’WPC; 6>\#ņŁZ€7‹Õ”ĒŅd2yūÓųĢCÄZś²ōZ"jQÕJ–ÕįŚļ±¼ÖYQ’«†/1hüH„ńŒšĒŲŽ™śšåļ(i_2"!šµĘž˜Ė#'¦ē ųPW€edŠ$ bK—“Ģ‘ģō4ŚēI^¬Jd=×|×G³ Ż8x‹£ZÜp)d«ĘœŖčéü?ź’sŁK ą³tTŖŁušˆds‹ƒÅ?ī h®¾ĻfV225m«T]ŌM&Ė‚8‘Šė ģ¹² HO§…®.™õÜ#ŒĮA ĪŅD’ŌXś«¬{j#éŅŃd!ėŽ»E½ĶxĀ#_©¬Ś·,{™«“ąw»¾Ī_į)Įū_‘Y!Jm™Ü‹›bxļ×Ø“’A§ ż“Ē1hØ«åŚQt…ž$¹¦ņ‚wSÄS”FUŅņjˆŻž0¤{v°9ŹR‡Ū.Ž) wMčYĘŖ1ī’ŗtMę·øćŸōœńīõÕ5“C°L©)¶2v³ķ=(ŻēÜéĒ •¶ü©¾Žl®b3Ł4Ļ„{Ž0aÆ[]}7ŃŅā¢žEČ0 U%ęY&÷2šnE²ģvŽ{ …ˆg£^ģ.­‰oŁ}µbC–²X²ģg"ż'„·o±*9;<%覊ĖĒ`#!@UNa %Æ 0(µU:Żb w 4# 7 0ĘF 0D éP ½9 |ö ‡r\łRUU:§į mćWśś©QQQQQQQQ BśśśśśśśśśśśśśśśśśśN^  AQ%Ęv 0D< 0D€ 0DÄÄ D3˜HP LaserJet 8000 DN PSŲŚŲŚŚŲŲŚ0(ČhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($””,“ķ|AZ‹"Arial Regular- ł-{Z='3|x(v(2>4$¤¤Ż ƒ!ŻŻ  ŻŅ°ŅŅX°ŅŌ€XzœXXXŌŌ€ōńłõXXzœŌą ` ąņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó(#Ć$ņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó ߯ ƒ x$ŻŅ°ŅŅX°ŅŌ€XŽfXXXŌŌ€ōĀ•ņXXŽfŌą ` ąņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż€The€appellant€was€charged€with€aggravated€robbery€in€Count€Three. ³Ż ƒ x$ŻŅ°ŅŅX°ŅŌ€XŽfXXXŌŌ€ōĀ•ņXXŽfŌą ` ąņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż€Count€Four€of€the€indictment€did€not€involve€the€appellant,€but€charged€co„defendants€withŠ `  Šaggravated€robbery.€€Count€Ten€of€the€indictment€charged€the€appellant€with€aggravated€burglary,€but€theŠ  ¾ Šstate€later€dismissed€such€charge.€ņ ņó ó rŻ ƒ x$ŻŅ°ŅŅX°ŅŌ€XŽfXXXŌŌ€ōĀ•ņXXŽfŌą ` ąņņŚ  Ś3Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż€Because€the€jury€instructions€were€not€included€in€the€record€before€this€Court€on€appeal,€weŠ `  Šassume€that€the€jury€was€properly€instructed€with€regard€to€corroboration€of€accomplice€testimony. }Ż ƒ x$ŻŅ°ŅŅX°ŅŌ€XŽfXXXŌŌ€ōĀ•ņXXŽfŌą ` ąņņŚ  Ś4Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż€The€presentence€report€indicates€that€the€offense€was€theft€over€$1,000.€€However€a€review€ofŠ `  Šthe€appellantššs€juvenile€records€indicates€that€the€offense€was€theft€of€property€under€the€value€of€$500. RŻ ƒ x$ŻŅ°ŅŅX°ŅŌ€XŽfXXXŌŌ€ōĀ•ņXXŽfŌą ` ąņņŚ  Ś5Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż€In€1995,€the€legislature€amended€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114€with€the€addition€ofŠ `  Šenhancement€factor€(20),€which€allows€for€enhancement€of€a€sentence€if€š šthe€defendant€was€adjudicatedŠ  ¾ Što€have€committed€a€delinquent€act€or€acts€as€a€juvenile€that€would€constitute€a€felony€if€committed€by€anŠ Ü | Šadult.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(20).€€This€Court€has€held€that,€as€a€result€of€this€amendment,€š šfactorŠ š : Š(20)€became€the€exclusive€factor€for€enhancing€a€sentence€based€on€a€defendantššs€juvenile€recordšš;Š X ų Štherefore,€any€juvenile€adjudication€which€would€not€be€a€felony€can€not€be€considered€in€enhancement.€Š  ¶ ŠņņState€v.€Brent€Brownóó,€C.C.A.€No.€02C01„9710„CC„00419,€1998€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXIS€1112,€at€*3,Š Ō t ŠHardeman€County€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€filed€October€26,€1998,€at€Jackson).€€However,€the€present€offensesŠ ’2 Šwere€committed€before€the€effective€date€of€this€amendment€on€July€1,€1995.€€Accordingly,€the€appellantššsŠ Pš Šjuvenile€record€can€be€considered€in€enhancement€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(1). HŻ ƒ x$ŻŅ°ŅŅX°ŅŌ€XŽfXXXŌŌ€ōĀ•ņXXŽfŌą ` ąņņŚ  Ś6Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż€We€find€it€questionable€whether€two€of€these€mitigating€factors€should€apply€in€this€case.€€First,Š `  Šalthough€the€appellant€was€fifteen€(15)€at€the€time€of€the€offenses,€there€is€no€evidence€in€the€record€thatŠ  ¾ Šhe€lacked€substantial€judgment€ņņbecause€of€his€youthóó.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„113(6).€€Moreover,€theŠ Ü | Štrial€court€considered€the€appellantššs€remorse€during€a€police€interrogation€as€a€mitigating€factor.€ņņóóŠ š : ŠHowever,€the€appellantššs€statements€to€law€enforcement€authorities€were€deemed€involuntary€by€the€trialŠ X ų Šcourt€and€were,€therefore,€suppressed€at€trial.€€This€Court€seriously€doubts€that€the€purposes€of€theŠ  ¶ ŠSentencing€Act€would€be€achieved€by€the€consideration€of€an€š šinvoluntaryšš€statement€as€a€mitigatingŠ Ō t Šfactor.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„113(13).,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular’U‹’ĄĄĄ MŻ ƒ[Æ"ŻŻ  ŻŌ€XzœXXXŌŌ€ÓäXXzœŌÓ  ÓŌ_Ōņ ņŌ Ad ŌFILEDŌ€XzœXÓäŌŠ  ŠĢSeptember€20,€1999ĢĢCecil€Ō_ŌCrowsonŌ_Ō,€Jr.ĢAppellate€Court€Ō_ŌClerkŌdAxŌó óŌ_Ō ŸŻ ƒ x$ŻŅ°ŅŅX°ŅŌ€XŽfXXXŌŌ€ōĀ•ņXXŽfŌą ` ąņņŚ  Ś7Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż€Because€we€find€that€consecutive€sentences€were€appropriate€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„Š `  Š115(b)(4),€we€need€not€address€the€appellantššs€contentions€with€regard€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„Š  ¾ Š115(b)(2)€and€(6). d›‹4' Z[\]_Cž’<<C’’ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3Æ$¢¢Ż ƒ!ŻŻ  Ż(3Æ$££Ż ƒ!ŻŻ  Ż($$””ņ ņŚ  Ś1Ś  Śó ó'’’dxdŻ ƒ!ŻŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŃ` °ŃŅ°ŅŅ„°ŅŌ€Š£”‹XXŌŌ€Š)‹‹Š£”ŌŃTR[° AŲ'’ Legal3Ų' AŲ'’ Legal’3Ų'TŃŃ€ŃŃ8€×SXXdģdČ8ŃŃ  ŃŃ  ŃÓ  Óņ ņŌ_Ōßv€Y_@0,j:ū’`  `€€@’Eļa ` 8ttxP'` š  vßŌ_ŌŌ_ŌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEŠ `  ŠĢAT€NASHVILLEĢĢMAY€SESSION,€1999ĢĢĢÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,ą Ą ą)ą  ąC.C.A.€NO.€01C01„9804„CC„00157Š n Šą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąó ó)Š p Šą ` ąAppellee,ą  ąą h ąą Ą ąņ ņ)Š l  Šą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ą)Ģą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ą)ą  ąMONTGOMERY€COUNTYŠ p  ŠVS.ą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ą)ą  ąŠ r  Šą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ą)ą  ąHON.€JOHN€H.€GASAWAYó óŠ t  Šņ ņANDRA€LAMAR€DILLARD,ó óą Ą ąņ ņ)ą  ąJUDGEó óŠ v Šą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąņ ņ)ó óŠ x Šą ` ąAppellant.ą  ąą h ąą Ą ąņ ņ)ą  ą(Direct€Appeal€„€Aggravated€Robbery€Š z Šą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ą)ą  ą&€Aggravated€Rape)Š | Šó óĢĢÓ  ÓĢĢņņÓ  ÓFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:ą Ą ąą  ąą p ąņņFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:Š n ŠĢMICHAEL€R.€JONESą h ąą Ą ąą  ąPAUL€G.€SUMMERSŠ f! Š19th€District€Public€Defenderą Ą ąą  ąAttorney€General€&€ReporterŠ b" Š109€South€Second€St.ĢClarksville,€TN€€37040ą h ąą Ą ąą  ąMARVIN€E.€CLEMENTS,€JR.Š Z$ś Šą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąAssistant€Attorney€GeneralĢą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ą425€Fifth€Avenue€NorthĢą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąNashville,€TN€€37243ĢĢą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąJOHN€CARNEYĢą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąDistrict€Attorney€GeneralĢĢą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąHELEN€O.€YOUNGĢą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąAssistant€District€AttorneyĢą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ą204€Franklin€St.,€Suite€200Ģą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąClarksville,€TN€€37040ĢĢĢĢOPINION€FILED€________________________ĢĢAFFIRMEDĢĢJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JUDGEŠ  7®-.ų ŠÓ  ÓŌ€°ŖB °‹Š)Ōņ ņņņŌ‡„0ļ „ °°ŖBŌOPINIONŌ#†°ŖB ° „„0ļ= #Ōóóó óŌ€Š)‹ °°ŖBŌŠ `  ŠĢÓ  ÓÓÓą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąĢą ` ąThe€appellant,€Ō_ŌAndraŌ_Ō€L.€Dillard,€was€charged€in€a€multi„count€indictmentŠ ¢ B Šwith€four€(4)€counts€of€aggravated€burglary,€two€(2)€counts€of€aggravatedŠ ’2 ŠŌ_ŌkidnappingŌ_Ō,€two€(2)€counts€of€aggravated€robbery,€one€(1)€count€of€aggravatedŠ ‚" Šrape€and€one€(1)€count€of€theft€of€property€over€$1,000.€€He€was€convicted€by€aŠ r  ŠMontgomery€County€jury€of€one€(1)€count€of€theft€of€property€over€$1,000€asŠ b  Šcharged€in€Count€Eleven€of€the€indictment.€€In€a€separate€trial,€he€was€convictedŠ Rņ  Šof€one€(1)€count€of€aggravated€burglary,€one€(1)€count€of€aggravated€Ō_ŌkidnappingŌ_ŌŠ Bā Šand€one€(1)€count€of€robbery€under€Counts€One,€Two€and€Three€of€theŠ 2Ņ Šindictment.€€Subsequently,€the€appellant€pled€guilty€to€one€(1)€count€ofŠ "Ā Šaggravated€robbery€and€one€(1)€count€of€aggravated€rape€as€charged€in€CountsŠ ² ŠEight€and€Nine€of€the€indictment.€€For€all€of€his€convictions,€the€trial€courtŠ !¢ Šsentenced€the€appellant€to€an€effective€sentence€of€41€years.Š ņ"’ Šą ` ąThe€appellant€now€brings€this€appeal,€challenging€his€convictions€forŠ ā$‚ Šaggravated€burglary€in€Count€One,€aggravated€Ō_ŌkidnappingŌ_Ō€in€Count€Two,€robberyŠ Ņ&r Šin€Count€Three€and€theft€of€property€in€Count€Eleven€of€the€indictment.€€Further,Š Ā(b  Šthe€appellant€challenges€his€sentences€for€his€convictions€in€Counts€One,€Two,Š ²*R!" ŠThree,€Eight,€Nine€and€Eleven€of€the€indictment.€€Specifically,€he€raises€theŠ ¢,B#$ Šfollowing€issues€for€our€review:Š ’.2%& ŠÓÓą8 ` ą(1)€whether€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€sustain€his€conviction€forŠ ‚0"'( Štheft€of€property€over€$1,000€in€Count€Eleven€of€the€indictment;Šz1()` ü!` ü! ŠĢą8 ` ą(2)€whether€there€was€sufficient€corroboration€of€an€accompliceššsŠ j3 *+ Štestimony€to€support€the€appellantššs€convictions€for€aggravatedŠ b4+, Šburglary,€aggravated€Ō_ŌkidnappingŌ_Ō€and€robbery€in€Counts€One,€TwoŠ Z5ś+- Šand€Three;ŠR6ņ,.` ü!` ü! ŠĢą8 ` ą(3)€whether€the€appellantššs€convictions€for€aggravated€Ō_ŌkidnappingŌ_ŌŠ B8ā.0 Šand€robbery€under€Counts€Two€and€Three€violate€due€processŠ :9Ś/1 Šunder€ņņState€v.€Anthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€299€(Tenn.€1991);Š2:Ņ02` ü!` ü! ŠŌ_Ō‡ą8 ` ą(4)€whether€the€trial€court€imposed€excessive€sentences€for€all€hisŠ `  Šconvictions;€andŠX ų` ü!` ü! ŠĢą8 ` ą(5)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€imposing€consecutive€sentences.ŠH č` ü!` ü! ŠĢÓÓAfter€a€thorough€review€of€the€record€before€this€Court,€we€affirm€the€judgmentŠ 8Ų Šof€the€trial€court.Š (Č ŠĢą@zz%®ąņ ņņņFACTUAL€BACKGROUNDó óóóˆŠ Ø  ŠĢą@ll ®ąņ ņA.€€Counts€One,€Two€and€Threeó óˆŠ čˆ Šą ` ąAt€approximately€2:00€a.m.€on€January€20,€1995,€Janet€Lynn€Ruppel€wasŠ Ųx Šsleeping€in€her€home€in€Clarksville€when€she€felt€something€hard€pressingŠ Čh Šunderneath€her€chin€and€something€on€her€stomach.€€She€woke€up€and€saw€aŠ øX Šman€straddling€her€with€a€gun€underneath€her€chin.€€She€screamed€and€askedŠ ØH Šthe€man€to€move.€€The€man€forced€her€out€of€her€bed€and€informed€her€that€sheŠ ˜!8 Šš šwas€to€go€with€them.šš€€He€put€a€gun€to€her€back€and€ushered€her€through€theŠ ˆ#( Šhallway.€€They€went€into€the€dining€area€of€Ruppelššs€home,€and€Ruppel€saw€aŠ x% Šsecond€man€standing€in€the€doorway€to€the€kitchen.€€The€second€man€producedŠ h' Šher€ATM€card€and€demanded€that€she€leave€her€house€with€them.€€Ruppel€gaveŠ X)ų! Šthe€men€her€ATM€number€in€an€attempt€to€get€the€men€to€leave€without€her;Š H+č!# Šhowever,€both€men€insisted€that€she€leave€with€them.€Š 8-Ų#% Šą ` ąAt€trial,€Ruppel€described€the€men.€€She€stated€that€the€man€who€put€a€gunŠ (/Č%' Šunder€her€chin€was€a€black€male€with€very€dark€skin.€€He€was€dressed€in€a€blackŠ 1ø') Šsweatshirt,€black€jeans,€a€black€hat,€a€black€jacket€and€black€gloves.€€He€had€aŠ 3Ø)+ Šblue€and€white€bandana€covering€his€face.€€The€man€was€approximately€sixteenŠ ų4˜+- Š(16)€or€seventeen€(17)€years€of€age,€approximately€five€feet,€eight€inches€tall€withŠ č6ˆ-/ Ša€medium€build.€€Ruppel€testified€that€he€was€carrying€a€silver€semi„automaticŠ Ų8x/1 Šweapon.€€€Ruppel€described€the€other€man€as€a€black€male€with€lighter€skin€thanŠ `  Šthe€other€man.€€He€was€similarly€dressed,€except€that€a€red€and€white€bandanaŠ P š Šcovered€his€face.€€He€also€had€approximately€the€same€height€and€build€as€theŠ @ ą Šother€man.€Š 0Š Šą ` ąRuppel€and€the€two€men€left€her€house€and€got€into€her€car.€The€man€withŠ  Ą Šthe€blue€and€white€bandana€drove,€while€the€man€with€the€red€and€white€bandanaŠ °  Šsat€in€the€backseat€and€held€a€gun€on€Ruppel.€€They€drove€to€an€ATM€machineŠ    Šapproximately€four€miles€from€Ruppelššs€home,€and€the€man€with€the€blue€andŠ š  Šwhite€bandana€ordered€Ruppel€out€of€the€car.€€Ruppel€withdrew€$500€from€theŠ ą€ ŠATM€machine,€got€back€into€the€car€and€handed€the€money€to€the€driver.€€TheyŠ Šp Šthen€drove€back€to€Ruppelššs€home.€€When€they€returned,€the€men€gave€her€backŠ Ą` Šher€car€keys,€threatened€to€kill€her€and€her€sixteen€(16)€month€old€daughter€if€sheŠ °P Šcalled€the€police€and€then€left€her€house.€Š   @ Šą ` ąJesus€Weaver€testified€on€behalf€of€the€state€at€trial.€€He€stated€that€he€andŠ "0 Šthe€appellant€planned€to€rob€someone€on€the€night€of€January€19.€€WeaverŠ €$  Štestified€that€in€the€early€morning€hours€of€January€20,€he€met€the€appellant€at€theŠ p& Šappellantššs€home.€€They€dressed€alike€in€black€gloves,€jackets€and€hats,€exceptŠ `(  Šthat€the€appellant€wore€a€blue€bandana,€and€Weaver€wore€a€red€one.€€TheyŠ P*š " Šwalked€around€the€appellantššs€neighborhood€until€they€spotted€a€house€to€rob.€Š @,ą"$ ŠThey€saw€a€purse€sitting€inside€of€a€car€parked€near€the€house.€€When€theyŠ 0.Š$& Šlooked€through€the€purse,€they€discovered€keys.€€They€attempted€to€open€theŠ  0Ą&( Šfront€door€of€the€house€with€the€keys,€but€were€unsuccessful.€€However,€the€keysŠ 2°(* Šopened€the€back€door€of€the€home.Š 4 *, Šą ` ąThe€appellant€walked€inside€of€the€home€to€search€for€money€while€WeaverŠ š5,. Šstayed€outside.€€When€Weaver€heard€a€woman€scream,€he€went€inside€theŠ ą7€.0 Šhouse.€€He€observed€the€appellant€leading€a€woman€into€the€room€and€asking€herŠ Š9p02 Šfor€money.€€The€woman€gave€the€appellant€her€ATM€card€and€her€ATM€numberŠ `  Šand€pled€with€them€to€leave€without€her.€€However,€because€they€feared€that€theŠ P š Šwoman€would€call€the€police,€they€forced€the€woman€to€leave€with€them.Š @ ą Šą ` ąWhen€they€got€into€the€car,€the€appellant€drove€while€Weaver€stayed€in€theŠ 0Š Šbackseat€with€the€victim.€€Weaver€held€a€gun€on€the€victim€during€the€drive€to€theŠ  Ą ŠATM€machine.€€When€they€arrived€at€the€ATM,€the€appellant€directed€the€victimŠ °  Što€withdraw€money€from€her€account.€€The€victim€obtained€$500€and€gave€it€to€theŠ    Šappellant.€€They€then€drove€the€victim€home,€gave€her€the€keys€and€went€home.€Š š  Šą ` ąWeaver€testified€that€he€received€$220€from€the€robbery,€and€the€appellantŠ ą€ Šreceived€$260.€€€The€appellant€told€Weaver€that€he€deserved€more€money€thanŠ Šp ŠWeaver€because€he€š šdid€more.ššŠ Ą` Šą ` ąAt€trial,€Ruppel€testified€that€the€appellantššs€complexion€matched€that€of€theŠ °P Šman€in€the€blue€and€white€bandana.€€She€further€stated€that,€even€though€sheŠ   @ Šnever€saw€the€manššs€face,€the€appellantššs€height€and€build€were€the€same€as€thatŠ "0 Šof€the€man€in€the€blue€and€white€bandana.€Š €$  Šą ` ąThe€jury€returned€guilty€verdicts€for€aggravated€burglary€as€charged€inŠ p& ŠCount€One€and€aggravated€kidnapping€as€charged€in€Count€Two.€€In€CountŠ `(  ŠThree,€the€jury€found€the€appellant€guilty€of€the€lesser€included€offense€ofŠ P*š " Šrobbery.׃ ׯ ƒ #ĆŻņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ @,ą"$ Šą@€€"®ąņ ņB.€€Counts€Eight€and€Nineó óˆŠ 0.Š$& Šą ` ąWith€regard€to€Counts€Eight€and€Nine,€the€stipulated€facts€were€recited€atŠ  0Ą&( Šthe€guilty€plea€proceedings€as€follows:Š 2°(* ŠÓÓą8 ` ą[O]n€February€5th,€1995,€the€[appellant]€entered€the€home€on€KelseyŠ 4 *, ŠDrive,€here€in€Clarksville,€of€one€Amy€Herchig.€€She€awoke€to€findŠ ų4˜+- Šhim€on€top€of€her€in€her€bed€with€a€pistol€to€her€head,€.€.€.€.€€TheŠ š5,. Š[appellant]€then€choked€the€victim€until€she€passed€out€and€thenŠ č6ˆ-/ Šraped€her€while€she€was,€in€fact,€unconscious,€.€.€.€.€€When€sheŠ ą7€.0 Šcame€to,€he€forced€her€to€drive€to€an€ATM€machine€and€withdrawŠ `  Šthree€hundred€dollars,€which€she€took€and€then€he€released€theŠ X ų Švictim.ŠP š` ü!` ü! ŠĢÓÓĢą ` ąThe€appellant€was€charged€with€alternative€counts€of€aggravated€burglaryŠ 0Š Šin€Counts€Five€and€Six,€aggravated€kidnapping€in€Count€Seven,€aggravatedŠ  Ą Šrobbery€in€Count€Eight€and€aggravated€rape€in€Count€Nine.€€In€February€1998,Š °  Šthe€appellant€pled€guilty€to€aggravated€robbery€as€charged€in€Count€Eight€andŠ    Šaggravated€rape€as€charged€in€Count€Nine.€€As€part€of€the€plea€agreement,€theŠ š  Šstate€dismissed€Counts€Five,€Six€and€Seven.€Š ą€ Šą@00&®ąņ ņC.€€Count€Elevenó ó׃ ׯ ƒ #ĆŻņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׈Š Šp Šą ` ąAt€approximately€1:00€a.m.€on€February€27,€1995,€Michael€Cresong€noticedŠ Ą` Šthat€his€maroon€1991€Dodge€automobile€was€missing.€€€He€had€parked€hisŠ °P Švehicle€outside€of€his€home€in€Clarksville€the€previous€evening€and€left€the€keysŠ   @ Šin€the€car.€€Cresong€testified€that€the€value€of€his€car€in€February€1995€wasŠ "0 Šapproximately€$5,500.€€He€stated€that€he€had€not€given€anyone€permission€toŠ €$  Štake€the€car.Š p& Šą ` ąIn€the€early€morning€hours€of€February€28,€1995,€Officer€Joel€T.€Bach€wasŠ `(  Šon€patrol€for€the€Berry€Hill€Police€Department€when€he€observed€a€late€modelŠ P*š " Šmaroon€Dodge€parked€on€Berry€Hill€Drive€in€Nashville.€€Upon€checking€theŠ @,ą"$ Šlicense€plate€number€on€the€vehicle,€Officer€Bach€was€advised€that€the€vehicleŠ 0.Š$& Šhad€been€stolen.€€Other€officers€arrived€at€the€scene,€and€they€discovered€two€(2)Š  0Ą&( Šindividuals€sleeping€inside€the€vehicle.€€Those€people€were€later€identified€as€theŠ 2°(* Šappellant€and€Jesus€Weaver.€€Subsequently,€the€officers€took€the€appellant€andŠ 4 *, ŠWeaver€into€custody.€Upon€searching€the€vehicle,€the€officers€found€clothes€in€aŠ š5,. Šplastic€bag€in€the€trunk.€€In€addition,€the€officers€found€$300€on€Weaverššs€person,Š `  Šand€the€appellant€claimed€that€$120€of€the€money€belonged€to€him.€€Š P š Šą ` ąJesus€Weaver€testified€for€the€state€at€trial.€€He€stated€that€on€Sunday,Š @ ą ŠFebruary€26,€he€and€the€appellant€š šwent€out€looking€for€a€caršš€to€steal.€€€WhenŠ 0Š Šthey€found€a€Dodge€with€the€keys€in€the€ignition,€they€took€the€car€to€WeaverššsŠ  Ą Šhouse€and€then€to€the€appellantššs€house€so€that€they€could€obtain€some€clothes.€Š °  ŠThey€drove€to€Nashville€that€night,€parked€the€car€in€a€residential€neighborhoodŠ    Šand€went€to€sleep.€€The€next€day,€they€drove€the€car€around€Nashville€andŠ š  Ševentually€parked€the€car€and€went€to€sleep.€€Subsequently,€they€were€awakenedŠ ą€ Šby€the€police€and€taken€into€custody.€€Weaver€testified€that€no€one€gave€themŠ Šp Špermission€to€take€the€vehicle,€and€he€and€the€appellant€were€planning€to€runŠ Ą` Šaway.€Š °P Šą ` ąThe€jury€found€the€appellant€guilty€of€theft€of€property€over€the€value€ofŠ   @ Š$1,000€as€charged€in€Count€Eleven€of€the€indictment.Š "0 ŠĢą@īī!®ąņ ņņņSUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEó óóóˆŠ p& ŠĢą ` ąIn€his€first€issue,€the€appellant€claims€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€toŠ P*š " Šsustain€the€juryššs€verdict€of€guilt€for€theft€of€property€over€$1,000.€€He€claims€thatŠ @,ą"$ Šthe€evidence€merely€supports€a€conviction€for€the€lesser€included€offense€ofŠ 0.Š$& Šjoyriding€because€there€is€no€evidence€that€he€intended€to€deprive€the€owner€ofŠ  0Ą&( Šhis€property.Š 2°(* Šą@BB-®ąņ ņA.ó óˆŠ 4 *, Šą ` ąWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€CourtŠ š5,. Šmust€review€the€record€to€determine€if€the€evidence€adduced€during€the€trial€wasŠ ą7€.0 Šsufficient€š što€support€the€findings€by€the€trier€of€fact€of€guilt€beyond€a€reasonableŠ Š9p02 Šdoubt.šš€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€This€rule€is€applicable€to€findings€of€guiltŠ `  Špredicated€upon€direct€evidence,€circumstantial€evidence€or€a€combination€ofŠ P š Šdirect€and€circumstantial€evidence.€€ņņState€v.€Breweróó,€932€S.W.2d€1,€19€(Tenn.Š @ ą ŠCrim.€App.€1996).Š 0Š Šą ` ąIn€determining€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€Court€does€not€reweighŠ  Ą Šor€reevaluate€the€evidence.€€ņņState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.Š °  Š1978).€€Nor€may€this€Court€substitute€its€inferences€for€those€drawn€by€the€trierŠ    Šof€fact€from€circumstantial€evidence.€€ņņLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€199€Tenn.€298,€305,€286Š š  ŠS.W.2d€856,€859€(1956).€€To€the€contrary,€this€Court€is€required€to€afford€the€stateŠ ą€ Šthe€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€contained€in€the€record€as€well€asŠ Šp Šall€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€Š Ą` ŠņņState€v.€Tuttleóó,€914€S.W.2d€926,€932€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€š šA€guilty€verdictŠ °P Šby€the€jury,€approved€by€the€trial€judge,€accredits€the€testimony€of€the€witnessesŠ   @ Šfor€the€State€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€theory€of€the€State.šš€€ņņStateŠ "0 Šv.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973).€€Questions€concerning€theŠ €$  Šcredibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€the€evidence€as€wellŠ p& Šas€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€jury€as€the€trierŠ `(  Šof€fact.€€ņņState€v.€Tuttleóó,€914€S.W.2d€at€932.Š P*š " Šą ` ąBecause€a€verdict€of€guilt€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€andŠ @,ą"$ Šreplaces€it€with€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€accused€has€the€burden€in€this€CourtŠ 0.Š$& Šof€illustrating€why€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€verdict€returned€byŠ  0Ą&( Šthe€trier€of€fact.€€ņņState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982);€ņņState€v.Š 2°(* ŠGraceóó,€493€S.W.2d€at€476.Š 4 *, Šą@BB-®ąņ ņB.ó óˆŠ š5,. Šą ` ąš šA€person€commits€theft€of€property€if,€with€intent€to€deprive€the€owner€ofŠ ą7€.0 Šproperty,€the€person€knowingly€obtains€or€exercises€control€over€the€propertyŠ Š9p02 Šwithout€the€ownerššs€effective€consent.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„14„103.€€ToŠ `  Šš šdeprivešš€means€to:Š P š ŠÓÓą8 ` ą(A)€Withhold€property€from€the€owner€permanently€or€for€such€aŠ @ ą Šperiod€of€time€as€to€substantially€diminish€the€value€or€enjoyment€ofŠ 8Ų Šthe€property€to€the€owner;Š0Š` ü!` ü! ŠĢą8 ` ą(B)€Withhold€property€or€cause€it€to€be€withheld€for€the€purpose€ofŠ  Ą Šrestoring€it€only€upon€payment€of€a€reward€or€other€compensation;Š ø  ŠorŠ° ` ü!` ü! ŠĢą8 ` ą(C)€Dispose€of€property€or€use€it€or€transfer€any€interest€in€it€underŠ    Šcircumstances€that€make€its€restoration€unlikely.Šų˜ ` ü!` ü! ŠĢÓÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„11„106(a)(8).Š čˆ Šą ` ąA€person€commits€the€offense€of€joyriding€when€that€person€š štakesŠ Ųx Šanotherššs€automobile,€airplane,€motorcycle,€bicycle,€boat€or€other€vehicle€withoutŠ Čh Šthe€consent€of€the€owner€and€the€person€does€not€have€the€intent€to€deprive€theŠ øX Šowner€thereof.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„14„106.Š ØH Šą@BB-®ąņ ņC.ó óˆŠ ˜!8 Šą ` ąThe€proof€at€trial€showed€that€the€appellant€and€Weaver€took€MichaelŠ ˆ#( ŠCresongššs€1991€Dodge€without€his€consent.€€They€drove€the€car€to€theirŠ x% Šrespective€homes€so€that€they€could€obtain€clothing.€€They€then€drove€toŠ h' ŠNashville€and€remained€there€until€they€were€apprehended€by€the€police€a€dayŠ X)ų! Šlater.€€Weaver€testified€that€he€and€the€appellant€had€planned€to€š šstealšš€a€car€andŠ H+č!# Šrun€away€from€home.Š 8-Ų#% Šą ` ąThe€appellant€claims€that€the€evidence€merely€supports€a€conviction€forŠ (/Č%' Šjoyriding€because€he€had€no€intent€to€deprive€the€owner€of€his€property.€Š 1ø') ŠHowever,€the€appellantššs€intent€was€a€question€of€fact€for€the€jury€to€determine.€Š 3Ø)+ ŠDefense€counsel€vigorously€argued€the€joyriding€theory€to€the€jury,€but€the€juryŠ ų4˜+- Šrejected€this€theory.€€This€was€clearly€within€the€juryššs€province€as€the€trier€of€fact.€Š č6ˆ-/ ŠAfter€reviewing€the€evidence€presented€at€trial,€we€conclude€that€a€rational€trierŠ Ų8x/1 Šof€fact€could€have€found€that€the€appellant€š šknowingly€obtain[ed]€or€exercise[d]Š `  Šcontrolšš€over€Michael€Cresongššs€vehicle€without€his€consent€and€intended€toŠ P š Šwithhold€the€vehicle€from€Cresong€š špermanently€or€for€such€a€period€of€time€asŠ @ ą Što€substantially€diminish€the€value€or€enjoyment€of€the€property€to€the€owner.šš€Š 0Š ŠTenn.€Code€Ann.€šššš€39„11„106(a)(8)(A),€39„14„103.Š  Ą Šą ` ąThis€issue€is€without€merit.Š °  ŠĢą@DD$®ąņ ņņņACCOMPLICE€TESTIMONYó óóóˆŠ š  ŠĢą ` ąIn€his€next€issue,€the€appellant€contends€that€his€convictions€for€aggravatedŠ Šp Šburglary,€aggravated€kidnapping€and€robbery€should€be€dismissed.€€He€claimsŠ Ą` Šthat€these€convictions€were€based€solely€upon€the€testimony€of€his€accomplice,Š °P ŠJesus€Weaver.€€He€argues€that€because€Weaverššs€testimony€was€not€sufficientlyŠ   @ Šcorroborated,€the€trial€court€should€have€granted€his€motion€for€judgment€ofŠ "0 Šacquittal.Š €$  Šą@BB-®ąņ ņA.ó óˆŠ p& Šą ` ąIt€is€well„settled€that€a€conviction€may€not€be€based€solely€upon€theŠ `(  Šuncorroborated€testimony€of€an€accomplice.€€ņņState€v.€Bigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€797,Š P*š " Š803€(Tenn.€1994).€€However,€Tennessee€law€requires€only€a€modicum€ofŠ @,ą"$ Ševidence€in€order€to€sufficiently€corroborate€the€testimony€of€an€accomplice.€Š 0.Š$& ŠņņState€v.€Copelandóó,€677€S.W.2d€471,€475€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984).€€In€ņņState€v.Š  0Ą&( ŠGriffisóó,€964€S.W.2d€577,€588-89€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997),€this€Court€stated:Š 2°(* ŠÓÓą8 ` ąThe€rule€of€corroboration€as€applied€and€used€in€this€State€is€thatŠ 4 *, Šthere€must€be€some€evidence€independent€of€the€testimony€of€theŠ ų4˜+- Šaccomplice.€€The€corroborating€evidence€must€connect,€or€tend€toŠ š5,. Šconnect€the€defendant€with€the€commission€of€the€crime€charged;Š č6ˆ-/ Šand,€furthermore,€the€tendency€of€the€corroborative€evidence€toŠ ą7€.0 Šconnect€the€defendant€must€be€independent€of€any€testimony€of€theŠ Ų8x/1 Šaccomplice.€€The€corroborative€evidence€must€of€its€own€force,Š Š9p02 Šindependently€of€the€accompliceššs€testimony,€tend€to€connect€theŠ `  Šdefendant€with€the€commission€of€the€crime.ŠX ų` ü!` ü! ŠĢą ` ą.€.€.€.€Š H č ŠĢą8 ` ąą ø ąThe€evidence€corroborating€the€testimony€of€an€accompliceŠ 8Ų Šmay€consist€of€direct€evidence,€circumstantial€evidence,€or€aŠ 0Š Šcombination€of€direct€and€circumstantial€evidence.€€The€quantum€ofŠ (Č Ševidence€necessary€to€corroborate€an€accompliceššs€testimony€is€notŠ  Ą Šrequired€to€be€sufficient€enough€to€support€the€accusedššs€convictionŠ ø  Šindependent€of€the€accompliceššs€testimony€nor€is€it€required€toŠ °  Šextend€to€every€portion€of€the€accomplice's€testimony.€€To€theŠ Ø  Šcontrary,€only€slight€circumstances€are€required€to€corroborate€anŠ    Šaccompliceššs€testimony.€€The€corroborating€evidence€is€sufficient€ifŠ ų˜  Šit€connects€the€accused€with€the€crime€in€question.Šš ` ü!` ü! ŠĢÓÓ(Citations€omitted);€ņņsee€alsoóó€ņņState€v.€Bigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€at€803.Š ą€ Šą ` ąThis€Court€held€that€š šif€the€corroborating€evidence€fairly€and€legitimatelyŠ Šp Štends€to€connect€the€accused€with€the€commission€of€the€crime€charged€itŠ Ą` Šsatisfies€the€requirement€of€the€rule€on€corroboration€of€an€accompliceššsŠ °P Štestimony.šš€€ņņState€v.€Copelandóó,€677€S.W.2d€at€475.€€The€issue€of€whether€anŠ   @ Šaccompliceššs€testimony€has€been€sufficiently€corroborated€is€a€matter€entrustedŠ "0 Što€the€jury,€as€the€trier€of€fact.€€ņņState€v.€Bigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€at€803;€ņņState€v.Š €$  ŠMaddoxóó,€957€S.W.2d€547,€554€(Tenn.€Crim.€€App.€1997).Š p& Šą@BB-®ąņ ņB.ó óˆŠ `(  Šą ` ąJesus€Weaver€testified€at€trial€that€he€and€the€appellant€searched€theŠ P*š " Šappellantššs€neighborhood€for€a€house.€€They€were€both€dressed€in€black€gloves,Š @,ą"$ Šjackets€and€hats,€except€that€the€appellant€wore€a€blue€bandana,€and€WeaverŠ 0.Š$& Šwore€a€red€one.€€Upon€spotting€Ruppelššs€house,€they€saw€a€purse€sitting€insideŠ  0Ą&( Šof€a€car€parked€near€the€house.€€They€looked€through€the€purse€and€discoveredŠ 2°(* Škeys€which€opened€the€back€door€to€the€house.Š 4 *, Šą ` ąThe€appellant€walked€inside€of€the€home€to€search€for€money€while€WeaverŠ š5,. Šstayed€outside.€€Weaver€heard€a€woman€scream€and€walked€inside€where€heŠ ą7€.0 Šobserved€the€appellant€leading€a€woman€into€the€room€and€asking€her€for€money.€Š Š9p02 ŠThe€woman€was€not€dressed€at€the€time.€€The€woman€gave€them€her€ATM€cardŠ `  Šand€number,€but€the€appellant€and€Weaver€forced€her€to€leave€her€home€withŠ P š Šthem.Š @ ą Šą ` ąThey€forced€the€victim€into€the€car,€and€the€appellant€drove€them€to€anŠ 0Š ŠATM€machine.€€Weaver€stayed€in€the€backseat€with€the€victim€while€holding€aŠ  Ą Šgun.€€The€victim€withdrew€$500€and€gave€the€money€to€the€appellant.€€They€thenŠ °  Šdrove€the€victim€home,€gave€her€the€keys€and€went€home.Š    Šą ` ąRuppelššs€description€of€the€events€on€the€night€in€question€was€quite€similarŠ š  Što€Weaverššs.€€€€She€testified€that€she€was€sleeping€€when€she€was€awakened€byŠ ą€ Šthe€presence€of€something€hard€pressing€underneath€her€chin€and€something€onŠ Šp Šher€stomach.€€When€she€opened€her€eyes,€she€saw€a€man€straddling€her€with€aŠ Ą` Šgun€underneath€her€chin.€€The€man€forced€her€out€of€her€bed€and€informed€herŠ °P Šthat€she€š šwas€to€go€with€them.šš€€He€put€a€gun€to€her€back€and€ushered€herŠ   @ Šthrough€the€hallway.€€However,€because€she€was€undressed€at€the€time,€sheŠ "0 Šbegged€the€man€to€allow€her€to€get€dressed.€€The€man€refused,€but€retrieved€aŠ €$  Šsweatshirt€lying€on€the€floor€for€her€to€wear.€€When€they€went€into€the€dining€areaŠ p& Šof€Ruppelššs€home,€she€saw€a€second€man€standing€in€the€doorway€to€the€kitchen.€Š `(  ŠThe€men€forced€her€to€leave€her€home€with€them,€despite€her€attempts€to€haveŠ P*š " Šthem€leave€without€her.Š @,ą"$ Šą ` ąRuppel€and€the€two€men€left€her€house€and€got€into€her€car.€€The€man€withŠ 0.Š$& Šthe€blue€and€white€bandana€drove,€while€the€man€with€the€red€and€white€bandanaŠ  0Ą&( Šsat€in€the€backseat€and€held€a€gun€on€Ruppel.€€They€drove€to€an€ATM€machineŠ 2°(* Šapproximately€four€miles€from€Ruppelššs€home,€and€Ruppel€withdrew€$500€fromŠ 4 *, Šthe€ATM€machine.€€She€got€back€into€the€car€and€handed€the€money€to€the€driver.€Š š5,. ŠThey€then€drove€back€to€Ruppelššs€home,€and€when€they€returned,€the€men€gaveŠ ą7€.0 Šher€the€car€keys€and€left€her€house.Š Š9p02 Šą ` ąWith€regard€to€the€appellantššs€identity,€Ruppel€described€the€man€whoŠ `  Šwoke€her€as€a€black€male€with€very€dark€skin.€€He€was€dressed€in€all€black,Š P š Šexcept€that€he€had€a€blue€and€white€bandana€covering€his€face.€€The€man€wasŠ @ ą Šapproximately€sixteen€(16)€or€seventeen€(17)€years€of€age,€approximately€fiveŠ 0Š Šfeet,€eight€inches€tall€with€a€medium€build.€€At€trial,€Ruppel€testified€that€theŠ  Ą Šappellantššs€complexion€matched€that€of€the€man€in€the€blue€and€white€bandana.€Š °  ŠShe€further€stated€that,€even€though€she€never€saw€the€manššs€face,€theŠ    Šappellantššs€height€and€build€were€the€same€as€that€of€the€man€in€the€blue€andŠ š  Šwhite€bandana.Š ą€ Šą ` ąThe€appellant€asserts€that€Weaverššs€testimony€was€not€sufficientlyŠ Šp Šcorroborated€with€regard€to€the€appellantššs€identity.€€However,€the€corroborationŠ Ą` Šneed€not€be€sufficient€to€support€the€conviction€by€itself€and€only€slightŠ °P Šcorroboration€is€required.€€Moreover,€whether€an€accompliceššs€testimony€hasŠ   @ Šbeen€sufficiently€corroborated€is€a€question€for€the€jury€to€determine.€€ņņState€v.Š "0 ŠBigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€at€803;€ņņState€v.€Maddoxóó,€957€S.W.2d€at€554.€€By€returningŠ €$  Šverdicts€of€guilty,€the€jury€determined€that€Weaverššs€testimony€had€beenŠ p& Šsufficiently€corroborated.׃ׯ ƒ #ĆŻņņŚ  Ś3Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€After€reviewing€the€evidence€presented€at€trial,€weŠ `(  Šconclude€that€there€was€sufficient€corroboration,€through€the€testimony€of€Ms.Š P*š " ŠRuppell,€of€Weaverššs€testimony€to€sustain€the€appellantššs€convictions€forŠ @,ą"$ Šaggravated€burglary,€aggravated€kidnapping€and€robbery€in€Counts€One,€TwoŠ 0.Š$& Šand€Three.Š  0Ą&( Šą ` ąThis€issue€has€no€merit.Š 2°(* ŠĢŠ š5,. Šą@””&®ąņ ņņņSTATE€V.€ANTHONYó óóóˆŠ `  ŠĢą ` ąIn€his€next€issue,€the€appellant€asserts€that€his€convictions€for€robbery€andŠ @ ą Šaggravated€kidnapping€can€not€stand€under€principles€of€due€process.€€HeŠ 0Š Šcontends€that€the€kidnapping€was€incidental€to€the€robbery,€and€under€ņņState€v.Š  Ą ŠAnthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€299€(Tenn.€1991),€his€conviction€for€kidnapping€shouldŠ °  Šmerge€into€his€conviction€for€robbery.Š    Šą ` ąIn€ņņState€v.€Anthonyóó,€the€Supreme€Court€addressed€the€issue€of€whetherŠ š  Šdual€convictions€of€armed€robbery€and€aggravated€kidnapping€arising€out€of€theŠ ą€ Šsame€criminal€episode€could€constitutionally€stand€as€a€matter€of€due€process.€Š Šp ŠThe€Court€held€that€when€a€kidnapping€is€š šessentially€incidentalšš€to€anotherŠ Ą` Šoffense,€due€process€prohibits€a€conviction€for€kidnapping.€€ņņId.óó€at€306-307.€€TheŠ °P Štest€to€be€applied€is€whether,€under€the€facts€of€each€case,€š šthe€confinement,Š   @ Šmovement€or€detention€is€essentially€incidental€to€the€accompanying€felony€andŠ "0 Šis€not,€therefore,€sufficient€to€support€a€separate€conviction€for€kidnapping,€orŠ €$  Šwhether€it€is€significant€enough,€in€and€of€itself,€to€warrant€independentŠ p& Šprosecution€and€is,€therefore,€sufficient€to€support€such€a€conviction.šš€€ņņId.óó€at€306.€Š `(  ŠThe€determination€of€whether€the€convictions€for€kidnapping€and€the€relatedŠ P*š " Šfelony€can€stand€should€be€based€upon€the€facts€of€each€case.€€The€ņņAnthonyóóŠ @,ą"$ Šcourt€noted€that€there€is€no€prohibition€against€convictions€for€both€offensesŠ 0.Š$& Šš šsimply€because€they€arise€out€of€the€same€episode.šš€€ņņId.óó€at€307.€€A€court€shouldŠ  0Ą&( Šinstead€determine€if€there€is€a€š šsubstantially€increased€risk€of€harm€over€andŠ 2°(* Šabove€that€necessarily€presentšš€in€the€linked€felony.€€ņņId.óóŠ 4 *, Šą ` ąSubsequently,€the€Supreme€Court€released€ņņState€v.€Dixonóó,€which€clarifiedŠ š5,. Šā āthe€holding€in€ņņAnthonyóó€by€stating:Š ą7€.0 ŠÓÓą8 ` ąThe€ņņAnthonyóó€decision€should€only€prevent€the€injustice€which€wouldŠ `  Šā āoccur€if€a€defendant€could€be€convicted€of€kidnapping€where€theŠ X ų Šonly€restraint€utilized€was€that€necessary€to€complete€the€act€of€rapeŠ P š Šor€robbery.€€Accordingly,€any€restraint€in€addition€to€that€which€isŠ H č Šnecessary€to€consummate€rape€or€robbery€may€support€a€separateŠ @ ą Šconviction€for€kidnapping.Š8Ų` ü!` ü! ŠĢÓÓ957€S.W.2d€532,€534-35€(Tenn.€1997).€€The€resolution€of€an€ņņAnthonyóó€issue€isŠ (Č Šbased€upon€two€inquiries:€(a)€whether€the€š šmovement€or€confinement€wasŠ ø  Šbeyond€that€necessary€to€consummatešš€the€associated€felony;€and€(b)€š šwhetherŠ Ø  Šthe€additional€movement€or€confinement:€(1)€prevented€the€victim€fromŠ ų˜  Šsummoning€help;€(2)€lessened€the€defendantššs€risk€of€detection;€or€(3)€created€aŠ čˆ Šsignificant€danger€or€increased€the€victimššs€risk€of€harm.šš€ņņId.óó€at€535€(citingŠ Ųx ŠņņAnthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€at€306).€€If€both€prongs€are€met,€dual€convictions€forŠ Čh Škidnapping€and€the€additional€felony€do€not€violate€due€process.€€ņņId.óóŠ øX Šą ` ąIn€the€present€case,€it€is€clear€that€the€movement€of€the€victim€from€herŠ ØH Šhome€to€the€ATM€was€beyond€that€necessary€to€consummate€the€robbery.€€TheŠ ˜!8 Šappellant€and€Weaver€broke€into€Ruppelššs€home€intending€to€steal€money.€Š ˆ#( ŠInstead€of€taking€money€or€the€ATM€card€from€Ruppel€at€her€home,€they€forcedŠ x% Šher€at€gunpoint€into€her€car€and€drove€approximately€four€miles€so€that€RuppelŠ h' Šcould€withdraw€money€from€her€bank.Š X)ų! Šą ` ąFurthermore,€we€also€hold€that€the€movement€prevented€the€victim€fromŠ H+č!# Šsummoning€help.€€The€victim€could€have€easily€summoned€the€police€hadŠ 8-Ų#% ŠWeaver€and€the€appellant€left€without€her.€€Indeed,€Weaver€testified€that€theŠ (/Č%' Šappellant€made€the€victim€travel€with€them€to€the€ATM€because€he€š šdidnššt€trustŠ 1ø') Šher.šš€€Moreover,€by€forcing€the€victim€at€gunpoint€into€her€car€and€driving€to€anŠ 3Ø)+ ŠATM€machine€approximately€four€miles€away,€the€perpetrators€substantiallyŠ ų4˜+- Šā āincreased€the€risk€of€danger€to€the€victim.Š č6ˆ-/ Šą ` ąThe€kidnapping€of€Ruppel€was€not€š šessentially€incidentalšš€to€the€robbery€inŠ `  Šā āthis€case.€€Therefore,€under€the€principles€enunciated€in€ņņAnthonyóóand€ņņDixonóó,€dueŠ P š Šprocess€is€not€violated€by€the€appellantššs€convictions€for€aggravated€kidnappingŠ @ ą Šand€robbery.Š 0Š Šą ` ąThis€issue€is€without€merit.Š  Ą ŠĢą@źź)®ąņ ņņņSENTENCINGó óóóˆŠ    ŠĢą ` ąIn€his€final€issues,€the€appellant€claims€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€imposingŠ ą€ Šhis€sentences.€€First,€he€argues€that€his€sentences€are€excessive€due€to€the€trialŠ Šp Šcourtššs€erroneous€application€of€enhancement€factors.€€Secondly,€he€contendsŠ Ą` Šthat€the€trial€court€erred€in€imposing€consecutive€sentences.Š °P Šą@#®ąņ ņA.€€Standard€of€Reviewó óˆŠ   @ Šą ` ąThis€Courtššs€review€of€the€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court€is€ņņde€novoóóŠ "0 Šwith€a€presumption€of€correctness.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40-35-401(d).€€ThisŠ €$  Špresumption€is€conditioned€upon€an€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trialŠ p& Šjudge€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€andŠ `(  Šcircumstances.€€ņņState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€If€the€trialŠ P*š " Šcourt€fails€to€comply€with€the€statutory€directives,€there€is€no€presumption€ofŠ @,ą"$ Šcorrectness€and€our€review€is€ņņde€novoóó.€€ņņState€v.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€93,€96€(Tenn.Š 0.Š$& Š1997).Š  0Ą&( Šą ` ąThe€burden€is€upon€the€appealing€party€to€show€that€the€sentence€isŠ 2°(* Šimproper.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40-35-401(d)€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.€Š 4 *, ŠIn€conducting€our€review,€we€are€required,€pursuant€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ššŠ š5,. Šā ā40-35-210,€to€consider€the€following€factors€in€sentencing:Š ą7€.0 ŠÓÓą8 ` ą(1)€[t]he€evidence,€if€any,€received€at€the€trial€and€the€sentencingŠ `  Šā āhearing;ŠX ų` ü!` ü! ŠĢą8 ` ą(2)€[t]he€presentence€report;ŠH č` ü!` ü! ŠĢą8 ` ą(3)€[t]he€principles€of€sentencing€and€arguments€as€to€sentencingŠ 8Ų Šalternatives;Š0Š` ü!` ü! ŠĢą8 ` ą(4)€[t]he€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€criminal€conduct€involved;Š Ą` ü!` ü! ŠĢą8 ` ą(5)€[e]vidence€and€information€offered€by€the€parties€on€theŠ °  Šenhancement€and€mitigating€factors€in€šššš€40-35-113€and€40-35-114;Š Ø  ŠandŠ  ` ü!` ü! ŠĢą8 ` ą(6)€[a]ny€statement€the€defendant€wishes€to€make€in€the€defendant'sŠ š  Šown€behalf€about€sentencing.Ščˆ` ü!` ü! ŠĢÓÓą ` ąUnder€the€1989€Sentencing€Act,€the€presumptive€sentence€is€the€minimumŠ Ųx Šwithin€the€applicable€range€if€no€mitigating€or€enhancement€factors€for€sentencingŠ Čh Šare€present.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40-35-210(c);€ņņState€v.€Fletcheróó,€805€S.W.2dŠ øX Š785,€788€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).€€However,€if€such€factors€do€exist,€a€trial€courtŠ ØH Šshould€start€at€the€minimum€sentence,€enhance€the€minimum€sentence€within€theŠ ˜!8 Šrange€for€enhancement€factors€and€then€reduce€the€sentence€within€the€range€forŠ ˆ#( Šthe€mitigating€factors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40-35-210(e).€€No€particular€weight€forŠ x% Šeach€factor€is€prescribed€by€the€statute,€as€the€weight€given€to€each€factor€is€leftŠ h' Što€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court€as€long€as€its€findings€are€supported€by€theŠ X)ų! Šrecord.€€ņņState€v.€Santiagoóó,€914€S.W.2d€116,€125€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995);€€ņņseeóóŠ H+č!# ŠTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40-35-210€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.Š 8-Ų#% Šą@ŖŖ!®ąņ ņB.€€Trial€Courtššs€FindingsˆŠ (/Č%' Šą@ ®ą1.€€Sentencing€Hearing€„€October€10;€Counts€One,€Two,€Three€and€Elevenó óˆŠ 1ø') Šą ` ąOn€October€10,€1997,€the€trial€court€held€a€hearing€to€determine€theŠ 3Ø)+ Šappellantššs€sentences€on€Counts€One,€Two,€Three€and€Eleven€of€the€indictment.€Š ų4˜+- ŠAfter€hearing€testimony,€the€trial€court€determined€that€the€following€mitigatingŠ č6ˆ-/ Šfactors€would€apply€to€all€of€the€appellantššs€convictions:€€(1)€that€the€appellant€wasŠ Ų8x/1 Šfifteen€(15)€at€the€time€the€offenses€were€committed,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„Š `  Š113(6);€(2)€that€the€appellant€had€a€troubled€childhood,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„Š P š Š113(13);€(3)€that€the€appellant€has€a€learning€disability,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„Š @ ą Š113(13);€and€(4)€that€the€appellant€expressed€remorse€to€law€enforcementŠ 0Š Šauthorities€during€a€police€interrogation€in€connection€with€these€offenses,€Tenn.Š  Ą ŠCode€Ann.€šš€40„35„113(13).Š °  Šą ` ąWith€regard€to€Count€One,€aggravated€burglary,€the€trial€court€found€theŠ    Šfollowing€enhancement€factors:€(1)€that€the€appellant€was€a€leader€in€theŠ š  Šcommission€of€the€offense,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(2);€(2)€that€theŠ ą€ Šappellant€had€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€to€comply€with€the€conditionsŠ Šp Šof€a€sentence€involving€release€into€the€community,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„Š Ą` Š114(8);€(3)€that€the€offense€was€committed€with€a€deadly€weapon,€Tenn.€CodeŠ °P ŠAnn.€šš€40„35„114(9);€and€(4)€that€the€offense€was€committed€underŠ   @ Šcircumstances€under€which€the€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€was€great,Š "0 ŠTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(16).€€After€weighing€the€mitigating€factors€and€theŠ €$  Šenhancement€factors,€the€trial€court€imposed€a€sentence€of€six€(6)€years€for€theŠ p& ŠClass€C€felony.Š `(  Šą ` ąFor€the€appellantššs€conviction€for€aggravated€kidnapping,€the€trial€courtŠ P*š " Šfound€as€enhancement€factors€that€(1)€the€appellant€was€a€leader€in€theŠ @,ą"$ Šcommission€of€the€offense,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(2);€(2)€the€victim€wasŠ 0.Š$& Štreated€with€exceptional€cruelty€during€the€commission€of€the€offense,€Tenn.Š  0Ą&( ŠCode€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(5);€(3)€the€appellant€had€a€previous€unwillingness€toŠ 2°(* Šcomply€with€the€conditions€of€a€sentence€involving€release€into€the€community,Š 4 *, ŠTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(8);€and€(4)€the€offense€was€committed€underŠ š5,. Šā ācircumstances€under€which€the€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€was€great,Š ą7€.0 ŠTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(16).€€The€trial€court€imposed€€the€maximumŠ `  Šsentence€of€twelve€(12)€years€for€the€Class€B€felony.Š P š Šā āą ` ąThe€trial€court€found€the€following€enhancement€factors€to€be€applicable€toŠ @ ą Šthe€appellantššs€conviction€for€robbery:€(1)€that€the€appellant€was€a€leader€in€theŠ 0Š Šcommission€of€the€offense,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(2);€(2)€that€theŠ  Ą Šappellant€had€a€previous€unwillingness€to€comply€with€the€conditions€of€aŠ °  Šsentence€involving€release€into€the€community,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(8);Š    Šand€(3)€that€the€offense€was€committed€under€circumstances€under€which€theŠ š  Špotential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€was€great,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(16).€Š ą€ ŠAfter€balancing€the€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors,€the€trial€court€determinedŠ Šp Šthat€the€appellant€should€receive€a€sentence€of€five€(5)€years€for€robbery,€a€ClassŠ Ą` ŠC€felony.Š °P Šą ` ąRegarding€Count€Eleven€of€the€indictment,€theft€of€property€over€$1,000,Š   @ Šthe€trial€court€found€only€one€enhancement€factor€to€apply,€that€the€appellant€hadŠ "0 Ša€previous€unwillingness€to€comply€with€the€conditions€of€a€sentence€involvingŠ €$  Šrelease€into€the€community.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(8).€€The€trial€courtŠ p& Šimposed€a€sentence€of€four€(4)€years€for€the€Class€D€felony.Š `(  Šą ` ąThe€trial€court€next€determined€whether€the€appellant€should€receiveŠ P*š " Šconsecutive€sentences.€€The€trial€court€found€that€the€appellant€committed€theseŠ @,ą"$ Šoffenses€while€he€was€on€probation.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„115(b)(6).€Š 0.Š$& ŠTherefore,€the€trial€court€determined€that€consecutive€sentences€would€beŠ  0Ą&( Šappropriate€in€this€case.€€The€court€ruled€that€Counts€One€and€Two€would€runŠ 2°(* Šconcurrently€with€one€another,€Count€Three€would€run€consecutively€to€CountŠ 4 *, ŠTwo€and€Count€Eleven€would€run€consecutively€to€Count€Three.€€Accordingly,€theŠ š5,. Šappellant€received€an€effective€sentence€of€twenty„one€(21)€years€for€CountsŠ ą7€.0 ŠOne,€Two,€Three€and€Eleven.Š Š9p02 Šą@& & ®ąņ ņ2.€€Sentencing€Hearing€„€March€27;€Counts€Eight€and€Nineó óˆŠ `  Šą ` ąOn€March€27,€1998,€the€trial€court€held€a€sentencing€hearing€for€theŠ P š Šappellantššs€convictions€for€aggravated€robbery€and€aggravated€rape,€CountsŠ @ ą ŠEight€and€Nine€of€the€indictment.€€For€both€convictions,€the€trial€court€found€thatŠ 0Š Šthe€appellantššs€age€should€be€considered€as€a€mitigating€factor.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Š  Ą Ššš€40„35„113(6).Š °  Šą ` ąUnder€Count€Eight,€the€trial€court€found€as€an€enhancement€factor€that€theŠ    Šappellant€had€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€or€behavior.€€Tenn.€CodeŠ š  ŠAnn.€šš€40„35„114(1).€€The€trial€court€also€found€that€the€appellant€had€a€previousŠ ą€ Šunwillingness€to€comply€with€the€conditions€of€a€sentence€involving€release€intoŠ Šp Šthe€community€and€that€the€crime€was€committed€under€circumstances€underŠ Ą` Šwhich€the€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€was€great.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„Š °P Š35„114(8)€and€(16).€€After€weighing€the€enhancement€factors€and€the€mitigatingŠ   @ Šfactor,€the€trial€court€imposed€a€sentence€of€ten€(10)€years€for€aggravatedŠ "0 Šrobbery,€a€Class€B€felony.Š €$  Šą ` ąWith€regard€to€the€appellantššs€conviction€for€aggravated€rape,€the€trial€courtŠ p& Šfound€the€following€applicable€enhancement€factors:€(1)€that€the€appellant€had€aŠ `(  Šprevious€criminal€history,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(1);€(2)€that€the€victim€wasŠ P*š " Šparticularly€vulnerable€because€of€physical€disability,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„Š @,ą"$ Š114(4);€(3)€that€the€appellant€had€a€previous€unwillingness€to€comply€with€theŠ 0.Š$& Šconditions€of€a€sentence€involving€release€into€the€community,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Š  0Ą&( Ššš€40„35„114(8);€and€(4)€that€the€appellant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€aŠ 2°(* Šcrime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(10).€Š 4 *, ŠThe€trial€court,€after€considering€the€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors,Š š5,. Šā āimposed€a€twenty€(20)€year€sentence€for€aggravated€rape,€a€Class€A€felony.Š ą7€.0 Šą ` ąAlthough€the€sentences€in€Counts€Eight€and€Nine€were€to€run€concurrentlyŠ `  Šā āpursuant€to€the€plea€agreement,€the€trial€court€considered€the€propriety€of€runningŠ P š Šthe€sentences€in€Counts€Eight€and€Nine€consecutively€to€the€sentences€in€CountsŠ @ ą ŠOne,€Two,€Three€and€Eleven.€€With€regard€to€consecutive€sentencing,€the€trialŠ 0Š Šcourt€found€that€the€appellant€was€an€offender€whose€record€of€criminal€activityŠ  Ą Šwas€extensive€and€the€appellant€was€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behaviorŠ °  Šindicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„115(b)(2)Š    Šand€(4).€€Thus,€the€trial€court€concluded€that€consecutive€sentences€would€beŠ š  Šappropriate€and€ruled€that€the€appellantššs€effective€twenty€(20)€year€sentence€onŠ ą€ ŠCounts€Eight€and€Nine€would€run€consecutively€to€the€appellantššs€effectiveŠ Šp Štwenty„one€(21)€year€sentence€on€Counts€One,€Two,€Three€and€Eleven.€€As€aŠ Ą` Šresult,€the€appellant€received€a€total€effective€sentence€of€forty„one€(41)€years.Š °P Šą@ĀĀ#®ąņ ņC.€€Excessive€Sentencesó óˆŠ   @ Šą ` ąThe€appellant€contends€that€the€trial€court€imposed€excessive€sentencesŠ "0 Šby€erroneously€applying€certain€enhancement€factors.€€Specifically,€the€appellantŠ €$  Šchallenges€the€applicability€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(2)€to€his€convictionsŠ p& Šfor€aggravated€burglary,€aggravated€kidnapping€and€robbery.€€He€further€claimsŠ `(  Šthat€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(8)€is€inapplicable€to€any€of€his€convictions.€€InŠ P*š " Šaddition,€the€appellant€contends€that€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(1)€is€notŠ @,ą"$ Šapplicable€to€his€convictions€for€aggravated€rape€and€aggravated€robbery.€€Also,Š 0.Š$& Šthe€appellant€insists€that€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(4)€is€inapplicable€to€hisŠ  0Ą&( Šconviction€for€aggravated€rape.€€He€argues€that€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(5)Š 2°(* Šshould€not€apply€to€his€conviction€for€aggravated€kidnapping.€€Finally,€he€assertsŠ 4 *, Šthat€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(10)€does€not€apply€to€his€conviction€forŠ š5,. Šā āaggravated€rape€and€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(16)€does€not€apply€to€hisŠ ą7€.0 Šconvictions€for€aggravated€burglary,€aggravated€kidnapping,€robbery€andŠ `  Šaggravated€robbery.Š P š Šā āą@¼¼!®ąņ ņ1.€€Prior€Criminal€Historyó óˆŠ @ ą Šą ` ąThe€appellant€challenges€the€applicability€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„Š 0Š Š114(1)€to€his€convictions€for€aggravated€robbery€and€aggravated€rape.€€HeŠ  Ą Šargues€that€the€criminal€behavior€occurred€after€he€committed€the€aggravatedŠ °  Šrobbery€and€the€aggravated€rape€and€thus€was€not€š špreviousšš€criminal€behavior.€Š    ŠHowever,€the€appellant€acknowledges€that€present€case€law€is€unfavorable€to€hisŠ š  Šposition.€€Indeed,€this€Court€has€held€that€š štrial€judges€can€consider€criminalŠ ą€ Šconvictions€or€any€other€criminal€behavior€which€occurred€prior€to€the€sentencingŠ Šp Šhearing€as€constituting€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€or€criminalŠ Ą` Šbehavior,€regardless€of€whether€the€convictions€or€behavior€occurred€before€orŠ °P Šafter€the€criminal€conduct€under€consideration.šš€€ņņState€v.€Chad€Douglas€Pooleóó,Š   @ ŠC.C.A.€No.€02C01„9506„CC„00178,€1996€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXIS€58,€at€*3,Š "0 ŠHardeman€County€(Tenn.€Crim€App.€filed€January€31,€1996,€at€Jackson),€ņņaffššdóóŠ €$  Š(decided€on€unrelated€grounds),€ņņState€v.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€93€(Tenn.€1997);€ņņseeŠ p& Šalsoóó€ņņState€v.€Terry€Antonio€Lawrenceóó,€C.C.A.€No.€01C01„9603„CR„00122,€1997Š `(  ŠTenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXIS€906,€at€*3,€Davidson€County€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€filedŠ P*š " ŠSeptember€19,€1997,€at€Nashville).€€When€the€appellant€was€sentenced€forŠ @,ą"$ Šaggravated€rape€and€aggravated€robbery,€he€had€been€convicted€of€aggravatedŠ 0.Š$& Šburglary,€aggravated€kidnapping,€robbery€and€theft€of€property.€€Therefore,€theseŠ  0Ą&( Šconvictions€qualify€as€previous€criminal€convictions,€and€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„Š 2°(* Š35„114(1)€was€properly€applied€to€the€appellantššs€convictions€for€aggravatedŠ 4 *, Šā ārobbery€and€aggravated€rape.Š š5,. Šą ` ąFurthermore,€we€note€that€the€appellant€had€been€adjudicated€a€delinquentŠ `  Šfor€the€offense€of€theft€of€property€under€the€value€of€$500׃ׯ ƒ #ĆŻņņŚ  Ś4Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀in€September€1994Š P š Šā āand€was€on€juvenile€probation€at€the€time€the€instant€offenses€were€committed.€Š @ ą ŠThe€appellantššs€juvenile€record€is€a€sufficient€basis€for€enhancement€of€theŠ 0Š Šappellantššs€sentence€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(1).€€ņņState€v.€Adamsóó,Š  Ą Š864€S.W.2d€31,€34€(Tenn.€1993);€ņņState€v.€Croweóó,€914€S.W.2d€933,€939€(Tenn.Š °  ŠCrim.€App.€1995).׃ ׯ ƒ #ĆŻņņŚ  Ś5Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€Additionally,€at€the€sentencing€hearing€on€March€27,€JesusŠ    ŠWeaver€testified€that€he€and€the€appellant€had€been€involved€in€other€criminalŠ š  Šactivity€during€the€month€of€January€1995,€including€theft€and€numerousŠ ą€ Šinstances€of€burglary.€€This€would€also€qualify€as€prior€criminal€behavior.€Š Šp ŠMoreover,€the€presentence€report€reveals€that€the€appellant€admitted€usingŠ Ą` Šalcohol€and€marijuana,€which€can€also€be€considered€criminal€behavior€underŠ °P ŠTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(1).€€Therefore,€under€this€Courtššs€ņņde€novoóó€review,Š   @ Šwe€conclude€that€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(1)€is€applicable€not€only€to€theŠ "0 Šappellantššs€convictions€for€aggravated€robbery€and€aggravated€rape,€but€also€toŠ €$  Šthe€appellantššs€convictions€for€aggravated€burglary,€aggravated€kidnapping,Š p& Šrobbery€and€theft€of€property.Š `(  Šą@ČČ"®ąņ ņ2.€€Leader€in€the€Offenseó óˆŠ P*š " Šą ` ąThe€appellant€claims€that€the€trial€court€erroneously€applied€Tenn.€CodeŠ @,ą"$ ŠAnn.€šš€40„35„114(2)€to€his€convictions€for€aggravated€burglary,€aggravatedŠ 0.Š$& Škidnapping€and€robbery.€€He€argues€that€there€is€no€evidence€to€suggest€that€theŠ `  Šappellant€was€the€leader,€but€merely€shows€that€the€appellant€and€WeaverŠ P š Šparticipated€equally€in€the€offenses.Š @ ą Šą ` ąThe€proof€at€trial€showed€that€the€appellant€initially€went€inside€RuppelššsŠ 0Š Šhome.€€After€finding€Ruppel€asleep€in€her€bedroom,€he€placed€a€gun€underneathŠ  Ą Šher€chin€and€forced€her€out€of€bed.€€He€placed€a€gun€to€her€back€and€led€herŠ °  Šdown€the€hallway.€€The€appellant€and€Weaver€then€forced€the€victim€to€leave€herŠ    Šhome,€and€the€appellant€drove€the€victimššs€car€to€an€ATM€machine.€€RuppelŠ š  Štestified€that€the€driver€of€the€car€was€the€perpetrator€who€gave€her€instructionsŠ ą€ Šon€what€she€was€to€do.€€Ruppel€also€testified€that€when€she€withdrew€the€money,Š Šp Šshe€gave€it€to€the€driver.€€When€Weaver€and€the€appellant€divided€the€money,€theŠ Ą` Šappellant€took€a€larger€portion,€claiming€š šhe€did€more€so€he€deserved€more.šš€€Š °P Šą ` ąWe€conclude€that€the€trial€court€properly€considered€that€the€appellant€wasŠ   @ Ša€leader€in€the€commission€of€the€offenses€as€an€enhancement€factor€for€theŠ "0 Šoffenses€of€aggravated€burglary,€aggravated€kidnapping€and€robbery.€€Tenn.Š €$  ŠCode€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(2).Š p& Šą@źź®ąņ ņ3.€€Vulnerability€of€the€Victimó óˆŠ `(  Šą ` ąThe€appellant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€applying€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Š P*š " Ššš€40„35„114(4),€that€the€victim€was€particularly€vulnerable€because€of€a€physicalŠ @,ą"$ Šdisability,€to€his€conviction€for€aggravated€rape.€€The€stipulated€facts€as€recitedŠ 0.Š$& Šduring€the€guilty€plea€proceedings€were€that€the€appellant€š šchoked€the€victim€untilŠ  0Ą&( Šshe€passed€out€and€then€raped€her€while€she€was,€in€fact,€unconscious.šš€€WeŠ 2°(* Šbelieve€that€the€victimššs€unconscious€state€was€a€physical€disability€whichŠ 4 *, Šrendered€her€incapable€of€resisting€the€rape€as€contemplated€by€the€statute.€€ņņSeeóóŠ š5,. ŠņņState€v.€Adamsóó,€864€S.W.2d€at€35€(holding€that€this€factor€š šcan€be€used€in€anŠ ą7€.0 Šaggravated€rape€case€if€the€circumstances€show€that€the€victim,€because€of€hisŠ Š9p02 Šage€or€physical€or€mental€condition,€was€in€fact€ššparticularly€vulnerable,šš€i.e.,Š `  Šincapable€of€resisting,€summoning€help,€or€testifying€against€the€perpetratoršš);Š P š ŠņņState€v.€Bobby€Burnsóó,€C.C.A.€No.€03C01„9406„CR„00208,€1995€Tenn.€Crim.€App.Š @ ą ŠLEXIS€457,€at€*3,€Blount€County€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€filed€June€2,€1995,€atŠ 0Š ŠKnoxville).€€The€trial€court€properly€applied€this€enhancement€factor.Š  Ą Šą@((#®ąņ ņ4.€€Exceptional€Crueltyó óˆŠ °  Šą ` ąThe€appellant€next€challenges€the€trial€courtššs€application€of€Tenn.€CodeŠ    ŠAnn.€šš€40„35„114(5)€to€his€conviction€for€aggravated€kidnapping.€€The€trial€courtŠ š  Šapplied€this€enhancement€factor€because€the€appellant€and€Weaver€forced€theŠ ą€ Švictim€to€leave€her€home€and€would€not€allow€her€to€check€on€her€sixteen€(16)Š Šp Šmonth€old€daughter€who€was€sleeping€in€the€next€room.€€The€trial€courtŠ Ą` Šrecognized€the€š šmental€anguishšš€associated€with€the€victim€not€knowing€theŠ °P Šsafety€or€condition€of€her€child.€€The€trial€court€stressed€that€cruelty€includesŠ   @ Šmental€cruelty€and€found€that€the€victim€was€subjected€to€mental€cruelty€by€notŠ "0 Šknowing€whether€her€child€was€safe.€€However,€this€Court€has€held€that€thisŠ €$  Šenhancement€factor€is€typically€applied€where€the€victim€is€subjected€to€physicalŠ p& Šabuse€or€torture.€€ņņState€v.€Williamsóó,€920€S.W.2d€247,€259€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Š `(  Š1995).€€While€this€Court€in€no€way€wishes€to€diminish€the€victimššs€mental€anguishŠ P*š " Šby€not€knowing€the€condition€of€her€daughter,€we€do€not€believe€that€thisŠ @,ą"$ Šconstitutes€š šexceptional€crueltyšš€as€contemplated€by€the€statute.€€Therefore,€theŠ 0.Š$& Štrial€court€improperly€considered€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(5)€as€anŠ  0Ą&( Šenhancement€factor€for€the€appellantššs€conviction€for€aggravated€kidnapping.Š 2°(* Šą@  ®ąņ ņ5.€€Previous€History€of€Unwillingness€to€Complyó óˆŠ 4 *, Šą ` ąThe€appellant€asserts€that€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(8)€wasŠ š5,. Šinapplicable€to€all€of€his€convictions.€€He€claims€that€the€trial€court€applied€thisŠ ą7€.0 Šfactor€because€he€was€on€juvenile€probation€at€the€time€the€offenses€wereŠ Š9p02 Šcommitted,€and€this€can€not€be€the€basis€for€the€application€of€this€factor.€€WeŠ `  Šagree.€€This€Court€has€held€that€there€must€be€a€ņņpreviousóóhistory€of€unwillingnessŠ P š Što€comply€and€has€rejected€the€application€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40-35-114(8)Š @ ą Šmerely€because€the€defendant€was€on€probation€at€the€time€the€subject€offenseŠ 0Š Šwas€committed.€€ņņState€v.€Hayesóó,€899€S.W.2d€175,€186€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€Š  Ą ŠBecause€there€is€no€indication€that€the€appellant€previously€failed€to€comply€withŠ °  Ša€sentence€involving€release€into€the€community€other€than€by€committing€theŠ    Špresent€offenses,€the€trial€court€erroneously€applied€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„Š š  Š114(8)€to€all€of€the€appellantššs€convictions.Š ą€ Šą@88!®ąņ ņ6.€€High€Risk€to€Human€Lifeó óˆŠ Šp Šą ` ąThe€appellant€further€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€applying€Tenn.Š Ą` ŠCode€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(10),€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€when€the€riskŠ °P Što€human€life€was€high,€to€his€conviction€for€aggravated€rape.€€In€ņņState€v.€Jonesóó,Š   @ Š883€S.W.2d€597,€603€(Tenn.€1994),€the€Supreme€Court€held€that€thisŠ "0 Šenhancement€factor€is€properly€applied€where€the€defendant€demonstrates€š šaŠ €$  Šculpability€distinct€from€and€appreciably€greater€than€that€incident€to€the€offenseŠ p& Šfor€which€he€was€convicted.šš€€The€victim€testified€at€the€sentencing€hearing€thatŠ `(  Šthe€appellant€choked€her€until€she€became€unconscious€and€then€raped€her€whileŠ P*š " Šshe€was€in€an€unconscious€state.€€Jesus€Weaver€testified€that€the€appellant€toldŠ @,ą"$ Šhim€that€he€choked€the€victim€š šuntil€she€turned€blue.šš€€In€addition,€the€victimŠ 0.Š$& Šstated€that€the€appellant€employed€a€gun€and€a€knife€during€the€commission€ofŠ  0Ą&( Šthe€offense.€€We€conclude€that€the€appellantššs€actions€demonstrate€š ša€culpabilityŠ 2°(* Šdistinct€from€and€appreciably€greater€thanšš€that€which€is€incident€to€the€crime€ofŠ 4 *, Šaggravated€rape.€€The€trial€court€properly€applied€this€enhancement€factor.Š š5,. Šą@®®.®ąņ ņˆĢŠ Š9p02 Šą@~ ~ ®ą7.€€Great€Potential€for€Bodily€Injury€to€a€Victimó óˆŠ `  Šą ` ąFinally,€the€appellant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€applying€Tenn.Š P š ŠCode€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(16)€to€his€convictions€for€aggravated€burglary,Š @ ą Šaggravated€kidnapping,€robbery€and€aggravated€robbery.€€With€regard€to€theŠ 0Š Šappellantššs€convictions€for€aggravated€burglary,€aggravated€kidnapping€andŠ  Ą Šaggravated€robbery,€we€must€agree.€€In€ņņState€v.€Smithóó,€891€S.W.2d€922,€930„31Š °  Š(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994),€this€Court€held€that€there€is€a€great€potential€for€bodilyŠ    Šinjury€in€every€aggravated€burglary€and€absent€extraordinary€circumstances,€thisŠ š  Šfactor€may€not€be€used€to€enhance€a€defendantššs€sentence€for€aggravatedŠ ą€ Šburglary.€€Similarly,€this€Court€has€determined€that€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„Š Šp Š114(16)€is€inherent€in€every€aggravated€robbery€committed€with€a€deadlyŠ Ą` Šweapon.€€ņņState€v.€Claybrooksóó,€910€S.W.2d€868,€872€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994);Š °P ŠņņState€v.€Randy€Lee€Carveróó,€C.C.A.€No.€03C01„9301„CR„00027,€1995€Tenn.€Crim.Š   @ ŠApp.€LEXIS€11,€at€*6,€Hamblen€County€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€filed€January€9,€1995,Š "0 Šat€Knoxville).€€Moreover,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40-35-114(16)€cannot€be€used€asŠ €$  Šan€enhancement€factor€for€the€offense€of€aggravated€kidnapping€as€it€is€inherentŠ p& Šin€the€offense.€€ņņState€v.€Kernóó,€909€S.W.2d€5,€7-8€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€Š `(  ŠTherefore,€the€trial€court€improperly€applied€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(16)€toŠ P*š " Šthe€appellantššs€convictions€for€aggravated€burglary,€aggravated€kidnapping€andŠ @,ą"$ Šaggravated€robbery.Š 0.Š$& Šą ` ąHowever,€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€applying€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„Š  0Ą&( Š114(16)€to€the€appellantššs€conviction€for€robbery.€€Although€the€jury€convicted€theŠ 2°(* Šappellant€of€the€lesser€included€offense€of€robbery,€the€trial€court€found€that€theŠ 4 *, Šappellant€and€Weaver€were€armed€during€the€commission€of€the€robbery.€Š š5,. ŠClearly,€there€was€a€great€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€the€victim€during€theŠ ą7€.0 Šcommission€of€this€offense.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Lavenderóó,€967€S.W.2d€803,€808€(Tenn.Š Š9p02 Š1998).€€This€enhancement€factor€was€appropriately€applied€to€the€robberyŠ `  Šconviction.Š P š Šą@ĢĢ'®ąņ ņ8.€€Conclusionó óˆŠ @ ą Šą ` ąThe€trial€court€appropriately€applied€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(1),€(2),Š 0Š Š(4)€and€(10)€as€enhancement€factors€in€this€case.€€Furthermore,€for€theŠ  Ą Šappellantššs€robbery€conviction,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(16)€was€applicable.€Š °  ŠThe€trial€court€misapplied€enhancement€factor€(8)€to€all€of€the€appellantššsŠ    Šconvictions.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(5)€is€inapplicable€to€the€appellantššsŠ š  Šaggravated€kidnapping€conviction,€and€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(16)€doesŠ ą€ Šnot€apply€to€appellantššs€convictions€for€aggravated€burglary,€aggravatedŠ Šp Škidnapping€and€aggravated€robbery.Š Ą` Šą ` ąAlthough€the€trial€court€misapplied€certain€enhancement€factors,€theŠ °P Šappellant€is€not€necessarily€entitled€to€a€reduction€in€his€sentences.€€ņņState€v.Š   @ ŠLavenderóó,€967€S.W.2d€at€809.€€Under€this€Courtššs€ņņde€novoóó€review,€we€find€thatŠ "0 ŠTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(1)€applies€to€all€of€the€appellantššs€convictions.€€ThisŠ €$  ŠCourt€is€authorized€to€consider€any€enhancing€or€mitigating€factors€supported€byŠ p& Šthe€record€even€if€not€relied€upon€by€the€trial€court.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Smithóó,€910Š `(  ŠS.W.2d€457€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€The€appellantššs€criminal€history€is€entitledŠ P*š " Što€great€weight,€especially€in€light€of€the€quantity€and€magnitude€of€the€crimesŠ @,ą"$ Šcommitted.€€Even€though€the€trial€court€considered€various€mitigating€factors,€itŠ 0.Š$& Šis€clear€that€the€court€afforded€them€little€weight,€if€any.׃ׯ ƒ #ĆŻņņŚ  Ś6Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€It€is€within€the€trialŠ  0Ą&( Šcourtššs€discretion€to€determine€the€weight€afforded€enhancement€and€mitigatingŠ 2°(* Šfactors.€€ņņState€v.€Santiagoóó,€914€S.W.2d€at€125.€€After€a€careful€review€of€theŠ `  Šrecord,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€imposed€appropriate€sentences€of€six€(6)Š P š Šyears€for€aggravated€burglary,€twelve€(12)€years€for€aggravated€kidnapping,€fiveŠ @ ą Š(5)€years€for€robbery,€ten€(10)€years€for€aggravated€robbery,€twenty€(20)€years€forŠ 0Š Šaggravated€rape,€and€four€(4)€years€for€theft€of€property.Š  Ą Šą ` ąThis€issue€is€without€merit.Š °  Šą@  !®ąņ ņD.€€Consecutive€Sentencingó óˆŠ    Šą ` ąIn€his€final€issue,€the€appellant€challenges€the€trial€courtššs€imposition€ofŠ š  Šconsecutive€sentences.€€Consecutive€sentencing€is€governed€by€Tenn.€CodeŠ ą€ ŠAnn.€šš€40„35„115.€€A€trial€court€may€order€sentences€to€run€consecutively€if€itŠ Šp Šfinds€that€one€or€more€of€the€statutory€criteria€exists€by€a€preponderance€of€theŠ Ą` Ševidence.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„115(b);€ņņState€v.€Blackóó,€924€S.W.2d€912,€917Š °P Š(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Additionally,€a€trial€court€must€also€find€that€anŠ   @ Šextended€sentence€is€š šnecessary€to€protect€the€public€against€further€criminalŠ "0 Šconduct€by€the€defendant€and€that€the€consecutive€sentences€must€reasonablyŠ €$  Šrelate€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses€committed.šš€€ņņState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2dŠ p& Š933,€939€(Tenn.€1995).Š `(  Šą ` ąWith€regard€to€Counts€One,€Two,€Three€and€Eleven,€the€trial€court€basedŠ P*š " Šconsecutive€sentencing€on€a€finding€that€the€appellant€committed€the€offensesŠ @,ą"$ Šwhile€he€was€on€probation.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„115(b)(6).€€The€trial€courtŠ 0.Š$& Šfurther€found€that€the€appellant€was€a€dangerous€offender€and€an€offender€withŠ  0Ą&( Šan€extensive€record€of€criminal€activity.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„115(b)(2)€andŠ 2°(* Š(4).€€Therefore,€the€court€ordered€that€the€appellantššs€sentences€in€Counts€EightŠ 4 *, Šand€Nine€would€run€consecutively€to€his€sentences€in€Counts€One,€Two,€ThreeŠ š5,. Šā āand€Eleven.Š ą7€.0 Šą ` ąWe€agree€with€the€trial€court€that€the€appellant€is€a€dangerous€offenderŠ `  Šā āš šwhose€behavior€indicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life,€and€no€hesitationŠ P š Šabout€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€is€high.šš×ƒׯ ƒ #ĆŻņņŚ  Ś7Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€Tenn.€CodeŠ @ ą ŠAnn.€šš€40„35„115(b)(4).€€The€appellant€was€convicted€of€six€(6)€felonies,€four€(4)Š 0Š Šof€which€involve€violence€to€another€human€being.€€The€facts€and€circumstancesŠ  Ą Šsurrounding€these€offenses€clearly€show€the€appellantššs€disregard€for€human€life.€Š °  ŠThe€evidence€showed€that€many€of€these€crimes€took€place€in€the€appellantššsŠ    Šown€neighborhood.€€The€appellant€and€his€accomplice€preyed€upon€theseŠ š  Šinnocent€victims€while€they€slept€in€their€homes.€€Clearly,€the€appellant€is€anŠ ą€ Šoffender€for€whom€incarceration€is€a€priority.€€ņņSeeóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„Š Šp Š102(5).€€Furthermore,€an€extended€sentence€is€š šnecessary€to€protect€the€publicŠ Ą` Šagainst€further€criminal€conduct€by€the€defendantšš€and€the€consecutive€sentencesŠ °P Šare€reasonably€related€š što€the€severity€of€the€offenses€committed.šš€€ņņState€v.Š   @ ŠWilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€at€939.€€We,€therefore,€conclude€that€the€trial€courtŠ "0 Šproperly€imposed€consecutive€sentences€in€this€case.Š €$  Šą ` ąThis€issue€has€no€merit.Š p& ŠĢą@ŲŲ)®ąņ ņņņCONCLUSIONó óóóˆŠ P*š " Šą ` ąAfter€thoroughly€reviewing€the€record€on€appeal,€we€conclude€that€there€isŠ @,ą"$ Šno€reversible€error.€€Accordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.Š 0.Š$& ŠÓ  ÓĢÓÓą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ą____________________________________Š 2°(* Šą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JUDGEŠ 3Ø)+ ŠĢĢŠ š5,. ŠCONCUR:Š `  ŠĢĢĢ___________________________________Š @ ą ŠDAVID€G.€HAYES,€JUDGEŠ 8Ų ŠĢĢ___________________________________Š  Ą ŠNORMA€MCGEE€OGLE,€JUDGE