,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€toÏsupport€the€jury's€findings€of€guilt€beyond€a€reasonable€ñï,ñœñï,ñdoubtñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€because€the€testimonyÏñï,ñœñï,ñofñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€S.W.€and€M.T.€was€ñï,ñœñï,ñinconsistentñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ññï,ñœñï,ñ€ñÐ,ññÏ,ñAND€ñÏ,ññÐ,ññÒ,ññÑ,ñANñÑ,ññÒ,ññÓ,ñandñÓ,ññï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€ñï,ñœñï,ñraisñÔ,ñingñÔ,ññÕ,ñedñÕ,ññï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€questions€about€their€ñï,ñœñï,ñveracityñÖ,ñ,ñÖ,ññï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€ñï,ñœñï,ñandñØ,ññ×,ñ€ñ×,ññØ,ññ×,ñÏbñ×,ññÙ,ñecauseñÙ,ññï,ñ›ñï,ñ€S.W.€was€unable€to€identify€the€defendant€at€trial.ñï,ñœñï,ñ€€In€evaluating€theÏsufficiency€of€the€evidence,€it€is€relevant€that€S.W.€was€the€victim€of€the€especiallyÏaggravated€robbery,€two€counts€of€aggravated€rape,€and€especially€aggravatedÏkidnapping.€€M.T.€was€the€victim€of€the€theft.ñï,ñ›ñï,ñÌÌà ` àà ¸ àWÔ‡Xß=XX Xß=Ôhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€anÐ @à Ðappellate€courtððs€standard€of€review€is€whether,€after€considering€the€evidence€in€theÏlight€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€òòanyóó€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€theÐ   Ðessential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,Ð à€ Ð443€U.S.€307,€324,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2791„92€(1979);€òòState€v.€Duncanóó,€698€S.W.2dÐ À!` Ð63,€67€(Tenn.€1985);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€This€rule€applies€to€findings€of€guiltÏbased€upon€direct€evidence,€circumstantial€evidence,€or€a€combination€of€direct€andÏcircumstantial€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Dykesóó,€803€S.W.2d€250,€253€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð `'  Ð1990).€€€Ô#† Xß=XXXß=`<#ÔÐ @)à" ÐÌÔ‡Xß=XX Xß=Ôà ` àà ¸ àIn€determining€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€court€should€notÐ - #& Ðreweigh€or€reevaluate€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779Ð à.€%( Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€Questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€theÏweight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€theÏevidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835Ð €4 +. Ð(Tenn.€1978).€€Nor€may€this€court€substitute€its€inferences€for€those€drawn€by€theÏtrier€of€fact€from€the€evidence.€€òòLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€199€Tenn.€298,€305,€286€S.W.2dÐ @8à.2 Ð856,€859€(1956);€€òòFarmer€v.€Stateóó,€574€S.W.2d€49,€51€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€OnÐ  :À04 Ðthe€contrary,€this€court€must€afford€the€State€of€Tennessee€the€strongest€legitimateÏview€of€the€evidence€contained€in€the€record€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimateÏinferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€€òòCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€at€835.Ð  À ÐÔ#† Xß=XXXß=Ç?#ÔÌà ` àà ¸ àIn€the€case€at€bar,€M.T.€testified€ñï,ñœñï,ñthatñÚ,ñ€an€earring€which€the€police€tookÏfrom€the€defendant€was€one€of€the€earrings€that€ñÚ,ññÛ,ññÚ,ñ:ñÚ,ññÛ,ññÜ,ñð ðñÜ,ññÝ,ññÜ,ñ:ñÜ,ññÝ,ññÞ,ñBabyððñÞ,ññß,ñ€had€stolen€from€her€and€thatñß,ññÞ,ñ€ñÞ,ññï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñÏthe€defendant€had€a€gun,€as€well€as€a€pipe.€€She€admitted€she€may€not€haveÏmentioned€this€to€the€police€officers.€€S.W.€mentioned€nothing€about€a€gun€in€herÏtestimony.€€The€trial€in€this€case€took€place€over€six€years€after€the€offensesÏoccurred.€€The€defense€highlighted€the€apparent€inconsistency€regarding€theÏdefendant's€use€of€a€gun€to€accomplish€his€crimes,€yet€the€jury€nevertheless€choseÏto€accredit€the€state's€proof€that€the€crimes€occurred.€€It€is€not€our€province€to€revisitÏthe€jury's€factual€determinations.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àFurthermore,€the€record€reflects€that€S.W.'s€inability€to€identify€theÏdefendant€at€trial€was€inconsequential€in€light€of€overwhelming€proof€of€his€identityÏas€the€perpetrator€of€the€crime.€€The€state€presented€evidence€that€S.W.€hadÏchosen€the€defendant€from€a€photographic€lineup€six€years€earlier,€when€herÏmemory€was€fresh.€€DNA€evidence€preserved€in€the€rape€kit€and€from€aborted€fetalÏtissue€collected€from€S.W.€established€with€a€very€high€degree€of€certainty€that€theÏdefendant€had€engaged€in€sexual€relations€with€the€victim.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€evidence€sufficiently€supports€the€defendant's€convictions€beyondÏa€reasonable€doubt.ÌÌà@ÄÄ,àò òIIIó óˆÐ @8à.2 Ðà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€claims€he€was€denied€a€fair€trial€by€the€trial€court'sÐ  :À04 Ðadmission€of€evidence€of€S.W.'s€pregnancy€and€subsequent€abortion.€€ThisÏevidence€was€admitted€as€proof€of€the€defendant's€identity€via€the€DNA€tests€doneÏon€the€aborted€fetal€material,€which€established€the€defendant's€paternity€of€theÏfetus€with€99.89€percent€certainty.€€The€defendant's€specific€complaint€is€that€theÏevidence€was€cumulative€of€other€DNA€evidence€and€highly€prejudicial.€€ÌÌà ` àà ¸ à"[Relevant]€evidence€may€be€excluded€if€its€probative€value€isÏsubstantially€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice,€confusion€of€the€issues,Ïor€misleading€the€jury,€or€by€considerations€of€undue€delay,€waste€of€time,€orÏneedless€presentation€of€cumulative€evidence."€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€€We€review€aÏtrial€court's€decision€to€admit€or€exclude€evidence€only€for€abuse€of€discretion.€€òòSee,Ð  À Ðe.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Bigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€797,€807€(Tenn.€1994).Ð   ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àIn€the€present€case,€the€evidence€was€relevant€for€two€reasons.€€First,Ïas€urged€by€the€prosecutor€at€the€hearing€on€the€motion€in€limine€to€exclude€theÏevidence,€it€was€relevant€to€establish€the€defendant's€identity.€€Second,€theÏevidence€was€relevant€to€establish€that€S.W.€suffered€bodily€injury€from€anÏaggravated€rape€as€alleged€in€Count€6€of€the€indictment.ñï,ñœñï,ññï,ñ׃×ñï,ññï,ñ׃×ñï,ñÝ ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€€òòCf.,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Smithóó,Ð @)à" Ð910€S.W.2d€457,€461€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)€(under€sentencing€statute€prescribingÏmitigating€and€enhancement€factors,€unwanted€pregnancy€constitutes€bodily€injury).ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àViewing€the€evidence€of€S.W.'s€pregnancy€and€abortion€in€light€of€itsÏdual€relevancy,€we€find€no€abuse€of€discretion€in€the€trial€court's€ruling€allowing€itsÐ  2@), Ðadmission.€€Although€it€admittedly€carried€some€component€of€prejudice€to€theÏdefendant,€any€evidence€probative€of€a€defendant's€guilt€is€prejudicial.ñï,ñœñï,ñ€€AnyÏprejudice€which€resulted€from€the€admission€of€this€evidence€was€not€unfair.€€€òòSeeóóÐ  À ÐòòState€v.€Gentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€1,€6€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€Further,€the€evidenceÐ   Ðwas€not€needlessly€cumulative.€€S.W.€was€unable€to€identify€the€defendant€at€trial.ñï,ñ›ñï,ñÏAlso,€the€state€was€ñï,ñœñï,ñentitledñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€to€prove€the€defendant€suffered€bodily€injury€as€allegedÏin€Count€6.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àBecause€the€evidence€was€appropriately€admitted€under€the€Rules€ofÏEvidence,€there€is€no€basis€for€the€defendant's€claim€of€constitutional€error.ÌÌà@¹¹,àò òIVó óˆÐ   Ðà ` àà ¸ àIn€his€next€issue,€the€defendant€claims€the€trial€court€erred€in€denyingÏhis€motion€for€judgment€of€acquittal€on€the€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€countÏand€two€of€the€three€aggravated€kidnapping€counts.€€Specifically,€he€claims€theÏconfinement€necessary€for€the€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€conviction€wasÏonly€incidental€to€accomplishment€of€the€aggravated€rape€convictions.€€Therefore,Ïunder€òòState€v.€Anthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€299€(Tenn.€1991),€separate€convictions€areÐ @)à" Ðimpermissible€under€the€due€process€provisions€of€article€I,€section€8€of€theÏTennessee€Constitution.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àIn€òòAnthonyóó,€the€supreme€court€established€the€guidelines€forÐ À0`'* Ðdetermining€whether€a€defendant€may€be€convicted€of€kidnapping€and€anotherÏfelony€based€upon€a€single€criminal€episode.€€òòAnthonyóó€was€a€consolidation€of€twoÐ €4 +. Ðcases,€and€in€both,€the€defendant€robbed€a€business€establishment.€€BothÏdefendants€forcibly€confined€employees€of€the€businesses€they€robbed€by€requiringÏthem€to€remain€in€the€same€location€ñï,ñœñï,ñor€toñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€move€to€a€different€location€within€theÐ  :À04 Ðbusiness€establishments.€€Both€defendants€were€convicted€of€robbery€andÏkidnapping€offenses.€€ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àIn€determining€whether€separate€convictions€were€proper,€theÏsupreme€court€looked€to€"whether€the€confinement,€movement,€or€detention€isÏessentially€incidental€to€the€accompanying€felony€and€is€not,€therefore,€sufficient€toÏsupport€a€separate€conviction€for€kidnapping,€or€whether€it€is€significant€enough,€inÏand€of€itself,€to€warrant€independent€prosecution€and€is,€therefore,€sufficient€toÏsupport€such€a€conviction."€€òòAnthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€at€306.Ð ` ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àMore€recently,€in€òòState€v.€Dixonóó,€957€S.W.2d€532,€534€(Tenn.€1997),Ð  À Ðthe€supreme€court€cautioned€that€òòAnthonyóó€should€not€be€read€"to€provide€the€rapistÐ   Ða€free€kidnapping€merely€because€he€also€committed€rape."€€In€determining€whether€Ïseparate€convictions€may€stand,€the€court€must€first€consider€"whether€theÏmovement€or€confinement€was€beyond€that€necessary€to€consummate€the€[sexualÏoffense]."€€òòDixonóó,€957€S.W.2d€at€535.€€In€this€regard,€"it€is€the€purpose€of€theÐ €%  Ðremoval€or€confinement€and€not€the€distance€or€duration€that€supplies€a€necessaryÏelement€of€aggravated€kidnapping."€€òòDixonóó,€957€S.W.2d€at€535.€€If€the€additionalÐ @)à" Ðmovement€or€confinement€was€beyond€that€necessary€to€consummate€the€offense,Ïthe€court€must€then€inquire€whether€that€"additional€movement€or€confinement:€€(1)Ïprevented€the€victim€from€summoning€help;€(2)€lessened€the€defendant's€risk€ofÏdetection;€or€(3)€created€a€significant€danger€or€increased€the€victim's€risk€of€harm."€ÏòòDixonóó,€957€S.W.2d€at€535.€Ð  2@), ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àAs€charged€in€the€indictment,€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€isÏfalse€imprisonment€accomplished€with€a€deadly€weapon.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÐ @8à.2 Ð39„13„305(a)(1)€(1997).€€False€imprisonment€is€the€knowing€removal€or€confinementÐ  :À04 Ðof€another€"unlawfully€so€as€to€interfere€substantially€with€the€other's€liberty."€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„302(a)€(1997).ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€emphasizes€the€fact€that€S.W.€and€M.T.€voluntarily€leftÏthe€Carousel€with€the€defendant€and€his€companion.€€He€contends€that€his€act€ofÏmoving€S.W.€a€short€distance€from€the€car€to€the€ñï,ñœñï,ñball€fieldñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€was€"slight,€incidentalÏand/or€inconsequential,"€and€therefore,€separate€convictions€cannot€stand.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àWe€disagree€ñï,ñœñï,ñthat€òòAnthonyóó€bars€separate€convictions€on€the€facts€ofÐ ` Ðthis€case.€€The€defendant€used€threats€and€application€of€force€to€confine€S.W.€toÏthe€vehicle€when€she€tried€to€exit.€€Thereafter,€he€removed€her€to€a€more€remoteÏlocation€away€from€the€other€two€individuals€in€the€car,€at€least€one€of€whom€mightÏinterfere€with€his€assault€on€S.W.€€S.W.€testified€that€during€the€first€rape,€theÏdefendant€became€scared€when€a€car€drove€by,€so€the€defendant€forced€S.W.€toÏmove€into€the€dugout.€€The€defendant€remained€alert€to€for€passing€vehicles€duringÏthe€events€which€transpired€thereafter.€€From€these€facts,€it€is€apparent€that€theÏdefendant's€actions€prevented€the€victim€from€summoning€help€and€lessened€theÏdefendant's€risk€of€detection.€€òòSeeóó€òòDixonóó,€957€S.W.2d€at€535.€Ð @)à" ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àThus,€the€evidence€clearly€demonstrates€that€the€removal€andÏconfinement€were€not€incidental€to€the€defendant's€aggravated€rapes€of€S.W.;Ïrather,€the€defendant's€actions€were€the€proper€basis€for€a€separate€conviction€ofÏespecially€aggravated€kidnapping.€€òòCfóó.€òòDixonóó,€957€S.W.2d€at€533€(separateÐ  2@), Ðconvictions€of€aggravated€kidnapping,€aggravated€assault€and€attempted€sexualÏbattery€where€defendant€assaulted€victim€on€sidewalk€then€dragged€her€behindÏbushes€in€vacant€lot€and€attempted€sexual€assault).ÌÐ  :À04 Ðà@ÕÕ-àò òVó óˆÐ `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àFinally,€the€defendant€alleges€the€trial€court€improperly€sentenced€himÏto€an€effective€100€year€sentence.€€For€the€felony€convictions€in€this€case,€he€Ïreceived€Range€I€sentences€of€25€years€for€especially€aggravated€robbery,€25€yearsÏfor€each€of€two€aggravated€rape€convictions,€and€25€years€for€especially€aggravatedÏkidnapping.€€Each€of€these€sentences€was€imposed€consecutively.€€He€received€11Ïmonths€and€29€days€at€75€percent€for€the€misdemeanor€conviction€of€theft.€€TheÏmisdemeanor€sentence€was€imposed€concurrently€to€the€felony€sentences.€€TheÏdefendant's€specific€complaints€are,€first,€that€the€trial€court€inappropriately€appliedÏenhancement€factors€in€determining€the€length€of€his€individual€sentences,€andÏsecond,€that€the€trial€court€improperly€ordered€him€to€serve€four€of€his€fiveÏconvictions€consecutively,€resulting€in€an€effective€sentence€which€violates€theÏEighth€Amendment.ÌÌÔ‡Xß=XX Xß=Ôà ` àà ¸ àIn€determining€whether€the€trial€court€has€properly€sentenced€anÐ  #@ Ðindividual,€this€court€engages€in€a€òòde€novoóó€review€of€the€record€with€a€presumptionÐ €%  Ðthat€the€trial€court's€determinations€were€correct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d)Ï(1997).€€This€presumption€is€"conditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€recordÏthat€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€andÏcircumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€In€conductingÐ - #& Ðour€òòde€novoóó€review,€we€must€consider€the€evidence€at€sentencing,€the€presentenceÐ à.€%( Ðreport,€the€sentencing€principles,€the€arguments€of€counsel,€the€statements€of€theÏdefendant,€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€offense,€any€mitigating€andÏenhancement€factors,€and€the€defendantððs€amenability€to€rehabilitation.€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„210(b)€(Supp.€1998);€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„103(5)€(1997);€òòAshbyóó,Ð `6-0 Ð823€S.W.2d€at€168.€€Ô#† Xß=XXXß=lm#ÔÔ‡Xß=XX Xß=ÔOn€appeal,€the€appellant€has€the€burden€of€showing€that€theÐ @8à.2 Ðsentence€imposed€is€improper.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d),€SentencingÐ  :À04 ÐComm'n€Comments€(1997);€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169.Ð `  ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àIn€felony€sentencing,€the€trial€court€has€an€affirmative€duty€to€state€inÏthe€record,€either€orally€or€in€writing,€which€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors€itÏfound€and€its€findings€of€fact.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„209(c)€(1997);€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„210(f)€(Supp.€1998);€òòState€v.€Troutmanóó,€979€S.W.2d€271,€274€(Tenn.Ð À`  Ð1998).€€In€contrast,€the€misdemeanor€sentencing€statute€only€requires€that€the€trialÏcourt€consider€the€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors€when€calculating€theÏpercentage€of€the€sentence€to€be€served€prior€to€"consideration€for€work€release,Ïfurlough,€trusty€status€and€related€rehabilitative€programs."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„¼35„302(d)€(1997);€òòTroutmanóó,€979€S.W.2d€at€274.Ð  À ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àIn€imposing€a€felony€sentence,€the€trial€court€must€begin€with€theÏpresumptive€minimum€sentence.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210(c)€(1990)Ï(amended€1995).ñï,ñ׃×ñï,ññï,ñ׃×ñï,ñÝ ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€It€may€then€increase€the€sentence€for€any€applicableÐ  #@ Ðenhancement€factors€and€reduce€it€for€any€applicable€mitigating€factors.€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210(d),€(e)€(1990)€(amended€1998).€ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àAlthough€the€trial€court€announced€its€consideration€of€the€sentencingÏprinciples€and€made€factual€findings€regarding€the€application€of€enhancementÏfactors,€it€misapplied€enhancement€factors€and€did€not€specify€how€theÏenhancement€factors€applied€to€the€individual€felony€convictions.€€Thus,€our€reviewÏof€the€defendant's€ñà,ñfelony€ñà,ñsentences€is€òòde€novoóó€without€the€presumption€ofÐ  2@), Ðcorrectness.ñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Sheltonóó,€854€S.W.2d€116,€123€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992)Ð `  Ð("If€the€trial€court€applies€inappropriate€factors€or€otherwise€fails€to€follow€the€1989ÏSentencing€Act,€the€presumption€of€correctness€fails.");€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Curtis€LeeÐ  À ÐMajorsóó,€No.€01C01„9602„CR„00076,€slip€op.€at€ñï,ñœñï,ñ17„18ñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,Ð   ÐJuly€30,€ñï,ñœñï,ñ1997),€òòperm.€app.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€1998).ñï,ñ›ñï,ñÐ à€ ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€before€us€was€21€years€old€when€he€committed€theseÏcrimes€and€27€years€old€when€he€came€before€the€court€for€sentencing.€€HeÏdropped€out€of€the€ninth€grade€and€has€no€GED.€€His€verified€work€history€consistsÏof€ñï,ñœñï,ññá,ñ6ñá,ññï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ññï,ñœñï,ññâ,ñsixñâ,ññã,ññâ,ñxñâ,ññã,ññï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€weeks€of€employment€at€Hardee's.€€He€reported€other€employment€in€the€foodÏservice€industry€which€could€not€be€verified.€€The€defendant€blamed€his€lack€ofÏstable€employment€on€substance€abuse,€which€began€at€age€ñï,ñœñï,ññä,ñ13ñä,ññå,ñthirteenñå,ñ.ñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€€Also,€he€hasÏbeen€in€and€out€of€prison€all€of€his€short€adult€life.€€He€had€been€released€fromÏprison€on€parole€status€for€eight€days€when€he€committed€these€offenses.€€HisÏcriminal€history€at€the€time€of€sentencing€consisted€of€convictions€for€two€counts€ofÏaggravated€robbery,€first€degree€burglary,€concealing€stolen€property,€receivingÏstolen€property,€felony€escape,€violation€of€ñï,ñœñï,ññæ,ñañæ,ññï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ññï,ñœñï,ññç,ñtheñç,ññï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€registration€law€and€driving€withoutÏa€license.€€Additional€charges€were€pending€for€robbery€and€theft.ÌÔ#† Xß=XXXß=ßq#ÔÌà@??$àò òLength€of€ñï,ñœñï,ñSentencesó óñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñˆÐ - #& Ðà ` àà ¸ àIn€determining€the€length€of€the€individual€sentences,€the€trial€courtÏapplied€enhancement€factors€(1),€(2),€(4),€(5),€(7),€(8),€(11)€and€(13).ñè,ñ׃×ñè,ññè,ñ׃×ñè,ñÝ ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€defendantÐ À0`'* Ðclaims€the€trial€court€should€not€have€applied€factors€(2),€(4),€(5)€and€(7).€€BecauseÏwe€are€proceeding€without€the€presumption€of€correctness,€we€will€examine€all€ofÏthe€enhancement€factors€applied€by€the€trial€court€as€well€as€any€others€supportedÏby€the€evidence.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€does€not€contest€that€he€has€a€previous€history€ofÏcriminal€convictions€or€behavior.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(1)€(1997).€€TheÐ  @  Ðevidence€of€his€prior€convictions€supports€the€application€of€this€factor€to€each€of€hisÏñï,ñœñï,ñpresentñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€convictions.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€evidence€supports€a€finding€the€defendant€was€a€leader€in€theÏcommission€ñï,ñœñï,ñof€some€ofñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€the€offenses.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(2)€(1997).€Ð   ÐBy€all€accounts,€he€was€aggressive€while€his€unidentified€companion€was€quiet€andÏpassive.€€The€defendant€intimidated€S.W.€and€M.T.€through€the€application€of€force.€ÏThis€factor€clearly€applies€to€the€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€and€especiallyÐ  #@ Ðaggravated€robbery€convictions.€€It€should€not€apply€to€the€two€aggravated€rapeÏconvictions€because€the€defendant's€companion€was€not€an€active€participant€inÏthose€ñï,ñœñï,ñcrimes.€€Although€its€application€to€the€theft€conviction€is€arguable€based€upon€Ïthe€defendant's€friend's€statements€that€the€defendant€would€make€M.T.€surrenderÏher€belongings,€we€decline€to€apply€this€factor€to€the€theft€convictionñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€trial€court€incorrectly€found€that€S.W.€and€M.T.€were€particularlyÏvulnerable€due€to€age.ñï,ññè,ñœñè,ññï,ññè,ññï,ñ׃×ñï,ññï,ñ׃ ×ñï,ññè,ññè,ñ׃×ñè,ñÝ ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(4)€(1997).€€Although€theÐ €  Ðwomen€were€young,€this€factor€may€be€applied€only€where€the€state€proves€that€theÏvictims€were€"particularly€vulnerable"€due€to€age€because€they€were€unable€to€resist,Ïsummon€help€or€testify€at€a€later€date.€€òòState€v.€Kissingeróó,€922€S.W.2d€482,€ñï,ñœñï,ñ487ñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñÐ  À Ð(Tenn.€1996).€€In€the€present€case,€the€state€offered€no€such€proof.׃€×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ð   ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€trial€court€also€erred€in€its€finding€that€the€defendant€treated€S.W.Ïand€M.T.€with€exceptional€cruelty.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(5)€(1997).€Ð  #@ ÐThis€factor€is€generally€applied€in€cases€of€abuse€ñï,ñœñï,ñoñç,ñ›ñç,ñrñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€torture.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.Ð €%  ÐDavisóó,€825€S.W.2d€109,€ñï,ñœñï,ñ113€(Tenn.ñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€1991);€òòState€v.€Haynesóó,€720€S.W.2d€76,€ñï,ñœñï,ñ80,€86ñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñÐ `'  Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1986).€€In€effect,€it€requires€a€finding€of€cruelty€above€and€beyondÏthat€inherently€attendant€to€the€crime€itself.€€òòState€v.€€ñï,ñœñï,ñEmbryóó,€915€S.W.2d€451,€456Ð  +À!$ Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).ñï,ñ›ñï,ñ€€The€cruelty€employed€by€the€defendant€in€this€case€wasÏof€a€level€inherent€to€the€crimes€committed.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àWith€respect€to€the€aggravated€rape€conviction€on€count€four,€theÐ  2@), Ðpersonal€injuries€inflicted€on€the€victim€were€particularly€great.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€CodeÐ `  ÐAnn.€ðð€40„35„114(6)€(1997).€€The€state's€proof€at€trial€established€that€S.W.€becameÏpregnant€from€the€sexual€assault.€€As€a€result,€she€underwent€an€abortion.€€òòSeeóóÐ  À ÐòòState€v.€Max€Eugene€Martinóó,€No.€01C01„9609„CR„00414,€slip€op.€at€ñï,ñœñï,ñ6„7ñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€(Tenn.Ð   ÐCrim.€App.,€Nashville,€Apr.€29,€1998)€(pregnancy€and€ñï,ñœñï,ñabortion),€òòperm.€app.€deniedóóÐ à€ Ð(Tenn.€1998);ñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€òòcfóó.€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€910€S.W.2d€457,€461€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)Ð À`  Ð(pregnancy€and€childbirth);€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€889€S.W.2d€225,€231€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð  @  Ð1994)€(pregnancy€and€childbirth).ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€proof€also€supports€a€finding€that€the€defendant€committed€theÏaggravated€rapes€and€the€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€in€order€to€gratify€hisÏdesire€for€pleasure€or€excitement.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(7)€(1997).€Ð   ÐIn€this€case,€the€defendant€apparently€obtained€some€level€of€orgasm,€as€heÏimpregnated€his€victim.€€òòSeeóó€òòKissingeróó,€922€S.W.2d€at€490„91€(whether€an€offenderÐ À!` Ðattains€orgasm€is€a€factor€that€€may€be€considered€in€determining€whether€factor€(7)Ïapplies).€€S.W.€testified€that€the€defendant€became€enraged€when€she€would€notÏfondle€him€during€the€first€rape.€€The€defendant€also€made€a€lewd€comment€to€hisÏcompanion€about€ñï,ñœñï,ñS.W.ñë,ñððsñë,ññï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€anatomy€after€the€second€rape.ñì,ñ׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ñì,ñ€€These€facts€support€aÏconclusion€the€defendant€committed€the€rapes€to€gratify€himself.€€òòCfóó.€òòManning€v.Ð  +À!$ ÐStateóó,€883€S.W.2d€635,€640€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994)€(defendant€made€explicitÐ - #& Ðcomments€and€fondled€victim).€€Further,€the€kidnapping€was€ongoing€during€theÏrapes.€€There€is€evidence€the€abduction€of€the€women€was€a€predesigned€plan€toÏgratify€the€defendant's€sexual€desires.€€M.T.€testified€that€when€she€refused€to€takeÏher€clothes€off,€the€defendant's€companion€told€her€the€defendant€would€make€herÏdo€it.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€trial€court€found€that€the€defendant's€sentence€should€beÐ  :À04 Ðenhanced€because€he€had€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€to€comply€with€theÏconditions€of€a€sentence€involving€release€in€the€community.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð @ à Ððð€40„35„114(8)€(1997).€€The€court€based€its€finding€upon€the€fact€that€the€defendantÏwas€on€parole€when€he€committed€these€offenses.€€However,€this€factor€appliesÏwhere€there€is€a€òòpreviousóó€history€of€unwillingness€to€comply€with€the€conditions€ofÐ à€ Ðrelease,€not€where€the€only€evidence€is€the€commission€of€the€present€offense€whileÏon€some€form€of€release.€€òòState€v.€Hayesóó,€899€S.W.2d€175,€185„86€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð  @  ÐApp.€1995).€€Despite€the€defendant's€history€of€criminal€activity,€the€record€does€notÏdemonstrate€that€he€committed€crimes€while€serving€òòearlieróó€non„incarcerativeÐ ` Ðsentences.€€Thus,€this€factor€cannot€be€applied.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€state€presented€proof€at€the€sentencing€hearing€that€theÏdefendant€had€a€previous€conviction€for€a€felony€which€resulted€in€bodily€injury€viaÏthe€testimony€of€Carol€Ann€Henderson,€whom€the€defendant€had€been€convicted€ofÏrobbing€while€armed€with€a€lead€pipe.€€The€felony€convictions€before€the€trial€courtÏall€involved€the€threat€of€or€actual€bodily€injury.€€Thus,€each€of€the€defendant's€felonyÏconvictions€should€be€enhanced€under€factor€(11).€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„Ð `'  Ð114(11)€ñï,ñœñï,ñ(1997).€€The€factor€does€not€apply€to€the€theft€conviction.ñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€ñï,ñœñï,ñdefendantñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€ñï,ñœñï,ñdidñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€not€ñï,ñœñï,ñcontest€at€the€sentencing€hearingñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€that€he€wasÏon€parole€when€he€committed€these€offenses.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„Ð à.€%( Ð114(13)(B)€(1997).€€The€enhancement€factor€applies€to€each€of€his€sentences.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€does€not€challenge€the€trial€court's€determination€thatÏno€mitigating€evidence€existed.€€Nevertheless,€pursuant€to€our€duty€of€òòde€novoóóÐ `6-0 Ðreview,€we€have€considered€each€of€the€mitigating€factors€listed€in€Code€section€40„¼30„113,€as€well€as€the€evidence€of€record€for€any€indication€of€non„statutoryÐ  :À04 Ðmitigating€evidence.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(13)€(1997).€€We€find€noÐ `  Ðmitigating€evidence.€ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àTo€summarize,€we€find€the€following€enhancement€factors€applicableÏto€the€defendant's€felony€convictions:ÌÓÓà ` àà ¸ àòòOffenseóóà h àà À àà  àà p àòòEnhancement€FactorsóóÐ À`  Ðà ` àEspecially€Aggravated€Robberyà  àà p à(1),€(2),€(11),€(13)(B)Ð °P  Ðà ` àAggravated€Rape€„€Count€3à  àà p à(1),€(7),€(11),€(13)(B)Ð  @  Ðà ` àAggravated€Rape€„€Count€4à  àà p à(1),€(6),€(7),€(11),€(13)(B)Ð 0  Ðà ` àEspecially€Aggravated€Kidnappingà p à(1),€(2),€(7),€(11),€(13)(B)Ð €  Ðñï,ñœñï,ñà ` àTheftà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à(1),€(13)(B)ñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñÐ p ÐÓÓÌà ` àà ¸ àEspecially€aggravated€robbery,€aggravated€rape€and€especiallyÏaggravated€kidnapping€are€all€Class€A€felonies.€€For€these€offenses,€the€defendantÏis€a€€Range€I€offender.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„105€(1997).€€For€a€Class€AÐ   Ðfelony€committed€by€a€Range€I€offender,€the€range€of€punishment€is€15€to€25€years.€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„112(a)(1)€(1997).ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àTurning€first€to€the€especially€aggravated€robbery€conviction,€we€findÏenhancement€factors€(1),€(11)€and€(13)(B)€worthy€of€great€weight.€€The€defendantÏhas€a€prodigious€criminal€record€for€someone€so€young.€€He€has€demonstrated€aÏpattern€of€violence.€€Further,€he€committed€these€offenses€only€eight€days€afterÏachieving€parole€status.€€He€justly€deserves€a€maximum€sentence€of€25€years.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àNext,€considering€the€aggravated€rape€conviction€from€count€ñï,ñœñï,ñ3,€theÏfirst€of€the€two€rapes,ñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€we€again€find€factors€(1),€(11)€and€(13)(B)€deserving€of€greatÏweight€for€the€reasons€stated€above.€€We€find€a€maximum€sentence€of€25€yearsÐ €4 +. Ðappropriate.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àWith€respect€to€the€aggravated€rape€conviction€from€count€4,€ñï,ñœñï,ñtheÏsecond€rape,€weñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€weigh€factors€(1),€(11)€and€(13)(B)€heavily,€as€above.€€Further,Ïfactor€(6)€deserves€great€weight€due€to€S.W.'s€ordeal€in€becoming€pregnant€andÏhaving€to€undergo€an€abortion€due€to€the€defendant's€criminal€conduct.€€TheseÏfactors€make€a€maximum€25„year€sentence€well€deserved.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àñï,ñœñï,ñFor€theñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€ñï,ñœñï,ñlastñï,ñ›ñï,ññï,ññï,ñ€felony€conviction€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping,€we€Ïagain€weigh€factors€(1),€(11)€and€(13)(B)€heavily.€€As€a€result,€we€again€find€aÏmaximum€sentence€of€25€years€appropriate.Ìñï,ñœñï,ñÌà ` àà ¸ àOur€final€length„of„sentence€determination€relates€to€the€misdemeanorÏtheft€sentence.€€Theft€of€property€valued€at€$500€or€less€is€a€Class€A€misdemeanor.€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„14„105(1)€(1997).€€Punishment€for€a€Class€A€misdemeanorÏcan€be€no€greater€than€11€months€and€29€days.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àBearing€in€mind,€as€we€must,€the€sentencing€considerations,€theÏapplicable€enhancement€factors€and€the€lack€of€mitigating€factors,€we€believe€aÏmaximum€sentence€of€11€months€and€29€days€at€75€percent€service€prior€to€beingÏeligible€for€work€release,€furlough,€trusty€status€and€other€rehabilitative€programs€isÏappropriate.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„302(d)€(1997).Ð À0`'* ÐÌà@ŒŒ"àò òConsecutive€Sentencingó óˆÐ €4 +. Ðà ` àà ¸ àThe€final€component€of€our€sentencing€review€involves€whetherÏconsecutive€sentencing€is€appropriate€for€this€defendant.€€In€general,€consecutiveÏsentencing€may€be€imposed€in€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court€upon€a€determinationÐ  :À04 Ðthat€one€or€more€of€the€following€criteria€exist:ÌÒ` ÒÒ°ÒÓÓ(1)à0 ¸ àThe€defendant€is€a€professional€criminal€who€has€knowinglyÐ @ à Ðdevoted€himself€to€criminal€acts€as€a€major€source€ofÏlivelihood;Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌ(2)à0 ¸ àThe€defendant€is€an€offender€whose€record€of€criminal€activityÐ   Ðis€extensive;Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌ(3)à0 ¸ àThe€defendant€is€a€dangerous€mentally€abnormal€person€soÐ Ðp  Ðdeclared€by€a€competent€psychiatrist€who€concludes€as€aÏresult€of€an€investigation€prior€to€sentencing€that€theÏdefendant's€criminal€conduct€has€been€characterized€by€aÏpattern€of€repetitive€or€compulsive€behavior€with€heedlessÏindifference€to€consequences;Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌ(4)à0 ¸ àThe€defendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behaviorÐ ` Ðindicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life,€and€no€hesitationÏabout€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€isÏhigh;Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌ(5)à0 ¸ àThe€defendant€is€convicted€of€two€(2)€or€more€statutoryÐ ° Ðoffenses€involving€sexual€abuse€of€a€minor€with€considerationÏof€the€aggravating€circumstances€arising€from€the€relationshipÏbetween€the€defendant€and€victim€or€victims,€the€time€span€ofÏdefendant's€undetected€sexual€activity,€the€nature€and€scopeÏof€the€sexual€acts€and€the€extent€of€the€residual,€physical€andÏmental€damage€to€the€victim€or€victims;Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌ(6)à0 ¸ àThe€defendant€is€sentenced€for€an€offense€committed€while€onÐ $0 Ðprobation;€orÐ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌ(7)à0 ¸ àThe€defendant€is€sentenced€for€criminal€contempt.Ð`' ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌÒ` ÒÒ°ÒÓÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)€(1990).€€In€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,Ð @)à" Ð937„38€(Tenn.€1995),€the€supreme€court€imposed€two€additional€requirements€forÏconsecutive€sentencing€„„€the€court€must€find€consecutive€sentences€are€reasonablyÏrelated€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses€committed€and€are€necessary€to€protect€theÏpublic€from€further€criminal€conduct.€€At€this€time,€it€is€unsettled€whether€òòWilkersonóóÐ À0`'* Ðapplies€to€all€seven€of€the€statutory€categories€for€consecutive€sentencing€or€onlyÏthe€"dangerous€offender"€category.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€David€Keith€Laneóó,€No.€03C01„Ð €4 +. Ð9607„CC„00259,€slip€op.€at€11€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,€June€18,€1997),€òòperm.Ð `6-0 Ðapp.€grantedóó€(Tenn.€1998).€€Ð @8à.2 ÐÐ  :À04 Ðà ` àà ¸ àBecause€we€have€stripped€the€trial€court€of€the€presumption€ofÏcorrectness€in€its€sentencing€determination,€we€review€the€issue€of€consecutiveÏsentencing€òòde€novoóó.Ð  À ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€trial€court€found€that€the€defendant€is€a€professional€criminal€whoÏknowingly€devoted€his€life€to€criminal€acts€as€a€major€source€of€his€livelihood.€€òòSeeóóÐ À`  ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(1)€(1997).€€Upon€òòde€novoóó€review,€we€agree€thatÐ  @  Ðthe€existence€of€this€factor€has€been€established€by€a€preponderance€of€theÏevidence.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)€(1997).€€Although€young€at€theÐ ` Ðtime€of€his€crimes,€the€defendant€had€already€amassed€convictions€for€robbery,Ïburglary€and€stolen€property€related€offenses.€€In€stark€comparison,€his€work€historyÏwhen€not€incarcerated€is€almost€non„existent.€€He€had€a€history€of€abusing€alcohol,Ïmarijuana,€cocaine€and€Valium€on€a€regular€basis.€€He€reported€to€the€presentenceÏofficer,€"I€was€a€drug€addict€in€[sic]€needed€money€to€support€my€ñ÷,ñœñ÷,ññï,ñhabbitsñï,ññ÷,ññï,ñhañï,ññ÷,ññõ,ññô,ñBñô,ññõ,ññ÷,ññö,ñbñö,ññï,ñbitsñï,ñ›ñ÷,ññ÷,ñhabitsñ÷,ñ€[sic]€so€ñ÷,ññï,ñœñï,ññ÷,ññø,ñœñø,ñthatsñ÷,ññï,ñ›ñï,ññ÷,ññø,ñ›ñø,ñÏ[sic]€what€cause€[sic]€me€œtoñù,ñ€ñð,ñ›ñð,ññù,ññò,ñññ,ñBññ,ññò,ññù,ññó,ñà À àñó,ññù,ññú,ñ€ñú,ññû,ñ›œñû,ñrobbñû,ñ›ñû,ñ€[sic]."€€These€facts€support€the€application€ofÏconsecutive€sentencing€under€Code€section€40„35„115(b)(1).€€òòCfóó.€òòState€v.€JasonÐ €%  ÐMorinóó,€No.€02C01„9512„CR„00370,€slip€op.€at€11€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,€JuneÐ `'  Ð2,€1997)€(defendant's€extensive€criminal€record€including€several€theft€offenses,€lackÏof€employment€at€the€time€of€the€crime€and€sketchy€work€history€support€finding€thatÏhe€is€a€professional€criminal€under€Code€section€40„35„115(b)(1)).ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€trial€court€also€found€that€the€defendant€was€an€offender€with€anÏextensive€record€of€criminal€activity.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(2)Ð  2@), Ð(1997).€€On€òòde€novoóó€review,€we€find€this€conclusion€supported€by€a€preponderanceÐ €4 +. Ðof€the€evidence.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)€(1997).€€The€defendant€hasÐ `6-0 Ða€lengthy€record€of€criminal€convictions€for€someone€of€his€young€age.€€TheÏpresentence€report€indicates€that€he€has€used€illicit€drugs€since€age€13.€€Further,€he€Ð  :À04 Ðhas€engaged€in€criminal€activity€while€incarcerated.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€third€basis€upon€which€the€trial€court€premised€consecutiveÏsentencing€was€that€the€defendant€was€a€dangerous€offender€as€described€in€CodeÏsection€40„35„115(b)(4).€€The€record€supports€our€òòde€novoóó€conclusion€that€thisÐ à€ Ðfactor€applies€to€the€defendant.€€He€employed€a€lead€pipe€to€ensure€the€successfulÏcommission€of€his€crimes.€€He€also€assaulted€S.W.€by€repeatedly€punching€her€inÏthe€face€with€his€fist,€and€he€hit€both€S.W.€and€M.T.€with€the€pipe.€€In€addition,€thereÏwas€evidence€he€assaulted€Ms.€Henderson€with€a€lead€pipe€during€another€crime.€ÏS.W.€testified€that€she€complied€with€the€defendant's€demands€because€she€wasÏconcerned€for€her€life.€€M.T.€testified€that€she€was€concerned€for€S.W.'s€life,€as€well.€ÏThe€preponderance€of€the€evidence€supports€a€conclusion€that€the€defendant€wouldÏhave€employed€as€much€violence€as€was€necessary€to€the€perpetration€of€hisÏcrimes.€€Thus,€his€behavior€"indicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life,€and€noÏhesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€is€high[.]"€€òòSeeóóÐ  #@ ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(4).ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àWith€respect€to€the€òòWilkersonóó€factors,€the€defendant€clears€this€finalÐ @)à" Ðhurdle€for€consecutive€sentencing.€€Consecutive€sentences€are€reasonably€relatedÏto€the€severity€of€these€offenses€and€the€public€deserves€protection€from€furtherÏcriminal€conduct€by€this€defendant.€€òòSeeóó€òòWilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€at€937„38.€€OnlyÐ à.€%( Ðeight€days€out€of€prison€on€parole,€the€defendant€committed€four€Class€A€felonies.€ÏHe€began€his€criminal€career€at€an€early€age€and€has€distinguished€himself€as€aÏhardened€criminal€by€graduating€from€property€and€drug€crimes€to€violent€feloniesÏagainst€other€persons.€€ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àAlthough€our€review€is€òòde€novoóó,€we€have€come€to€the€same€conclusionÐ  :À04 Ðas€that€reached€by€the€trial€court€„„€the€defendant's€felony€sentences€should€all€beÏserved€consecutively€to€each€other,€and€the€misdemeanor€theft€sentence€should€beÏserved€concurrently€to€the€especially€aggravated€robbery€conviction.€€Furthermore,Ïthe€defendant's€sentences€should€be€served€consecutively€to€the€sentence€for€whichÏhe€was€on€parole€at€the€time€he€committed€these€offenses.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.Ð à€ Ð32(c)(3)(A).ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àFinally,€with€respect€to€the€defendant's€argument€that€his€sentenceÏviolates€the€Eighth€Amendment€prohibition€against€cruel€and€unusual€punishment,€Ïour€consideration€of€this€issue€has€been€waived.€€In€his€brief,€the€defendant€devotedÏa€cursory,€one„sentence€argument€to€this€proposition.€€He€has€failed€to€cite€anyÏauthority€beyond€the€Eighth€Amendment€itself.€€When€a€party€fails€to€provide€aÏsufficient€argument€and€citation€to€relevant€authorities,€this€court€treats€the€affectedÏissue€as€waived.€€Tenn.€R.€Ct.€Crim.€App.€10(b);€òòseeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€27(a).€Ð À!` ÐMoreover,€despite€the€defendant's€deficient€argument,€no€Eighth€AmendmentÏviolation€is€readily€apparent.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àIn€sum,€the€defendant's€appellate€issues€are€without€merit.€€TheÏjudgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.ÌÌÓÓà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à________________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJAMES€CURWOOD€WITT,€JR.,€JUDGEÌñî,ñÌñî,ññí,ñCONCUR:Ìñí,ñÌÌÌ_______________________________ÌDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGEÌÌÌ_______________________________ÌL.T.€LAFFERTY,€SPECIAL€JUDGEÐ  :À04 ÐÑ<†ÑÑTR[¤ AØ'ÿ Legal[¤ AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ LegalTÑÑ  ÑÌñî,ñÑ<†ÑÑTR[¤ AØ'ÿ Legal[¤ AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ LegalTÑÑ  Ññî,ñ