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ÔÔ€ÔÓ&€X„d&ÓÑ#€Xd#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ŠÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ „ ÒÓ  ÓÑ Ü ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ€ÑÑ7€V-ŠŠddÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€ ÔÙ€€ÙßL€!# ;+'h|` ç `€€Lßà@ àò òIN€THE€COURT€OFÏCRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€NASHVILLEÌà@ àMARCH€SESSION,Ï1993ó óÌÌÔ€¼ÔÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àC.C.A.€No.Ìà àAppellee,à àà àà àà à)à à01„C„01„9209„CC„00290Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àLINCOLN€COUNTYÌVS.à àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àHON.€WM.€CHARLES€LEE,ÏJUDGEÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌCARLA€JO€FITCH,à àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à à(MURDER€1ST€DEGREE)Ìà àAppellant.à àà àà àà à)ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌòòFOR€APPELLANTóó:à àà àà àòòFOR€APPELLEEóó:ÌÌRAYMOND€W.€FRALEY,€JR.à àà àCHARLES€W.€BURSONÌ205€E.€Market€Streetà àà àà àATTORNEY€GENERAL€&ÏREPORTERÌP.O.€Box€572ÌFayetteville,€TN€€€37334à àà àà àEUGENE€J.€HONEAÌà àà àà àà àà àà àASSISTANT€ATTORNEY€GENERALÌRICHARD€McGEEà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌWashington€Square€Twoà àà àà àNashville,€TN€€€37243„0485ÌSuite€417Ì222€Second€Avenue,€NorthÌNashville,€TN€€€37201à àà àà àWEAKLEY€E.€BARNARDÌà àà àà àà àà àà àASST.€DISTRICT€ATTORNEYÏGENERALÌà àà àà àà àà àà àMarshall€County€CourthouseÌà àà àà àà àà àà àLewisburg,€TN€€€37091ÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€€_______________ÌÌREVERSED€AND€REMANDED€FOR€A€NEW€TRIALÌÌALLEN€R.€CORNELIUS,€JR.ÌSPECIAL€JUDGEÌÇÓÓÔ€„Ôà@ àò òòòO€P€I€N€I€O€Nóóó óÌÓ€ÓÔ€¼ÔÌà àA€Lincoln€County€jury€convicted€Carla€Jo€Fitch€of€murder€in€the€firstÏdegree.€The€trial€court€approved€the€verdict€and€imposed€a€sentence€of€life€inÏthe€Tennessee€State€Penitentiary€for€Women.€€Her€motion€for€a€new€trial€wasÏdenied,€and€she€has€appealed€to€this€Court.€€The€defense€presents€four€mainÏissues,€of€which€the€first€three€issues€have€sub„issues.ÌÌà àFor€the€reasons€hereafter€set€forth€in€this€opinion,€the€judgment€of€theÏtrial€court€is€reversed€and€remanded€for€a€new€trial.ÌÌà àDefendant€by€her€first€issue€questions€whether€the€evidence€in€thisÏrecord€is€sufficient€to€sustain€the€verdict€of€murder€in€the€first€degree,€or€didÏthe€trial€court€err€in€not€granting€her€motions€for€judgment€of€acquittal€at€theÏconclusion€of€the€state's€proof€and/or€at€the€end€of€all€the€proof.€€Also,€sheÏinsists€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€not€granting€a€new€trial€upon€its€expressionÏof€dissatisfaction€with€the€degree€of€homicide€for€which€she€was€convicted.ÌÌà àAfter€selecting€the€jury€on€January€14,€1992,€introduction€of€evidenceÏbegan€the€next€day.ÌÌà àThe€state's€first€witness€was€Mike€Hobson,€a€criminal€investigator€forÏthe€Fayetteville,€Tennessee€Police€Department.€€Hobson's€testimony€began€withÏan€explanation€of€the€city's€911€telephone€system€which€records€the€time€of€theÏconversations€taking€place€through€the€system.€€The€tapes€of€these€calls€areÏgenerally€recycled€every€six€months€unless€there€is€a€request€to€save€aÍrecording,€as€was€done€in€this€case.€€The€saving€process€is€effected€by€makingÏa€copy€of€the€original€tape.ÌÌà àA€copy€of€the€tape€and€a€transcript€thereof€were€entered€into€the€recordÏwithout€objection.€€The€court€instructed€the€jury€that€the€tape€was€evidence€butÏnot€the€transcript€which€was€merely€an€aid.€€Mr.€Hobson€related€that€the€911Ïcall€came€in€at€7:48€on€October€21,€1991.€€The€code€was€1038,€a€shooting.€€HeÏidentified€the€first€voice€to€be€heard€as€Officer€Mike€Hill,€then€a€lady's€voiceÏas€Mrs.€Fitch,€the€defendant,€and€a€third€voice€as€that€of€Sergeant€Posey.€€TheÏtape€was€then€played€for€the€court€and€jury.€€Other€than€establishing€theÏdefendant's€name,€address,€telephone€number€and€"My€husband€was€cleaningÏguns€or€something€and€one€of€them's€gone€off€sir,"€there€was€little€else€to€beÏgained€from€this€recording.ÌÌà àDeputy€Sheriff€Bobby€Fitch,€of€the€Lincoln€County€Sheriff'sÏDepartment,€was€the€next€to€testify.€€He€responded€to€the€911€call€on€LincolnÏRoad,€in€Sunnyvale€Estates,€the€home€of€Carla€Fitch.€€He€received€the€call€atÏ12€minutes€before€8:00€p.m.€€He€identified€the€defendant€during€the€trial€as€theÏperson€at€the€residence€when€he€arrived.€€Inside€the€house,€after€seeing€theÏbody,€he€asked€the€defendant€what€had€happened.€€She€reported€that€herÏhusband€had€been€cleaning€a€weapon€and€it€had€gone€off.€€She€stated€that€sheÏwas€in€the€kitchen€when€the€gun€fired.€€The€officer€had€found€the€body€of€theÏvictim€on€the€middle€cushion€of€the€sofa.€€A€.22€pistol€and€a€12€gaugeÏautomatic€shotgun€were€on€the€sofa€to€the€victim's€right.€€In€front€of€theÏvictim,€between€the€sofa€and€the€coffee€table€was€a€20€gauge€single„shotÏshotgun.€€Also€on€the€coffee€table€was€a€gun€case€which€covered€a€.357€DesertÍEagle€automatic€pistol€still€in€its€box.€€At€the€end€of€the€table€was€a€cased€deerÏrifle.ÌÌà àDeputy€Fitch€examined€each€gun€to€determine€if€it€was€loaded,€none€butÏthe€20€gauge€shotgun€showed€any€sign€of€having€been€loaded,€it€contained€anÏempty€cartridge.€€He€extracted€the€hull€and€turned€it€over€to€Deputy€Bradford.€ÏFitch€stated€that€this€particular€shotgun€shell€had€"7ðð"€shot€stamped€on€it.€€HeÏfurther€testified€that€while€checking€the€guns€in€the€living€room€he€found€noneÏof€the€items€normally€used€to€clean€guns.ÌÌà àOfficer€Fitch€was€cross„examined€extensively€with€regard€to€theÏexclusion€from€his€report€that€Carla€Fitch€told€him€that€she€was€in€the€kitchenÏwhen€the€shooting€occurred€and€her€inquiry€if€there€was€any€kinship€betweenÏOfficer€Fitch€and€the€deceased.€€€Officer€Fitch€explained€that€he€had€respondedÏto€an€accidental€shooting€report€and€did€not€consider€these€factors€importantÏwhen€making€his€report€as€he€did€not€conduct€the€investigation€thereafter.ÌÌà àDeputy€Sheriff€Jeff€Bradford,€Criminal€Investigator,€was€the€nextÏwitness€for€the€state.€€He€was€acquainted€with€the€deceased€and€the€defendantÏprior€to€this€occurrence.€€Upon€receiving€notice€of€the€shooting,€he€went€toÏthe€scene€and€was€briefed€by€Officer€Fitch€before€entering€the€house€throughÏthe€front€door€into€the€living€room.€€Within€two€or€three€minutes€of€seeing€theÏbody€he€became€aware€that€he€knew€the€deceased.ÌÌà àMr.€Bradford€proceeded€to€look€for€Mrs.€Fitch€who€came€from€theÏkitchen€area.€€After€making€inquiries€as€a€friend€as€to€her€condition€and€whoÍshe€had€notified,€he€asked€her€what€had€happened.€€He€asked€her€location€inÏthe€house€€when€the€gun€fired.€€She€replied€that€she€was€in€the€kitchen.€€ThisÏwas€an€oral€statement€made€to€Mr.€Bradford€within€10€minutes€of€his€arrivalÏon€the€scene.€€He€then€asked€Deputy€Stiles€to€take€Mrs.€Fitch€across€the€streetÏto€a€friend€and,€in€accordance€with€the€department€policy,€performed€a€gunÏshot€test.ÌÌà àDetective€Bradford€introduced€the€cotton€swabs€from€the€GunshotÏResidue€Kit€used€on€the€hands€of€the€deceased.€€Without€objection,€the€cottonÏswabs€in€the€kit€used€on€the€hands€of€the€defendant€were€introduced.€€BradfordÏclosed€his€direct€examination€with€a€description€of€the€deceased's€wound.ÌÌà àBradford's€cross„examination€consisted€of€retracing€his€directÏexamination.€€An€attempt€was€made€to€question€this€officer€relative€to€theÏwork€of€other€officers€on€this€investigation.€€The€effectiveness€of€which€wasÏfor€the€jury€to€determine.ÌÌà àOfficer€Harvey€Stiles,€the€state's€next€witness,€testified€regarding€theÏprocedure€he€followed€in€taking€and€processing€the€Gunshot€Residue€test€onÏMrs.€Fitch's€hands.€€(The€chain€of€evidence€was€stipulated).€€He,€also,Ïpresented€and€read€to€the€court€and€jury€a€written€statement€which€Mrs.€FitchÏwrote€herself€that€evening€at€his€request.€€The€statement€was:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àI,€Clara€Fitch,€was€cleaning€up€the€kitchen€from€theÏevening€meal.€€The€children€were€in€bed.€€DwightÏwas€getting€his€guns€out€to€see€if€they€neededÏcleaning,€polishing€et€cetera.€€I€went€into€the€livingÏroom€to€sit€with€him€and€he€was€telling€me€aboutÏeach€gun.€€I€listened€to€him€and€when€I€went€to€giveÍhim€the€one€I€was€holding€and€it€went€off.€€I€thenÏproceeded€to€call€911.ÌÓ€ÓÌThis€officer€was€cross„examined€and€released.ÌÌà àChief€Deputy€Jimmy€Mullin,€of€the€Lincoln€County€Sheriff'sÏDepartment,€testified€that€following€the€funeral€for€the€victim,€the€defendantÏwith€Detective€Bradford€came€to€his€office€at€the€county€jail.€€In€his€presenceÏBradford€read€Mrs.€Fitch€her€Miranda€"warnings."ÌÌà àThe€Chief€questioned€Mrs.€Fitch€as€to€any€problem€she€might€have€as€anÏemployee€of€the€Corps€of€Engineers€with€close€men€friends.€€Her€answer€wasÏnegative.€€When€asked€about€Mr.€Miskelly,€she€answered€that€they€were€justÏfriends,€but€then€admitted€that€they€were€having€an€affair.€€When€asked€ifÏMiskelly€had€given€her€money€she€replied,€"No,"€later€conceding€that€MiskellyÏhad€deposited€a€hundred€dollars€into€the€Central€Bank€of€Alabama.ÌÌà àWhen€the€Chief€asked€her€what€happened€the€night€of€her€husband'sÏdeath,€she€related€that€she€was€sitting€on€the€coffee€table€in€front€of€herÏhusband€and€they€were€talking€and€he€was€showing€her€some€guns€and€she€hadÏone€laying€across€her€lap€and€that€she€was€handing€him€the€gun€and€it€wentÏoff.ÌÌà àThe€Chief€obtained€a€large€stick€to€serve€in€place€of€a€gun,€andÏinstructed€her€to€position€him€as€her€husband€was€and€then€take€a€position€asÏshe€had€been€sitting.€€When€he€handed€her€the€stick€she€said,€"I€just€handed€itÍto€him€like€this€and€it€went€off."€€(A€demonstration€was€conducted€by€theÏChief€and€the€district€attorney€in€front€of€the€jury.)ÌÌà àMr.€Don€Payne,€the€defendant's€supervisor€at€the€Corps€of€Engineers€atÏHuntsville,€Alabama€on€and€after€September€17,€1991,€was€the€next€witness.€ÏHerman€Miskelly€was€not€employed€in€his€department€during€the€time€but€hadÏbeen€earlier.€€Miskelly€was€then€employed€in€another€department€but€visitedÏhis€branch€at€times.€€After€September€17,€1991€Miskelly€began€coming€onceÏor€twice€a€week€to€his€department€'s€office€and€was€observed€talking€with€theÏdefendant.€€On€other€occasions€he€saw€them€together€in€other€areas€of€theÏbuilding.ÌÌà àMr.€Payne€had€three€conversations€with€the€defendant€about€her€work.€ÏThe€€third€conversation€took€place€"around"€the€middle€of€October,€1991.€€SheÏadvised€him€that€her€problems€were€not€at€work€but€at€home€and€that€she€wasÏapartment€hunting€without€her€husband's€knowledge.€€Payne€stated€that€sheÏtold€him€that€her€distraction€would€not€be€coming€back€into€the€office.€€ThisÏwas€the€middle€of€October.ÌÌà àMona€Gretal€Case€Harlan,€an€assistant€medical€examiner€for€DavidsonÏCounty€and€surrounding€counties€testified€that€she€performed€the€autopsy€onÏthe€body€of€the€deceased.€€The€defense€offered€to€stipulate€her€qualification,Ïhowever,€the€assistant€district€attorney€had€her€state€her€special€skills.ÌÌà àMrs.€Harlan€determined€that€the€death€of€James€Dwight€Fitch€wasÏcaused€by€a€near€gunshot€wound€to€the€head€which€caused€massive€injury€toÏthe€face,€the€skull,€and€the€brain.ÌÌà àSharon€R.€Franklin,€an€expert€on€fingerprint€examination€with€theÏTennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation,€testified€that€she€found€no€identifiableÏlatent€fingerprint€on€Exhibit€No.€24,€a€20€gauge€shotgun.€€She€examinedÏanother€exhibit,€No.€34,€a€spent€Remmington€Peters€20€gauge€shotgun€shellÏcasing€marked€"7ðð"€and€found€no€latent€prints€at€all.ÌÌà àDon€Carmen,€a€TBI€forensic€scientist€assigned€to€perform€broadÏfirearms€identifications,€which€includes€training€in€gunshot€distanceÏdetermination,€safety,€and€mechanical€functions€of€various€firearms,€examinedÏState€Exhibit€No.€24,€the€20€gauge€shotgun,€on€December€7,€1991.€€He€testÏfired€the€gun€and€found€no€defects€or€malfunction.€€He€described€the€gun€asÏbeing€fired€only€in€the€single„action€phase.€€One€must€manually€pull€back€theÏhammer€into€cocked€position,€then€pull€the€trigger.€€This€was€the€only€way€heÏcould€get€the€gun€to€fire.€€This€witness€was€cross„examined€then€released.ÌÌà àThe€state's€next€witness€was€Robert€Daniel€Royce,€an€employee€of€theÏcrime€laboratory€of€the€TBI,€as€a€forensic€scientist€specializing€in€analysis€ofÏgunshot€primer€residue.€€He€stated€that€he€had€been€qualified€as€an€expertÏforensic€scientist€in€the€courts€but€not€as€an€expert€in€gunshot€residue.€€A€juryÏout€hearing€resulted€in€the€state,€defense,€and€the€court€reaching€the€conclusionÏthat€this€witness€qualified€as€an€expert.ÌÌà àMr.€Royce's€testimony€then€proceeded€to€his€analysis€of€Exhibit€No.€27,Ïthe€gunshot€residue€kit€utilized€on€the€deceased,€James€Dwight€Fitch.€€HeÏfound€no€gunshot€residue€on€the€right€or€left€back€of€deceased's€hands,€a€smallÏamount€was€found€on€the€right€palm.€€This€usually€indicates€that€the€personÏeither€handled€the€gun€or€had€his€palm€exposed€to€the€muzzle€of€the€blast.ÌÌà àMr.€Royce€next€proceeded€to€Exhibit€No.€28,€the€gunshot€residue€kitÏused€on€Carla€Jo€Fitch's€hands.€€A€significant€amount€of€gunshot€residue€wasÏpresent€on€her€right€palm.€€There€was€a€larger€amount€of€residue€on€the€leftÏpalm€than€on€the€right.€€A€significant€amount€of€gunshot€residue€was€found€onÏthe€right€back€and€a€small€amount€on€the€left€back€of€Mrs.€Fitch's€hands.€ÏThese€elements€indicated€that€the€person€could€have€fired,€handled,€or€was€inÏclose€proximity€when€a€firearm€discharged.ÌÌà àMr.€Ron€Bedford,€Jr.,€a€leasing€agent€for€the€Flagstone€Apartments€ofÏMadison,€Alabama,€was€the€state's€next€witness.€€On€October€16,€1991€betweenÏ11:00€a.m.€and€2:00€p.m.€he€became€acquainted€with€Carla€Jo€Fitch€at€the€514Ïunit€Flagstone€Apartment€complex.€€Mrs.€Fitch€was€looking€for€an€apartmentÏto€lease.€€Mr.€Herman€Miskelly€was€with€her€as€they€jointly€entered€the€office.€ÏMiskelly€introduced€himself€and€pointed€to€the€lady€next€to€him€andÏcommented€"this€is€my€daughter,€Carla€Fitch."€€Mrs.€Fitch€shook€Bedford'sÏhand€and€said€"Nice€to€meet€you."€€Bedford€identified€the€defendant€as€theÏindividual€Miskelly€introduced€as€his€daughter.€€He€showed€them€a€threeÏbedroom€apartment.€€On€November€the€9th€or€13th€Miskelly€signed€anÏapplication€listing€Carla€J.€Fitch€as€"co„tenant."€€The€lease€agreement€wasÏsigned€by€Miskelly.€€Bedford€asked€Miskelly€if€he€was€going€to€live€in€theÍapartment€and€he€replied,€"No."€€Mr.€Bedford€concluded€his€cross„examination€by€stating€that€Miskelly€told€him€the€defendant€would€be€living€inÏthe€apartment.ÌÌà àThe€next€witness€was€Karen€L.€Mims,€a€leasing€agent€for€Hunt€ClubsÏApartments€in€Huntsville,€Alabama.€€Ms.€Mims€identified€the€defendant€asÏbeing€at€the€Hunt€Club€complex€on€October€21,€1991,€at€approximately€mid„afternoon€to€look€for€an€apartment.€€She€was€with€a€person€identified€asÏHerman€Miskelly.€€The€apartment€was€for€Miskelly€but€the€defendant€wasÏmore€verbal€on€what€she€did€and€did€not€like€about€the€unit,€referring€to€theÏcolor€of€the€carpet€and€appliances.€€This€was€one€of€the€smaller€units€whichÏrented€for€$290€plus€$85€for€furniture.€€Miskelly€took€an€application€which€heÏreturned€later€that€day.€€As€a€government€employee,€Miskelly€was€onlyÏrequired€to€pay€a€$20€application€fee€and€that€was€paid€by€check€written€on€aÏjoint€account€of€Mrs.€Fitch€and€Miskelly.€€(At€the€time€of€the€trial€MiskellyÏwas€still€a€tenant€in€this€apartment.)ÌÌà àMs.€Elizabeth€Little€Allen,€as€an€employee€of€the€Central€Bank€of€theÏSouth,€of€Alabama,€with€a€branch€in€Huntsville,€testified€that€on€October€18,Ï1991€Herman€Miskelly€and€Carla€Fitch€each€signed€the€signature€card€for€theÏopening€of€a€joint€checking€account,€which€was€still€open€at€the€time€of€thisÏtrial.ÌÌà àNext€the€state€presented,€consecutively€the€deceased's€sister,€DimetriaÏCook,€his€father,€James€Fitch,€and€mother,€Wanda.€€Each€witness€testified€thatÏthey€had€observed€the€defendant€and€Herman€Miskelly€under€suggestiveÍcircumstances€for€an€immediately€bereaved€widow€and€an€individual€with€aÏliving€spouse.€€Within€the€first€few€days€after€the€death€each€asked€theÏdefendant€what€had€happened€and€had€received€inconsistent€answers€such€as,€"IÏdon't€know,"€and€"she€didn't€want€to€talk€about€it,€that€she€would€tell€meÏlater."ÌÌà àWanda€Fitch,€the€deceased's€mother€testified€that€the€defendant€and€herÏtwo€children€came€to€her€home€the€night€of€October€21,€1991,€"after€11."€ÏWhen€she€asked€the€defendant€what€had€happened,€the€defendant€told€her€thatÏthe€victim€"was€sitting€on€the€couch€cleaning€his€gun.€€He€was€rubbing€gook€„„Ïyou€know,€ma,€that€stuff€that€he€put€on€the€gun."€€The€defendant€did€notÏmention€being€in€the€kitchen€when€the€gun€fired.€€She€told€her€mother„in„lawÏthat€she€was€sitting€beside€the€victim€but€made€no€mention€of€having€handedÏhim€the€gun.ÌÌà àWanda€Fitch's€testimony€also€referred€to€other€conversations€with€theÏdefendant:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à(1)à0 àOctober€21,€the€defendant€told€her€that€the€20Ïgauge€shotgun€that€caused€the€death€was€theÏgun€that€the€victim€had€taught€her€to€shoot.ÌÌà8 àà8 à(2)à0 àOn€October€22,€defendant€said€she€was€sittingÏbeside€the€victim€on€the€couch€while€he€cleanedÏthe€gun.ÌÌà8 àà8 à(3)à0 àOn€October€23,€defendant€said€she€was€sittingÏon€the€coffee€table€in€conversation€with€theÏvictim.€€At€this€point€she€gestured€to€infer€thatÏthe€gun€suddenly€fired.€€The€defendant€did€notÏmention€handing€the€shotgun€to€the€victim.ÌÌÓ€ÓÌà àWanda€Fitch€further€testified€regarding€a€telephone€call€to€her€home€onÏOctober€23,€1991,€at€approximately€6:30€or€7:00€a.m.€€Her€home€had€threeÏtelephone€extensions,€one€each€in€the€kitchen,€the€living€room,€and€herÏbedroom.€€She€was€in€her€bedroom€when€the€phone€rang.€€When€she€picked€upÏthe€receiver,€the€defendant€was€already€speaking€on€the€phone€in€the€kitchen.€ÏWithout€objection,€she€identified€the€third€party€as€Herman€Miskelly.€€TheÏcaller€asked€the€defendant€how€things€were€going.€€According€to€Wanda€Fitch,Ïthe€defendant€replied,€"just€as€I€premised."€€When€the€district€attorney€asked€ifÏthe€word€was€"promised"€the€witness€answered,€"no."€€Then€the€districtÏattorney€asked€the€witness€if€she€knew€what€the€word€premised€meant.€€TheÏdefense's€objection€was€sustained€by€the€court,€but€no€request€was€made€forÏcurative€instructions€to€the€jury.ÌÌà àWanda€Fitch€continued€to€recall€that€the€defendant€in€the€conversationÏwith€Miskelly€stated€that€they€needed€to€talk€in€depth€because€they€were€theÏonly€two€who€knew€what€had€happened.€€Also,€the€defendant€told€Miskelly€thatÏa€$200€deposit€in€their€account€would€be€fine.ÌÌà àThe€defendant€and€her€two€children€stayed€with€Wanda€Fitch€untilÏNovember€13,€1991€when€she€and€the€children€moved€to€Huntsville.ÌÌà àThrough€cross„examination€of€Wanda€Fitch€the€defense€established€thatÏthe€victim€and€the€defendant€were€married€in€1983€when€he€was€20€years€oldÏand€she€was€16€and€pregnant.€€The€newlyweds€moved€in€with€his€parents€for€aÏfew€months€before€moving€into€a€mobile€home.€€Four€months€after€the€babyÍwas€born€the€defendant€took€full€time€employment,€acquired€her€GEDÏcertificate,€and€took€the€ACT€test€for€college.€€At€the€time€of€victim's€death,Ïthe€defendant€was€away€from€home€four€nights€a€week,€reportedly€attendingÏschool.ÌÌà àContinuing€the€cross„examination€of€Wanda€Fitch,€the€defense€inquiredÏif€she€had€received€a€phone€call€on€the€evening€of€this€tragedy.€€The€witnessÏsaid€she€had€called€the€victim,€who€was€preparing€to€bathe€and€he€told€her€thatÏhe€would€return€her€call.€€At€approximately€7:30€p.m.€they€had€theirÏconversation.€€Over€the€objection€of€the€state,€the€defense€was€allowed€to€ask€ifÏthe€victim€had€not€inquired€whether€a€gun€he€could€not€locate€was€at€herÏhome?€€"He€said€it€was€in€the€bedroom,€he€thought,€but€said€he€was€not€sure."ÌÌà àThe€defense€also€cross„examined€Wanda€Fitch€regarding€two€writtenÏstatements€she€prepared€and€sent€to€the€sheriff's€office€prior€to€the€defendantÏand€her€children€moving€from€her€home€in€November.€€She€stated€that€her€sonÏdelivered€one€of€her€statements€to€the€police€officer€and€she€carried€the€other.€ÏShe€testified€that€while€at€the€police€station€she€was€questioned€as€to€what€sheÏhad€written€but€did€not€make€a€recorded€statement.ÌÌà àThe€defense€moved€that€Wanda€Fitch€be€excused€subject€to€recall.ÌÌà àThe€defense€then€raised€a€question€pertaining€to€Jenck's€material.€€At€aÏbench€conference,€defense€counsel€stated€that€he€had€specifically€asked€theÏdistrict€attorney€if€he€had€any€statements€from€Wanda€Fitch€and€had€been€told,Ï"No."€€The€district€attorney€informed€the€court€that€he€had€gone€through€theÍfile€and€had€no€statement€made€by€this€witness.€€At€this€point€the€jury€wasÏexcused€for€the€night.€€A€hearing€was€conducted€before€the€court€adjourned.€ÏThis€is€the€subject€of€defendant's€issue€number€2(B)€and€will€be€treated€there.ÌÌà àUpon€resuming€court€the€next€morning€the€state€announced€that€it€wasÏclosing€its€case€in€chief.ÌÌà àThe€defense's€first€witness€was€Lori€Renegar,€who€for€two€years€hadÏbeen€the€baby„sitter€for€the€Fitches.€€She€described€both€as€loving€parents.€€SheÏhad€worked€at€the€Fitches'€home€on€October€21,€1991€and€that€morning€sawÏboth€Dwight,€the€victim,€and€Carla,€the€defendant.€€Each€appeared€normal.€ÏShe€saw€Dwight,€looking€tired,€when€he€came€home€from€work€but€she€leftÏthe€house€before€Carla€came€in.€€The€witness€was€unaware€of€any€maritalÏproblems.€€On€cross„examination€€she€stated€she€did€not€know€HermanÏMiskelly.ÌÌà àThe€defense€recalled€Officer€Dennis€Stiles€and€retraced€his€earlierÏtestimony.ÌÌà àThe€next€item€of€consideration€was€the€availability€of€Sergeant€JeffÏBradford€who€was€reported€physically€unable€to€attend€court€and€a€likelyÏcandidate€for€hospitalization.€€The€court€recessed€to€take€Officer€Bradford'sÏdeposition€which€was€read€to€the€jury.€€This€deposition€dealt€with€theÏstatements€from€Wanda€Fitch€and€whether€there€were€blood€splatters€on€theÏwall€behind€the€couch.€€The€witness€deposed€that€there€was€no€bloodÍsplattering€on€the€wall€but€indicated€there€was€a€small€amount€on€the€back€ofÏthe€couch,€with€most€of€the€blood€being€on€the€pillows€with€the€victim's€body.ÌÌà àThe€next€witness€for€the€defense€was€Donna€Ranking,€a€family€friendÏand€neighbor€of€two€and€a€half€years.€€On€October€19,€1991€she€had€attended€aÏchurch€hay„ride€where€she€saw€the€defendant,€her€husband,€and€daughter.€ÏEverything€appeared€fine.€€On€October€21,€this€witness€responded€to€theÏdefendant's€call€by€going€to€her€home.€€In€Ranking's€opinion€the€defendantÏappeared€dazed.€€After€this€incident€the€witness€had€occasions€to€talk€with€theÏdefendant€but€thought€better€of€it.ÌÌà àOn€cross„examination,€Donna€Ranking€testified€that€on€the€night€ofÏOctober€21€she€noticed€a€red€spot,€about€the€size€of€a€thumb€nail,€on€theÏdefendant's€right€pant€leg€at€the€upper€thigh.€€This€witness€did€not€knowÏHerman€Miskelly.€€ÌÌà àCarla€Fitch,€the€defendant,€testified€on€her€own€behalf.€€At€the€time€ofÏthe€trial,€January€14,€1992€she€was€25€years€of€age.€€She€related€that€herÏmother€and€father€had€divorced€when€she€was€18€months€old.€€At€age€six€herÏmother€was€sick€and€unable€to€care€for€her,€so€the€state€placed€her€in€fosterÏcare€until€she€was€10.€€She€then€moved€in€with€her€sister€and€brother„in„law,Ïthey€divorced€and€she€was€again€placed€in€the€care€of€the€state,€in€a€youthÏhome,€then€a€foster€home,€then€to€live€with€an€aunt€and€uncle€for€two€years,Ïback€to€the€foster€care€program€with€two€more€families.€€She€attended€theÏLincoln€County€High€School.€€During€her€sophomore€year€she€met€and€beganÍdating€the€victim€and€from€this€regular€relationship€she€became€pregnant.€€SheÏand€the€victim€were€married€on€August€3,€1983.ÌÌà àThe€defendant€described€how€after€living€with€her€husband's€family€forÏfour€months,€she€and€the€victim€established€a€home€in€a€house€trailer€and€laterÏmoved€to€the€home€where€the€victim€died.€€During€this€time€they€cared€forÏtheir€daughter,€and€she€bore€a€son.€€With€the€assistance€of€her€mother„in„lawÏand€a€babysitter,€she€obtained€the€equivalent€of€a€high€school€diploma.€€InÏDecember€1984€she€took€the€ACT€test€and€began€taking€night€classes€one€orÏtwo€nights€a€week€while€working€apart€from€the€home.ÌÌà àDefendant's€testimony€indicated€a€desire€for€continuous€educational€andÏemployment€advancement.€€In€July,€1990€she€became€employed€by€the€CorpsÏof€Engineers€with€a€job€description€of€specifications€clerk.€€In€October€1991Ïshe€attended€Athens€College€two€nights€a€week.ÌÌà àIn€response€to€questions€regarding€her€marriage€she€referred€to€herÏhusband€as€a€good€man€and€father,€particularly€close€to€his€daughter.€€In€herÏopinion€her€marriage€was€not€strong€during€the€last€two€years€as€she€and€herÏhusband€were€developing€different€interests.€€She€described€Wanda€Fitch€asÏ"the€mother€I€didn't€have."ÌÌà àDefense€attorney€asked€defendant€about€Herman€Miskelly,€who€she€hadÏmet€at€the€Corps€of€Engineers€in€August€or€September€of€1990.€€At€that€timeÏhis€age€was€53€years.€€Miskelly€had€formerly€been€in€her€department€and€hadÏcome€in€to€greet€his€former€co„workers€and€friends.€€A€relationship€evolvedÍwith€Miskelly.€€For€the€first€five€months€they€passed€in€the€halls€and€spoke,Ïthen€they€started€to€spend€more€time€together€within€the€complex.€€In€July€ofÏ1991€the€relationship€became€stronger.ÌÌà àDefendant€testified€that€Miskelly€walked€by€her€desk€one€day€when€sheÏhad€linked€her€computer€with€the€personnel€management€office€in€AtlantaÏwhich€had€a€job€listing€twice€a€month.€€Thus,€Miskelly€became€aware€that€sheÏwas€looking€for€a€better€job.€€Miskelly€arranged€for€them€to€meet€with€hisÏnephew,€from€Georgia,€who's€business€was€to€establish€fitness€centers€in€theÏSoutheast.€€On€a€Saturday€in€the€fall,€she€"dressed€up,"€and€her€husband€keptÏthe€children€while€she€and€Miskelly€had€an€interview€for€a€fitness€centerÏfranchise€where€she€would€be€the€manager€and€Miskelly€would€be€the€owner.€ÏOn€this€day€they€visited€sites€on€which€to€locate.€€After€the€interview€theÏnephew€presumably€went€home.€€She€and€Miskelly€went€to€Florence€to€look€atÏa€business€and€from€this€they€decided€to€open€the€joint€bank€account€onÏOctober€18.ÌÌà àInterspersed€in€defendant's€testimony€leading€up€to€the€death€of€herÏhusband€are€references€to€diminishing€strength€of€her€marriage.€€She€testifiedÏrepeatedly€how€her€husband€cared€for€the€children€and€did€not€suspect€herÏrelationship€with€Miskelly.€€In€late€September€she€consulted€with€her€attorney,Ïwithout€her€husband's€knowledge,€regarding€a€divorce.€€He€suggested€a€trialÏseparation.€€When€asked€if€she€made€any€decisions€after€consulting€with€theÏlawyer€she€replied,€"they€weren't€final,€but€they€were€pretty€much€so."ÌÌà àDefendant€conceded€that€during€her€involvement€with€Miskelly,€sheÏcontinued€her€marital€relationship€with€her€husband.€€Saturday€October€5thÏwas€her€birthday.€€She€and€her€husband€had€planned€to€go€to€Chattanooga,Ïcheck€into€a€motel,€go€out€to€eat€and€ride€around.€€They€started€by€driving€onÏHighway€64€towards€Winchester,€then€between€2:00€and€3:00€had€dinner€at€theÏSmokehouse€at€Monteagle.€€They€next€"wound€up€in€Tullahoma"€at€theÏChrysler€Dealership€looking€for€a€car€for€her€as€her€husband€wanted€her€toÏhave€a€reliable€vehicle.ÌÌà àDefendant€testified€that€there€was€not€much€talk€between€them€so€theyÏheaded€back€to€their€home€in€Fayetteville.€€They€purchased€some€wine€andÏobtained€some€video€movies€before€going€home.€€Her€attorney€asked€her€howÏshe€felt€knowing€her€husband€was€trying€to€make€her€happy€on€this€particularÏSaturday€while€she€was€involved€with€Miskelly.€€Her€answer€was,€"I€feltÏawful."ÌÌà àNear€the€end€of€her€direct€examination€the€defendant€related€her€versionÏof€her€husband's€death.€€She€stated€she€was€sitting€on€the€coffee€table€so€heÏwould€not€lay€his€guns€there.€€He€was€talking€about€the€guns€and€telling€herÏthat€the€shotgun,€exhibited€in€this€case,€would€be€a€good€one€for€her€to€learn€toÏshoot.€€He€wanted€her€to€hold€it€to€feel€how€heavy€it€was.€€She€held€it€for€just€aÏsecond€and€as€she€was€giving€it€back€to€him€it€went€"off."ÌÌà àDefendant€concluded€her€direct€examination€by€denying€that€she€hadÏloaded€the€shotgun€or€that€she€intentionally€shot€her€husband.€€She€deniedÍusing€"premised,"€or€any€word€of€that€nature,€in€a€telephone€conversation€withÏHerman€Miskelly.ÌÌà àThe€district€attorney€cross„examined€the€defendant,€who€conceded€thatÏshe€had€outgrown€her€husband.€€She€first€met€Miskelly€in€August€orÏSeptember€of€1990€and€their€relationship€progressed.€€The€prosecutor€askedÏabout€the€park€located€on€Monte€Sano€Mountain€which€is€approximately€15Ïminutes€east€of€Huntsville€proper€and€the€Corps€of€Engineers.€€DefendantÏconcurred€in€the€prosecutor's€description€of€reaching€the€top€of€that€mountainÏby€a€narrow€road€into€a€wooded€area€with€bushes€and€foliage.€€She€recalledÏgoing€there€with€Miskelly.€€She€acknowledged€twice€having€sexual€relationsÏwith€Miskelly€in€the€park€on€top€of€Monte€Sano.€€She€was€questioned€as€to€herÏdirect€testimony€of€twice€leaving€work€and€going€to€a€motel€with€MiskellyÏwhere€they€engaged€in€sexual€relations.€€She€placed€these€occurrences€as€takingÏplace€in€late€August€or€early€September.ÌÌà àContinuing€defendant's€cross„examination,€she€confirmed€that€aroundÏlunch€time€October€21st,€the€day€of€her€husband's€death,€she€left€work€withÏMiskelly€looking€for€him€an€apartment€and€furniture€to€purchase.€€ManyÏquestions€were€asked€regarding€buying€furniture€which€lead€to€prosecutorÏasking€"so€you€have€two€apartments€full€of€furniture?"€€Defendant's€answerÏwas€"some€in€both."€€Again,€she€was€asked€about€sex€with€Miskelly€sinceÏOctober€5th.€€Her€first€response€was€that€she€did€not€remember€if€they€had,Ïthen€she€changed€her€answer€to€"yes."€€The€prosecutor€asked€her€if€she€hadÏtold€any€of€the€police€officers€involved€in€this€case€that€she€had€held€theÏshotgun€to€see€how€heavy€it€was,€she€replied€that€she€could€not€recall.€€ItÍdeveloped€that€her€husband€had€a€total€of€one€hundred€and€thirty€thousandÏdollars€of€life€insurance€which€to€her€best€knowledge€she€was€the€beneficiary.ÌÌà àThe€cross„examination€of€the€defendant€ended€with€her€denying€theÏcontent€of€the€telephone€call€which€her€mother„in„law€testified€she€overheardÏthe€defendant€tell€Miskelly€that€they€had€to€talk€because€"we€are€the€only€twoÏthat€know€what€happened."€€After€a€few€questions€on€re„direct€she€wasÏexcused.ÌÌà àWilliam€Richard€Smith€testified€for€the€defense€relative€to€the€proposedÏfranchise€for€the€ladies€health€club.€€Ms.€Rhonda€Brown,€a€former€neighborÏand€friend€of€the€defendant€at€the€time€of€the€event,€testified€that€she€had€notÏperceived€any€marital€problems€between€the€Fitches.€€The€defense€then€closedÏits€case.€€The€state€offered€no€rebuttal.ÌÌà àThe€defense€made€its€motion€for€a€judgment€of€acquittal€which€wasÏoverruled,€then€the€court€and€lawyers€discussed€the€jury€instructions.€€TheÏcourt€allowed€the€defense€to€place€in€the€record€an€offer€of€proof€fromÏDewayne€Melvin€Hill,€Sr.€whose€testimony€as€an€expert€had€been€disallowed.€ÏThe€court€then€adjourned€to€return€the€next€morning€when€the€lawyers€madeÏtheir€arguments€to€the€jury€which€were€followed€by€the€court's€juryÏinstructions.€€At€10:20€a.m.€the€jury€left€the€courtroom€to€deliberate.€€ItÏreturned€at€4:45€p.m.€and€announced€it€had€found€the€defendant€guilty€ofÏmurder€in€the€first€degree.€€The€jury€was€polled€and€all€agreed.€€The€courtÏaccepted€and€pronounced€judgment€upon€the€verdict.ÌÌà àMotions€for€a€judgment€of€acquittal€and€a€new€trial€were€overruled€andÏthe€defendant€gave€notice€of€an€appeal.€€ÌÌà àOn€appeal€defendant's€first€issue€is€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence.ÌÌà àWhen€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€challenged€the€standard€forÏreview€by€an€appellate€court€is,€whether€after€considering€the€evidence€in€theÏlight€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€haveÏfound€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJacksonÏv.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307€(1979);€òòState€v.€Duncanóó,€698€S.W.2d€63,€67€(Tenn.Ï1985);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€In€determining€the€sufficiency€of€theÏevidence,€this€court€should€not€reweigh€or€reevaluate€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.ÏCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€836€(Tenn.€1978).€€Nor€may€this€court€substituteÏits€inferences€for€those€drawn€by€the€trier€of€fact€from€the€evidence.€€òòLiakasÏv.€Stateóó,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(Tenn.€1956);€òòFarmer€v.€Stateóó,€574€S.W.2d€49,Ï51€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1978).ÌÌà àDefendant€was€tried€and€convicted€by€a€jury.€€A€guilty€verdict€from€the€Ïjury,€approved€by€the€trial€judge,€accredits€the€testimony€of€the€state'sÏwitnesses€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€state.€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657ÏS.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983);€òòState€v.€Hatchetóó,€560€S.W.2d€627,€630€(Tenn.Ï1978).€€On€appeal,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€theÏevidence€and€all€reasonable€or€legitimate€inferences€which€may€be€drawnÏtherefrom.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€at€836.ÌÌà àWhile€the€evidence€against€defendant€was€largely€circumstantial,€aÏcriminal€offense€may€be€established€solely€by€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòDuchacÏv.€Stateóó,€505€S.W.2d€237,€241€(Tenn.€1973);€òòMarable€v.€Stateóó,€313€S.W.2dÏ451,€456„57€(Tenn.€1958);€òòState€v.€Haileyóó,€658€S.W.2d€547,€552€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏAp.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1983);€òòState€v.€Lequireóó,€634€S.W.2d€608,Ï614€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1982).€€BeforeÏan€accused€may€be€convicted€based€upon€circumstantial€evidence€alone,Ïhowever,€the€facts€and€circumstances€"must€be€so€strong€and€cogent€as€toÏexclude€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€every€other€reasonable€hypothesis€save€theÏguilt€of€defendant."€€òòState€v.€Crawfordóó,€470€S.W.2d€610€(Tenn.€1971).€€InÏother€words,€"[a]€web€of€guilt€must€be€woven€around€the€defendant€fromÏwhich€she€cannot€escape€and€from€which€facts€and€circumstances€the€juryÏcould€draw€no€other€reasonable€inference€save€the€guilt€of€the€defendantÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt."€€òòIdóó.€at€613.ÌÌà àSince€a€verdict€of€guilt€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€andÏreplaces€it€with€a€presumption€of€guilt,€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474€(Tenn.Ï1973),€the€defendant€has€the€burden€in€this€court€of€illustrating€that€theÏevidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€verdict.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2dÏ913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€This€court€will€not€disturb€a€verdict€on€sufficiencyÏgrounds€unless€the€facts€contained€in€the€record,€and€any€inferences€whichÏmay€be€drawn€from€the€facts,€are€insufficient€as€a€matter€of€law€to€support€theÏguilty€verdict.€€òòIdóó.ÌÌà àThe€defendant€has€failed€to€meet€the€burden€required€of€her€to€overturnÏthe€jury's€verdict.€€The€evidence€introduced€at€the€trial€was€sufficient€for€aÍrational€trier€of€fact€to€conclude€that€the€defendant€committed€the€intentional,Ïpremeditated€and€deliberate€murder€of€her€husband,€James€Dwight€Fitch.€ÏThere€is€no€merit€in€the€issue€questioning€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence.ÌÌà àThe€trial€court€did€not€err€in€failing€to€enter€a€judgment€of€acquittal€atÏthe€conclusion€of€the€state's€proof€and€at€the€conclusion€of€all€the€proof.ÌÌà àPart€B€of€defendant's€first€issue€is€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€notÏgranting€a€new€trial€when€it€expressed€òòdissatisfactionóó€with€the€degree€ofÏhomicide€of€which€the€defendant€had€been€convicted.€€The€court's€mainÏcomments€were:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àTo€be€honest€with€you€the€trial€court€has€someÏreservations€regarding€the€degree€of€homicide€thatÏwas€involved€in€this€case,€but€upon€consideration€ofÏall€the€evidence,€the€court€must€find€that€the€juryÏreached€the€proper€results€in€this€case€and€will€creditÏthe€jury's€verdict.ÌÌÓ€ÓThe€trial€court's€reservation€is€found€on€page€1055€of€the€record.ÌÌà àThe€state€in€its€brief,€on€page€29,€writes€that€the€trial€court€weighed€theÏevidence€and€was€"satisfied"€with€the€verdict.€€This€court€fails€to€find€whereÏthe€trial€court€expressed€either€satisfaction€or€dissatisfaction,€or€other€word€orÏterm€in€approval€or€disapproval€of€the€jury's€verdict.€€òòSeeóó€Rule€33(f)ÏTennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure;€and€òòState€v.€Baroneóó,€852€S.W.2d€216,Ï218„219€(Tenn.€1993).ÌÌà àIn€the€clause€"the€trial€court€òòhasóó€some€reservations€regarding€the€degreeÏof€homicide"€the€use€of€the€verb€"has"€in€the€third€person€singular€present,€isÍindicative€of€the€trial€court€having€some€reservation€at€the€time€of€the€hearingÏon€the€motion€for€a€new€trial.€€The€trial€court€then€stated€that:€€"but€uponÏconsideration€of€all€the€evidence,€the€court€òòmustóó€find€that€the€jury€reached€theÏproper€results€in€this€case€and€will€credit€the€jury's€verdict."€€The€wordÏ"must"€indicates€a€compulsion€or€obligation€to€credit€the€verdict€of€the€jury.€ÏWhat€is€lacking€in€the€conclusion€is€the€resolution€of€the€trial€court'sÏreservation€regarding€the€degree€of€homicide€involved€in€this€case.ÌÌà àIn€òòState€v.€Burlisonóó,€868€S.W.2d€713,€719€(Tenn.€Cr.€App.€1993),€theÏcourt€held€"the€fact€it€had€no€independent€authority€to€function€as€a€thirteenthÏjuror€does€not€negate€the€obligation€to€review€the€trial€court's€action€underÏRule€33(f)€for€error."€€Thus,€if€the€record€reflects€that€the€trial€courtÏdisagrees€with€the€verdict€or€otherwise€expresses€its€dissatisfaction€with€theÏverdict,€given€its€view€of€the€weight€of€the€evidence,€the€appellate€courts€haveÏconsistently€held€that€it€is€error€for€the€trial€court€to€refuse€to€grant€a€newÏtrial.€€(Citations€omitted).ÌÌà àThe€trial€court,€having€expressed€some€reservations€regarding€theÏdegree€of€homicide€that€was€involved€in€this€case,€was€required€to€grant€a€newÏtrial€under€Rule€33(f).€€òòSee€Miller€v.€Doeóó,€873€S.W.2d€346€(Tenn.€App.Ï1993),€also€see€Judge€Highers'€concurring€opinion.ÌÌà àFor€the€reasons€stated€in€considering€this€issue€the€judgment€of€the€trialÏcourt€is€reversed€and€the€cause€is€remanded€to€the€trial€court€for€a€new€trial€inÏaccordance€with€the€provisions€of€Rule€33(f)€of€Tennessee€Rules€of€CriminalÏProcedure.ÌÌÌà àDefendant's€second€issue€for€review€simply€states:Ìà8 àà8 àòòPROSECUTORIAL€MISCONDUCTóóÌÌà àDefendant€presents€sub„issue€"A.€€T.R.CR.P.€16"€which€asserts€thatÏstatements€made€by€the€defendant€were€introduced€in€the€state's€case€in€chiefÏwithout€complying€with€defendant's€pre„trial€discovery€rights.ÌÌà àDefendant€presents€sub„issue€"B.€€T.R.CR.P.€26.€€NEWLYÏDISCOVERED€EVIDENCE€AND€DEFENDANT'S€MOTION€FOR€NEWÏTRIAL."€€This€sub„issue€is€then€presented€in€two€unrelated€parts.ÌÌà àDefendant€presents€sub„issue€"C.€€EXCULPATORY€EVIDENCE."€ÏThis€sub„issue€does€not€indicate€the€"Exculpatory€Evidence."ÌÌà àDefendant€concludes€with€sub„issue€"D.€€FINAL€ARGUMENT."€€ThisÏsub„issue€complains€of€the€state's€closing€argument.ÌÌà àDefendant's€brief€introduces€her€second€issue€in€such€a€wide€scope€thatÏit€tempts€Rule€10(a),€Tennessee€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals;€and€Rule€27(4)ÏT.R.A.P.ÌÌà àFrom€our€study,€there€is€nothing€in€the€present€record€pertaining€to€thisÏsecond€issue€that€would€produce€a€full€dismissal€of€defendant's€case;€therefore,Ïthe€issue€is€denied.ÌÌà àThe€defendant's€third€issue€is€presented€in€two€parts,€A€and€B.€€SheÏseeks€to€establish€that€reversible€error€was€committed€by€either€the€trial€courtÏor€the€district€attorney€in€not€allowing€her€expert€witness€to€testify€before€theÏjury.ÌÌà àThis€court€will€consider€issue€three€as€having€one€part,€that€beingÏwhether€the€trial€court€committed€reversible€error€in€its€ruling.ÌÌà àDuring€a€jury€out€period,€Mr.€McGee€addressed€the€court€stating€thatÏMr.€Dewayne€Marvin€Hill,€the€next€witness€for€the€defense,€would€be€asked€toÏtestify€as€an€expert€and€give€testimony€on€soot€as€it€related€to€discharge€ofÏfirearms,€and€on€the€issue€of€blood€splattering.€€The€trial€court€inquired€if€Mr.ÏHill€was€offered€as€an€expert€in€those€divisions€of€forensic€science.€€TheÏresponse€was€affirmative.ÌÌà àGenerally,€the€allowance€of€expert€testimony€and€the€qualifications€ofÏexpert€witnesses€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court.ÏThere€can€be€no€reversal€on€appeal€absent€clear€abuse€of€that€discretion.€€òòStateÏv.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€411€(Tenn.€1983).€€òòSeeóó€Rule€702€of€theÏTennessee€Rules€of€Evidence.ÌÌà àIn€order€to€uphold€the€admission€of€expert€testimony,€four€factors€mustÏappear€in€the€record:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à(1)à0 àThe€witness€must€be€an€expert;ÌÌà8 àà8 à(2)à0 àThe€subject€matter€of€the€witness'€testimonyÏmust€be€proper;ÌÌà8 àà8 à(3)à0 àThe€subject€matter€must€conform€to€aÏgenerally€accepted€explanatory€theory;€andÌÌà8 àà8 à(4)à0 àThe€probative€value€of€the€witness'€testimonyÏmust€outweigh€its€prejudicial€effect.ÌÓ€ÓÌÌà àThe€voir€dire€of€the€witness€covered€thirty„one€pages€of€testimony.€€HisÏbackground€testimony€was€that€he€had€been€involved€in€various€aspects€of€lawÏenforcement€for€approximately€14€years€and€had€been€tendered€as€an€expert€inÏhomicidal€event€reconstructions.€€He€obtained€his€GED€Certificate€while€in€theÏMarines.€€He€testified€that,€"Primarily,€I€have€had€EMT€„„€emergency€medicalÏtechnician€„„€training."€€He€provided€an€ambulance€service€in€a€ruralÏcommunity.€€He€was€Chief€of€Police€with€one€part„time€assistant€in€aÏcommunity€of€700€people.€€He€attended€various€schools€regarding€crimeÏinvestigation.€€He€was€with€the€Department€of€Defense€for€eight€years€whereÏhe€received€in„service€training€two€and€one„half€hours€every€other€week.€€ÏThis€entailed€various€security€and€police€functions.€€From€1979€to€1982,€heÏheld€a€Federal€Firearms€Ammunition€Manufacturers€License.ÌÌà àMr.€Hill's€testimony€regarding€his€interest,€study,€and€work€in€the€fieldsÏof€gunshot€soot€and€blood€splatterings€was€interesting;€however,€it€did€notÏdemonstrate€to€the€trial€court€that€Mr.€Hill€qualified€as€an€expert.€€The€recordÏdoes€not€establish€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion.€€We€find€no€meritÏto€this€third€issue.ÌÌà àDefendant's€fourth€and€last€issue€suggests€error€in€the€trial€courtÏcharging€the€jury€that€premeditation€may€be€"formed€in€an€instant."€€AsÏpreviously€noted,€this€trial€began€January€15,€1992€and€ended€January€18,Ï1992.€€No€objection€was€made€to€this€part€of€the€charge€as€it€was€normallyÏgiven€by€the€court€in€a€first€degree€murder€case.€€On€June€1,€1992€theÏTennessee€Supreme€Court,€in€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530,€corrected€thisÏportion€of€the€charge.€€In€òòBrownóó,€the€Supreme€Court€held€that€deliberationÏrequires€some€time€interval€between€the€decision€to€kill€and€the€act€itself.€€TheÏSupreme€Court€concluded€it€was€time€to€abandon€an€instruction€that€tells€theÏjury€that€premeditation€may€be€formed€in€an€instant.ÌÌà àThere€is€now€òòState€v.€Westóó,€844€S.W.2d€144€(Tenn.€1992)€forÏconsideration€in€regard€to€defendant's€issue€herein.€€€In€òòWestóó,€òòsupraóó.,€it€isÏstated€that€while€it€remains€true€that€no€specific€length€of€time€is€required€forÏthe€formation€of€a€cool,€dispassionate€intent€to€kill,€òòBrownóó€requires€more€thanÏa€"split€second"€of€reflection€in€order€to€satisfy€the€elements€of€premeditationÏand€deliberation.€€The€òòWestóó€court€then€commented€that€without€evidence€thatÏthe€killing€was€willful,€malicious,€premeditated,€and€deliberate,€the€courtÏcould€not€uphold€a€conviction€for€first€degree€murder.ÌÌà àJudge€Wade,€writing€for€this€court€in€òòState€v.€Hassellóó,€C.C.A.€02„C„01„9202„CR„00038,€at€Jackson,€filed€December€30,€1992,€covered€òòBrownóó€inÏdetail€and€concluded€our€appellate€court€was€obligated€in€these€instances€toÏdetermine€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€for€both€premeditation€andÏdeliberation.€€The€òòHassellóó€panel€noted€the€issue€was€not€raised€in€the€motionÏfor€a€new€trial,€nor€was€it€raised€in€the€present.€€Both€cases€predated€òòBrownóó.€ÍHad€these€cases€been€properly€preserved€for€appeal€they€would€be€subject€toÏthe€harmless€error€analysis.€€Each€case€would€stand€or€fall€on€the€facts.€€ThisÏpanel€concurs.ÌÌà àAt€this€point€the€portion€of€the€trial€court's€jury€instruction€on€theÏsubject€of€€first€degree€murder€for€the€current€case€is€set€forth€verbatim€fromÏthe€record:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àà àAs€to€the€charge€of€Murder€in€the€FirstÏDegree,€for€you€to€find€the€defendant€guilty€of€thisÏoffense,€the€State€must€have€proven€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt€the€existence€of€the€followingÏessential€elements:ÌÌà8 àà8 àà à(1)à àThat€the€defendant€unlawfully€killedÏJames€Dwight€Fitch;ÌÌà8 àà8 àà à(2)à àThat€the€killing€was€intentional€and;ÌÌà8 àà8 àà à(3)à àThat€the€killing€was€deliberate.€€AÏdeliberate€act€is€one€performed€with€cool€purpose;ÏandÌÌà8 àà8 àà à(4)à àThat€the€killing€was€premeditated.ÌÌà8 àà8 àà àA€premeditated€act€is€one€done€after€theÏexercise€of€reflection€and€judgment.€€PremeditationÏmeans€that€the€intent€to€kill€must€have€been€formedÏprior€to€the€act€itself.€€Such€intent€or€design€to€killÏmay€be€conceived€and€deliberately€formed€in€anÏinstant.€€It€is€not€necessary€that€the€purpose€to€killÏpre„exist€in€the€mind€of€the€accused€for€any€definiteÏperiod€of€time.€€It€is€sufficient€that€it€preceded€theÏact,€however€short€the€interval.€€The€mental€state€ofÏthe€accused€at€the€time€she€allegedly€decided€to€killÏthe€deceased€must€be€carefully€considered€in€order€toÏdetermine€whether€the€accused€was€sufficiently€freeÍfrom€excitement€and€passion€as€to€be€capable€ofÏpremeditation.€€If€the€design€to€kill€was€formed€withÏdeliberation€and€premeditation,€it€is€immaterial€thatÏthe€accused€may€have€been€in€a€state€of€passion€orÏexcitement€when€the€design€was€carried€into€effect.€ÏFurthermore,€premeditation€can€be€found€if€theÏdecision€to€kill€is€formed€during€the€heat€of€passion,Ïbut€the€accused€commits€the€act€after€the€passion€hasÏsubsided.ÌÓ€ÓÌà àHaving€examined€this€issue,€the€law€and€the€facts€pertaining€thereto,€anyÏerror€in€the€jury€instruction€was€harmless.ÌÌà àThis€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌÌÌà àThe€judgment€below€is€reversed€and€remanded€for€a€new€trial.ÌÌÌà àÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà à__________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àALLEN€R.€CORNELIUS,€JR.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àSPECIAL€JUDGEÌÌÌÌÌ__________________________________ÌJOSEPH€M.€TIPTON,€JUDGEÌÌÌ__________________________________ÌPENNY€J.€WHITE,€JUDGE