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AS…!ĘŲ! 0¤ž" 0DB# A«†#˜HP LaserJet 4,ü,,,,,ü0»„ØŽ(˜ (`£Ŗ$””Ń€.ŃŃ8€½­»»d»»d8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  Ó(ķ€"  Z6Times New Roman Regularq\;'bk1š­¦ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|x!’U‹’ĄĄĄLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ć$ņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó 6Ż ƒRŖī$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŌ€X¼ćX»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„11„401€provides:Š ° Šą0  ą(a)€A€person€is€criminally€responsible€as€a€party€to€an€offense€if€the€offense€is€committed€byŠ  š Šthe€personššs€own€conduct,€by€the€conduct€of€another€for€which€the€person€is€criminallyŠ ą Šresponsible,€or€by€both.Š€Š(#(# Šą  ą(b)€Each€party€to€an€offense€may€be€charged€with€commission€of€the€offense.(ÖĆ9 Z‹(Times New Roman  ŹŻ ƒRŖī$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŌ€X¼ćX»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌAnyone€who€participates€in€a€drag€race€on€a€public€highway€commits€a€Class€BŠ ° Šmisdemeanor.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€55„10„502.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€55„10„501(1)€defines€drag€racingŠ  š Šin€pertinent€part€as:Š ą ŠĢą8  ą(C)€The€use€of€any€one€(1)€or€more€motor€vehicles€for€the€purpose€of€comparing€theŠ pĄ Šrelative€speeds€of€such€vehicle€or€vehicles,€or€for€comparing€the€relative€speeds€ofŠ ` ° Šsuch€vehicle€or€vehicles€within€a€certain€distance€or€within€a€certain€time€limit;ŠP  Š Š  Šą8  ą(D)€The€use€of€(1)€or€more€motor€vehicles€in€an€attempt€to€outgain,€outdistance€or€toŠ @  Šarrive€at€a€given€destination€simultaneous€with€or€prior€to€that€of€any€other€motorŠ 0 € Švehicle;€orŠ p Š Š  Šą8  ą(E)€The€use€of€any€motor€vehicle€for€the€purpose€of€the€accepting€of,€or€the€carryingŠ `  Šout€of€any€challenge,€made€orally,€in€writing,€or€otherwise,€made€or€received€withŠ P  Šreference€to€the€performance€abilities€of€one€(1)€or€more€motor€vehicles[.]Šš@ Š Š  ŠĢA€participant€in€a€drag€race€is€one€who:Š Š  ŠĢą8  ąoperate[s]€any€motor€vehicle€or€motor€vehicles€upon€the€public€highways€.€.€.€for€theŠ ° Špurpose€of€š šdrag€racingšš€as€herein€defined,€and€also€any€person€or€persons€whoŠ  š Šarrange€for,€supervise,€or€in€any€way€and€manner€set€in€motion€any€such€š šdragŠ ą Šracingšš€as€herein€defined,€regardless€of€whether€or€not€such€person€or€persons€mayŠ €Š Šbe€the€operator€of,€or€be€a€passenger€in,€any€motor€vehicle€participating€in€such€š šdragŠ pĄ Šracing[.]ššŠ`°Š Š  ŠĢTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€55„10„501(2).  ”Ż ƒRŖī$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś3Ś  ŚóóŌ€X¼ćX»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŌ€ōڬ ņXX¼ćŌŌ€X¼ćX ņōڬŌWe€note€that€the€supreme€court€has€relieved€this€requirement€for€blood€alcohol€testing€dueŠ ° Što€the€demonstrated€reliability€of€the€machine€performing€the€tests.€€ņņSensingóó,€843€S.W.2d€at€416.€€ ĀŻ ƒRŖī$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś4Ś  ŚóóŌ€X¼ćX»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŌ€ōڬ ņXX¼ćŌŌ€X¼ćX ņōڬŌThe€defendant€raises€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€in€the€section€of€his€brief€entitled€IssuesŠ ° ŠPresented€for€Review,€but€no€portion€of€his€Law€and€Argument€section€is€devoted€to€this€issue.€Š  š Šš šIssues€which€are€not€supported€by€argument,€citation€to€authorities,€or€appropriate€references€to€theŠ ą Šrecord€will€be€treated€as€waived€in€this€court.šš€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€10(b).€€We€decline€to€guessŠ €Š Šwhether€the€defendant€meant€to€segue€into€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€for€each€of€his€convictionsŠ pĄ Šby€contending€that€the€computer€visualization€was€circumstantial€evidence.€€In€any€event,€he€stillŠ ` ° Šfails€to€explain€how€the€evidence€is€insufficient.€€€€€ #Ń#€mX’’d#Ń<ž6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpi- ł-(|G2Ŗī$¤¤Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€»4»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Żą  ąņņŚ  Ś0Ś  ŚóóŌ€X¼ćX»»Ō d(|3$££Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€»4»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻVVVV'’’dxd)!ČČČČdxdx( ±ž$’’ņ ņFigure€Ś  Ś1Ś  Śó ó^_X`YEž’<<C’’ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3$¢¢Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€»4»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Ż($$””ņ ņŚ  Ś1Ś  Śó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8’’’’’’’’’’C’’ HKKKKŻ ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€»4»»ddČ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŌ€¼»4»»»ŌŃ8€¼ćXXdš»»d8ŃŃ€;—.Ńą@HHģąIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆŠ ° Šą@””$ģąAT€KNOXVILLEˆŠ Č Šą@ģģ*ģąŌ‡X¼ćX»¼»4ԈĢņ ņŌ#†¼»4»XX¼ćŽ#ŌÓ  ÓņņóóSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€V.€JOHN€R.€FARNER,€JR.Ō‡X¼ćX»¼»4Ōó óŠ Š  ŠÓÕÓĢą@ņ ņ ģąņ ņDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Sullivan€CountyˆŠ Ų ( Šą@ß ß ģąNo.€S40,003€€€€€€R.€Jerry€Beck,€JudgeˆŠ Č  ŠĢĢą@ģģ*ģąßA€V) °°` d€÷E<— ` A߈Š ˜ č  ŠĢą@Ģ Ģ ģąNo.€E1999„00491„CCA„R3„CD€„€Decided€June€30,€Ō_Ō2000Ō_ԈŠ —ē  Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąĢßA€V) °°` dE<v` Aߊ wĒ  Šó óĢThe€defendant,€John€R€Farner,€Jr.,€appeals€his€convictions€by€a€jury€for€two€counts€of€criminallyŠ vĘ  Šnegligent€homicide,€two€counts€of€reckless€endangerment€with€a€deadly€weapon,€drag€racing,€andŠ f¶  Šleaving€the€scene€of€an€accident€involving€death€or€injury€for€which€he€received€an€effective€eight„Š V¦ Šyear€sentence.€€The€defendant€contends€that€the€presentment€did€not€put€him€on€notice€that€he€wouldŠ F– Šbe€defending€against€a€theory€of€criminal€responsibility,€that€he€is€not€criminally€responsible€for€theŠ 6† Šactions€of€the€deceased€victims,€that€the€officer€was€not€qualified€to€testify€as€an€accidentŠ &v Šreconstruction€expert,€that€the€computer„generated€videotape€of€the€accident€was€inadmissible,€thatŠ f Šthe€trial€court€€should€not€have€instructed€the€jury€on€flight,€and€that€the€trial€court€erred€inŠ V Šsentencing.€€We€hold€that€the€presentment€sufficiently€notified€the€defendant€of€the€charges€and€thatŠ öF Šthe€defendant€was€directly€responsible€for€the€death€of€the€other€driver.€€We€conclude€that€theŠ ę6 Šdefendant€was€properly€held€criminally€responsible€for€the€death€of€the€passenger€and€the€otherŠ Ö& Švictimsšš€injuries,€but€we€merge€the€two€reckless€endangerment€convictions€pursuant€to€the€DoubleŠ Ę ŠJeopardy€Clause.€€We€hold€that€the€officer€was€qualified€to€testify€as€an€expert€in€accidentŠ ¶ Šreconstruction.€€We€hold€that€the€computer„generated€videotape€illustrating€the€officerššs€opinion€isŠ ¦ö Šinadmissible€but€that€its€admission€was€harmless€error.€€We€hold€that€the€evidence€supports€theŠ –ę Šinstruction€on€flight€and€that€the€length€and€manner€of€service€of€the€sentences€are€proper.Š †Ö ŠĢņ ņTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmed€in€Part,Š f!¶  ŠModified€in€Part€ó óŠ V"¦! ŠĢņņTiptonŌ#†¼»4»ąX¼ć#ŌŌ‡X¼ćX.¼»4Ōóó,€J.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€ņņWade,€Ō_ŌP.J.Ō_Ō,€óóand€ņņOgle,€J.óó,€joined.Š 6$†# ŠĢR.€Wayne€Culbertson€and€Richard€A.€Spivey,€Kingsport,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€John€R.Š &f!% ŠFarner,€Jr.Š 'V"& ŠĢPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Patricia€C.€Kussmann,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Š ę(6$( ŠH.€Greeley€Wells,€Jr.,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Teresa€Murray„Smith,€Assistant€DistrictŠ Ö)&%) ŠAttorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Š Ę*&* ŠĢĢŠ –-ę(-ż' Šą@55'ģąņ ņOPINIONó óŌ#†¼»4»XX¼ćŗ #ŌŌ‡X¼ćX»¼»4ԈŠ ° ŠĢŌ#†¼»4»XX¼ć’#ŌŌ‡X¼ćX»¼»4Ōą  ąThe€defendant,€John€R.€Farner,€Jr.,€appeals€as€of€right€from€his€convictions€by€a€jury€in€theŠ ą ŠSullivan€County€Criminal€Court€of€two€counts€of€criminally€negligent€homicide,€a€Class€E€felony;Š €Š Štwo€counts€of€reckless€endangerment€with€a€deadly€weapon,€a€Class€E€felony;€drag€racing,€a€ClassŠ pĄ ŠB€misdemeanor;€and€leaving€the€scene€of€an€accident€involving€death€or€injury,€a€Class€AŠ ` ° Šmisdemeanor.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€as€a€Range€I,€standard€offender€to€consecutiveŠ P   Štwo„year€sentences€for€each€of€the€felonies,€to€a€concurrent€six„month€sentence€for€drag€racing,€andŠ @  Što€a€concurrent€eleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days€forŌ#†¼»4»XX¼ćė#ŌŌ€X¼ćX»¼»4Ō€leaving€the€scene.€€The€defendant€receivedŠ 0 € Ša€three„thousand„dollar€fine€for€each€of€the€felonies€and€a€five„hundred„dollar€fine€for€each€of€theŠ  p  Šmisdemeanors€for€a€total€of€thirteen€thousand€dollars.€€He€contends€that€:Š `  ŠĢą8  ą(1)€the€presentment€did€not€give€notice€that€he€would€be€required€to€defend€againstŠ š@  Ša€€theory€of€criminal€responsibility;Šą0 Š Š  ŠĢą8  ą(2)€he€is€not€criminally€responsible€for€the€deaths€of€Landon€Baker€and€ChrisŠ Ą ŠBostrum€or€for€the€injuries€sustained€by€Teresa€Gilliam€and€Priscilla€RedwineŠ ° Šbecause€Mr.€Bakerššs€car€caused€the€accident;Š šŠ Š  ŠĢą8  ą(3)€Officer€Dale€Farmer€was€not€qualified€to€testify€as€an€expert€in€accidentŠ €Š Šreconstruction;ŠpĄŠ Š  ŠĢą8  ą(4)€the€computer„generated€visualization€videotape€was€not€admissible€because€it€wasŠ P  Šbased€upon€information,€opinions€and€assumptions€by€Officer€Farmer€and€uponŠ @ Šinformation€not€in€the€record;Š0€Š Š  ŠĢą8  ą(5)€the€trial€court€should€not€have€instructed€the€jury€on€flight€based€upon€theŠ ` Šdefendantššs€absence€from€the€accident€scene;€andŠPŠ Š  ŠĢą8  ą(6)€the€trial€court€erred€in€sentencing€by€improperly€applying€enhancement€factorsŠ ą0 Š(2)€and€(6),€€imposing€consecutive€sentences,€and€denying€a€sentence€alternative€toŠ Š  Šconfinement.€ŠĄ!Š Š  ŠĢWe€affirm€the€judgments€of€conviction€for€the€two€counts€of€criminally€negligent€homicide€and€theŠ  #š! Šsingle€counts€of€drag€racing€and€leaving€the€scene€of€an€accident€involving€death€or€injury.€€WeŠ $ą" Šmerge€the€two€counts€of€felony€reckless€endangerment€into€a€single€judgment€of€conviction€andŠ €%Š # Šmodify€the€effective€sentence€accordingly€to€a€total€of€six„years€confinement€and€ten€thousandŠ p&Ą!$ Šdollars€in€fines.Š `'°"% ŠĢą  ąThe€defendantššs€convictions€arise€from€a€drag€race€between€the€defendantššs€red€CamaroŠ @)$' ŠSupersport€and€a€white€Mitsubishi€3000€GT€driven€by€Landon€Baker.€€Mr.€Baker€lost€control€of€hisŠ 0*€%( ŠMitsubishi€in€a€curve€and€collided€with€Ms.€Teresa€Gilliamššs€gold€Chrysler€Town€and€Country€Š  +p&) ŠŠ ,`'* ŠMinivan€and€Ms.€Priscilla€Redwineššs€green€Volvo.€€Ms.€Gilliam€and€Ms.€Redwine€were€injured,€andŠ ° ŠMr.€Baker€and€his€passenger,€Christopher€Ō_ŌBostrumŌ_Ō,€died€as€a€result€of€the€collision.Š  š ŠĢą  ąAt€trial,€Holly€Denell€Harris€testified€as€follows:€€On€the€evening€of€March€20,€1997,€she€wasŠ €Š Šin€her€Camaro€with€her€sister,€Nikki€Harris;€Mr.€Bostrumššs€sister,€Nikki€Larkins;€and€her€friend,Š pĄ ŠApril€Conkin.€€They€had€received€a€page€from€Mr.€Bostrum€and€drove€her€Camaro€to€the€CoastalŠ ` ° ŠMart€on€the€corner€of€Colonial€Heights€Road€and€Fort€Henry€Drive€to€use€the€telephone.€€TheŠ P   Šdefendant€and€Steven€Moore€€arrived€in€the€defendantššs€Camaro.€€She€talked€to€the€defendant,€whomŠ @  Šshe€had€met€two€weeks€earlier,€while€Mr.€Moore€was€using€the€telephone€at€the€Coastal€Mart.€€TheŠ 0 € Šdefendant€asked€her€when€they€were€going€to€race,€to€which€she€replied,€š šYeah,€right.šš€€Mr.€BakerŠ  p  Šand€Mr.€Bostrum€arrived€shortly€thereafter€in€Mr.€Bakerššs€Mitsubishi€and€parked€beside€theŠ `  Šdefendant.€€Ms.€Harris€overheard€the€defendant€ask€Mr.€Baker€when€he€wanted€to€š šrun€them.šš€€SheŠ P  Šsaw€Mr.€Baker€shake€his€head€from€side€to€side.€€She€said€she€thought€that€Mr.€Baker€was€not€reallyŠ š@  Špaying€attention€to€the€defendant.€€Mr.€Bostrum€came€over€and€told€her€that€he€was€going€to€rideŠ ą0  Šwith€Mr.€Baker€to€drop€off€a€videotape,€and€he€would€meet€them€at€her€sisterššs€house.€€Š Š  ŠĢą  ąMs.€Harris€testified€that€Mr.€Bostrum€went€back€to€Mr.€Bakerššs€car€and€that€Mr.€Moore€hadŠ ° Šsince€returned€to€the€defendantššs€car.€€She€said€that€she€started€to€leave€her€parking€space€but€droveŠ  š Šback€into€her€spot€when€the€defendant€started€leaving,€revving€his€engine€and€squealing€his€tires.€Š ą ŠThe€defendant€took€the€rear€exit€out€of€the€parking€lot€onto€Colonial€Heights€Road€then€stopped€andŠ €Š Šrevved€his€engine.€€Mr.€Baker€drove€to€the€front€exit€leading€out€of€the€parking€lot€onto€ColonialŠ pĄ ŠHeights€Road€and€waited€for€the€defendant€to€get€to€the€traffic€light€at€the€intersection€of€Fort€HenryŠ `° ŠDrive.€€The€defendant€did€not€move.€€Mr.€Baker€turned€onto€Colonial€Heights€Road€and€stopped€at€Š P  Šthe€traffic€light.€€The€defendant€followed€him.€€Ms.€Harris€said€that€she€then€turned€in€the€oppositeŠ @ Šdirection€onto€Colonial€Heights€Road€to€go€home.Š 0€ ŠĢą  ąMs.€Harris€testified€that€she€learned€of€the€accident€later€that€evening.€€She€said€that€theŠ ` Šdefendant€paged€her€around€3:00€a.m.€and€that€she€asked€the€defendant€if€he€and€Mr.€Baker€had€beenŠ P Šracing.€€She€said€that€he€replied,€š šNo,€not€reallyšš€and€š šHe€took€off€and€left€me€before€I€got€to€theŠ š@ ŠTexaco.šš€€She€said€that€she€asked€the€defendant€if€he€saw€the€wreck€and€that€he€said€he€only€sawŠ ą0 Šobjects€in€the€road.€€She€said€that€he€told€her€that€he€did€not€stop€because€he€was€too€scared€and€thatŠ Š  Šhe€had€just€learned€of€the€deaths.Š Ą! ŠĢą  ąTracy€Shipley€testified€that€between€9:00€and€10:00€p.m.€on€March€20,€1997,€he€was€drivingŠ  #š! Štoward€Kingsport€on€Fort€Henry€Drive,€a€four„lane€divided€highway.€€He€was€traveling€in€the€leftŠ $ą" Šlane€at€forty€to€forty„five€miles€per€hour,€and€a€Toyota€pickup€truck€was€two€car„lengths€ahead€ofŠ €%Š # Šhim€in€the€right€lane.€€As€he€approached€the€green€light€at€the€intersection€with€Colonial€HeightsŠ p&Ą!$ ŠRoad,€he€saw€a€white€car€turn€right€from€Colonial€Heights€Road€into€the€right€lane€of€Fort€HenryŠ `'°"% ŠDrive.€€He€said€that€a€red€Camaro€with€tinted€side€windows€followed€it€without€stopping€for€the€redŠ P( #& Šlight.€€He€said€that€the€Toyota€pickup€swerved€into€the€left€lane€to€avoid€hitting€the€Camaro.€€HeŠ @)$' Šstated€that€the€two€cars€went€about€one€hundred€feet€then€accelerated€and€that€he€lost€sight€of€them.€Š 0*€%( ŠHe€said€that€when€he€rounded€the€curve,€he€saw€the€cars€going€across€the€railroad€trestle€side€by€Ō_Ōside.Ō_ԀР +p&) ŠHe€said€that€he€believed€that€the€Camaro€was€in€the€left€lane€and€the€Mitsubishi€in€the€right€Š ,`'* Їlane.€€He€estimated€that€the€cars€were€traveling€in€excess€of€seventy€miles€per€hour€based€upon€hisŠ ° Šprevious€experience€in€law€enforcement.€€He€said€that€he€did€not€see€brake€lights€on€either€car.Š  š ŠĢą  ąMr.€Shipley€testified€that€as€he€turned€into€the€Roadrunner€Market,€he€heard€a€noise,€whichŠ €Š Šhe€thought€was€the€ladder€in€the€back€of€his€truck.€€He€said€he€spent€only€two€or€three€minutes€in€theŠ pĄ ŠMarket,€buying€a€pack€of€cigarettes,€then€continued€down€Fort€Henry€Drive€for€approximately€threeŠ ` ° Šminutes.€€He€saw€the€accident€scene€once€he€got€to€the€railroad€trestle.€€He€saw€a€woman€lying€onŠ P   Šthe€road€and€a€bystander€administering€first€aid.€€He€saw€part€of€the€white€car€against€the€guardrailŠ @  Šand€the€front€of€the€white€car€further€down€the€road.€€He€said€that€he€saw€a€red€Camaro€coming€backŠ 0 € Štoward€Johnson€City€astride€the€center€line.€€He€said€someone€jumped€into€the€passenger€side€of€theŠ  p  ŠCamaro,€which€made€a€U„turn€and€drove€toward€Kingsport€at€high€speed.€€He€admitted€that€he€couldŠ `  Šnot€say€that€it€was€the€same€red€Ō_ŌCamaroŌ_Ō€he€saw€earlier.€€He€said€that€he€left€to€call€for€help,€but€whenŠ P  Šhe€heard€sirens,€he€did€not€return€to€the€accident€site.Š š@  ŠĢą  ąJ.€L.€Light€testified€that€between€9:30€and€10:00€p.m.€on€March€20,€1997,€he€was€at€his€sonššsŠ Š  ŠExxon€service€station€on€the€corner€of€Colonial€Heights€Road€and€Fort€Henry€Drive.€€He€said€thatŠ Ą Šhe€heard€the€sound€of€someone€pulling€out€louder€than€normal,€which€caused€him€to€look€out€theŠ ° Šwindow.€€He€said€he€saw€a€red€car€and€a€white€car€going€toward€Kingsport.Š  š ŠĢą  ąElizabeth€Reynolds€testified€that€in€March€1997,€she€worked€at€the€Texaco€service€stationŠ €Š Šand€convenience€market€at€the€corner€of€Fort€Henry€Drive€and€Moreland€Drive.€€She€said€that€sheŠ pĄ Šwas€at€the€gas€pumps€a€little€before€10:00€p.m.€on€the€evening€of€the€accident€when€she€heard€theŠ `° Šroar€of€cars€coming€from€Colonial€Heights€and€headed€toward€Kingsport.€€She€said€she€looked€upŠ P  Šand€saw€a€red€car€in€the€left€lane€and€a€white€car€in€the€right€lane.€€She€said€that€she€could€not€tellŠ @ Šwhat€kind€of€cars€they€were€because€they€were€going€too€fast.€€She€estimated€that€they€were€travelingŠ 0€ Šat€one€hundred€miles€per€hour€or€more.€€She€said€that€she€saw€the€cars€go€through€the€traffic€light€andŠ  p Šsaw€their€taillights€going€around€the€curve.€€She€stated€that€she€did€not€see€brake€lights€on€either€car.€Š ` ŠShe€said€that€she€heard€a€loud€boom€and€called€the€police.Š P ŠĢą  ąKregg€Klingman€testified€that€in€the€late€evening€of€March€20,1997,€he€and€his€wife€wereŠ ą0 Šdriving€southbound€on€Fort€Henry€Drive€toward€Johnson€City.€€They€passed€through€the€MorelandŠ Š  ŠDrive€intersection€and€were€just€past€the€Texaco€when€he€heard€loud€revving€engines.€€He€said€thatŠ Ą! Šhe€saw€two€cars,€side€by€Ō_Ōside,Ō_Ō€going€toward€Kingsport€at€about€eighty€miles€per€hour.€€He€said€thatŠ °"  Šhe€could€not€tell€the€make€or€color€of€the€cars.€€He€said€that€looking€in€his€rearview€mirror,€he€sawŠ  #š! Šthe€cars€make€it€through€the€Moreland€Drive€intersection€and€saw€their€taillights€disappear.€€He€didŠ $ą" Šnot€recall€if€he€saw€brake€lights€on€either€car.Š €%Š # ŠĢą  ąTony€Bowman€testified€that€between€9:30€and€10:00€p.m.€on€March€20,€1997,€he€was€drivingŠ `'°"% Šsouth€in€the€left€lane€on€Fort€Henry€Drive€toward€Johnson€City.€€He€said€that€he€was€stopped€at€theŠ P( #& Štraffic€light€at€the€intersection€of€Fort€Henry€Drive€and€Moreland€Drive,€when€he€heard€the€revvingŠ @)$' Šof€engines€coming€toward€Kingsport.€€He€said€that€he€looked€up€and€saw€two€cars,€side€by€side,Š 0*€%( Štraveling€at€least€seventy€to€seventy„five€miles€per€hour.€€He€said€that€the€car€in€the€left€lane€was€red.Š  +p&) ŠŠ ,`'* Šą  ąMichael€Taylor€testified€that€after€9:00€p.m.€on€March€20,€1997,€he€left€Wal„Mart€and€droveŠ ° Šsouth€in€the€left€lane€of€Fort€Henry€Drive€toward€Colonial€Heights.€€He€said€that€he€planned€to€turnŠ  š Šleft€at€the€Moreland€Drive€intersection€but€about€two€hundred€feet€from€the€traffic€light,€he€hesitatedŠ ą Šbefore€entering€the€turn€lane€because€he€saw€two€cars€coming€toward€him€at€a€high€speed.€€He€saidŠ €Š Šthat€the€car€in€the€left€lane€looked€like€a€white€Ford€Probe€and€the€car€in€the€right€lane€appeared€toŠ pĄ Šbe€a€red€Camaro.€€He€said€that€he€veered€to€the€right€because€he€did€not€know€where€the€cars€wereŠ ` ° Šgoing.€€He€said€that€as€the€cars€passed€him,€their€draft€shook€his€van.€€He€said€that€he€looked€in€hisŠ P   Šrearview€mirror€and€saw€sparks€and€brake€lights€on€both€cars€before€they€went€onto€the€bridge.€€HeŠ @  Šsaid€he€thought€that€they€would€not€make€the€curve.€€He€said€that€he€had€his€window€down€and€heardŠ 0 € Ša€loud€pop.€€He€said€that€he€turned€left€and€dialed€9„1„1€on€his€cellular€telephone.Š  p  ŠĢą  ąMr.€Taylor€testified€that€as€he€pulled€up€beside€a€minivan,€he€saw€a€woman€crawling€throughŠ P  Šthe€windshield.€€The€woman€was€on€the€pavement€when€he€got€to€her,€and€he€tried€to€assist€her.€€He€Š š@  Šsaw€another€car€on€the€side€of€the€road€and€what€was€left€of€the€white€car,€but€the€red€car€had€gone.€Š ą0  ŠHe€called€9„1„1€again,€told€them€to€send€more€help€because€others€were€involved€in€the€accident€andŠ Š  Šadvised€them€to€be€looking€for€a€red€car.€€He€said€that€he€was€one„hundred„percent€sure€that€the€redŠ Ą Šcar€was€in€the€right€lane.Š ° ŠĢą  ąOfficer€Brian€Bishop€of€the€Kingsport€Police€Department€testified€that€shortly€before€10:00Š ą Šp.m.€on€March€20,€1997,€he€was€parked€in€a€gravel€lot€at€the€intersection€of€Fort€Henry€Drive€andŠ €Š ŠMoreland€Drive,€talking€with€two€other€officers€from€the€Second€Judicial€Drug€Task€Force.€€He€saidŠ pĄ Šthat€he€heard€the€sound€of€cars€approaching€at€high€speed€from€Colonial€Heights€going€towardŠ `° ŠKingsport.€€He€said€that€he€could€not€see€the€cars€because€foliage€blocked€his€view.€€He€stated€thatŠ P  Šalmost€immediately€after€the€cars€passed,€he€heard€tires€skidding€and€a€very€loud€collision.€€He€dialedŠ @ Š9„1„1,€pulled€€onto€Moreland€Drive,€and€turned€onto€Fort€Henry€Drive€toward€Kingsport€to€see€whatŠ 0€ Šhad€happened.€€In€the€southbound€lanes,€he€saw€three€heavily€damaged€vehicles:€a€minivan,€a€Volvo,Š  p Šand€a€white€Mitsubishi.Š ` ŠĢą  ąStanley€Keith€Hodges,€a€detective€with€the€Sullivan€County€Sheriffššs€Office,€testified€thatŠ š@ Šon€March€20,€1997,€he€was€working€on€the€Second€Judicial€Drug€Task€Force.€€He€said€that€he€wasŠ ą0 Šparked€in€a€dirt€lot€on€Moreland€Drive€just€before€the€intersection€with€Fort€Henry€Drive€at€9:45€orŠ Š  Š9:50€p.m..€€He€said€that€he€had€his€car€windows€down€and€that€he€heard€the€sound€of€engines€withŠ Ą! Šthe€RPMššs€rising,€which€caused€him€to€look€to€the€intersection.€€He€said€that€he€saw€a€red€car€passŠ °"  Šthrough€the€intersection€and€that€as€the€car€continued€out€of€sight,€he€heard€the€RPMššs€continue€toŠ  #š! Šrise.€€He€estimated€that€the€red€car€was€going€eighty„five€miles€per€hour.€€He€said€that€he€thought€thatŠ $ą" Šthe€cars€would€have€significant€trouble€making€the€curve€and€that€a€few€seconds€later,€he€heard€aŠ €%Š # Šloud€collision.€€He€said€that€he€called€Central€Dispatch€to€report€a€possible€accident€and€followedŠ p&Ą!$ ŠOfficer€Bishop€to€the€accident€scene.€€He€said€as€he€arrived,€a€green€Volvo€was€coming€to€a€stop€inŠ `'°"% Šthe€emergency€lane.€€He€said€that€he€saw€the€front€end€of€a€white€car€flipped€over€on€Fort€HenryŠ P( #& ŠDrive€with€its€passenger€compartment€on€the€guardrail.€€He€said€that€he€saw€a€minivan€in€the€roadŠ @)$' Šwith€a€female€lying€nearby.€€He€stated€that€he€and€Officer€Bishop€searched€the€area€for€the€red€car,Š 0*€%( Šlooking€over€the€guardrail€with€a€flashlight.€€He€said€he€directed€traffic€at€the€accident€scene€for€twoŠ  +p&) Šhours€and€did€not€see€the€red€car.€€He€said€that€his€initial€concern€was€for€injured€persons€and€thatŠ ,`'* Šhe€did€not€notice€significant€traffic€congestion€until€the€emergency€vehicles€arrived.€€He€agreed€thatŠ ° Šit€would€have€been€difficult€for€the€red€car€to€return€to€the€scene€due€to€the€subsequent€congestionŠ  š Šbut€that€it€would€have€been€able€to€return€within€the€first€five€minutes€of€his€arrival.Š ą ŠĢą  ąTeresa€Gilliam€testified€that€late€on€the€evening€of€March€20,€1997,€she€was€returning€toŠ pĄ ŠColonial€Heights€from€the€Wal„Mart€on€Fort€Henry€Drive€in€her€gold€Chrysler€Town€and€CountryŠ ` ° ŠMinivan.€€She€said€that€she€remembered€driving€south€on€Fort€Henry€Drive€toward€Hammond€BridgeŠ P   Šand€that€she€next€remembers€being€in€an€ambulance.€€In€the€accident,€Ms.€Gilliam€broke€her€leftŠ @  Šfemur,€her€lower€left€leg€in€three€places,€three€toes€on€her€left€foot,€and€her€left€arm€at€the€elbow;Š 0 € Šcrushed€€her€right€femur€and€right€foot;€and€suffered€a€gash€on€her€forehead.€€She€spent€three€weeksŠ  p  Šin€the€hospital€following€the€accident€and€received€physical€therapy€in€her€home€for€two€monthsŠ `  Šthereafter.€€At€the€time€of€trial,€she€was€still€using€a€crutch€and€undergoing€physical€therapy.€€SheŠ P  Šreported€that€her€doctor€was€uncertain€about€whether€her€right€leg€would€need€further€treatment.€€€Š š@  Š€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Š ą0  Š€€€€€€€€€€€€€Priscilla€Abbott€Redwine€testified€that€she€is€a€resident€of€Colonial€Heights€and€a€nurse€atŠ Š  ŠHolston€Valley€Hospital.€€She€said€that€on€the€evening€of€March€20,€1997,€she€was€traveling€southŠ Ą Šon€Fort€Henry€Drive€toward€Colonial€Heights€in€her€dark€green€Volvo.€€She€said€that€she€had€crossedŠ ° ŠHammond€Bridge€when€something€distracted€her€on€the€left.€€She€said€that€the€last€thing€sheŠ  š Šremembered€was€seeing€what€appeared€to€be€a€white€bullet.€€She€said€that€her€airbag€deployed€andŠ ą Šthat€she€had€blood€and€glass€all€over€her.€€She€said€that€she€noticed€an€unusual€smell€and€thought€thatŠ €Š Šshe€should€get€out€of€the€car€quickly.€€She€said€that€she€moved€into€the€back€seat€and€slid€out€theŠ pĄ Šback€door,€which€was€partially€blocked€by€the€guardrail.€€She€said€that€she€had€cuts€on€her€head€and€Š `° Šleft€arm,€bruising€on€her€arm€and€leg,€glass€in€her€hand,€and€burns€on€her€face€from€the€airbag.€€SheŠ P  Šsaid€that€she€now€has€scars€on€her€hand.Š @ ŠĢą  ąRalph€Cline,€a€detective€with€the€Kingsport€Police€Department,€testified€that€on€March€27,Š  p Š1997,€he€was€called€from€home€to€assist€with€an€accident€on€Fort€Henry€Drive.€€He€said€that€he€spentŠ ` Šthe€rest€of€that€night€and€the€early€morning€of€March€21€looking€for€the€defendant,€Mr.€Moore,€andŠ P Šthe€red€Camaro.€€He€said€that€they€were€not€at€either€of€their€parentsšš€homes.€€He€said€that€he€droveŠ š@ Šaround€Colonial€Heights€for€two€hours€but€did€not€find€them.€€He€said€that€he€did€not€know€that€Mr.Š ą0 ŠMoore€called€the€police€station€at€1:00€a.m.€on€the€21ņņstóó.Š Š  ŠĢą  ąOfficer€Robert€Dale€Farmer€of€the€Kingsport€Police€Department€testified€as€an€expert€inŠ °"  Šaccident€reconstruction.€€He€said€that€on€the€night€of€March€20,€1997,€he€was€called€to€an€accidentŠ  #š! Šon€Fort€Henry€Drive.€€He€said€that€9„1„1€received€a€call€about€the€accident€around€9:50€p.m.€and€thatŠ $ą" Šhe€arrived€around€10:16€p.m.€€He€said€that€as€he€approached€the€railroad€bridge,€he€saw€a€greenŠ €%Š # ŠVolvo€with€extensive€front„end€damage€against€the€guardrail€on€the€southbound€shoulder.€€He€saidŠ p&Ą!$ Šthat€he€saw€a€gold€Chrysler€Town€and€Country€Minivan€resting€crosswise€in€the€southbound€lanesŠ `'°"% Šfacing€the€guardrail€on€the€southbound€shoulder.€€He€said€that€he€saw€a€white€Mitsubishi€on€theŠ P( #& Šsouthbound€shoulder€against€the€guardrail.€€He€said€that€the€driver,€Mr.€Baker,€and€the€passenger,Š @)$' ŠMr.€Bostrum,€were€still€in€the€Mitsubishi€when€he€arrived.€€He€said€that€Mr.€Bostrum€was€dead€butŠ 0*€%( Šthat€paramedics€were€still€working€with€Mr.€Baker,€who€subsequently€died.Š  +p&) ŠŠ ,`'* Šą  ąOfficer€Farmer€testified€that€he€was€in€charge€of€the€investigation€and€that€he€began€to€searchŠ ° Šfor€the€cause€of€the€accident.€€He€said€that€it€was€6.5€tenths€of€a€mile€from€the€Coastal€Mart€parkingŠ  š Šlot€to€the€point€of€impact€in€the€accident.€€He€stated€that€a€railroad€track€runs€underneath€Fort€HenryŠ ą ŠDrive€north€of€the€Moreland€Drive€intersection€and€that€the€accident€occurred€north€of€the€railroadŠ €Š Šbridge€or€trestle.€€He€identified€a€photograph€showing€that€Fort€Henry€Drive€curves€to€the€left€at€theŠ pĄ Šrailroad€bridge.€€€He€said€that€yaw€marks€on€the€pavement€beginning€on€the€far€side€of€the€railroadŠ ` ° Šbridge€show€that€the€Mitsubishi€traveled€from€the€right€northbound€lane€of€Fort€Henry€Drive€intoŠ P   Šthe€southbound€lanes,€a€distance€of€five€hundred€and€forty„four€feet.€€He€said€that€yaw€marks€areŠ @  Šcaused€by€a€car€sliding€sideways€while€the€wheels€continue€to€rotate€forward.€€He€said€that€theŠ 0 € ŠMitsubishi€collided€with€the€minivan€in€the€left€southbound€lane€and€that€the€undercarriage€of€theŠ  p  Šminivan€caused€a€gouge€mark€in€the€pavement€upon€impact.€€Photographs€revealed€that€the€minivanŠ `  Šsustained€front„end€damage.€€Officer€Farmer€testified€that€the€driverššs€door€could€not€be€opened€andŠ P  Šthe€window€was€broken.€€He€stated€that€the€impact€pushed€the€minivanššs€dashboard€to€within€sixŠ š@  Šinches€of€the€backrest€on€the€driverššs€seat€and€that€the€steering€wheel€came€to€rest€six€inches€fromŠ ą0  Šthe€seat.€€He€said€that€the€minivanššs€driver,€Ms.€Gilliam,€was€already€out€of€the€minivan€when€he€gotŠ Š  Šthere,€and€he€had€determined€that€she€crawled€through€the€driverššs€window.Š Ą ŠĢą  ąOfficer€Farmer€testified€that€after€hitting€the€minivan,€the€Mitsubishi€became€airborne€andŠ  š Šhit€the€Volvo.€€He€said€that€he€determined€from€the€white€paint€on€the€Volvo€and€parts€of€theŠ ą ŠMitsubishiššs€muffler€hanging€across€the€Volvoššs€front€bumper€that€the€Mitsubishi€initially€struck€theŠ €Š ŠVolvo€with€its€left€rear€undercarriage.€€He€said€that€the€Volvo€sustained€extensive€front€end€damage,Š pĄ Šthat€its€driverššs€door€could€not€be€opened,€and€that€its€hood€was€up.€€He€said€that€the€MitsubishiššsŠ `° Šfront€wheels€and€engine€compartment€split€from€the€rest€of€the€car€and€came€to€rest€upside€down€inŠ P  Šthe€left€southbound€lane.€€He€said€that€the€rest€of€the€Mitsubishi€landed€on€the€southbound€guardrailŠ @ Šbehind€the€Volvo.Š 0€ ŠĢą  ąOfficer€Farmer€testified€that€the€critical€speed€of€a€curve€is€the€maximum€speed€that€a€vehicleŠ ` Šof€any€make,€model,€or€year€can€travel€the€curve€in€a€particular€lane.€€He€said€that€when€a€car€entersŠ P Ša€curve€at€greater€than€the€critical€speed,€the€centrifugal€force€keeps€the€tires€in€contact€with€the€road,Š š@ Šleaving€yaw€marks.€€He€said€that€he€calculated€the€critical€speed€of€the€right€lane€of€the€curve€inŠ ą0 Šwhich€the€Mitsubishi€lost€control€by€first€determining€the€circumference€of€the€circle€that€containedŠ Š  Šthe€yaw€marks.€€He€said€that€in€order€to€calculate€the€circumference,€he€first€measured€the€chord,Š Ą! Šwhich€is€a€straight€line€between€the€two€ends€of€the€yaw€mark,€and€then€calculated€the€middleŠ °"  Šordinate,€which€is€the€distance€from€the€center€of€the€chord€to€the€end€of€the€yaw€mark.€€He€used€theŠ  #š! Šmiddle€ordinate€to€calculate€the€circumference.€€€He€said€that€he€also€calculated€the€coefficient€ofŠ $ą" Šfriction€or€the€drag€factor€of€the€road€with€an€instrument€called€a€drag€sled.€€He€said€from€thisŠ €%Š # Šinformation,€he€calculated€the€critical€speed€of€the€right€northbound€lane€to€be€73.88€miles€per€hour.Š p&Ą!$ ŠĢą  ąOfficer€Farmer€testified€that€as€a€car€travels€a€curve€at€a€speed€lower€than€the€critical€speed,Š P( #& Šthe€rear€tires€track€inside€the€front€tires€as€the€car€goes€around€the€curve.€€He€stated€that€to€determineŠ @)$' Šthe€speed€of€the€Mitsubishi€when€it€first€started€to€yaw,€he€looked€for€the€crossover,€the€point€atŠ 0*€%( Šwhich€the€rear€tires€began€tracking€to€the€outside€of€the€front€tires,€and€that€this€was€where€the€carŠ  +p&) Šbegan€to€rotate.€€He€said€that€he€determined€the€radius€of€that€point€of€the€yaw.€€He€said€that€toŠ ,`'* Šdetermine€the€speed€of€the€center€mass€of€the€car,€he€subtracted€half€of€the€track€width€of€the€carŠ ° Šfrom€the€radius.€€He€said€that€he€entered€these€calculations€along€with€the€drag€factor€€into€the€speedŠ  š Šformula.€€He€said€that€he€found€that€the€Mitsubishi€was€going€95.45€miles€per€hour€when€it€startedŠ ą Što€yaw.€€He€stated€that€he€followed€the€same€procedure€for€the€point€of€impact€and€determined€thatŠ €Š Šthe€Mitsubishi€was€going€64.11€miles€per€hour€when€it€hit€the€minivan.€€He€said€that€a€true€criticalŠ pĄ Šspeed€yaw€causes€a€car€to€decrease€speed.€€He€said€that€he€saw€no€indication€that€any€of€the€carsŠ ` ° Šinvolved€had€applied€their€brakes.€€He€said€that€he€gave€a€copy€of€his€accident€report€and€Š P   Šphotographs€of€€the€area€and€the€accident€scene€to€Professor€Neil€Owen,€who€created€a€computer„Š @  Šgenerated€visualization€of€the€accident.Š 0 € ŠĢą  ąOfficer€Farmer€testified€that€on€the€evening€of€the€accident,€he€directed€officers€to€look€forŠ `  Šthe€defendant,€Mr.€Moore,€and€a€red€Chevrolet€Camaro€Supersport.€€He€said€that€the€defendantššsŠ P  Šattorney€contacted€the€police€the€morning€of€March€21and€that€officers€found€the€defendant,€Mr.Š š@  ŠMoore,€and€the€Camaro€at€the€attorneyššs€office€around€5:30€p.m.€that€day.€€He€said€that€the€CamaroŠ ą0  Šwas€undamaged.Š Š  ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Officer€Farmer€testified€that€he€determined€the€critical€speed€for€onlyŠ ° Šthe€right€northbound€lane€on€Fort€Henry€Drive.€€He€said€that€the€critical€speed€for€the€left€northboundŠ  š Šlane€would€not€vary€much€from€that€of€the€right€lane,€but€he€admitted€that€it€would€be€different.€€HeŠ ą Šsaid€that€no€evidence€from€which€he€could€calculate€the€critical€speed€of€the€left€lane€existed€at€theŠ €Š Šscene.€€He€admitted€that€he€found€no€skid€marks,€yaw€marks,€or€red€paint€from€the€defendantššs€carŠ pĄ Šat€the€scene.€€He€said€that€the€Mitsubishi€was€out€of€control€for€five€hundred€and€forty„four€feet.€€HeŠ `° Šsaid€that€his€investigation€revealed€nothing€to€indicate€that€the€race€between€the€Mitsubishi€and€theŠ P  ŠCamaro€was€not€consensual.€€He€said€that€he€knew€that€Mr.€Moore€gave€a€statement€to€OfficerŠ @ ŠFerguson€over€the€telephone€and€that€he€got€a€copy€of€the€statement€on€the€evening€after€the€accident.€Š 0€ ŠHe€admitted€that€he€did€not€give€Mr.€Mooreššs€statement€to€Professor€Owen€to€use€in€creating€the€Š  p Švisualization€of€the€accident.Š ` ŠĢą  ąProfessor€Robert€Neal€Owen,€director€of€the€Advanced€Visualization€Laboratory€at€EastŠ š@ ŠTennessee€State€University,€testified€as€an€expert€in€computer€visualization.€€He€described€computerŠ ą0 Švisualization€as€a€form€of€storytelling€in€which€he€creates€a€š šcopy€of€realityšš€with€a€computer.€€HeŠ Š  Šsaid€that€a€visualization€is€based€upon€information€from€an€expert€whereas€a€simulation€orŠ Ą! Šreconstruction€uses€the€laws€of€physics€to€recreate€exactly€what€happened€physically.€€He€stated€thatŠ °"  Šthis€was€the€first€visualization€of€a€car€accident€created€by€his€laboratory.€€He€said€that€in€order€toŠ  #š! Šcreate€the€videotape,€he€used€information€on€the€vehicles€involved,€including€the€speeds€at€whichŠ $ą" Šthey€were€traveling;€the€physical€characteristics€of€the€road€such€as€the€size,€shape€and€slope;€andŠ €%Š # Šthe€locations€of€the€vehicles€after€the€accident.€€Š p&Ą!$ ŠĢą  ąProfessor€Owen€testified€that€he€based€the€depiction€of€the€actions€of€the€Camaro€onŠ P( #& Šinformation€from€Officer€Farmer.€€He€said€that€Officer€Farmerššs€accident€report€stated€that€theŠ @)$' ŠCamaro€and€the€Mitsubishi€were€side€by€Ō_ŌsideŌ_Ō€at€the€beginning€of€the€railroad€bridge.€€He€said€thatŠ 0*€%( Šthe€Camaro€had€to€be€in€front€of€the€Mitsubishi€at€the€beginning€of€the€videotape€in€order€for€it€toŠ  +p&) Šbe€beside€the€Mitsubishi€at€the€railroad€bridge€because€it€was€going€slower€than€the€Mitsubishi€asŠ ,`'* Šit€entered€the€curve.€€He€said€that€Officer€Farmer€told€him€that€the€Camaro€traveled€the€curve€at€orŠ ° Šbelow€the€critical€speed€of€the€curve,€which€was€73.88€miles€per€hour.€€He€said€that€he€did€not€knowŠ  š Šthat€Officer€Farmer€calculated€the€critical€speed€for€the€right€lane€only,€but€if€the€critical€speeds€forŠ ą Šthe€two€lanes€varied€by€only€one€or€two€miles€per€hour,€then€the€difference€in€speeds€would€not€makeŠ €Š Šany€significant€difference€in€the€visualization.€€He€admitted€that€if€the€difference€were€fifteen€milesŠ pĄ Šper€hour,€then€it€would€affect€the€visualization.Š ` ° ŠĢą  ąThe€state€played€the€visualization€for€the€jury.€€The€visualization€shows€the€accident€fromŠ @  Šfive€viewpoints:€from€an€overview,€the€Mitsubishi,€the€Camaro,€the€minivan,€and€the€Volvo.€€EachŠ 0 € Šviewpoint€is€shown€at€three€speeds:€€full€speed,€one„half€speed,€and€one„quarter€speed.€€TheŠ  p  Švisualization€shows€the€accident€as€follows:€the€Camaro,€which€is€in€the€northbound€left€lane,€is€Š `  Štraveling€in€front€of€the€Mitsubishi,€which€is€in€the€right€lane.€€The€Mitsubishi€accelerates,€pullsŠ P  Šbeside€the€Camaro€at€the€start€of€the€railroad€bridge,€then€begins€to€yaw€near€the€end€of€the€bridge,Š š@  Šwhich€causes€it€to€turn€sideways€facing€the€southbound€guardrail.€€The€Camaro€continues€throughŠ ą0  Šthe€curve€in€the€left€lane€and€accelerates€out€of€the€curve€just€before€the€Mitsubishi€yaws€into€the€leftŠ Š  Šlane.€€The€Mitsubishi€yaws€across€the€northbound€left€lane€into€the€southbound€left€lane.€€TheŠ Ą Špassenger€side€of€the€Mitsubishi€hits€the€front€of€the€minivan€in€the€southbound€left€lane.€€TheŠ ° ŠMitsubishi€rotates€through€the€air,€and€the€rear€of€the€Mitsubishi€hits€the€Volvo,€which€is€in€theŠ  š Šsouthbound€right€lane.€€The€Camaro€continues€traveling€in€the€northbound€left€lane€and€the€accidentŠ ą Šoccurs€behind€it.€€€Š €Š ŠĢŌ‡X=ķ XXX¼ćŌą@¶ ¶ ģąņ ņI.€INSUFFICIENT€PRESENTMENTó óˆŠ `° ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€the€presentment€did€not€give€him€notice€that€he€would€have€toŠ 8ˆ Šdefend€against€a€theory€of€criminal€responsibility€for€the€deaths€of€Mr.€Baker€and€Mr.€Bostrum€andŠ $t Šthe€injuries€of€Ms.€Gilliam€and€Ms.€Redwine.€€He€argues€that€he€defended€the€case€by€showing€thatŠ ` Šhis€car€was€not€involved€in€the€accident€and,€therefore,€that€he€was€not€the€direct€and€proximateŠ üL Šcause€of€the€deaths€and€injuries.€€He€claims€that€the€computer€visualization€implies€that€the€accidentŠ č8 Šresulted€in€part€from€€Mr.€Bakerššs€and€Mr.€Bostrumššs€conduct€and€in€part€from€his€conduct€becauseŠ Ō$ Šit€portrays€his€car€as€menacing€the€minivan€and€Volvo€as€it€rounded€the€curve€at€close€to€the€criticalŠ Ą Šspeed.€€Thus,€he€contends€that€the€presentment€permitted€the€jury€to€convict€him€of€the€chargesŠ ¬ ü Šwithout€distinguishing€between€the€different€causes.€€The€state€contends€that€it€was€not€required€toŠ ˜!č Šinclude€the€theory€of€criminal€responsibility€in€the€presentment.Š „"Ō  ŠĢą  ąCount€one€of€the€presentment€charges€in€pertinent€part€that€the€defendant:Š \$¬" ŠĢą8  ąon€or€about€March€20,€1997€.€.€.€did€unlawfully,€feloniously,€knowingly,€andŠ 4&„!$ Šrecklessly€and€as€the€proximate€result€of€the€operation€of€a€motor€vehicle€in€a€mannerŠ  'p"% Šcreating€a€substantial€risk€of€death€and€serious€bodily€injury,€kill€Landon€D.€BakerŠ  (\#& Š.€.€.€.Šų(H$'Š Š  ŠĢCount€two€contains€identical€language€with€the€exception€that€the€victim€is€Christopher€A.€Ō_ŌBostrumŌ_Ō,Š Š* &) ŠMr.€Bakerššs€passenger.€€Count€three€alleges€that€the€defendant:Š ¼+ '* Їą8  ąon€or€about€March€20,€1997€.€.€.€did€unlawfully,€feloniously,€and€knowingly,€causeŠ ° Šserious€bodily€injury€to€another,€Teresa€W.€Gilliam,€by€the€display€and€use€of€aŠ œģ Šdeadly€weapon,€to„wit:€a€motor€vehicle€.€.€.€.ŠˆŲŠ Š  ŠĢÓÓCount€four€contains€identical€language€with€respect€to€victim€Priscilla€A.€Redwine.€€€Š `° ŠÓÓą  ąCriminal€responsibility€is€not€a€crime€but€a€theory€upon€which€the€state€may€prove€aŠ 8 ˆ Šdefendant€is€liable€for€an€offense€committed€by€someone€else.€€ņņState€v.€Lemacksóó,Ō#†X¼ćX XX=ķ~#ŌŌ‡X=ķ XXX¼ćŌ€996€S.W.2d€166,Š $ t Š173€(Tenn.€1999).€€An€indictment€or€presentment€charging€the€defendant€with€an€offense€necessarilyŠ  ` Šincludes€the€defendantššs€criminal€responsibility€for€the€offense.€€ņņId.óó€€Furthermore,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Š ü L  Ššš€39„11„401׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀puts€every€defendant€on€notice€that€his€or€her€responsibility€for€anotherššs€conduct€isŠ č 8  Šcovered€by€an€indictment€alleging€that€he€or€she€committed€a€crime.€€Thus,€the€state€did€not€have€toŠ Ō$  Šcharge€criminal€responsibility€in€the€presentment.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņLemacksóó,€996€S.W.2d€at€173.€€Š Ą  ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€relies€upon€ņņState€v.€Barnesóó,€954€S.W.2d€760€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.1997),€to€argueŠ ˜č  Šthat€the€state€should€have€charged€that€it€was€imputing€the€conduct€of€Mr.€Baker€and€Mr.€BostrumŠ „Ō  Što€him.€€In€ņņBarnesóó,€the€defendant€hit,€burned,€and€bit€her€estranged€husband;€the€husband€pinned€theŠ pĄ Šdefendant€to€the€floor;€and€the€defendantššs€friend,€hearing€her€cries€for€help,€hit€the€husband€with€aŠ \¬ Šbaseball€bat.€€The€jury€convicted€the€defendant€of€a€single€count€of€aggravated€assault€based€uponŠ H˜ Šher€own€conduct€and€that€of€her€friend.€€A€panel€of€this€court€acknowledged€that€the€state€does€notŠ 4„ Šhave€to€include€its€theory€of€the€defendantššs€responsibility€for€the€crime€in€the€indictment.€€ņņId.óó€at€764.€Š  p ŠHowever,€the€court€held€that€under€the€specific€facts€of€that€case,€which€involved€two€assaults€by€twoŠ  \ Šseparate€assailantsŌ#†X¼ćX XX=ķįš#ŌŌ‡X=ķ XXX¼ćŌ,€the€indictment€charging€a€single€aggravated€assault€failed€to€give€the€defendantŠ ųH Šnotice€of€which€assault€the€state€was€attributing€to€her.€€ņņId.ó󀀩 ä4 ŠĢą  ąWe€question€whether€the€limited€exception€described€in€ņņBarnesóó€is€valid€in€light€of€Tenn.Š ¼  ŠCode€Ann.€šš€39„11„401.€€We€note€that€the€pre„1989€statute€also€provided€that€aiders€and€abettorsŠ Øų Šwere€deemed€š šprincipal€offenders.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„1„303€(1982)€(repealed€1989).€€UnderŠ ”ä Šthe€former€law,€it€was€well„settled€that€nothing€more€need€be€alleged€in€a€charging€instrument€againstŠ €Š Šan€aider€and€abettor€than€is€needed€for€the€principal.€€ņņSeeóó,€ņņe.g.óó,€ņņCalvert€v.€Stateóó,€158€Tenn.€531,€538„Š l¼ Š39,€14€S.W.2d€735,€738€(1929).€€Due€process€notice€rights€are€not€violated€by€such€allegations€in€anŠ X Ø Šaiding€and€abetting€case.€€ņņState€v.€Lequireóó,€634€S.W.2d€608,€615€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981).€Š D!” ŠFurthermore,€if€a€defendant€requires€more€information€than€that€contained€in€such€an€indictment,Š 0"€  Šthen€he€or€she€should€seek€a€bill€of€particulars.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Hensleyóó,€656€S.W.2d€410,€413€(Tenn.Š #l! ŠCrim.€App.€1983).€€Nevertheless,€this€case€is€factually€distinct.€€ņņBarnesóó€emphasizes€that€the€caseŠ $X" Šinvolved€two€assaults€to€a€single€victim€and€the€indictment€charged€only€one.€€Here€a€single€accident€Š ō$D # ŠŠ ą%0!$ Šresulted€in€two€deaths€and€two€victims€with€injuries.€€The€presentment€charges€two€vehicularŠ ° Šhomicides€and€two€aggravated€assaults.€€The€presentment€is€not€ambiguous.€Š œģ ŠĢą  ąFurthermore,€the€fact€that€the€jury€could€have€convicted€the€defendant€based€upon€hisŠ tÄ Šcriminal€responsibility€for€the€actions€of€Mr.€Baker€or€by€finding€that€he€€directly€caused€the€accidentŠ `° Šis€of€no€consequence.€€In€ņņState€v.€Lemacksóó,€996€S.W.2d€166€(Tenn.€1999),€the€indictment€chargedŠ L œ Ša€single€count€of€DUI€arising€out€of€a€one„car€accident.€€The€defendantššs€car,€which€contained€theŠ 8 ˆ Šdefendant€and€three€friends,€plunged€into€a€ditch.€€The€proof€conflicted€on€whether€the€defendant€orŠ $ t Šanother€occupant€was€driving.€€Both€were€intoxicated.€€Our€supreme€court€noted€that€the€defendantŠ  ` Šcould€have€been€convicted€for€committing€the€offense€himself€or€due€to€his€criminal€responsibilityŠ ü L  Šfor€his€friendššs€commission€of€the€offense.€€ņņId.óó€at€168.€€It€held€that€when€š šthe€State€seeks€to€proveŠ č 8  Šone€crime€arising€from€one€event,€we€may€presume€that€the€juryššs€general€verdict€was€unanimousššŠ Ō$  Ševen€though€the€conviction€could€have€been€based€upon€either€criminal€responsibility€or€theŠ Ą  Šdefendantššs€own€conduct.€€ņņId.óó€at€171.€€This€is€equally€true€in€the€present€case€in€which€theŠ ¬ü  ŠŌ#†X¼ćX XX=ķś”#ŌŌ‡X=ķ XXX¼ćŌpresentment€charges€only€a€single€crime€relating€to€each€separate€victim.€€The€presentment€isŠ ˜č  Šsufficient.Š „Ō  Š€€€€€€€Š pĄ Šą@ń ń ģąņ ņII.€CRIMINAL€RESPONSIBILITYó óŌ#†X¼ćX XX=ķw®#ԈŠ \¬ ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€he€is€not€criminally€responsible€for€the€deaths€of€Mr.€Baker€andŠ 8ˆ ŠMr.€Bostrum€or€the€injuries€to€Ms.€Gilliam€and€Ms.€Redwine€because€he€was€not€involved€in€theŠ (x Šaccident.€€He€also€argues€that€Mr.€Baker€and€Mr.€Bostrum€as€principals€did€not€commit€criminallyŠ h Šnegligent€homicide€upon€themselves€and€that,€therefore,€he€cannot€be€criminally€responsible€for€theirŠ X Šdeaths.€€The€state€contends€that€the€defendant€is€criminally€responsible€for€any€other€crimeŠ ųH Šcommitted€by€the€principal€offender€in€pursuit€of€or€as€a€natural€or€probable€consequence€of€theŠ č8 Šcrime€aided€and€abetted€by€the€defendant.€€ņņóóIt€argues€that€the€defendant€and€Mr.€Baker€were€dragŠ Ų( Šracing€in€concert€and€that€the€accident,€which€resulted€in€the€deaths€of€Mr.€Baker€and€Mr.€BostrumŠ Č Šand€the€injuries€to€Ms.€Gilliam€and€Ms.€Redwine,€was€the€natural€and€probable€consequence€of€theŠ ø Šdrag€race.€€Š Øų ŠĢą  ąOne€is€criminally€responsible€for€anotherššs€actions€if:Š ˆ Ų ŠĢą8  ą(1)€Acting€with€the€culpability€required€for€the€offense,€the€person€causes€or€aids€anŠ h"ø  Šinnocent€or€irresponsible€person€to€engage€in€conduct€prohibited€by€the€definition€ofŠ X#Ø! Šthe€offense;ŠH$˜"Š Š  Šą8  ą(2)€Acting€with€intent€to€promote€or€assist€in€the€commission€of€the€offense,€or€toŠ 8%ˆ # Šbenefit€in€the€proceeds€or€the€results€of€the€offense,€the€person€solicits,€directs,€aidsŠ (&x!$ Šor€attempts€to€aid€another€person€to€commit€the€offense;€orŠ'h"%Š Š  Šą8  ą(3)€Having€a€duty€imposed€by€law€or€voluntarily€undertaken€to€prevent€theŠ (X#& Šcommission€of€the€offense€and€acting€with€intent€to€benefit€in€the€proceeds€or€resultsŠ ų(H$' Šof€the€offense,€or€to€promote€or€assist€in€its€commission,€the€person€fails€to€make€aŠ č)8%( Šreasonable€effort€to€prevent€commission€of€the€offense.ŠŲ*(&)Š Š  ŠŠ Č+'* ŠTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„11„402.€€To€be€criminally€responsible€for€the€acts€of€another,€a€defendantŠ ° Šmust€š šššin€some€way€associate€himself€with€the€venture,€act€with€knowledge€that€an€offense€is€to€beŠ  š Šcommitted,€and€share€in€the€criminal€intent€of€the€principal€in€the€first€degree.šššš€€ņņState€v.€Maxeyóó,€898Š ą ŠS.W.2d€756,€757€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994)€(quoting€ņņHembree€v.€Stateóó,€546€S.W.2d€235,€239€(Tenn.Š €Š ŠCrim.€App.€1976)).€€In€other€words,€the€defendant€must€š šššknowingly,€voluntarily€and€with€commonŠ pĄ Šintent€unite€with€the€principal€.€.€.€in€the€commission€of€the€crime.šššš€ņņMaxeyóó,€898€S.W.2d€at€757Š ` ° Š(quoting€ņņState€v.€Fosteróó,€755€S.W.2d€846,€848€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988)).€€The€requisite€criminalŠ P   Šintent€may€be€inferred€from€the€defendantššs€š špresence,€companionship,€and€conduct€before€and€afterŠ @  Šthe€offense€.€.€.€.šš€€ņņState€v.€McBeeóó,€644€S.W.2d€425,€428„29€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982).€€A€defendantŠ 0 € Šis€also€held€criminally€responsible€for€any€other€crime€committed€by€the€principal€offender€inŠ  p  Špursuance€of€the€common€purpose€or€as€a€natural€and€probable€consequence€of€the€crime€originallyŠ `  Šaided€and€abetted€by€the€defendant.€€ņņState€v.€Carsonóó,€950€S.W.2d€951,€955„56€(Tenn.€1997).€€€Š P  ŠĢą  ąIn€its€order€denying€the€defendantššs€motion€for€a€new€trial,€the€trial€court€found:Š ą0  ŠĢą8  ąą ` ąThe€total€proof€clearly€established€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€standard€thatŠ Ą ŠFarner€[defendant]€and€Baker€[deceased]€were€involved€in€a€high€speed€race€just€priorŠ ° Što€and€during€the€events€that€brought€about€the€death€of€the€two€young€men€andŠ  š Šcaused€serious€bodily€injury€to€two€innocent€users€of€a€public€highway.ŠąŠ Š  ŠĢ(Brackets€in€original).€€It€found€that€the€jury€properly€convicted€the€defendant€for€the€death€of€Mr.Š pĄ ŠBostrum€and€the€injuries€to€Ms.€Gilliam€and€Ms.€Redwine€on€a€theory€of€his€criminal€responsibilityŠ `° Šfor€the€actions€of€Mr.€Baker.€€It€found€that€notwithstanding€Mr.€Bakerššs€status€as€a€co„perpetratorŠ P  Šof€the€drag€race,€the€defendant€was€criminally€responsible€for€Mr.€Bakerššs€death€because€it€was€aŠ @ Šnatural€and€probable€consequence€of€the€drag€race.€€It€also€found€that€the€defendant€was€directlyŠ 0€ Šresponsible€for€Mr.€Bakerššs€death:Š  p ŠĢą8  ąą ` ąThe€killing€of€Baker€had€a€close€relation€to€the€drag€race€and€as€a€result€theŠ P Škilling€of€Baker€could€not€be€considered€as€just€collateral€to€the€drag€race.€€It€was€theŠ š@ Šgoing€out€of€control€by€Baker€during€the€drag€race€between€Farner€and€Baker€thatŠ ą0 Šresulted€in€the€death€of€Baker.ŠŠ Š Š  Šą8  ąą ` ąBakerššs€acts,€although€contributory€to€his€own€death,€would€not€relieve€FarnerŠ Ą! Šof€his€own€criminal€responsibility€in€the€death€of€Baker.€€Drag€racing€is€ņņmalumóó€ņņinóó€Š °"  Šņņseóó€and€contributory€negligence€constitutes€no€defense.Š #š!Š Š  ŠĢ(Citations€omitted).€Š €%Š # Šņ ņó óĢą@$$ģąņ ņA.€€Criminally€Negligent€Homicideó óˆŠ `'°"% ŠĢą  ąOne€is€guilty€of€criminally€negligent€homicide€if€he€or€she€engages€in€criminally€negligentŠ @)$' Šconduct€which€results€in€death.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€39„13„212(a).€€The€death€of€the€victim€must€be€theŠ 0*€%( Šdirect€and€proximate€result€of€the€defendantššs€criminal€negligence.€€ņņState€v.€Adamóó,€916€S.W.2d€471,Š  +p&) Š474€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„11„302(d)€defines€criminal€negligence:Š ,`'* Їą8  ąš šCriminal€negligencešš€refers€to€a€person€who€acts€with€criminal€negligence€withŠ ° Šrespect€to€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€personššs€conduct€or€the€result€of€thatŠ  š Šconduct€when€the€person€ought€to€be€aware€of€a€substantial€and€unjustifiable€risk€thatŠ ą Šthe€circumstances€exist€or€the€result€will€occur.€€The€risk€must€be€of€such€a€nature€andŠ €Š Šdegree€that€the€failure€to€perceive€it€constitutes€a€gross€deviation€from€the€standardŠ pĄ Šof€care€that€an€ordinary€person€would€exercise€under€all€the€circumstances€as€viewedŠ ` ° Šfrom€the€accused€personššs€standpoint.ŠP  Š Š  ŠĢThe€defendant€contends€that€in€order€for€him€to€be€criminally€responsible€for€a€criminally€negligentŠ 0 € Šhomicide,€he€must€have€been€aiding€or€attempting€to€aid€someone€who€committed€a€criminallyŠ  p  Šnegligent€homicide.€€The€principal€must€be€guilty€of€the€crime€before€an€aider€and€abettor€can€beŠ `  Šfound€guilty€of€the€crime.€€ņņPierce€v.€Stateóó,€130€Tenn.€24,€46,€168€S.W.€851,€856€(1914);€ņņGivens€v.Š P  ŠStateóó,€103€Tenn.€648,€661,€55€S.W.€1107,€1110€(1899);€ņņSelf€v.€Stateóó,€65€Tenn.€244,€246€(1873);€ņņseeóó,Š š@  Šņņe.g.óó,€ņņHudgens€v.€Stateóó,€166€Tenn.€231,€236,€60€S.W.2d€153,€155€(1933).Š ą0  Š€€€Š Š  Šą  ąThe€proof€at€trial€revealed€that€the€defendant€and€Mr.€Baker€were€drag€racing׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀on€a€publicŠ Ą Šroad.€€In€addition€to€his€involvement€in€the€drag€race€as€a€principal,€the€defendant€is€also€criminally€Š ° Їresponsible€for€any€crime€that€is€the€natural€and€probable€consequence€of€Mr.€Bakerššs€participationŠ ° Šin€the€drag€race.€ņņSeeóó€ņņCarsonóó,€950€S.W.2d€at€955€(holding€that€š šan€aider€and€abettor€should€beŠ  š Šcriminally€responsible€for€the€criminal€harms€they€have€naturally,€probably€and€foreseeably€put€inŠ ą Šmotionšš).€€No€proof€exists€that€Mr.€Bostrum,€Mr.€Bakerššs€passenger,€was€a€participant€in€the€dragŠ €Š Šrace€in€the€sense€that€he€arranged€the€race,€supervised€it€or€set€it€in€motion.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Š pĄ Ššš€55„10„501(2).€€Mr.€Baker€engaged€in€criminally€negligent€conduct,€the€drag€race,€which€resultedŠ ` ° Šin€Mr.€Bostrumššs€death.€€The€defendant€is€criminally€responsible€for€the€criminally€negligentŠ P   Šhomicide€of€Mr.€Bostrum€committed€by€Mr.€Baker.Š @  ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€emphasizes€the€fact€that€his€Camaro€had€no€contact€with€any€of€the€vehiclesŠ  p  Šinvolved€in€the€collision€that€resulted€in€the€deaths€and€injuries.€€Our€supreme€court€has€held€that€aŠ `  Šparticipant€in€a€drag€race€who€is€not€involved€in€a€collision€between€another€racer€and€a€non„Š P  Šparticipant€remains€responsible€for€the€non„participantššs€death€as€an€aider€and€abettor.€€ņņStallard€v.Š š@  ŠStateóó,€209€Tenn.€13,€17,€348€S.W.2d€489,€490€(1961).€€In€ņņStallardóó,€Green€arranged€for€Bennett€toŠ ą0  Šdrag€race€with€Stallard€and€then€rode€with€Stallard€during€the€race.€€Stallardššs€car€collided€withŠ Š  Šanother€car€killing€a€passenger,€while€Bennettššs€car€had€no€contact€with€the€accident.€€BennettŠ Ą Šcontended€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€his€conviction€for€second€degree€murder.€Š ° ŠThe€court€observed€that€by€driving€one€of€the€racing€cars,€š šMr.€Bennett€directly€participated€in€thatŠ  š Šunlawful€act€which€resulted€in€the€death€of€Mrs.€Dampier.šš€€ņņId.óó€€The€court€held€that€BennettššsŠ ą Šparticipation€in€the€race€justified€his€conviction€as€an€aider€and€abettor€despite€the€fact€that€he€didŠ €Š Šnot€collide€with€the€victim.€€ņņId.óó€€The€same€is€true€for€the€defendant€in€the€present€case€with€respectŠ pĄ Što€Mr.€Bostrumššs€death.Š `° ŠĢą  ąTurning€to€the€defendantššs€conviction€for€the€criminally€negligent€homicide€of€Mr.€Baker,€Š @ Šthe€defendant€claims€that€he€cannot€be€convicted€based€upon€his€criminal€responsibility€when€theŠ 0€ Šprincipal€has€not€committed€a€crime.€€We€believe€that€the€defendant€is€ņņdirectlyóó€rather€thanŠ  p Šcollaterally€responsible€for€Mr.€Bakerššs€death€because€he€and€Mr.€Baker€were€drag€racing€in€concert,Š ` Šand€Mr.€Bakerššs€death€was€a€proximate€and€foreseeable€result€of€the€race.€€Although€no€TennesseeŠ P Šcase€addresses€the€issue€of€whether€a€participant€in€a€drag€race€is€criminally€liable€for€a€co„Š š@ Šparticipantššs€death,€other€jurisdictions€have€grappled€with€this€question.€€In€ņņGoldring€v.€Stateóó,€654Š ą0 ŠA.2d€939€(Md.€Ct.€Spec.€App.€1995),€the€defendant€and€Hall€engaged€in€a€drag€race.€€Hall€lostŠ Š  Šcontrol€of€his€car€in€a€curve€and€collided€with€parked€vehicles€on€the€opposite€side€of€the€road,€whichŠ Ą! Šresulted€in€the€deaths€of€Hall€and€two€bystanders.€€The€defendant€was€convicted€of€three€counts€ofŠ °"  Šinvoluntary€manslaughter€by€a€motor€vehicle.€€The€court€held€that€the€defendantššs€participation€inŠ  #š! Šthe€drag€race€š šbore€a€sufficiently€direct€causal€connectionšš€to€his€co„participantššs€death€to€supportŠ $ą" Šthe€conviction.€€ņņId.óó€at€944;€ņņseeóó€ņņState€v.€Melcheróó,€487€P.2d€3,€8€(Ariz.€Ct.€App.€1971)€(holding€theŠ €%Š # Šdefendant€responsible€for€the€other€racerššs€death€because€they€were€jointly€engaged€in€the€race€andŠ p&Ą!$ Šthe€act€of€racing€was€the€proximate€cause€of€the€death);€ņņState€v.€McFaddenóó,€320€N.W.2d€608,€613,Š `'°"% Š617€(Iowa€1982)€(noting€that€the€requirements€of€foreseeability€€and€recklessness€prevented€an€unjustŠ P( #& Šresult€for€a€defendant€convicted€of€the€involuntary€manslaughter€of€another€racer);€ņņseeóó€ņņalsoóó€ņņState€v.Š @)$' ŠEscobaróó,€633€P.2d€100,€104€(Wash.€Ct.€App.€1981)€(holding€that€the€defendantššs€racing€was€theŠ 0*€%( Šproximate€cause€of€the€co„participantššs€collision€and€death€under€Washingtonššs€negligent€homicideŠ  +p&) Šstatute€which€specifies€the€š šdriving€of€any€vehicle€by€any€personšš).€€The€court€reasoned€that€a€co„Š ,`'* Šparticipantššs€reckless€conduct€did€not€relieve€the€defendant€of€his€responsibility€for€his€ownŠ ° Šrecklessness.€€ņņGoldringóó,€654€A.2d€at€944;€ņņseeóó€ņņMcFaddenóó,€320€N.W.2d€at€611€(holding€that€theŠ  š Švictimššs€voluntary€and€reckless€participation€in€the€drag€race€did€not€prevent€the€defendantššsŠ ą Šconviction€for€involuntary€manslaughter).Š €Š Š€€Š pĄ Šą  ąIn€ņņState€v.€Plaspohlóó,€157€N.E.2d€579€(Ind.€1959),€the€defendantššs€passenger,€who€had€plannedŠ ` ° Šand€started€the€drag€race,€died€when€the€defendant€lost€control€of€his€car€in€the€race.€€The€trial€courtŠ P   Šdirected€a€verdict€for€the€defendant€on€the€charge€of€reckless€homicide,€finding€that€by€activelyŠ @  Šparticipating€in€the€race,€the€victim€assumed€the€risk€of€his€resulting€death.€€The€Supreme€Court€ofŠ 0 € ŠIndiana€held€that:Š  p  ŠĢą8  ąš šContributory€negligence€is€not€available€as€a€defense€or€an€excuse€in€a€criminalŠ P  Šprosecution;€this€doctrine€has€no€place€in€criminal€law,€and€it€cannot€in€any€degreeŠ š@  Špurge€an€act€which€otherwise€constitutes€a€public€offense€of€its€criminal€character.€Š ą0  ŠAccordingly€the€contributory€negligence€of€a€person€injured€or€killed€by€the€criminalŠ Š  Šnegligence€of€another€does€not€relieve€the€latter€of€criminal€responsibility.ššŠĄŠ Š  ŠĢņņId.óó€at€580€(quoting€22€C.J.S.€ņņCriminal€Lawó󀚚€52,€at€116„17).€€The€court€reasoned€that€recklessŠ  š Šhomicide€is€a€crime€against€the€state€and€that€the€victimššs€active€participation€in€the€drag€race€didŠ ą Šnot€bar€the€defendantššs€conviction€for€his€crime€against€the€state.€€ņņId.óó€at€581.Š €Š ŠĢą  ąWe€note€that€some€jurisdictions€have€held€that€the€deceased€racerššs€participation€in€the€raceŠ `° Šsupervenes€the€defendantššs€participation€as€the€proximate€cause€of€death.€€ņņVelazquez€v.€Stateóó,€561Š P  ŠSo.2d€347,€354€(Fla.€Dist.€Ct.€App.€1990)€(holding€that€the€victim€killed€himself€by€voluntarily€andŠ @ Šrecklessly€participating€in€the€drag€race);€ņņThacker€v.€Stateóó,€117€S.E.2d€913,€915€(Ga.€Ct.€App.€1961)Š 0€ Š(distinguishing€the€proximate€cause€of€death€from€the€cause€of€a€condition€which€presents€theŠ  p Šopportunity€for€death€by€another);€ņņState€v.€Uhleróó,€402€N.E.2d€556,€559€(Ohio€Ct.€Com.€Pl.€1979)Š ` Š(acquitting€the€defendant€upon€determining€the€deceased€racerššs€actions€proximately€caused€his€ownŠ P Šdeath);€ņņseeóó€ņņCommonwealth€v.€Rootóó,€170€A.2d€310,€311,€313€(Pa.€1961)€(refusing€to€apply€the€tortŠ š@ Šconcept€of€proximate€cause€to€criminal€law€but€noting€that€even€if€it€were€applied,€the€victimššsŠ ą0 Šparticipation€in€the€race€would€be€a€supervening€cause€of€death).€€These€cases€emphasize€the€fact€thatŠ Š  Šthe€defendant€and€the€victim€were€competitors€both€assuming€the€risk€of€racing€and€downplay€theŠ Ą! Šfact€that€their€joint€enterprise€was€a€drag€race,€which€is€highly€dangerous€to€both€the€participants€andŠ °"  Šthe€public€and€can€foreseeably€result€in€death.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņVelazquezóó,€561€So.2d€at€354€(determining€thatŠ  #š! Šit€is€unfair€to€hold€the€defendant€liable€when€the€deceased€effectively€killed€himself);ņņóó€ņņRootóó,€170€A.2dŠ $ą" Šat€314€(noting€that€the€deceased€was€aware€of€the€danger€created€by€the€defendantššs€racing€butŠ €%Š # Šnonetheless€chose€to€attempt€to€pass€the€defendant);€ņņseeóó€ņņalsoóó€€ņņState€v.€Petersenóó,€526€P.2d€1008,€1009Š p&Ą!$ Š(Or.€1974)€(adopting€the€reasoning€of€the€dissenting€intermediate€appellate€judge€that€public€policyŠ `'°"% Šopposes€placing€responsibility€for€a€participantššs€death€on€the€surviving€racer€when€the€survivorššsŠ P( #& Šonly€link€to€the€death€is€participating€in€the€mutually€agreed€upon€race);€ņņState€v.€Petersenóó,€522€P.2dŠ @)$' Š912,€921€(Or.€App.€1974)€(Schwab,€C.J.€dissenting)€(listing€professional€racetrack€drivers,€skydivers,Š 0*€%( Šdeep€sea€divers,€and€even€fishermen€who€put€to€sea€in€the€face€of€a€predicted€storm€as€examples€€and€Š  +p&) ŠŠ ,`'* Šopposing€a€survivorššs€€manslaughter€conviction€if€all€the€participants€joined€in€the€reckless€conductŠ ° Šknowingly€and€voluntarily).€€Š  š ŠĢą  ąWe€believe€that€the€better€reasoned€result€is€to€hold€those€who€drag€race€in€concert€directlyŠ €Š Šresponsible€for€the€proximate€and€foreseeable€results€of€the€drag€race.€€Our€statute€defining€dragŠ pĄ Šracing€clearly€contemplates€sanctioning€participants€acting€in€concert€because€it€specifies€the€š šuseŠ ` ° Šof€one€(1)€or€more€motor€vehiclesšš€and€the€š šperformance€abilities€of€one€(1)€or€more€motorŠ P   Švehicles[.]šš€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€55„10„501(1)(C),€(D),€(E).€€Furthermore,€this€court€has€held€theŠ @  Šcrime€of€drag€racing€to€be€ņņmalumóó€ņņinóó€ņņseóó.€€ņņCole€v.€Stateóó,€512€S.W.2d€598,€602€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Š 0 € Š1974).€€Mr.€Bakerššs€participation€in€the€drag€race€does€not€relieve€the€defendant€of€his€liability€forŠ  p  Šhis€participation€in€the€offense.€€Thus,€the€defendant€should€face€the€consequences€stemming€fromŠ `  Šhis€own€participation€in€the€drag€race.€€€€€€€€€Š P  ŠĢą  ąIn€this€case,€Holly€Harris€testified€that€while€they€were€at€the€Coastal€Market,€the€defendantŠ ą0  Šasked€Mr.€Baker€when€they€would€š šrunšš€their€cars.€€Witnesses€saw€the€defendantššs€Camaro€and€Mr.Š Š  ŠBakerššs€Mitsubishi€travel€north€on€Fort€Henry€Drive€side€by€side€at€a€high€rate€of€speed.€€TracyŠ Ą ŠShipley€saw€the€two€cars€together€on€the€railroad€bridge€which€precedes€the€curve.€€The€yaw€marksŠ ° Šon€the€road€revealed€that€Mr.€Baker€lost€control€of€his€vehicle€as€he€entered€the€curve.€€Mr.€BakerŠ  š Šdied€from€the€injuries€he€sustained€when€his€car€collided€with€a€minivan€and€a€Volvo.€€The€proofŠ ą Šsupports€the€trial€courtššs€finding€that€the€€defendant€and€Mr.€Baker€were€drag€racing€in€concert,€andŠ €Š ŠMr.€Bakerššs€death€was€proximately€caused€by€the€drag€race.Š pĄ ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€also€contends€that€he,€Mr.€Baker,€and€Mr.€Bostrum€were€co„perpetrators€inŠ P  Šthe€drag€race.€€He€analogizes€his€case€to€that€of€ņņState€v.€Seversóó,€759€S.W.2d€935,€938€(Tenn.€Crim.Š @ ŠApp.€1988),€in€which€this€court€held€that€the€defendant€could€not€be€convicted€of€felony€murder€forŠ 0€ Šthe€death€of€the€co„perpetrator€at€the€hands€of€the€robbery€victim€because€the€death€was€not€inŠ  p Šfurtherance€of€the€felony.€€€He€maintains€that€the€deaths€of€Mr.€Baker€and€Mr.€Bostrum€were€not€inŠ ` Šfurtherance€of€the€crime€of€drag€racing€but€in€direct€contravention€of€the€purpose€of€the€race.€€InŠ P ŠņņSeversóó,€we€held€that€š što€sustain€a€conviction€of€first„degree€felony„murder,€the€killing€must€haveŠ š@ Šbeen€in€pursuance€of,€rather€than€collateral€to,šš€the€underlying€felony.€€ņņId.ó󀀹 šIn€pursuance€ofšš€or€š šinŠ ą0 Šfurtherance€ofšš€necessarily€indicates€result€oriented€behavior.€€An€analysis€of€whether€Mr.€BakerššsŠ Š  Šand€Mr.€Bostrumššs€deaths€were€š šin€furtherance€ofšš€the€drag€race€is€completely€unrelated€to€the€crimeŠ Ą! Šof€criminally€negligent€homicide,€in€which€the€perpetrator€acts€negligently€rather€than€intends€aŠ °"  Šresult.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.€€€€ņ ņŠ  #š! Šó óĢą@qqģąņ ņB.€Reckless€Endangermentó óˆŠ €%Š # ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€also€contends€that€he€is€not€criminally€responsible€for€the€injuries€to€Ms.Š `'°"% ŠGilliam€and€Ms.€Redwine,€which€resulted€in€his€reckless€endangerment€convictions,€because€his€carŠ P( #& Šhad€no€contact€with€the€accident.€€As€discussed€above,€ņņStallardóó€holds€to€the€contrary.€€209€Tenn.€atŠ @)$' Š17,€348€S.W.2d€at€490.€€Furthermore,€the€defendantššs€own€actions€in€participating€in€the€drag€raceŠ 0*€%( Šrecklessly€endangered€Ms.€Gilliam€and€Ms.€Redwine.€€Reckless€endangerment€is€defined€asŠ  +p&) Šrecklessly€engaging€š šin€conduct€which€places€or€may€place€another€person€in€imminent€danger€ofŠ ,`'* Šdeath€or€serious€bodily€injury.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„103(a).€€Reckless€endangerment€with€aŠ ° Šdeadly€weapon€is€a€Class€E€felony.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„103(b).€€The€defendant€drove€hisŠ  š ŠCamaro€on€a€public€road€at€a€speed€estimated€to€be€between€seventy€and€one€hundred€miles€per€hour.€Š ą ŠThe€speed€limit€on€this€road€is€forty„five€miles€per€hour.€€The€proof€reveals€that€a€number€of€peopleŠ €Š Šwere€traveling€on€Fort€Henry€Drive€at€the€time€of€the€drag€race.€€The€jury€properly€found€theŠ pĄ Šdefendant€guilty€of€reckless€endangerment.Š ` ° ŠĢą  ąAlthough€the€defendantššs€brief€did€not€challenge€the€fact€that€he€received€two€recklessŠ @  Šendangerment€convictions€arising€out€of€one€episode€of€driving,€we€believe€that€his€convictions€forŠ 0 € Štwo€counts€of€reckless€endangerment€constitute€plain€error€under€the€circumstances€of€this€case.€€ņņSeeóóŠ  p  ŠTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(b).€€In€ņņState€v.€Ramseyóó,€we€held€that€the€statute€defining€reckless€endangermentŠ `  Šprohibits€a€course€of€conduct€as€opposed€to€an€individual€act€or€result€and,€therefore,€that€a€singleŠ P  Šperiod€of€reckless€driving€typically€constitutes€a€single€offense€even€though€the€driver€endangeredŠ š@  Šmore€than€one€person.€€903€S.W.2d€709,€713€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€In€ņņRamseyóó,€the€defendantŠ ą0  Šwas€speeding,€swerved€into€the€opposite€lane€€in€front€of€the€Triplettsšš€pickup€truck,€which€containedŠ Š  Šfour€people.€€The€defendant€swerved€back€into€his€own€lane,€swerved€into€the€opposite€lane€again,Š Ą Šand€collided€with€Mr.€Storyššs€pickup€truck,€causing€him€to€suffer€bruising€and€soreness.€€WeŠ ° Šobserved:Š  š ŠĢą8  ąThe€evidence€indicates€that€the€defendantššs€loss€of€control€of€his€vehicle,€combinedŠ €Š Šwith€the€speed€at€which€he€was€driving,€were€responsible€for€both€his€swerving€inŠ pĄ Šfront€of€the€Tripletts€and€hitting€the€Story€vehicle.€€Due€to€the€very€short€distanceŠ `° Šbetween€the€two€trucks€and€the€very€short€amount€of€time€that€passed€betweenŠ P  Šswerving€into€the€oncoming€lane€of€traffic€in€front€of€the€Tripletts€and€the€crash€withŠ @ ŠMr.€Story,€the€reckless€conduct€engaged€in€by€the€defendant€was€one€continuous€act,Š 0€ Ša€single€course€of€conduct,€and€therefore€supports€only€one€conviction€for€that€act.€Š pŠ Š  ŠĢņņId.óó€€Although€here€Mr.€Bakerššs€Mitsubishi€struck€both€the€minivan€and€the€Volvo€and€both€Ms.Š P ŠGilliam€and€Ms.€Redwine€received€injuries,€Mr.€Baker€encountered€both€vehicles€within€a€very€shortŠ š@ Štime€and€distance€once€he€lost€control€of€his€car.€€We€note€that€ņņRamseyóó€did€not€create€a€š šblanket€ruleŠ ą0 Šthat€provides€that€a€defendantššs€continuous€operation€of€a€vehicle€may€ņņonlyóó€result€in€one€act€ofŠ Š  Šreckless€endangerment€under€the€statute.šš€€ņņId.óó€(emphasis€in€original).€€Nevertheless,€we€believe€thatŠ Ą! Šthis€case€is€sufficiently€similar€to€ņņRamseyóó€to€warrant€the€same€result.€€Therefore,€we€hold€that€theŠ °"  Šdual€convictions€violate€the€Double€Jeopardy€Clause€and€that€the€finding€of€guilt€for€the€recklessŠ  #š! Šendangerment€of€Ms.€Redwine,€count€four,€merges€into€the€conviction€for€the€reckless€endangermentŠ $ą" Šof€Ms.€Gilliam,€count€three.€€The€judgment€of€conviction€for€count€four€is€vacated.€€Š €%Š # ŠĢą@ĶĶ!ģąņ ņIII.€EXPERT€WITNESSó óˆŠ `'°"% ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€Officer€Dale€Farmer€was€not€qualified€to€testify€as€an€expert€inŠ @)$' Šaccident€reconstruction€and€that€he€was€prejudiced€by€Officer€Farmerššs€testimony.€€He€argues€thatŠ 0*€%( ŠOfficer€Farmer€did€not€have€the€knowledge€of€science€and€engineering€needed€to€provide€helpful€orŠ  +p&) Štrustworthy€expert€testimony€in€the€field€of€accident€reconstruction.€€He€also€claims€that€OfficerŠ ,`'* ŠFarmer€did€not€explain€the€underlying€scientific€basis€for€the€formula€he€used€to€calculate€speed.€€€Š ° ŠThe€state€contends€that€Officer€Farmer€has€specialized€skill,€knowledge€and€expertise€gained€Š  š Šthrough€his€training€in€accident€reconstruction,€which€qualifies€him€to€give€expert€testimony€in€thisŠ ą Šarea.Š €Š ŠĢą  ąRegarding€his€qualifications€as€an€expert€in€accident€reconstruction,€€Officer€Farmer€testifiedŠ ` ° Šthat€he€had€worked€as€a€patrolman€for€the€Kingsport€Police€Department€(KPD)€for€seven€years.€€HeŠ P   Šsaid€that€before€joining€the€KPD,€he€had€been€a€Hawkins€County€Sheriffššs€Department€deputy€forŠ @  Šfour€or€five€years€and€an€officer€in€the€Church€Hill€Police€Department€for€five€years.€€He€said€thatŠ 0 € Šhe€had€been€an€accident€reconstructionist€for€almost€two€years€and€had€testified€as€an€expert€in€CityŠ  p  ŠCourt€and€Sullivan€County€General€Sessions€Court.€€He€said€that€he€had€investigated€approximatelyŠ `  Šfifty€traffic€fatalities€and€performed€a€full€reconstruction€on€twenty€to€twenty„five€of€those.€€Š P  ŠĢą  ąOfficer€Farmer€testified€that€his€training€in€accident€reconstruction€consisted€of€three€eighty„Š ą0  Šhour€courses€in€Johnson€City,€Tennessee€on€basic€accident€investigation,€advanced€accidentŠ Š  Šinvestigation,€and€accident€reconstruction€and€a€forty„five„hour€DUI€and€vehicular€homicide€courseŠ Ą Šin€Nashville,€Tennessee.€€He€stated€that€he€also€attended€training€courses€on€DUI,€interviewing€andŠ ° Šinterrogation,€evidence,€and€railroad€grade€crossing€and€commercial€vehicle€accident€investigation.€Š  š ŠHe€said€that€the€Police€Officer€Standards€and€Training€(POST)€Commission€in€Nashville€certifiedŠ ą Šhim€to€teach€the€basic€accident€school.€€He€said€that€he€had€instructed€eight€officers€in€accidentŠ €Š Šinvestigation,€which€includes€reconstruction.€Š pĄ Š€€Š `° Šą  ąOfficer€Farmer€testified€that€as€an€accident€reconstructionist,€he€was€trained€to€inspectŠ P  Švehicles€involved€in€an€accident€and€to€determine€the€speeds€of€the€vehicles,€their€position€on€theŠ @ Šroad,€the€direction€in€which€they€were€traveling,€the€position€of€the€occupants,€whether€the€head€andŠ 0€ Štaillights€were€in€use,€and€whether€mechanical€or€human€error€contributed€to€the€accident.€€He€saidŠ  p Šthat€he€determines€the€point€of€impact€in€the€accident€by€examining€debris€and€fluids€from€theŠ ` Švehicles,€the€end€of€or€an€angle€in€the€skid€marks,€scrape€or€gouge€marks€on€the€road,€and€eyewitnessŠ P Šaccounts.€€He€said€that€he€determines€how€the€vehicles€collided€by€looking€at€the€evidence€from€theŠ š@ Šroad,€the€angles€of€impact€on€the€vehicles,€the€positions€of€the€vehicles,€the€direction€in€which€theŠ ą0 Švehicles€were€traveling,€and€which€vehicle€had€the€right€of€way.Š Š  ŠĢą  ąOfficer€Farmer€testified€that€one€way€to€determine€a€vehicleššs€speed€was€by€using€a€criticalŠ °"  Šspeed€yaw.€€He€said€that€in€making€this€calculation,€he€first€determines€the€circumference€of€theŠ  #š! Šcircle€containing€the€yaw€mark€by€measuring€a€chord,€which€is€the€distance€of€a€straight€line€betweenŠ $ą" Šthe€ends€of€the€yaw€mark.€€He€then€takes€the€middle€ordinate,€which€is€the€distance€from€the€centerŠ €%Š # Šof€the€chord€to€one€end.€€He€uses€these€measurements€to€arrive€at€the€radius€of€the€circle.€€He€saidŠ p&Ą!$ Šhe€adjusts€the€radius€with€the€center€mass€of€the€vehicle€by€subtracting€one„half€of€the€vehicleššs€trackŠ `'°"% Šwidth.€€He€said€that€he€uses€a€drag€sled€to€find€the€coefficient€of€friction€or€the€drag€factor€of€theŠ P( #& Šroad.€€He€said€that€he€then€puts€the€adjusted€radius€and€the€drag€factor€into€the€speed€formula€to€getŠ @)$' Šthe€vehicleššs€speed.€€He€testified€that€as€a€part€of€his€training,€he€calculated€the€speed€of€test€carsŠ 0*€%( Šbased€upon€the€physical€markings€on€the€road€and€then€checked€his€results€against€radarŠ  +p&) Šmeasurements€of€the€actual€speed€of€the€test€car.€€He€stated€that€the€speed€formula€he€uses€is€fromŠ ,`'* Šthe€Institute€of€Police€Technology€in€Florida,€appears€in€many€accident€reconstruction€trainingŠ ° Šmanuals,€and€is€in€common€use€throughout€the€United€States.€€€€€Š  š ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Officer€Farmer€testified€that€he€was€a€high€school€graduate€and€hadŠ €Š Šsome€college€credits.€€He€stated€that€he€did€not€take€a€physics€course€in€high€school€and€that€heŠ pĄ Šstudied€geometry€as€part€of€his€general€mathematics€class.€€He€agreed€that€the€scientific€analysisŠ ` ° Šperformed€by€reconstructionist€was€complicated€and€required€a€good€knowledge€of€physics.€€HeŠ P   Šstated€that€in€his€accident€investigation€courses,€he€learned€how€Newtonššs€Laws€applied€to€theŠ @  Šmathematics€and€physics€of€a€collision.€€He€admitted€that€he€had€no€training€in€metallurgy.Š 0 € ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court€found€that€Officer€Farmerššs€testimony€was€relevant€to€the€speed€of€the€cars,Š `  Šthat€he€possessed€a€specialized€knowledge,€and€that€his€testimony€would€substantially€assist€the€juryŠ P  Šin€determining€the€facts€at€issue€in€this€case.€€It€further€found€that€Officer€Farmer€had€sufficientŠ š@  Šknowledge,€background,€skill,€experience€and€training€to€testify€in€the€field€of€accidentŠ ą0  Šreconstruction.€€The€court€found€that€the€probative€value€of€Officer€Farmerššs€testimony€wouldŠ Š  Šsubstantially€outweigh€any€potential€prejudice€to€the€defendant.€€Over€the€defendantššs€objection,€theŠ Ą Štrial€court€allowed€Officer€Farmer€to€testify€as€an€expert€in€the€field€of€accident€reconstruction.Š ° ŠĢą  ąWhether€a€witness€is€qualified€to€testify€as€an€expert€is€governed€by€Rule€702,€Tenn.€R.Š ą ŠEvid.:Š €Š ŠĢą8  ąIf€scientific,€technical,€or€other€specialized€knowledge€will€substantially€assist€theŠ `° Štrier€of€fact€to€understand€the€evidence€or€to€determine€a€fact€in€issue,€a€witnessŠ P  Šqualified€as€an€expert€by€knowledge,€skill,€experience,€training,€or€education€mayŠ @ Štestify€in€the€form€of€an€opinion€or€otherwise.Š0€Š Š  ŠĢš šTo€give€expert€testimony,€one€must€be€particularly€skilled,€learned€or€experienced€in€a€science,€art,Š ` Štrade,€business,€profession€or€vocation,€a€thorough€knowledge€of€which€is€not€within€the€scope€ofŠ P Šthe€common€knowledge€and€experience€of€the€average€person.šš€€ņņKinley€v.€Tennessee€State€Mut.€Ins.Š š@ ŠCo.óó,€620€S.W.2d€79,€81€(Tenn.€1981).€€The€witness€may€gain€expertise€through€formal€education€orŠ ą0 Šthrough€life€experiences.€€Neil€P.€Cohen€et€al.,€ņņTennessee€Law€of€Evidenceó󀚚€702.3,€at€460€(3ņņrdóó€ed.Š Š  Š1995).€€The€decision€to€admit€expert€testimony€is€reserved€to€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court€and€willŠ Ą! Šnot€be€disturbed€on€appeal€absent€an€abuse€of€such€discretion.€€ņņState€v.€Hallóó,€958€S.W.2d€679,€689Š °"  Š(Tenn.€1997).€€In€fact,€the€defendant€will€only€gain€relief€on€appeal€for€an€abuse€of€discretion€thatŠ  #š! Šwas€prejudicial.€€ņņState€v.€Tizardóó,€897€S.W.2d€732,€748€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).Š $ą" ŠĢĢą  ąThe€defendant€challenges€the€officerššs€qualifications€generally€arguing€that€he€did€not€haveŠ `'°"% Šthe€educational€background€needed€to€give€helpful€or€trustworthy€testimony€in€accidentŠ P( #& Šreconstruction.€€To€support€his€contention,€the€defendant€relies€upon€ņņJohnson€v.€Attkissonóó,€722Š @)$' ŠS.W.2d€390€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1986).€€In€ņņJohnsonóó,€the€officer€had€attended€training€courses€on€accidentŠ 0*€%( Šreconstruction,€investigated€numerous€accidents,€and€previously€testified€as€an€expert€in€the€field.€Š  +p&) ŠNevertheless,€the€appellate€court€held€that€the€trial€court€should€not€have€permitted€the€officer€toŠ ,`'* Štestify€about€the€speed€of€the€defendantššs€truck€just€before€the€accident€because€he€failed€to€show€thatŠ ° Šhis€training€taught€him€to€estimate€speed€based€upon€the€skid€marks€at€the€accident€scene.€€ņņIdóó.€at€392.Š  š ŠThis€is€not€the€case€here€as€Officer€Farmer€testified€that€his€training€in€accident€reconstructionŠ ą Šincluded€instruction€on€calculating€speed.€€The€ņņJohnsonóó€court€also€held€that€the€officer€had€failed€toŠ €Š Štestify€about€the€facts€upon€which€his€opinion€regarding€the€truckššs€speed€was€based,€such€as€theŠ pĄ Šweight€of€the€vehicle,€the€tire€type€or€air€pressure,€and€the€type€and€condition€of€the€roadššs€surface.€Š ` ° ŠņņId.óó€€We€note€that€this€is€also€not€the€case€here€as€Officer€Farmer€testified€about€the€various€factorsŠ P   Šthat€went€into€the€speed€calculation€such€as€the€drag€factor€of€the€road€and€the€radius€of€the€yawŠ @  Šmark.€€We€believe€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€in€finding€Officer€Farmer€qualifiedŠ 0 € Što€testify€generally€as€an€accident€reconstruction€expert.Š  p  ŠĢą  ąHowever,€we€note€that€an€individualššs€qualification€to€testify€as€an€expert€in€a€certain€fieldŠ P  Šdoes€not€give€him€or€her€leave€to€testify€to€the€results€of€a€scientific€test€without€establishing€theŠ š@  Šreliability€of€the€underlying€test.€€In€this€regard,€the€defendant€now€seeks€to€challenge€OfficerŠ ą0  ŠFarmerššs€expertise€for€determining€speed,€arguing€that€although€Officer€Farmer€explained€how€heŠ Š  Šobtained€the€numbers€that€he€applied€to€the€speed€formula,€he€did€not€explain€the€scientific€basis€forŠ Ą Šthe€formula€itself.€€In€the€context€of€breath€tests€revealing€blood€alcohol€content€pre„ņņState€v.€Sensingóó,Š ° Š843€S.W.2d€412€(Tenn.€1992),€our€supreme€court€held€that€in€order€for€a€witness€to€testify€about€theŠ  š Šresults€of€a€scientific€test,€the€witness€must€be€able€to€explain€the€scientific€theory€underlying€theŠ ą Štest:Š €Š ŠĢą8  ąą ` ąTo€trust€to€the€procedure€of€simply€following€instructions€and€getting€aŠ `° Šcorrect€reading€without€any€understanding€of€the€theory€that€makes€the€readingŠ P  Šaccurate€would€be€to€approve€pure€hearsay€evidence€of€intoxication.Š@Š Š  Šą8  ąą ` ąIt€is€our€conclusion,€then,€that€even€though€the€person€who€operates€theŠ 0€ Štesting€device€may€be€shown€to€know€adequately€the€steps€in€handling€the€machine,Š  p Šhe€must€further€have€knowledge€of€the€reasons€for€such€operation€and€the€scientificŠ ` Šprinciple€that€reflects€the€results€as€an€accurate€reading€of€blood€alcohol€content.ŠPŠ Š  ŠĢņņPruitt€v.€Stateóó,€216€Tenn.€686,€695,€393€S.W.2d€747,€752€(1965)€(citations€omitted);€ņņFortune€v.€Stateóó,€Š ą0 Š197€Tenn.€691,€700,€277€S.W.2d€381,€385€(1955).׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś3Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€ņņóóSimilarly,€an€expert€witness€is€not€qualified€toŠ Š  Šgive€an€opinion€about€the€speed€of€a€car€based€upon€physical€markings€left€at€the€accident€scene€ifŠ Ą! Šhe€or€she€has€no€familiarity€with€the€theory€behind€the€formula€used€to€calculate€the€speed.€€ņņSeeóóŠ °"  ŠņņWalters€v.€Glidwellóó,€572€S.W.2d€657,€658„59€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1978)€(holding€that€an€officer€whoŠ  #š! Šmerely€plugged€his€measurements€of€skid€marks€into€a€template€and€arrived€at€a€speed€but€knewŠ $ą" Šnothing€of€the€theory€or€mathematics€behind€the€template€was€not€an€expert);€ņņState€v.€Jerome€D.Š €%Š # ŠUpmanóó,€No.€03C01„9402„CR„00052,€Hamblen€County,€slip€op.€at€8€(Tenn.€Crim.€App€Aug.€2,€1994)Š p&Ą!$ Š(holding€that€the€trooper€properly€testified€as€an€accident€reconstruction€expert€because€he€š štestifiedŠ `'°"% Što€his€familiarity€with€the€applicable€mathematical€equations,€his€background€and€training€in€thoseŠ P( #& Šequations,€and€their€use€in€ascertaining€the€estimated€speed€of€this€defendantššs€vehiclešš);€ņņState€v.Š ° ŠCarol€H.€Doughertyóó,€No.€827,€Sullivan€County€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Jan.€9,€1989)€(determining€no€Š  š Šabuse€of€discretion€in€permitting€the€expert€testimony€of€a€trooper€who€adequately€explained€theŠ ą Šscientific€theories€behind€the€tests€he€performed€at€the€accident€scene).Š €Š ŠĢą  ąWe€acknowledge€that€although€Officer€Farmer€testified€that€he€understood€the€physics€behindŠ ` ° Ša€collision,€he€did€not€explain€the€scientific€theory€behind€the€speed€formula€that€he€used€to€calculateŠ P   Šthe€critical€speed€of€the€curve€and€the€speed€of€the€Mitsubishi€when€it€lost€control€and€upon€impact.€Š @  ŠWe€also€observe€that€the€defendant€only€made€a€general€objection€to€Officer€Farmerššs€qualificationsŠ 0 € Šat€trial.€€The€defendant€did€not€specifically€question€the€reliability€of€any€speed€formula€or€OfficerŠ  p  ŠFarmerššs€understanding€of€the€scientific€theories€behind€the€formula€until€this€appeal.€€Neither€partyŠ `  Šasked€Officer€Farmer€to€explain€the€scientific€basis€for€the€formula.€€We€note,€though,€that€OfficerŠ P  ŠFarmerššs€testimony€that€the€speed€formula€is€from€the€Institute€of€Police€Technology€in€Florida,Š š@  Šappears€in€many€accident€reconstruction€training€manuals,€and€is€in€common€use€throughout€theŠ ą0  Šnation€is€probative€on€the€formulaššs€reliability.€€His€testimony€that€he€checked€his€calculations€madeŠ Š  Šwith€the€speed€formula€against€radar€measurements€of€actual€speed€also€suggests€that€the€formulaŠ Ą Šis€reliable.€€As€stated€earlier,€the€record€supports€the€trial€courtššs€finding€Officer€Farmer€to€be€anŠ ° Šaccident€reconstruction€expert.€€Absent€specific€objection€by€the€defendant€at€trial,€we€will€not€faultŠ  š Šthe€trial€court€for€the€€admission€into€evidence€of€Officer€Farmerššs€opinions€about€the€speed€of€theŠ ą ŠMitsubishi.Š €Š ŠĢ€€€€€€€€€€In€any€event,€we€believe€that€the€defendant€was€not€prejudiced€by€Officer€Farmerššs€opinionŠ `° Šon€speed.€€The€critical€speed€of€the€curve€and€the€precise€speed€of€the€Mitsubishi€as€it€entered€theŠ P  Šcurve€and€upon€impact€are€far€from€critical€because€several€eyewitnesses€testified€that€the€MitsubishiŠ @ Šand€the€Camaro€were€speeding€side€by€side€down€Fort€Henry€Drive,€establishing€that€the€cars€wereŠ 0€ Šdrag€racing.€€The€defendantššs€convictions€stem€from€his€participation€in€the€drag€race.€€Any€errorŠ  p Šwould€be€harmless.Š ` ŠĢą@VV ģąņ ņIV.€€ADMISSIBILITY€OF€THE€COMPUTER„GENERATED€VISUALIZATIONó óˆŠ š@ ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€should€not€have€admitted€the€computerizedŠ Š  Švisualization€of€the€accident€because€it€was€unduly€prejudicial,€it€served€no€non„cumulativeŠ Ą! Ševidentiary€purpose,€it€was€based€upon€the€unqualified€expert€opinion€of€Officer€Farmer,€and€itššsŠ °"  Šdepiction€of€the€Camaro€was€purely€speculative.€€The€state€contends€that€the€trial€court€properlyŠ  #š! Šadmitted€the€videotape€as€demonstrative€evidence€because€it€accurately€depicted€Officer€FarmerššsŠ $ą" Štestimony,€itššs€portrayal€of€the€Camaro€was€based€upon€eyewitness€testimony€and€physical€evidence,Š €%Š # Šand€it€was€not€unduly€prejudicial.Š p&Ą!$ ŠĢą  ąThe€admissibility€of€a€computer„generated€depiction€of€a€witnessššs€testimony€is€an€issue€ofŠ P( #& Šfirst€impression€in€this€state.€€Generally,€to€be€admissible,€videotapes,€like€photographs,€must€be€bothŠ @)$' Šrelevant€and€a€true€and€accurate€portrayal€of€the€recorded€event€or€scene.€€Cohen,€šš€401.12€,€at€112;Š 0*€%( Šņņseeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401,€901(a).€€Although€authentic€and€relevant,€the€videotape€may€still€be€excludedŠ  +p&) Šif€its€probative€value€is€substantially€outweighed€by€its€potential€to€prejudice€the€defendant€unfairlyŠ ,`'* Šor€to€confuse€or€mislead€the€jury.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€€The€admissibility€of€a€relevant€andŠ ° Šauthentic€videotape€depicting€a€crime€scene€is€within€the€trial€courtššs€sound€discretion€and€will€only€Š  š Šbe€reversed€based€upon€an€abuse€of€that€discretion.€€ņņState€v.€Van€Tranóó,€864€S.W.2d€465,€477€(Tenn.Š ą Š1993).Š €Š ŠĢą  ąA€videotaped€live„action€reenactment€š šis€illustrative€evidence€and€is€valid€for€considerationŠ ` ° Šonly€to€the€extent€that€it€illustrates€facts€otherwise€shown€by€sworn€testimony.šš€€ņņClark€v.€St.€ThomasŠ P   ŠHosp.óó,€676€S.W.2d€347,€349€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1984).€€In€ņņClarkóó,€the€appellate€court€affirmed€the€trialŠ @  Šcourtššs€admission€of€a€videotape€in€which€a€hospital€technician€reenacted€with€a€third€party€herŠ 0 € Štestimony€that€she€lowered€the€plaintiff€to€the€floor€when€his€knees€buckled.€€The€court€noted€thatŠ  p  Šwitnesses€often€reenact€their€testimony€in€front€of€the€jury€at€trial,€that€the€witnessššs€sworn€testimonyŠ `  Šremains€the€fundamental€evidence€for€the€juryššs€consideration,€and€that€the€plaintiff€was€able€toŠ P  Šcross„examine€the€technician.€€ņņId.óó€at€349„50.€€However,€we€also€note€that€due€to€its€vivid€realism,Š š@  Ša€videotape€presenting€one€partyššs€staged€version€of€the€facts€presents€the€particular€danger€that€theŠ ą0  Šjury€will€confuse€the€reenactment€with€reality€and€that€trial€court€will€not€be€able€to€limit€its€effectŠ Š  Šwith€instructions.€€2€John€W.€Strong,€ņņMcCormick€on€Evidenceó󀚚€214,€at€19„20€(5ņņthóó€ed.€1999).Š Ą ŠĢą  ąOther€jurisdictions€addressing€the€admissibility€of€a€computer„generated€videotape€differ€inŠ  š Štheir€analysis€based€upon€whether€they€view€the€videotape€to€be€demonstrative€evidence€or€aŠ ą Šscientific€experiment€or€test.€€Courts€and€commentators€make€the€distinction€between€a€computer„Š €Š Šgenerated€animation,€which€illustrates€a€witnessššs€testimony€and€is€demonstrative€evidence,€and€aŠ pĄ Šcomputer€simulation,€in€which€one€enters€scientific€or€physical€principles€and€data€into€a€computerŠ `° Šprogram€and€the€program€analyzes€the€data€and€draws€a€conclusion€from€it.€€ņņClark€v.€Cantrellóó,€No.Š P  Š25088,€2000€WL€282457,€at€*5€n.2€(S.C.€Mar.€13,€2000);€ņņseeóó€ņņConstans,€et€al.,€v.€Choctaw€Transport,Š @ ŠInc.,€et€al.óó,€712€So.2d€885,€901€(La.€Ct.€App.€1997)€(distinguishing€between€an€animation€and€a€Š 0€ Šsimulation).€€š šIn€a€simulation€the€computer€functions€in€a€sense€as€an€expert€itself,€rendering€its€ownŠ  p Šopinion€based€on€internal€calculations€of€how€the€accident€would€have€occurred.šš€€ņņConstansóó,€712Š ` ŠSo.2d€at€901.€€ņņóóThus,€courts€š šrequire€proof€of€the€validity€of€the€scientific€principles€and€data€before€Š P Šadmitting€a€simulation€as€evidence.šš€€ņņClarkóó,€No.€25088,€2000€WL€282457,€at€*5;€ņņseeóó€ņņe.g.óó,Š š@ ŠņņCommercial€Union€Ins.€Co.,€et€al.,€v.€Boston€Edison€Co.óó,€591€N.E.2d€165,€168€(Mass.€1992)Š ą0 Š(holding€computer€simulations€to€be€admissible€under€the€same€standards€as€scientific€tests);Š Š  ŠņņRichardson€v.€State€Highway€&€Trans.€Ō_ŌCommššnŌ_Ōóó,€863€S.W.2d€876,€882€(Mo.€1993)€(holding€that€theŠ Ą! Šrules€for€the€admissibility€of€experiments€governs€the€admissibility€of€a€Simulation€Model€of€anŠ °"  ŠAutomobile€Collision);€ņņŌ_ŌKudlacekŌ_Ō€v.€Fiat€Ō_ŌS.p.A.Ō_Ōóó,€509€N.W.2d€603,€617€(Neb.€1994)€(applying€theŠ  #š! Šthree€ņņCommercial€Unionóó€factors€to€a€computer„generated€videotape€of€a€single„car€accident);€ņņStateŠ $ą" Šv.€Clarkóó,€655€N.E.2d€795,€813€(Ohio€Ct.€App.€1995)€(holding€that€the€methodology€underlying€theŠ €%Š # Šexpertššs€testimony€regarding€the€computer„generated€reconstruction€of€the€shooting€was€sufficientlyŠ p&Ą!$ Šreliable€based€upon€the€three€ņņCommercial€Unionóó€factors);ņņóó€ņņŌ_ŌDeffinbaughŌ_Ō€v.€Ohio€Turnpike€Ō_ŌCommššnŌ_Ōóó,Š `'°"% Š588€N.E.2d€189,€193„94€(Ohio€Ct.€App.€1990)€(using€the€standard€for€newly€applied€scientificŠ P( #& Šprinciples€for€a€computer€simulation€illustrating€mechanical€engineerššs€testimony€that€the€tractorŠ @)$' Štrailer€Ō_ŌjackknifedŌ_Ō€two€hundred€yards€before€striking€a€guardrail);€1€Michael€H.€Graham,€ņņHandbookŠ 0*€%( Šof€Federal€Evidenceó󀚚€401.7,€at€224€(4ņņthóó€ed.€1996)€(observing€that€in€federal€cases,€computer„Š  +p&) Šgenerated€evidence€going€beyond€illustration€into€experiment€raises€concerns€about€the€reliabilityŠ ,`'* Šof€the€explanatory€theory€used);€ņņseeóó€ņņalsoóó€ņņŌ_ŌBledsoeŌ_Ō€v.€Salt€River€Valley€Water€Users€Ō_ŌAssššnŌ_Ōóó,€880€P.2dŠ ° Š689,€692€(Ariz.€Ct.€App.€1994)€(analyzing€a€computer€simulation€of€the€plaintiffššs€bicycle€collidingŠ  š Šwith€a€cable€gate€and€holding€that€at€a€minimum,€a€simulationššs€proponent€must€show€that€theŠ ą Šsimulation€is€a€fair€and€accurate€depiction€of€what€it€represents€and€that€the€opponent€had€anŠ €Š Šopportunity€to€cross„examine€and€may€also€have€to€show€the€three€ņņCommercial€Unionóó€factors).€€ņņButóóŠ pĄ Šņņseeóó€ņņPino€v.€Ō_ŌGauthierŌ_Ōóó,€633€So.2d€638,€652€(La.€Ct.€App.€1993)€(holding€that€computer„generatedŠ ` ° Šsimulations€are€admissible€on€a€case„by„case€basis€if€they€accurately€depict€what€they€claim€to€show;Š P   Šestablish€a€fact€of€a€partyššs€case;€aid€in€the€juryššs€understanding;€and€do€not€unfairly€prejudice,Š @  Šconfuse,€or€mislead).€Š 0 € ŠĢą  ą€In€ņņCommercial€Union€Ins.€Co.,€et€al.,€v.€Boston€Edison€Co.óó,€591€N.E.2d€165€(Mass.€1992),Š `  Šthe€court€examined€the€admissibility€of€a€computer„generated€simulation€that€calculated€the€amountŠ P  Šof€steam€used€by€the€plaintiffs€over€a€five„year„period.€€It€held€that€computer„generated€simulations,Š š@  Šlike€other€scientific€tests,€are€admissible€if:Š ą0  ŠĢą  ą(1)€the€computer€is€functioning€properly;€€Š Ą Šą8  ą(2)€the€input€and€underlying€equations€are€sufficiently€complete€and€accurate€(andŠ ° Šdisclosed€to€the€opposing€party,€so€that€they€may€challenge€them);€andŠ šŠ Š  Šą  ą(3)€the€program€is€generally€accepted€by€the€appropriate€community€of€scientists.Š ą ŠĢņņId.óó€at€168.€€The€Supreme€Court€of€Nebraska€applied€the€ņņCommercial€Unionóó€factors€in€affirming€theŠ pĄ Štrial€courtššs€admission€of€a€computer„generated€simulation€of€a€carššs€path€during€an€accident.€Š `° ŠņņKudlacek€v.€Fiat€S.p.A.óó,€509€N.W.2d€603,€617€(Neb.€1994).€€In€ņņKudlacekóó,€the€expert€entered€theŠ P  Šunderlying€data€into€the€computer€program,€which€created€simulations€of€the€accident.€€The€expertŠ @ Šthen€compared€the€simulations€to€the€physical€evidence€from€the€accident€scene,€the€speed€of€the€car,Š 0€ Šand€testimony€from€witnesses€to€arrive€at€the€simulation€which€best€matched€the€available€physicalŠ  p Ševidence.€€ņņId.óó€at€618.€€The€Ohio€Court€of€Appeals€applied€the€ņņCommercial€Unionóó€factors€in€affirmingŠ ` Šthe€admission€of€a€reconstruction€of€a€shooting€based€upon€a€computer„assisted€drafting€program.€Š P ŠņņState€v.€Clarkóó,€655€N.E.2d€795,€812„13€(Ohio€Ct.€App.€1995).€€In€ņņClarkóó,€the€expert€used€a€computerŠ š@ Šprogram€to€recreate€the€bathroom€where€the€shooting€occurred,€then€used€the€program€to€determineŠ ą0 Šthe€location€of€the€victim€based€upon€the€location€of€the€gun€at€the€time€of€the€shooting.€€ByŠ Š  Šmanipulating€the€positions€of€the€victim€and€the€gun,€the€expert€was€able€to€exclude€the€defendantššsŠ Ą! Šversion€of€the€events.€€ņņId.óó€at€810.€€Thus,€the€expert€used€the€computer€program€to€recreate€the€crimeŠ °"  Šscene€so€that€he€could€test€certain€scenarios€within€it.€€In€both€of€these€cases,€the€experts€used€theŠ  #š! Šcomputer€programs€to€arrive€at€the€reconstruction€rather€than€to€illustrate€a€reconstruction€they€hadŠ $ą" Šalready€performed.Š €%Š # ŠņņóóĢą  ąIn€ņņPino€€v.€Ō_ŌGauthierŌ_Ōóó,€633€So.2d€638€(La.€Ct.€App.€1993)ņņóó,€the€Louisiana€Court€of€AppealsŠ `'°"% Šparts€company€with€the€other€jurisdictions€treating€computer€simulations€as€novel€scientificŠ P( #& Ševidence.€€Tņņóóhe€court€analyzed€a€computer„generated€simulation,€in€which€a€specialized€programŠ @)$' Šcreated€four€possible€scenarios€of€how€the€defendant€lost€control€of€his€vehicle€while€changing€lanes.€Š 0*€%( ŠThe€court€did€not€require€proof€on€the€reliability€of€the€underlying€computer€program€but€insteadŠ  +p&) Šapplied€the€same€standards€of€admissibility€applied€to€videotapes€generally€in€that€jurisdiction.€€ņņId.óóŠ ,`'* Šat€652.€€Although€it€found€that€the€simulation€was€relevant,€the€court€affirmed€the€trial€courtššsŠ ° Šexclusion€of€the€simulation€as€unduly€prejudicial€because€it€limited€the€opposing€partyššs€opportunityŠ  š Što€present€different€scenarios€based€upon€variables€other€than€those€depicted.€€ņņId.óó€€The€courtŠ ą Šdetermined€that€it€was€š šproper€to€avoid€the€impact€of€€the€jury€viewing€the€specially€created€tape,Š €Š Šcontaining€only€favorable€outcomes.šš€€ņņId.óó€€In€ņņŌ_ŌMcDanielŌ_Ō€v.€Ō_ŌCSXŌ_Ō€Transport.,€Inc.óó,€955€S.W.2d€257,Š pĄ Š265€(Tenn.€1997),€our€supreme€court€held€that€Rules€702€and€703,€Tenn.€R.€Evid.,€require€proof€thatŠ ` ° Šnovel€scientific€evidence€is€reliable.€€š šSimply€put,€unless€the€scientific€evidence€is€valid,€it€will€notŠ P   Šsubstantially€assist€the€trier€of€fact,€nor€will€its€underlying€facts€and€data€appear€to€be€trustworthyŠ @  Š.€.€.€.šš€ņņId.óó€€Without€deciding€the€admissibility€of€a€videotape€in€which€the€computer€created,€ratherŠ 0 € Šthan€merely€illustrated,€the€reconstruction,€we€believe€at€the€very€least€that€ņņŌ_ŌMcDanielŌ_Ōóó€would€requireŠ  p  Šproof€of€the€reliability€of€the€computer€program€in€addition€to€showing€relevance€and€Ō_ŌprobativenessŌ_ŌŠ `  Šthat€outweighs€the€potential€prejudice.Š P  ŠĢą  ąJurisdictions€viewing€the€computer„generated€videotape€as€merely€illustrating€the€expertŠ ą0  Šwitnessššs€testimony€require€only€that€the€animation€meet€the€rules€of€admissibility€for€demonstrativeŠ Š  Ševidence€and€do€not€delve€into€the€reliability€of€the€underlying€computer€program.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņPierce€v.Š Ą ŠStateóó,€718€So.2d€806,€809€(Fla.€Dist.€Ct.€App.€1997)€(holding€that€to€be€admissible€as€demonstrativeŠ ° Ševidence,€a€computer„generated€animation€must€depict€the€opinion€of€a€qualified€expert€relying€uponŠ  š Šfacts€reasonably€relied€upon€by€experts€in€that€field€and€must€be€a€fair€and€accurate€representationŠ ą Šof€what€it€purports€to€be);€ņņCleveland€v.€Bryant,€et€al.óó,€512€S.E.2d€360,€362€(Ga.€Ct.€App.€1999)Š €Š Š(holding€that€a€computer„generated€animation€illustrating€an€accident€reconstructionistššs€opinion€ofŠ pĄ Šhow€the€accident€occurred€is€admissible€if€it€fairly€and€accurately€represents€the€scene€it€seeks€toŠ `° Šdepict);€ņņHutchison€v.€American€Family€Mut.€Ins.€Co.óó,€514€N.W.2d€882,€890€(Iowa€1994)€(affirmingŠ P  Šthe€exclusion€of€a€computer„generated€depiction€of€a€closed„head€injuryššs€effect€on€the€brain€becauseŠ @ Šthe€authenticating€expert€did€not€see€the€accident€or€know€the€speeds€or€forces€involved€and,Š 0€ Štherefore,€could€not€testify€that€the€videotape€correctly€portrayed€the€plaintiffššs€injuries);€ņņState€v.Š  p ŠHarveyóó,€649€So.2d€783,€788€(La.€Ct.€App.€1995)€(holding€that€computer„generated€still€animationsŠ ` Šof€the€shooting€and€the€placement€of€the€victimššs€body€were€probative€as€a€visual€demonstration€ofŠ P Šthe€pathologistššs€testimony);€ņņConstans,€et€al.,€v.€Choctaw€Transport,€Inc.,€et€al.óó,€712€So.2d€885,€901Š š@ Š(La.€Ct.€App.€1997)€(holding€that€a€computer€animation€illustrating€the€accident€reconstructionŠ ą0 Šexpertššs€opinion€on€the€placement€of€the€vehicles€during€the€accident€was€not€unduly€prejudicial);Š Š  ŠņņPeople€v.€McHughóó,€476€N.Y.S.2d€721,€722„23€(N.Y.€Sup.€Ct.€1984)€(holding€that€a€computerŠ Ą! Šreenactment€of€a€fatal€car€crash€is€admissible€in€a€criminal€trial€if€it€is€relevant€to€a€possible€defense,Š °"  Ša€fair€and€accurate€reflection€of€the€oral€testimony,€and€aids€the€juryššs€understanding€of€an€issue);Š  #š! ŠņņClark€v.€Cantrellóó,€No.€25088,€2000€WL€282457,€at€*7„8€(S.C.€Mar.€13,€2000)€(holding€that€aŠ $ą" Šcomputer„generated€videotaped€animation€is€admissible€if€authentic;€relevant;€a€fair€and€accurateŠ €%Š # Športrayal€of€the€evidence€to€which€it€relates;€and€substantially€more€probative€than€prejudicial,Š p&Ą!$ Šconfusing€or€misleading);€ņņMintun€v.€Stateóó,€966€P.2d€954,€959€(Wyo.€1998)€(holding€that€the€stateššsŠ `'°"% Šcomputer„generated€videotaped€animation€of€a€car€accident€was€admissible€because€it€was€authentic,Š P( #& Šrelevant,€and€not€excluded€by€another€rule);€1€Michael€H.€Graham,€ņņHandbook€of€Federal€EvidenceóóŠ @)$' Ššš€401.7,€at€224€(4ņņthóó€ed.€1996)€(noting€that€in€federal€cases,€computer€š šanimations€are€admissibleŠ 0*€%( Šprovided€a€foundation€of€sufficient€similarity€is€presented,€subject€to€Rule€403");€ņņseeóó,€ņņe.g.óó,€ņņŌ_ŌTillisŌ_ŌŠ  +p&) ŠTrucking€Co.€v.€Moses,€et€al.óó,€748€So.2d€874,€882€(Ala.€1999)€(holding€that€a€computer„generatedŠ ,`'* Šanimation€of€an€accident€used€as€a€demonstrative€aid€did€not€conflict€with€the€testimony€at€trial).€Š ° ŠņņButóó€ņņseeóó€ņņSommervold€v.€Grevlosóó,€518€N.W.2d€733,€738€(S.D.€1994)€(applying€a€South€Dakota€statuteŠ  š Šrequiring€the€party€offering€computer„generated€evidence€to€describe€the€program€used€and€show€thatŠ ą Šit€produced€an€accurate€result€to€a€computer€animation€illustrating€an€accident€reconstructionistššsŠ €Š Štestimony).Š pĄ ŠĢą  ąIn€this€case,€Professor€Owen€testified€that€the€computer€visualization€depicted€OfficerŠ P   ŠFarmerššs€reconstruction€of€how€the€accident€occurred.€€He€explained€that€a€computer€simulation€orŠ @  Šreconstruction€uses€the€laws€of€physics€to€recreate€the€exact€event€whereas€a€computer€visualizationŠ 0 € Šconverts€an€expert€witnessššs€testimony€into€something€the€jury€can€see.€€The€defendant€objected€toŠ  p  Šthe€introduction€of€the€videotape.€€The€trial€court€stated€that€it€would€have€to€view€the€demonstrativeŠ `  Ševidence,€meaning€the€videotape,€out€of€the€juryššs€presence.€€It€overruled€the€objection,€finding€thatŠ P  Šthe€videotape€was€relevant,€substantially€helpful€to€the€jury,€sufficiently€trustworthy€to€be€admitted,Š š@  Šand€that€its€potential€for€prejudice€did€not€outweigh€its€probative€value.€€Before€the€jury€watched€theŠ ą0  Švideotape,€the€court€instructed:Š Š  ŠĢą8  ąI€caution€you,€this€.€.€.€would€be€taken€like€opinion€evidence.€€In€other€words€.€.€.,Š ° Šthere€was€not€a€movie€made€at€the€time.€€You€need€to€understand€that€this€isŠ  š Šsomething€an€expert€has€prepared€and€it€would€be€considered,€what€you€see€will€beŠ ą Šin€the€nature€of€an€opinion€.€.€.€.Š€ŠŠ Š  ŠĢProfessor€Owen€testified€that€he€created€the€visualization€using€photographs,€measurements,€andŠ `° Šcalculations€given€to€him€by€Officer€Farmer;€measurements€of€the€road€made€by€his€team,€whichŠ P  Šconfirmed€those€made€by€Officer€Farmer;€and€specifications€on€the€vehicles€involved€obtained€fromŠ @ Šcontacts€in€the€movie€industry.€€He€explained€that€he€received€all€of€the€numbers€regarding€theŠ 0€ Šspeeds€of€the€vehicles€from€Officer€Farmer€and€did€not€make€any€computations€himself.€€Thus,Š  p ŠProfessor€Owen€used€the€computer€as€a€means€to€illustrate€Officer€Farmerššs€reconstruction€of€theŠ ` Šaccident€and€not€to€reconstruct€the€accident€itself.€€We€believe€that€the€videotape€is€demonstrativeŠ P Ševidence€illustrating€the€testimony€of€Officer€Farmer.Š š@ ŠĢą  ąHowever,€the€trial€court€should€not€have€admitted€the€visualization€because€it€fails€to€meetŠ Š  Šthe€foundational€requirement€that€it€be€a€true€and€accurate€portrayal€of€the€accident€it€seeks€to€depict.€Š Ą! ŠņņSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€901(a).€€The€visualizationššs€depiction€of€the€defendantššs€Camaro€is€speculativeŠ °"  Šbecause€Officer€Farmer€testified€that€he€could€not€calculate€the€Camaroššs€speed€because€it€left€noŠ  #š! Šyaw€marks€or€skid€marks€at€the€scene.€€In€fact,€other€than€the€photographs€showing€the€Camaro€wasŠ $ą" Šnot€damaged€on€the€day€after€the€accident,€no€evidence€exists€regarding€the€Camaroššs€path€duringŠ €%Š # Šthe€accident.€€Š p&Ą!$ ŠĢą  ąThe€state€argues€that€the€videotapeššs€portrayal€of€the€Camaro€positioned€in€the€left€lane€isŠ P( #& Šsupported€by€the€testimony€of€three€eyewitnesses€who€saw€the€cars€racing€down€Fort€Henry€Drive€Š @)$' Šand€by€the€yaw€marks€left€by€the€Mitsubishi,€which€begin€on€the€railroad€bridge€in€the€right€lane.€Š 0*€%( ŠIt€contends€that€the€relative€speed€of€the€two€cars€is€supported€by€eyewitness€testimony€that€the€carsŠ  +p&) Šwere€traveling€side€by€side€and€by€Officer€Farmerššs€calculation€of€the€critical€speed€of€the€curve.€Š ,`'* ŠFinally,€it€claims€that€the€Camaroššs€position€entering€the€curve€is€supported€by€the€absence€of€anyŠ ° Šskid€marks€from€the€Camaro€and€the€fact€that€the€Camaro€made€it€through€the€curve€unscathed€asŠ  š Šrevealed€by€photographs€of€the€car€taken€the€next€day.€€Š ą ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Professor€Owen€testified€that€based€on€the€fact€that€the€undamagedŠ pĄ ŠCamaro€could€not€have€occupied€the€same€space€as€the€Mitsubishi€or€the€minivan€at€the€same€time,Š ` ° Šthe€accident€had€to€have€happened€either€behind€the€Camaro€as€depicted€in€the€visualization€or€inŠ P   Šfront€of€the€Camaro.€€The€fact€that€these€two€possibilities€exist€coupled€with€the€lack€of€physicalŠ @  Ševidence€from€the€Camaro€at€the€scene€and€witnesses€to€the€accident€itself€make€the€visualizationššsŠ 0 € Športrayal€of€the€Camaroššs€actions€speculative.€€The€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€the€visualizationŠ  p  Šbecause€no€evidence€exists€that€its€portrayal€of€the€actions€of€the€Camaro€are€a€true€and€accurateŠ `  Šdepiction€of€the€events€in€question,€although€it€shows€the€Camaro€going€at€a€particular€rate€of€speed.€Š P  ŠWe€turn€again€to€the€warning€regarding€videotapes€showing€one€partyššs€staged€reproduction€of€theŠ š@  Šdisputed€facts€that:Š ą0  ŠĢą8  ąthe€extreme€vividness€and€verisimilitude€of€pictorial€evidence€is€truly€a€two„edgedŠ Ą Šsword.€€For€not€only€is€the€danger€that€the€jury€may€confuse€art€with€realityŠ ° Šparticularly€great,€but€the€impressions€generated€by€the€evidence€may€proveŠ  š Šparticularly€difficult€to€limit€.€.€.€by€judicial€instruction.ŠąŠ Š  ŠĢMcCormick,€šš€214,€at€19„20.€€The€speculative€nature€of€the€visualization,€coupled€with€the€particularŠ pĄ Šdangers€of€the€videotape€medium,€cause€the€dangers€of€unfair€prejudice€to€the€defendant€and€ofŠ `° Šmisleading€the€jury€to€outweigh€the€videotapeššs€probative€value.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn€R.€Evid.€403.Š P  ŠĢą  ąNevertheless,€we€believe€that€the€admission€of€the€videotape€was€harmless€because,Š 0€ Šconsidering€the€record€as€a€whole,€we€cannot€conclude€that€the€error€more€probably€than€not€affectedŠ  p Šthe€judgment.€€T.R.A.P.€36€(b).€€Eyewitness€testimony€established€that€the€defendant€was€drag€racingŠ ` Šwith€Mr.€Baker€on€Fort€Henry€Drive€to€the€railroad€bridge€immediately€preceding€the€curve€whereŠ P Šthe€accident€occurred.€€The€defendantššs€responsibility€for€the€deaths€of€Mr.€Baker€and€Mr.€BostrumŠ š@ Šand€the€injuries€to€Ms.€Gilliam€and€Ms.€Redwine€stems€from€his€participation€in€the€drag€race€withŠ ą0 ŠMr.€Baker.€€The€precise€speeds€of€the€Camaro€and€the€Mitsubishi€in€the€curve,€as€well€as€the€position€Š Š  Šof€the€Camaro€relative€to€the€accident€in€the€time€frame€covered€by€the€videotape,€are€largelyŠ Ą! Širrelevant.€€€€Š °"  ŠĢą  ąPresumably€to€show€that€he€was€prejudiced€by€the€visualizationššs€depiction€of€the€Camaro,Š $ą" Šthe€defendant€contends€that€the€visualization€is€but€one€piece€of€circumstantial€evidence.€€TheŠ €%Š # Šdefendant€notes€that€when€a€conviction€is€based€exclusively€upon€circumstantial€evidence,€theŠ p&Ą!$ Ševidence€€must€exclude€every€other€reasonable€hypothesis€except€that€of€the€defendantššs€guilt.€€ņņSeeóóŠ `'°"% ŠņņState€v.€Adamsóó,€916€S.W.2d€471,€476€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€He€argues€that€the€state€failed€toŠ P( #& Šmeet€its€burden€of€proof€for€convictions€based€upon€circumstantial€evidence€because€it€has€notŠ @)$' Šexcluded€every€other€reasonable€hypothesis€such€as€that€of€the€Camaro€substantially€reducing€itsŠ 0*€%( Šā āspeed€as€it€went€into€the€curve.€€Although€we€believe€this€argument€to€be€more€akin€to€a€claim€that€Š  +p&) Šthe€evidence€is€insufficient,׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś4Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀it€is€nonetheless€without€merit€because€the€defendantššs€convictions€areŠ ° Šā ānot€based€exclusively€upon€circumstantial€evidence.Š  š ŠĢą@IIģąņ ņV.€€INSTRUCTION€ON€FLIGHTŌ‡X=ķ XXX¼ćԈŠ €Š Šó óĢą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€instructing€the€jury€on€flight.€€He€arguesŠ \ ¬ Šthat€the€evidence€shows€only€that€he€left€the€scene€of€the€accident,€a€circumstance€which€is€Š H ˜ Šinsufficient€to€support€a€flight€instruction.€€The€state€contends€that€the€trial€court€properly€instructedŠ 4 „ Šthe€jury€on€flight€as€follows:Š  p ŠĢą8  ąą ` ąThe€flight€of€a€person€accused€of€a€crime€is€a€circumstance€which,€whenŠ ų H  Šconsidered€with€all€the€facts€of€the€case,€may€justify€an€inference€of€guilt.€Flight€isŠ ä4  Šthe€voluntary€withdrawal€of€oneself€for€the€purpose€of€evading€arrest€or€prosecutionŠ Š  Šfor€the€crime€charged.€€Whether€the€evidence€presented€proves€beyond€a€reasonableŠ ¼  Šdoubt€that€the€defendant€fled€is€a€question€for€your€determination.ŠØų Š Š  Šą8  ąą ` ąThe€law€makes€no€precise€definition€as€to€the€manner€or€method€of€flight;€itŠ ”ä  Šmay€be€open,€or€it€may€be€a€hurried€or€concealed€departure,€or€it€may€be€aŠ €Š Šconcealment€within€the€jurisdiction.€€However,€it€takes€both€a€leaving€the€scene€ofŠ l¼ Šthe€difficulty€and€a€subsequent€hiding€out,€evasion,€or€concealment€in€the€community,Š XØ Šor€a€leaving€of€the€community€for€parts€unknown,€to€constitute€flight.ŠD”Š Š  Šą8  ąą ` ąIf€flight€is€proved,€.€.€.€the€fact€of€flight€alone€does€not€allow€you€to€find€thatŠ 0€ Šthe€defendant€is€guilty€of€the€crime€alleged.€€However,€since€flight€by€a€defendantŠ l Šmay€be€caused€by€a€consciousness€of€guilt,€you€may€consider€the€fact€of€flight,€if€theŠ X Šflight€is€so€proven,€together€with€all€of€the€other€evidence€when€you€decide€the€guiltŠ ōD Šor€innocence€of€the€defendant.€€On€the€other€hand,€an€entirely€innocent€person€mayŠ ą0 Štake€flight€and€such€flight€may€be€explained€by€proof€offered,€or€by€the€facts€andŠ Ģ Šcircumstances€of€the€case.ŠøŠ Š  Šą8  ąą ` ąWhether€there€was€flight€by€the€defendant,€the€reasons€for€it,€and€the€weightŠ ¤ō Što€be€given€to€it,€are€questions€for€you€to€determine.Ō#†X¼ćX XX=ķ¶#ŌŌ‡X=ķ XXX¼ćŌŠąŠ Š  ŠĢą  ąIt€is€well„settled€that€the€fact€that€a€defendant€fled€š šfrom€the€vicinity€where€the€crime€wasŠ h ø Šcommitted,€with€knowledge€that€he€was€likely€to€be€arrested€for€the€crime€or€charged€with€itsŠ T!¤ Šcommission,€may€be€shown€as€a€circumstance€tending€to€indicate€guilt.šš€€ņņState€v.€Williamsóó,€638Š @"  ŠS.W.2d€417,€421€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982).€€However,€in€ņņState€v.€Whittenmeiróó,€725€S.W.2d€686,€688Š ,#|! Š(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1986),€the€court€held€that€it€is€improper€to€instruct€a€jury€on€flight€if€no€evidenceŠ $h" Šexists€to€support€it€other€than€the€fact€that€the€defendant€left€the€scene.€€The€court€held€that€flightŠ ° Šrequires€both€a€leaving€of€the€scene€and€a€subsequent€hiding€out,€evasion,€concealment€in€theŠ œģ Šcommunity,€or€leaving€of€the€community.€€€Ō#†X¼ćX XX=ķXĄ#ŌŌ‡X=ķ XXX¼ćŌŠ ˆŲ ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€the€instruction€on€flight€was€not€warranted€because€the€evidenceŠ `° Šshows€only€that€he€left€the€scene€after€the€accident€and€that€no€evidence€existed€that€he€hid€out€orŠ L œ Šotherwise€tried€to€evade€the€police.€€He€further€argues€that€he€surrendered€to€the€police.€€At€trial,Š 8 ˆ ŠTracy€Shipley€testified€that€he€came€upon€the€accident€almost€immediately€after€it€occurred€and€sawŠ $ t Ša€red€Camaro€return€to€the€crash€scene.€€He€saw€someone€jump€out€of€the€Camaro€and€jump€backŠ  ` Šinside.€€The€Camaro€then€turned€around€and€drove€away€from€the€accident€at€a€high€rate€of€speed.€Š ü L  ŠDetective€Ralph€Kline€testified€that€he€spent€the€rest€of€the€night€of€March€20€and€the€early€morningŠ č 8  Šof€March€2l€unsuccessfully€trying€to€locate€the€defendant,€including€checking€the€defendantššsŠ Ō$  Šresidence.€€We€hold€that€these€facts€support€an€instruction€on€flight.€€The€fact€that€the€defendant€laterŠ Ą  Šsurrendered€does€not€diminish€the€fact€that€he€earlier€left€the€scene€and€concealed€himself€such€thatŠ ¬ü  Šhe€could€not€be€found€by€the€authorities.Ō#†X¼ćX XX=ķ7Ä#ŌŌ‡X=ķ XXX¼ćŌņ ņŠ ˜č  ŠĢą@#ģąVI.€€SENTENCINGˆŠ pĄ Šó óĢą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€sentencing.€€Specifically,€he€argues€thatŠ H˜ Šit€erred€by€applying€certain€enhancement€factors,€by€imposing€consecutive€sentences,€and€by€denyingŠ 4„ Ša€sentence€alternative€to€straight€incarceration.€€The€state€contends€that€the€trial€court€properlyŠ  p Šsentenced€the€defendant.€€Š  \ ŠĢą  ąŌ#†X¼ćX XX=ķnÉ#ŌŌ‡X=ķ XXX¼ćŌAppellate€review€of€sentencing€is€ņņdeóó€ņņnovoóó€on€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€the€trialŠ ä4 Šcourt's€determinations€are€correct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„401(d).€€As€the€SentencingŠ Š  ŠCommission€Comments€to€this€section€note,€the€burden€is€now€on€the€defendant€to€show€that€theŠ ¼  Šsentence€is€improper.€€This€means€that€if€the€trial€court€followed€the€statutory€sentencing€procedure,Š Øų Šmade€findings€of€fact€that€are€adequately€supported€in€the€record,€and€gave€due€consideration€andŠ ”ä Šproper€weight€to€the€factors€and€principles€that€are€relevant€to€sentencing€under€the€1989€SentencingŠ €Š ŠAct,€we€may€not€disturb€the€sentence€even€if€a€different€result€were€preferred.€€ņņState€v.€Fletcheróó,€805Š l¼ ŠS.W.2d€785,€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).Š X Ø ŠĢą  ąHowever,€š šthe€presumption€of€correctness€which€accompanies€the€trial€court's€action€isŠ 0"€  Šconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€Š #l! Šprinciples€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.šš€€ņņState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.Š $X" Š1991).€€In€this€respect,€for€the€purpose€of€meaningful€appellate€review,€Š ō$D # ŠĢą8  ąthe€trial€court€must€place€on€the€record€its€reasons€for€arriving€at€the€final€sentencingŠ Ģ&"% Šdecision,€identify€the€mitigating€and€enhancement€factors€found,€state€the€specificŠ ø'#& Šfacts€supporting€each€enhancement€factor€found,€and€articulate€how€the€mitigating€Š¤(ō#'Š Š  ŠĢĢŠ h+ø&* Šą8  ąand€enhancement€factors€have€been€evaluated€and€balanced€in€determining€theŠ ° Šsentence.€€T.C.A.€šš€40„35„210(f)€(1990).€€ŠœģŠ Š  ŠĢņņState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597,€599€(Tenn.€1994).Š tÄ ŠĢą  ąAlso,€in€conducting€a€ņņdeóó€ņņnovoóó€review,€we€must€consider€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€atŠ L œ Šthe€trial€and€sentencing€hearing,€(2)€the€presentence€report,€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencing€andŠ 8 ˆ Šarguments€as€to€sentencing€alternatives,€(4)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€criminal€conduct,Š $ t Š(5)€any€mitigating€or€statutory€enhancement€factors,€(6)€any€statement€that€the€defendant€made€onŠ  ` Šhis€own€behalf,€and€(7)€the€potential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€€šššš€40„35„102,Š ü L  Š„103,€„210;€ņņseeóó€ņņAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€168;€ņņState€v.€Mossóó,€727€S.W.2d€229€(Tenn.€1986).€Š č 8  ŠĢą  ąThe€sentence€to€be€imposed€by€the€trial€court€for€a€Class€E€felony€is€presumptively€theŠ Ą  Šminimum€in€the€range€when€there€are€no€enhancement€or€mitigating€factors€present.€€Tenn.€CodeŠ ¬ü  ŠAnn.€šš€40„35„210(c).€€Ō#†X¼ćX XX=ķÆĖ#ŌŌ‡X=ķ XXX¼ćŌProcedurally,€the€trial€court€is€to€increase€the€sentence€within€the€range€basedŠ ˜č  Šupon€the€existence€of€enhancement€factors€and€then€reduce€the€sentence€as€appropriate€for€anyŠ „Ō  Šmitigating€factors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„210(d),€(e).€€The€weight€to€be€afforded€an€existingŠ pĄ Šfactor€is€left€to€the€trial€court's€discretion€so€long€as€it€complies€with€the€purposes€and€principles€ofŠ \¬ Šthe€1989€Sentencing€Act€and€its€findings€are€adequately€supported€by€the€record.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€Š H˜ Ššš€40„35„210,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments;€ņņMossóó,€727€S.W.2d€at