ÿWPCœ ¿¤ûºø ¼ú1o®G“mª!¯écDê*Ñî6D=gºìŒÐp:µß.¹‹’c“üâyx}­°ëbÔ# 7žöó%‚QW…*O`7)·Ê–NàþÐêŸû‰™â-t±åðgܦ=AŽÓ}uÙ›\p«±J©{¶Ç“‹;Óâ_þ†é±É¯äÈIÿŠUg¦A |ËÉb˜‰l•5>1æêÆ#ÚÏ-7³ø¼Ë¡]¾6HuvýÏ÷%RhNÆÀ;$p¸Ê©¤Òk–/Ÿ4œxnŠb«ÃÀÇÍà)»ÂweÑsLñ¿Œßnõæ60üô ‘haãÌZÚÕ Cæ,Ü2+«µ0L1 Ï ï ·‹¶ ŠüÈäîVpèZÑ€H®óÀ5bJ”×r+¾º*öå±P[‚Ö ûÝ+èºiT亟®–yn]›\¦´ÕxÛÕIH2Tê:[Õ%±(l›\‘h4/çYdÂ.çÍrKŠýs(9×îâ˜@£KƒÖ:B¦ÛÔè7ؽ´ìýâ´Ï¼ÇVER$&ðOÝ"XyåëZùÓÞêEZ#=ϲ¤áä©v¸"²Îvýü€ªU5¥ ¹#gàs^8²¡O+Í &Ë­3ኢ+uZd#!x %™UNŸ 0Æí³ 4» Ï NÞ ^ à w ì U :ö 0 m2 I U :Q ª‹ U:5 5 5 5 5 ‚o U:ñññññññññññññññññññññññññññññññññññññññññññññññññññññññññññññññññññ 0â+ D5  BBBBB AQ_ư 0âv 0DX˜HP LaserJet 8000 DN PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0X(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(žjÆ$¡¡Ñ` ` ÑÑÜÜÑÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal[  AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ LegalTÑÓÓtpO'3|xpS'L ,c½¬AZ‹"Arial RegularÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ , øð AZ"Arial Regular  Ý ƒbÛ7"ÝÓÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€Xƒ•XXXÔÔ Ad ÔÓ  ÓÔ€L_ïMXXƒ•ÔÓÓFILEDÔ€Xƒ•XML_ïÔÐ  ÐÌò òÔ€¬ÞXXƒ•ÔOctober€19,€1999Ð ŒŒ ÐÓ“ÓÌCecil€Ô_ÔCrowsonÔ_Ô,€Jr.Ð ll£ ÐAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular xÝ ƒbÛ7"ÝÓÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€Xƒ•XXXÔÔ Ad ÔÓ  ÓÔ€L_ïMXXƒ•ÔFILEDÔ€Xƒ•XML_ïÔÐ  ÐÐ LL Ðò òÔ€¬ÞXXƒ•ÔOctober€19,€1999Ð  ÐÌCecil€Ô_ÔCrowsonÔ_Ô,€Jr.ÌAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular(º3Û7$££Ý ƒjÆ!ÝÑ` °ÑÑܰÑÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[° AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÓÓÝ  Ý\\\\)ÿÿ!dxdx dabZc[Cþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(º3Û7$¢¢Ý ƒjÆ!ÝÑ` °ÑÑܰÑÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[° AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÓÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óÝ ƒjÆ!ÝÑ` °ÑÑܰÑÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[° AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÓÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ8€·PXdìdÈ8ÑÑ  ÑÔ€ Xƒ•XXXÔññßq€`[;+'h|[ð` `€€EÓP `tt 2 ˆ ˜ðqßññññßq€`[;+'h|[ð` `€€EÓP `tt   ˆ ˜ðqßâ 4 4 4€%4€%âññà@¬¬àòòIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEóóˆÐ `  Ðà@UU"àòòAT€KNOXVILLEóóˆà D àà œ àÐ , Ì Ðà@ÛÛàMARCH€1999€SESSIONˆÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àÌÌâ 4€%4€%4 4 âSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à ” àà ì à*à D àC.C.A.€#€03C01„9808„CR„00275€Ð \ü  Ðà Œ àAppellee,à < àà ” àà ì à*à D àHAMILTON€COUNTYÐ (È  ÐVS.à Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì à*à D àHon.€Douglas€A.€Meyer,€JudgeÐ ô”  ÐÓÓCHARLES€ERIC€GOODWIN,à ì à*à D à(Attempted€Second€Degree€Murder€Ð À` Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àand€Second€Degree€Murder)Ìà Œ àAppellant.à < àà ” àà ì à*Ð Œ, ÐÌÌÌÌÌòòFor€Appellantóó:à < àà ” àà ì àà D àòòFor€Appelleeóó:Ð ð ÐÌAllen€R.€Beard,€Attorneyà ” àà ì àà D àPaul€G.€SummersÐ ¼ \ Ð615€Lindsay€Street,€Suite€110à ì àà D àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÐ ¢!B ÐChattanooga,€TN€€37403„0110€à ì àÐ ˆ"( Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àR.€Stephen€Ô_ÔJobeÔ_ÔÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àCriminal€Justice€DivisionÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D à425€Fifth€Avenue€North€Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àSecond€Floor,€Ô_ÔCordellÔ_Ô€Hull€BuildingÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493ÌÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àC.€Leland€Davis€Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àandÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àCaldwell€Ô_ÔHuckabayÔ_ÔÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àAssistant€District€Attorneys€GeneralÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àCity€and€County€Courts€Building€Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àChattanooga,€TN€€37402ÌÌà Œ àÌÌOPINION€FILED:__________________________ÌÌÌÌÌAFFIRMED€ÌÌÌÌÌGARY€R.€WADE,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÐ  Ê:j17 ÐÔ_ÔÑn` ÑÑcÜÑÓÓà@33-ÚàòòOPINIONóóˆÐ n Ðà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant,€Charles€Eric€Goodwin,€was€convicted€in€a€bench€trialÏof€the€second€degree€murder€of€Gregory€Billups,€Jr.,€and€the€attempted€secondÏdegree€murder€of€Eddie€Birdsong.€€The€trial€court€imposed€concurrent,€Range€IÏsentences€of€twenty„five€years€and€twelve€years,€respectively.€€In€this€appeal€ofÏright,€the€defendant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€as€to€each€convictionÏand€contends€that€certain€of€the€testimony€should€not€have€been€excluded€fromÏconsideration.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àWe€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àDuring€the€early€morning€hours€of€June€8,€1995,€William€AnthonyÏTaylor€drove€the€defendant€to€the€Chattanooga€residence€of€Betty€Calloway,€theÏdefendant's€girlfriend.€€Ms.€Calloway€lived€in€a€two„story€house€on€Duncan€AvenueÏthat€had€been€converted€into€apartments.€€After€leaving€the€car€and€as€heÏapproached€the€residence,€the€defendant€saw€the€victim,€Gregory€Billups,€Jr.,€andÏOstonia€Woodall€talking€outside€the€apartments.€€The€defendant€made€a€remark€to€ÏMs.€Woodall€which€resulted€in€an€altercation€between€the€defendant€and€Billups.€ÏAfter€initially€attempting€to€stop€the€fight,€Eddie€Birdsong,€who€was€a€brother€toÏBillups,€joined€the€fray.€€According€to€witnesses,€the€altercation€among€the€menÏlasted€between€ten€and€fifteen€minutes€and€ended€when€the€defendant,€who€hadÏbeen€beaten€and€had€lost€a€shoe,€ran€to€an€automobile€owned€by€Rodney€Gordon.€ÏTaylor,€who€was€a€codefendant€in€the€bench€trial,€had€little€involvement€in€the€fight,Ïaccording€to€at€least€one€of€the€state's€witnesses,€except€to€try€to€stop€it.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àLater,€the€defendant,€driving€his€own€automobile,€returned€to€theÏresidence€with€Taylor,€Gordon,€James€Duke,€James€Davenport,€and€perhaps€others.€ÏHe€was€present€when€the€victim€Birdsong€was€assaulted€and€when€the€victim€BillupsÐ ò8„06 Ðwas€murdered.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€evidence€was€disputed€at€trial.€€Stephanie€Feaster,€a€sister€toÏBillups,€testified€that€she€was€at€her€second€story€apartment€with€her€one„year„oldÏson.€€Billups,€Birdsong,€and€Ms.€Woodall,€who€had€a€newborn€daughter,€were€alsoÏpresent.€€Ms.€Feaster€recalled€hearing€a€loud€crashing€sound€and,€after€walkingÏdownstairs€to€investigate,€observed€Billups€choking€the€defendant.€€She€stated€thatÏTaylor€was€attempting€to€break€up€the€fight€and€that€Birdsong€was€able€to€separateÏthe€combatants.€€A€fight€then€erupted€between€Birdsong€and€the€defendant€afterÏwhich€Ms.€Feaster€returned€to€her€apartment.€€Later,€Ms.€Feaster€overheard€BillupsÏand€Birdsong,€neither€of€whom€were€armed,€laughing€about€how€badly€theÏdefendant€had€been€beaten.€€After€an€interval€of€time,€Billups€and€Birdsong€decidedÏto€go€to€a€grocery€store€for€beer.€€Ms.€Feaster€recalled€that€Billups€armed€himselfÏwith€an€ice€pick€as€Birdsong€walked€ahead€down€the€stairway.€€Ms.€Feaster€thenÏheard€two€gunshots€and€Billups,€who€went€downstairs€to€investigate,€directed€her€toÏreturn€to€the€apartment,€lock€the€doors,€and€call€the€police.€€Ms.€Feaster€stated€thatÏshe€hid€behind€a€door€when€she€heard€a€voice€outside€calling€out,€"It's€another€m„„„„„¼f„„„„€upstairs,€let's€get€him."€€Ms.€Feaster€testified€that€she€then€heard€a€crash€at€herÏdoor,€saw€the€defendant€and€Taylor€standing€next€to€Billups,€and€observed€TaylorÏshoot€Billups€once€from€relatively€close€range.€€Ms.€Feaster€recalled€thatÏimmediately€after€the€shooting,€Taylor€and€the€defendant€fled€down€the€stairway.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àOstonia€Woodall,€Billups'€girlfriend,€also€testified€for€the€state.€€SheÏstated€that€the€initial€fight€erupted€due€to€a€remark€the€defendant€had€made€to€her.€ÏShe€stated€that€Billups€took€exception,€a€fight€ensued,€and€that€Taylor€and€BirdsongÏattempted€to€intervene.€€She€stated€that€Birdsong€then€fought€with€the€defendantÏand€ultimately€chased€him€away€through€an€alleyway.€€Ms.€Woodall€testified€thatÏsometime€later€she€heard€gunshots€and€then€someone€say,€"There€is€one€more€inÐ ò8„06 Ðthe€house,€there€is€another€one€in€the€house."€€Ms.€Woodall€called€the€police€and,€asÏshe€was€speaking€with€a€911€dispatcher,€heard€a€gunshot€inside€the€apartment.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àEddie€Birdsong€testified€that€he€had€intervened€in€the€initial€fightÏbecause€he€had€discovered€his€brother,€Billups,€choking€the€defendant€while€TaylorÏwas€on€Billups'€back.€€Birdsong€recalled€pushing€Taylor€off€his€brother€and€thenÏseparating€Billups€and€the€defendant.€€He€stated€that€when€he€was€struck€by€theÏdefendant,€who€continued€to€try€to€fight€with€Billups,€he€"then€...€whooped€him."€ÏBirdsong€described€the€demeanor€of€the€defendant€as€"on€something."€€BirdsongÏtestified€that€sometime€later€he€went€downstairs€and€again€saw€the€defendant€whoÏsaid,€"It's€over€with€me."€€Birdsong€stated€that€he€then€overheard€the€defendantÏtalking€to€someone€else,€who€he€could€not€see€in€the€dark.€€Birdsong€related€that€theÏdefendant€then€produced€a€gun€and€fired€in€his€direction.€€Birdsong€was€able€to€fleeÏfrom€the€scene€without€being€hurt.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àDetective€Dan€Moody€of€the€Chattanooga€Police€Department€led€theÏinvestigation.€€He€learned€that€the€defendant€had€been€hospitalized€with€a€stabÏwound€and€arranged€a€gunshot€residue€analysis€at€approximately€9:00€A.M.,€only€aÏfew€hours€after€the€shooting.€€The€test€was€inconclusive.€€Detective€Moody€testifiedÏthat€Taylor€claimed€that€he€had€broken€up€a€fight€in€which€the€defendant€wasÏinvolved€and,€after€returning€to€the€defendant's€residence,€discovered€that€theÏdefendant€had€been€stabbed€in€the€initial€fray.€€Taylor€made€no€mention€of€returningÏto€the€Duncan€Avenue€residence€in€his€first€statement€to€the€detective€but€admittedÏin€his€second€statement€that€he€and€the€defendant€had€returned€there,€saw€otherÏindividuals€chasing€someone,€and€then€heard€a€gunshot.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àDetective€Moody€also€questioned€the€defendant,€who€claimed€that€heÏwas€stabbed€when€he€bent€over€to€pick€up€a€necklace€after€the€initial€altercation€withÐ ò8„06 ÐBillups.€€The€defendant€told€the€detective€that€during€the€second€confrontationÏsomeone€reached€over€him€and€fired€a€pistol€at€Billups.€€In€his€initial€statement,€theÏdefendant€made€no€mention€of€Frederick€Rollins.€€Several€months€later,€theÏdefendant€sent€Detective€Steve€Angel€a€letter€claiming€that€Rollins€had€shot€BillupsÏand€that€he€and€James€Duke€had€witnessed€the€shooting.€€The€defendant€claimedÏthat€Rollins€later€killed€Duke,€who€had€suggested€to€Rollins€that€he€should€confess€toÏthe€killing€of€Billups.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àFrank€King,€M.D.,€the€county€medical€examiner,€testified€that€BillupsÏdied€from€a€single€gunshot€wound€that€entered€his€left€lateral€back€and€traveled€inÏan€upward€direction€into€his€right€chest€cavity.€€Dr.€King€estimated€that€the€gun€wasÏfired€from€about€two€feet.€€Ì€Ìà Œ àà ä àDetective€Tim€Carroll,€who€investigated€the€murder€of€Duke,€testifiedÏthat€Rollins€had€been€charged€and€convicted€of€that€crime.€€Detective€Carroll€alsoÏtestified€that€he€had€investigated€the€defendant's€claim€that€Rollins€had€also€shotÏBillups.€€After€comparing€the€bullets€in€each€murder,€Detective€Carroll€determinedÏthat€there€was€no€match.€€Other€witnesses€established€that€there€was€no€relationshipÏbetween€the€Billups€and€Duke€murders.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€claimed€that€he€was€attacked€by€Birdsong€and€BillupsÏfor€no€reason€and€that€Taylor's€only€involvement€was€to€try€to€break€up€the€fight.€ÏThe€defendant€contended€that€he€was€aware€that€his€mother,€when€she€learned€ofÏhis€beating,€intended€to€travel€to€the€Duncan€Avenue€home€to€confront€hisÏassailants,€and€testified€that€he€returned€there€to€find€her.€€He€claimed€that€the€otherÏmen,€who€had€heard€about€the€altercation,€just€happened€to€arrive€at€about€theÏsame€time.€€The€defendant€claimed€that€when€he€saw€Birdsong,€he€signaled€thatÏthere€was€no€further€argument€between€them€and€that€Birdsong€did€likewise.€€TheÐ ò8„06 Ðdefendant€claimed€that€Birdsong€nevertheless€followed€him€in€a€threatening€mannerÏas€he€walked€into€a€dark€area.€€He€recalled€that€one€or€two€shots€were€then€fired.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€explained€that,€after€the€initial€fight,€he€asked€RodneyÏGordon€for€a€ride€to€his€car€because€he€did€not€want€to€leave€it€overnight€in€theÏprojects.€€He€stated€that€when€he€retrieved€his€car,€his€friends€in€the€neighborhoodÏasked€what€had€happened€and€learned€that€he€had€been€beaten€by€Birdsong€andÏBillups€at€the€Duncan€Avenue€residence.€€The€defendant€claimed€that€when€heÏreturned€to€the€scene,€he€first€saw€Birdsong,€who€said,€"What's€up,€nigger?€€What'sÏup?€€You€want€some€more?"€€He€testified€that€he€responded,€"It's€over€with,€man,"Ïand€that€Birdsong€commented,€"Well,€you€shouldn't€have€come€around€here€withÏthat€anyway."€€The€defendant€denied€that€he€had€a€weapon€in€his€possession.€€HeÏcontended€that€Birdsong€followed€him€all€the€way€to€the€front€of€the€house€where€itÏwas€particularly€dark.€€The€defendant€testified€that€he€heard€a€shot€at€that€point€andÏfell€to€the€ground€to€avoid€being€struck.€€The€defendant€stated€that€he€went€aroundÏto€the€front€door€and€into€the€hallway€of€the€apartment,€"staying€out€of€sight."€€TheÏdefendant€stated€that€"there€was€some€more€guys€following€...€behind€me€...€in€theÏhallway,"€who€he€identified€as€"240,€J.D.,€[and]€Tony€Richardson."€€The€defendantÏtestified€that€he€then€saw€Billups€coming€down€the€steps:ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àAnd€next€thing€I€know,€there€was€a€push€or€something€....€ÏI€don't€know.€€It€was€words€being€exchanged€or€whatever,Ïsomebody€pushing€me€out€of€the€way.€€I€fell€holding€myÏside,€and€next€thing€you€know,€I€heard€people€kind€of€likeÏstampede€past€me.€€I€heard€shooting.€€Once€I€heard€theÏshooting,€people€started€running€back€...€past€me€...€Ïpushing€me€out€of€...,€and€somebody€helped€me€up€...€offÏthe€ground....€€I€don't€know€whether€I€was€stabbed€orÏshot.€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€was€taken€to€his€mother's€residenceÏwhere€his€brother€called€for€an€ambulance€to€take€him€to€the€hospital.€€TheÏdefendant€recalled€that€when€he€woke€up€from€surgery,€he€was€handcuffed.€€HeÐ  8ž/5 Ðstated€that€the€police€performed€a€test€on€his€hands€in€an€effort€to€determine€theÏpresence€of€gunpowder.€€At€trial,€the€defendant,€who€had€a€prior€felony€record,Ïclaimed€that€Frederick€Rollins€had€shot€Billups.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àJoyce€Duke,€the€mother€of€James€Duke,€testified€for€the€defense.€€SheÏrecalled€that€before€his€death,€her€son€had€informed€her€that€Rollins€had€killedÏBillups.€€The€state€objected€to€the€testimony€as€hearsay€and€the€trial€court€ruled€itÏinadmissible.€€Ms.€Duke€admitted€that€the€codefendant€Taylor€was€the€father€of€herÏdaughter's€child.€€She€confirmed€that€Rollins€had€killed€her€son.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àJames€Davenport,€who€admitted€that€he€had€been€drinking€on€theÏnight€of€the€shooting€and€had€an€unclear€memory€of€the€events,€testified€that€he€wasÏtold€by€the€defendant€and€Taylor€of€the€altercation€with€Billups€and€Birdsong.€ÏDavenport€claimed€that€he€saw€Rollins€rush€past€the€defendant€and€shoot€Billups.€ÏDavenport€also€claimed€that€Rollins€bragged€afterwards€about€having€shot€Billups.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àJamie€Jackson,€a€former€correctional€officer€in€the€Hamilton€CountyÏJail,€also€testified€for€the€defense.€€He€recalled€that€the€defendant€and€Rollins,€whoÏwere€both€incarcerated€at€the€time,€engaged€in€an€argument€wherein€the€defendantÏaccused€Rollins€of€having€killed€a€man.€€Jackson€stated€that€he€overheard€theÏdefendant€shout,€"You€know€you€killed€him,"€after€which€Rollins€retorted,€"Yeah,€IÏknow€that,€but€nobody€else€does."€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant's€mother,€Joyce€Goodwin,€also€testified€on€behalf€of€theÏdefense.€€She€claimed€that€when€the€defendant€returned€from€the€Duncan€AvenueÏresidence,€his€nose€was€bloody€and€he€had€no€shoes.€€She€stated€that€when€sheÏlearned€that€he€had€been€beaten€by€two€individuals,€Ms.€Goodwin€picked€up€aÏfriend,€Darlene€Jones,€and€drove€to€Duncan€Avenue.€€She€testified€that€when€sheÐ ò8„06 Ðarrived,€however,€the€area€was€full€of€police€officers.€€She€stated€that€she€had€beenÏdelayed€to€the€Duncan€Avenue€residence€when€she€stopped€for€gas.€€UponÏreturning€home,€she€discovered€that€the€defendant€and€the€police€were€at€herÏresidence.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àMs.€Darlene€Jones€testified€to€substantially€the€same€series€of€eventsÏas€Ms.€Goodwin.€€She€did€differ€in€one€regard,€however,€in€that€she€rememberedÏdriving€straight€to€the€Duncan€Avenue€residence€and€then€stopping€for€gasÏafterward.€€ÌÌà@¾¾0ÚàIˆÌà Œ àà ä àInitially,€the€defendant€complains€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€toÏsupport€either€of€his€convictions.€€Because€the€defendant€Taylor€was€acquitted€in€theÏbench€trial,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€judge's€"decision€was€based€on€pure€Ìsurmise,"€supportive€of€neither€the€state's€theory€nor€that€offered€by€the€defense.€ÏThe€defendant€bases€his€argument€on€the€fact€that€Ms.€Feaster,€the€only€eyewitnessÏto€the€shooting,€testified€that€Taylor€had€fired€the€weapon.€€He€asserts€that€the€trialÏjudge,€who€determined€that€Ms.€Feaster€was€"simply€...€wrong€about€what€she€saysÏshe€saw,"€had€no€basis€to€reject€that€portion€of€her€testimony€while€accrediting€theÏbalance€of€her€assertions:€€"[t]he€trial€court€based€its€decision€entirely€on€its€ownÏtortured€interpretation€of€the€evidence."ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€stateððs€theory€was€that€the€defendant,€motivated€by€revenge€afterÏhe€had€been€beaten,€gathered€some€of€his€friends€from€the€projects€and€returned€toÏDuncan€Avenue€to€confront€Birdsong€and€Billups.€€The€state€sought€to€prove€that€the€Ïdefendant,€who€had€been€drinking,€shot€at€Birdsong€and€then€chased€after€BillupsÏon€the€stairway€where€either€the€defendant€or€Taylor€shot€Billups.€€The€theory€of€theÏstate€was€that€the€defendant€was€either€the€perpetrator€or€was€criminally€responsibleÐ ò8„06 Ðfor€the€conduct€of€Taylor.€€It€contended€that€the€defendant€told€his€friends€that€heÏ"got€ganged"€and€that€the€police€came€in€response€to€Ms.€Woodall's€call,€where€theÏshot€was€recorded,€and€not€that€of€the€defendant;€that€the€defendant€shot€atÏBirdsong€because€he€was€embarrassed€by€getting€whipped€by€the€younger€men;Ïand€that€Billups€"stuck€the€defendant€with€an€ice€pick"€and€started€to€run€beforeÏbeing€shot€by€either€the€defendant€or€Taylor.€€The€state's€theory€was€that€Ms.ÏFeaster,€a€seventeen€year€old€with€her€own€child,€was€so€frightened€by€the€course€ofÏevents€that€she€could€have€been€mistaken€about€which€of€the€two€defendants€firedÏthe€fatal€shot.€€€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defense€theory€was€that€the€defendant€returned€to€the€DuncanÏAvenue€residence€only€because€he€thought€his€mother€was€there;€that€he€was€not€Ìarmed€and€that€the€outside€area€was€so€dark€the€state€could€not€prove€who€firedÏshots€at€Birdsong.€€The€defense€theory€was€that€the€defendant€fell€to€the€groundÏafter€being€stabbed€by€Billups€inside€the€apartments€and€that€Rollins€chased€BillupsÏup€the€stairway€and€shot€him.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€proof,€the€trial€judge€found€that€Taylor€hadÏbeen€a€peacemaker€when€a€fight€broke€out€between€Billups€and€the€defendant€andÏthat€Birdsong€had€intervened€and€then€beaten€the€defendant.€€He€determined€thatÏthe€defendant€returned€to€his€residence,€gathered€some€friends,€and€returned€toÏchallenge€Billups€and€Birdsong.€€The€trial€judge€concluded€that€Birdsong,€uponÏleaving€the€apartment,€observed€the€defendant€and€followed€him€around€the€cornerÏof€the€residence€in€order€to€determine€why€he€had€returned€when€the€defendantÏ"fired€twice€at€him."€€The€trial€judge€also€found€that€Billups,€who€had€heard€theÏgunshots€and€had€armed€himself€with€an€ice€pick,€directed€Ms.€Woodall€and€Ms.ÏFeaster€upstairs€and€stuck€the€defendant€with€an€ice€pick€when€the€latter€enteredÏthe€stairway.€€He€determined€that€Ms.€Feaster€was€"honestly€mistaken"€and€that€inÐ ò8„06 Ðreality€the€defendant€had€fired€the€fatal€shot€into€the€back€of€Billups€as€he€ran€up€theÏstairway.€€The€trial€judge€placed€emphasis€upon€the€upward€angle€of€the€shot€asÏdetermined€by€Dr.€King€and€also€concluded€that€the€defendant€"was€not€in€a€state€ofÏpassion"€at€the€time€of€the€shootings,€a€state€of€mind€which€might€have€reduced€theÏoffense€to€voluntary€manslaughter.€€Taylor€was€acquitted€because,€in€the€words€ofÏthe€trial€judge,€he€did€not€share€in€the€criminal€intent€to€commit€murder€and€did€not,Ïaccording€to€his€interpretation€of€the€proof€offered,€fire€any€of€the€shots€at€BirdsongÏor€Billups.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àOn€appeal,€of€course,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimateÏview€of€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€which€might€be€drawn€therefrom.€ÏòòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€The€credibility€of€theÐ 2Ä Ðwitnesses,€the€weight€to€be€given€their€testimony,€and€the€reconciliation€of€conflictsÏin€the€proof€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòByrge€v.€Stateóó,€575€S.W.2dÐ Ê\ Ð292,€295€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€When€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€isÏchallenged,€the€relevant€question€is€whether,€after€reviewing€the€evidence€in€the€lightÏmost€favorable€to€the€state,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essentialÏelements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2dÐ ú&Œ" Ð405,€410€(Tenn.€1983);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àAlthough€this€case€was€a€bench€trial,€the€findings€of€the€trial€judge€whoÏconducted€the€proceedings€carry€the€same€weight€as€a€jury€verdict.€€òòState€v.€Tateóó,Ð *.¼%* Ð615€S.W.2d€161,€162€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981).€€Questions€concerning€the€credibilityÏof€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€their€testimony,€and€all€factualÏissues€raised€by€the€proof€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Pappasóó,Ð Ž3 +0 Ð754€S.W.2d€620,€623€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€This€court€may€neither€reweigh€norÏreevaluate€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€at€835.€€Ð &7¸.4 ÐÐ ò8„06 Ðà Œ àà ä àSecond€degree€murder€is€defined€as€the€knowing€killing€of€another.€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„210(a)(1).€€Criminal€attempt€is€defined€in€pertinent€part€asÏfollows:ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(a)€A€person€commits€criminal€attempt€who,€acting€withÏthe€kind€of€culpability€otherwise€required€for€the€offense:Ð ä Ð ä Ð  Ðà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à€€€(3)€acts€with€intent€to€complete€a€course€of€action€orÏcause€a€result€that€would€constitute€the€offense,€underÏthe€circumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€as€theÏperson€believes€them€to€be,€and€the€conduct€constitutesÏa€substantial€step€toward€the€commission€of€the€offense.€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÌÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àThe€trial€judge€made€reference€to€criminal€responsibility€for€conduct€ofÏanother:ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àA€person€is€criminally€responsible€for€an€offenseÏcommitted€by€the€conduct€of€another€if€(2)€acting€with€theÏintent€to€promote€or€assist€the€commission€of€the€offenseÏor€to€benefit€in€the€proceeds€or€result€of€the€offense,€theÏperson€solicits,€directs,€aids,€or€attempts€to€aid€anotherÏperson€to€commit€the€offense.Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÌÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àThe€evidence€offered€at€trial€was€contested.€€Some€of€the€proof€offeredÏmay€have€been€untruthful.€€Other€testimony,€while€not€untruthful,€may€have€beenÏmistaken€due€to€the€variety€of€emotions€produced€in€the€witnesses€in€consequenceÏof€the€course€of€events.€€There€was,€however,€testimony€of€each€and€every€elementÏof€the€offense€of€the€second€degree€murder€of€Phillips€and€the€attempted€secondÏdegree€murder€of€Birdsong.€€There€was€proof€that€the€defendant,€after€being€beatenÏand€possibly€embarrassed€by€the€initial€altercation€on€Duncan€Avenue,€summonedÏthe€assistance€of€his€friends€and€returned€to€the€residence€to€confront€Birdsong€andÏBillups.€€A€gun€was€obviously€present€and€there€was€testimony€that€neither€BillupsÏnor€Birdsong€had€a€gun.€€There€was€proof€that€the€defendant€or€his€friends€wereÏarmed€and€that€two€shots€were€fired€at€Birdsong€before€Billups,€who,€in€anticipationÏof€trouble€sought€to€protect€himself€by€the€use€of€an€ice€pick,€was€shot€in€the€backÏeither€by€the€defendant€or€with€the€assistance€and€participation€of€the€defendant.€Ð  8ž/5 ÐThe€gunshot,€which€apparently€resulted€in€the€death€of€Billups,€can€be€heard€on€theÏ911€call€made€by€Ms.€Woodall.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àAs€pointed€out€by€the€state,€there€was€proof€the€defendant€had€aÏmotive€and€the€opportunity€to€commit€the€offenses.€€There€was€direct€testimony€asÏwell€as€circumstantial€evidence€which€contradicted€his€claim€that€he€was€merelyÏpresent€at€the€time€the€shots€were€fired€at€Birdsong€and€Billups.€€Furthermore,€theÏtrial€court€had€a€factual€basis€upon€which€to€reject€any€claim€by€the€defendant€thatÏthe€crimes€against€Billups€and€Birdsong€should€have€been€voluntary€manslaughterÏor€attempted€voluntary€manslaughter.€€It€was€the€prerogative€of€the€fact€finder€toÏdetermine€whether€there€was€adequate€provocation€"sufficient€to€lead€[theÏdefendant]€to€act€in€an€irrational€manner."€€There€were€circumstances€in€thisÏinstance€which€indicate€that€the€passion€or€anger,€which€might€have€naturally€beenÏpresent€in€the€defendant,€had€subsided€from€the€time€of€the€first€altercation€until€theÏsecond€confrontation.€€For€example,€the€defendant€claimed€that€when€he€sawÏBirdsong,€he€indicated€that€there€was€no€longer€any€quarrel€between€them€and€heÏwalked€away€just€before€the€first€shots€were€fired.€€The€defendant€testified€that€heÏhad€gone€home€to€forget€about€the€incident€and€only€returned€to€check€on€hisÏmother,€who€had€stated€that€she€intended€to€investigate€the€incident.€€The€trialÏjudge,€as€was€his€prerogative€as€the€trier€of€the€facts,€chose€to€reject€the€defendant'sÏclaim€that€the€stab€wound€from€the€ice€pick€had€provoked€the€defendant€to€killÏBillups.€€There€was€a€basis€for€that€finding.€€Witnesses€overheard€a€comment,Ï"there's€another€one€upstairs"€in€reference€to€Billups€and€"let's€get€him."€€€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€our€view,€the€evidence€was€sufficient.€€So€long€as€there€was€aÏfactual€basis€in€the€record€for€his€conclusions,€the€trial€judge€was€entitled€to€assessÏthe€credibility€of€each€witness€and€make€an€interpretation€of€the€proof€at€trial€withoutÏaccepting€either€the€stateððs€theory€or€that€of€the€defense.€€Ð ò8„06 Їà@¢¢/ÚàIIˆÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defense€theory€was€that€Frederick€Rollins€killed€the€victim.€€WhileÏthe€trial€court€initially€allowed€hearsay€evidence€which€indicated€Rollins€was€theÏassailant,€it€ultimately€determined€that€the€evidence€was€inadmissible.€€James€Duke,Ïwho€was€with€the€defendant€on€the€night€Billups€was€killed,€was€later€murdered€byÏRollins.€€Joyce€Duke,€the€mother€of€James€Duke,€testified€that€she€had€overheardÏher€son,€two€days€before€his€own€death,€claim€that€Rollins€had€killed€Billups.€€JamesÏDavenport,€who€was€transported€to€prison€with€Rollins,€testified€that€Rollins€hadÏadmitted€to€the€killing€several€times.€€Jamie€Jackson,€a€jail€employee,€testified€thatÏhe€had€overheard€Rollins€admit€to€participating€in€one€or€more€killings.€€Ì€€Ìà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€claims€that€the€trial€judge€excluded€the€evidence€onÏgrounds€of€irrelevancy€or€hearsay.€€The€defendant€insists€that€the€testimony€offeredÏby€the€three€witnesses€should€have€been€admitted:ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(1)€€as€to€Ms.€Duke's€testimony,€the€defendant€contendsÏthat€the€evidence€was€admissible€under€Rule€804(a)(4)€ofÏthe€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence;€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(2)€€as€to€the€testimony€of€James€Davenport,€theÏdefendant€claims€that€the€evidence€was€not€offered€toÏprove€the€truth€of€the€matter€asserted;€andÐ ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(3)€as€to€Jamie€Jacksonððs€testimony,€the€defendantÏargues€that€the€evidence€was€not€offered€to€prove€theÏmatter€asserted€but€to€show€that€Rollins€had€admittedÏkilling€someone€in€an€argument€with€the€defendant.€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÌÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àInitially,€we€reject€the€notion€that€the€proof€was€not€offered€to€proveÏthat€someone€other€than€the€defendant€killed€Billups€or€fired€the€shots€at€Birdsong.ÏThe€defendant€makes€no€real€argument€in€support€of€that€claim.€€Thus,€the€hearsayÏrules€would€apply.€€Rule€804(b)(3)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence,€theÏstatement€against€interest€exception€to€the€rule€against€hearsay,€provides€as€follows:ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àA€statement€which€was€at€the€time€of€its€making€so€farÏcontrary€to€the€declarant's€pecuniary€or€propriety€interest,Ð ò8„06 Ðor€so€far€tended€to€subject€the€declarant€to€civil€orÏcriminal€liability€or€to€render€invalid€a€claim€by€theÏdeclarant€against€another,€that€a€reasonable€person€inÏthe€declarantððs€position€would€not€have€made€theÏstatement€unless€believing€it€to€be€true.€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÌÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àThe€statement€against€interest€is€admissible€only€if€the€declarant€isÏunavailable.€€James€Dukeððs€statement€to€his€mother€that€he€had€witnessed€RollinsÏshoot€the€victim€Billups€does€not,€in€our€view,€qualify€as€a€statement€against€interest.€ÏThe€declarant,€James€Duke,€even€though€unavailable€due€to€his€death,€did€notÏsubject€himself€to€criminal€liability€by€making€the€statement.€€The€offered€evidenceÏwas,€therefore,€properly€excluded.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àJames€Davenport,€who€testified€without€objection€that€he€had€observedÏRollins€shoot€Billups,€also€stated€that€Rollins€had€bragged€about€his€involvementÏafterward€and€had€acknowledged€having€fired€the€fatal€shot.€€When€DavenportÏtestified€that€Rollins€admitted€that€he€"bust[ed]€the€mf,Ô‡Xƒ•XX Xƒ•Ô"Ô#† Xƒ•XXXƒ•ñs#Ô€there€was€no€objection€by€theÐ –!( Ðstate.€€When€he€discussed€the€conversation€that€he€had€with€Rollins€on€their€way€toÏprison,€wherein€Rollins€acknowledged€having€Ô‡Xƒ•XX Xƒ•Ô"Ô#† Xƒ•XXXƒ•çt#Ôshot€two€or€three€people,"€there€wasÐ .%À  Ðno€objection.€€After€hearing€this€and€all€of€the€other€testimony€at€issue,€the€trial€court,Ïwhen€rendering€the€verdict,€made€the€following€ruling:ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à[T]he€one€thing€that€I€did€not€deal€with,€and€that€is€theÏtestimony€we€heard€about€an€alleged€alternativeÏperpetrator,€which€would€be€the€testimony€that€was€heardÏabout€Freddy€Rollins,€and€the€court€finds€the€testimonyÏabout€the€alleged€perpetrator€is€not€admissible,€that€noneÏof€the€testimony€was€admissible.Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÌÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àThe€ruling,€which€was€made€as€an€aside€while€the€trial€court€wasÏrendering€the€verdict,€cannot€be€interpreted€as€broadly€as€it€might€appear.€€ThoseÏobjections€that€were€made€by€the€state€were€based€upon€the€rule€against€hearsay.€ÏThe€trial€court€reserved€judgment,€heard€the€evidence,€and€expressed€his€intent€toÐ  8ž/5 Ðrender€a€ruling€at€a€later€time.€€It€is€our€view€that€the€trial€judge's€ruling€at€the€end€ofÏthe€proof€only€pertained€to€testimony€which€was€at€issue€and€not€that€introducedÏwithout€objection.€€In€fact,€the€ruling€appears€to€be€limited€to€the€testimony€of€JoyceÏDuke€which€the€trial€court€characterized€as€follows:ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àIt€is€hearsay....€€I€will€allow€you€to€present€it€for€theÏrecord....€€Well,€it€would€be€coming€in€just€for€the€recordÏthen€I€can€decide€later€whether€to€consider€it€or€not.€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÌÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àNevertheless,€even€if€the€trial€judge€was€making€reference€to€theÏhearsay€testimony€offered€by€Davenport€of€his€conversations€with€Rollins€after€theÏnight€of€the€shooting,€an€exclusion€would€not€have€been€erroneous.€€While€Rollins'Ïstatements€were€certainly€against€his€own€interests,€the€defense€did€not€establishÏthat€Rollins€was€unavailable,€as€required€by€the€rule.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€804(b).€€TheÏproponent€of€the€evidence,€the€defendant€in€this€case,€has€the€responsibility€ofÏissuing€a€subpoena.€€Here,€the€defendant€did€so.€€During€the€course€of€the€trial,Ïhowever,€after€it€became€clear€that€Rollins€would€be€available€to€testify,€theÏdefendant€chose€not€to€call€him€as€a€witness:ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àTHE€COURT:€At€this€point,€Mr.€Beard,€there€was€aÏquestion€about€whether€or€not€you€wish€to€have€theÏtestimony€of€Freddy€Rollins,€and€we€have€located€him.€ÏHe€is€...€in€Bledsoe€County€at€Pikeville,€and€they€areÏscheduled€to€...€send€him€over€here€at€6:00€o'clock€in€theÏmorning,€which€would€be€7:00€our€time,€but€you€haveÏdecided€that€you€do€not€wish€to€call€him?€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àMR.€BEARD:€That€is€correct,€your€honor.Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àTHE€COURT:€And€Mr.€Sloan€and€Mr.€Poole€(counsel€forÏthe€defendant€Taylor)€you€both€have€decided€that€you€doÏnot€wish€to€have€Rollinsðð€testimony?€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àMR.€POOLE:€That's€correct,€your€honor.Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àTHE€COURT:€And€the€state€does€not€wish€to€call€himÏeither?€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àMR.€DAVIS€(assistant€district€attorney€general):€€No.Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÌÐ ò8„06 ÐÓÓà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€also€argues€as€an€excuse€that€Ô‡Xƒ•XX Xƒ•Ô"Ô#† Xƒ•XXXƒ•Š‚#Ôhad€[Rollins]€been€inÐ n Ðcourt,€it€is€highly€unlikely€that€he€would€have€admitted€to€the€killing€and€would€haveÏcertainly€invoked€the€privilege€against€self„incrimination....Ô‡Xƒ•XX Xƒ•Ô"Ô#† Xƒ•XXXƒ•Œƒ#Ô€€Rule€804(a)(1)€of€theÐ  ˜ ÐTennessee€Rules€of€Evidence€includes€in€its€definition€of€Ô‡Xƒ•XX Xƒ•Ô"Ô#† Xƒ•XXXƒ•5„#Ôunavailability,Ô‡Xƒ•XX Xƒ•Ô"Ô#† Xƒ•XXXƒ•‡„#ÔÔ‡Xƒ•XX Xƒ•Ô€"situationsÐ Ò d Ðin€which€the€declarant€...€is€exempted€by€ruling€of€the€court€on€grounds€of€privilegeÏfrom€testifying€concerning€the€subject€matter€of€the€declarant's€statement...."€€InÏorder€to€be€deemed€unavailableÔ#† Xƒ•XXXƒ•Ê„#Ô,€however,€the€witness€must€actually€Ô‡Xƒ•XX Xƒ•Ô"Ô#† Xƒ•XXXƒ•†#Ôassert€aÐ 6È  Ðprivilege€and€the€court€should€rule€that€the€privilege€is€properly€invoked.Ô‡Xƒ•XX Xƒ•Ô"Ô#† Xƒ•XXXƒ•ņ#Ô€€Ô‡Xƒ•XX Xƒ•ÔNeil€P.Ð ”  ÐCohen,€et€al.,€òòTennessee€Law€of€Evidenceóó,€Ô#† Xƒ•XXXƒ• ‡#Ôðð€804(a)(2),€at€590€(3d€Ed.€1995).€€ThatÐ Î` Ðwas€not€done€in€this€case.€€For€these€reasons,€an€exclusion€of€the€hearsay€evidenceÏoffered€by€Davenport€would€have€been€entirely€appropriate.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àJamie€Jackson€testified€that€he€overheard€Rollins€in€an€argument€withÏthe€defendant€admit€having€killed€someone.€€The€defendantððs€brother,€TracyÏGoodwin,€who€was€also€incarcerated,€was€involved€in€the€quarrel.€€Jackson€recalledÏthat€the€defendant€said,€"You€need€to€tell€these€people€that€you€killed€that€boy."€ÏJackson€remembered€that€Rollins€initially€denied€that€he€had€done€so€but€after€aÏcontinuation€of€similar€dialogue,€the€exchange€ended€as€follows:ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àTHE€DEFENDANT:€You€know€you€killed€him.€€You€knowÏthat€we€didn't€have€nothing€to€do€with€that.€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àROLLINS:€Yeah,€I€know€that,€but€nobody€else€does.€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àTHE€DEFENDANT:€Well,€then,€you€need€to€tell€thoseÏpeople€you€killed€that€boy.€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àROLLINS:€No,€I'm€not€telling€them€nothing.Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÓÓJackson€described€the€argument€as€having€lasted€for€as€long€as€an€hour.€€WhenÏquestioned€by€the€trial€judge,€Jackson€admitted€that€the€name€of€the€victim€wasÏ"never€mentioned."ÌÌà Œ àà ä àAgain,€Rollins€was€not€unavailable€as€is€required€before€a€statementÐ ò8„06 Ðagainst€interest€can€be€properly€introduced.€€In€consequence,€the€evidence€wasÏproperly€excluded.€€There€was€no€error.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àAccordingly,€the€judgment€is€affirmed.€ÌÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D à________________________________Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àGary€R.€Wade,€Presiding€Judge€ÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ_____________________________ÌNorma€McGee€Ogle,€JudgeÌÌÌÌ_____________________________ÌCornelia€A.€Clark,€Special€Judge€