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ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð R"¢" ÐÓv ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼U »XX1¥ #ÔÔ‡X1X»¼U ÔÐ $n$ ÐÌÔ#†¼U »XX1ù #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X1X»¼U Ôà  àThe€defendant,€Selina€G.€Ô_ÔHarrelsonÔ_Ô,€appeals€as€of€right€her€conviction€by€a€Ô_ÔHardinÔ_Ô€CountyÐ ê%:!& Ðjury€for€possession€of€one„half€gram€or€more€of€cocaine€with€intent€to€sell,€a€Class€B€felony.€€TheÐ Ð& "' Ðtrial€court€sentenced€her€as€a€Range€I,€standard€offender€to€nine€years€to€be€served€in€the€DepartmentÐ ¶'#( Ðof€Correction.€€The€defendant€contends€that€the€officer€did€not€have€probable€cause€to€search€theÐ œ(ì#) Ðtruck€in€which€he€found€the€drugs;€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€show€that€she€actually,€jointly,Ð ‚)Ò$* Ðor€constructively€possessed€crack€cocaine;€and€that€the€trial€court€should€have€imposed€a€sentenceÐ h*¸%+ Ðalternative€to€incarceration.Ð N+ž&, Ðâ âÐ 4,„'-ýÿ ÐÔ_Ôà  àA€Hardin€County€deputy€stopped€a€truck€driven€by€Freddie€Cunningham.€€After€his€drugÐ ° Ðâ âdetection€dog€alerted€on€the€truck€and€he€discovered€crack€cocaine€on€the€seat,€the€deputy€arrestedÐ –æ ÐCunningham€and€the€defendant,€who€was€a€passenger€in€the€truck.€€The€defendant€filed€a€motion€toÐ |Ì Ðsuppress€the€crack€cocaine€arguing€that€the€officer€lacked€probable€cause€to€conduct€the€warrantlessÐ b² Ðsearch€of€the€truck.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àAt€the€suppression€hearing,€Shane€Fisher€testified€that€in€August€1998,€he€was€a€deputy€withÐ  d Ðthe€Hardin€County€Sheriffððs€Department€and€that€he€worked€with€a€trained€and€certified€drugÐ ú J Ðdetection€dog.€€He€said€that€on€August€9òòthóó,€he€was€on€patrol€when€he€encountered€a€pickup€truck€inÐ à 0 Ða€curve€driving€on€his€side€of€the€road.€€He€said€that€he€had€to€drive€off€the€road€to€avoid€being€hit.€Ð Æ   ÐHe€admitted€that€the€road€was€narrow€but€said€that€cars€could€still€pass€each€other€on€the€road.€€HeÐ ¬ ü  Ðsaid€that€the€roadððs€center„line€was€unmarked.€€He€said€that€looking€in€his€rearview€mirror,€heÐ ’â  Ðnoticed€that€one€of€the€truckððs€taillights€was€unlit.€€He€stated€that€he€turned€around,€activated€his€blueÐ xÈ  Ðlights,€and€stopped€the€truck.€€He€stated€that€although€it€was€fairly€dark€that€night,€there€was€a€streetÐ ^®  Ðlight€seventy„five€to€one€hundred€yards€from€where€he€stopped€the€truck.€€Ð D”  ÐÌà  àMr.€Fisher€testified€that€Freddie€Cunningham€was€driving€and€that€the€defendant€was€aÐ ` Ðpassenger€in€the€truck.€€He€said€that€did€not€see€or€smell€any€drugs€or€alcohol€when€he€approachedÐ öF Ðthe€truck.€€He€said€that€he€asked€Mr.€Cunningham€to€leave€the€truck.€€He€said€that€he€asked€Mr.Ð Ü, ÐCunningham€if€there€was€anything€illegal€in€the€truck€and€that€Mr.€Cunningham€replied€there€wasÐ Â Ðnot.€€Mr.€Fisher€said€that€he€explained€to€Mr.€Cunningham€that€he€was€going€to€circle€the€truck€withÐ ¨ø Ðhis€drug€detection€dog.€€He€said€that€the€dog€alerted€on€the€driverððs€door.€€He€said€that€he€put€the€dogÐ ŽÞ Ðback€in€his€car€and€searched€the€truck.€€He€said€that€when€he€opened€the€driverððs€door,€he€saw€a€pillÐ tÄ Ðbottle€lying€on€the€middle€of€the€seat.€€He€said€that€the€bottle€contained€crack€cocaine,€and€heÐ Zª Ðarrested€Mr.€Cunningham€and€the€defendant€for€possession€of€a€Schedule€II€substance€for€resell.€€TheÐ @ Ðtrial€court€overruled€the€motion€to€suppress.Ð &v ÐÌà  àMr.€Fisher€testified€to€substantially€the€same€account€of€events€at€trial.€€He€said€that€whenÐ òB Ðhe€first€approached€the€truck€and€asked€for€Mr.€Cunninghamððs€driver€license,€both€occupants€seemedÐ Ø( Ðnervous€in€that€they€were€fidgeting€and€breathing€deeply.€€He€said€that€the€defendant€was€alone€inÐ ¾ Ðthe€truck€for€one€minute€while€he€took€Mr.€Cunningham€to€the€back€of€the€truck.€€€He€said€that€bothÐ ¤ô ÐMr.€Cunningham€and€the€defendant€were€outside€the€truck€when€he€investigated€it€with€the€drugÐ Š Ú Ðdetection€dog.€€He€said€that€the€pill€bottle€had€no€label€and€was€leaning€against€a€purse€with€a€waterÐ p!À  Ðbottle€and€a€few€other€items€on€the€seat.€€He€said€that€when€he€opened€the€pill€bottle,€he€found€fortyÐ V"¦! Ðrocks€of€crack€cocaine.€€He€stated€that€a€single€rock€generally€sold€for€twenty€dollars€in€that€area,Ð <#Œ" Ðmaking€the€crack€cocaine€in€the€bottle€worth€eight€hundred€dollars.€€He€said€that€he€asked€Mr.Ð "$r# ÐCunningham€and€the€defendant€if€the€bottle€contained€crack€and€to€whom€it€belonged,€but€they€didÐ %X $ Ðnot€answer.€€On€cross„examination,€he€admitted€that€he€wrote€in€his€police€report€that€Mr.Ð î%>!% ÐCunningham€had€nodded€his€head€when€asked€if€he€knew€what€was€in€the€pill€bottle.€€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌà  àAgent€Kaye€Sherriff,€a€forensic€scientist€specializing€in€drug€identification,€testified€that€sheÐ  (ð#( Ðidentified€the€substance€in€the€pill€bottle€as€5.8€grams€of€crack€cocaine.€€€Diane€Polk,€the€circuit€courtÐ †)Ö$) Ðclerk,€testified€that€on€November€30,€1998,€the€defendant€failed€to€appear€for€her€arraignment€in€thisÐ l*¼%* Ðcase€and€that€the€court€issued€a€capias€for€her€arrest.Ð R+¢&+ ÐÐ 8,ˆ', Ðà  àAndrea€Davidson€testified€that€on€April€2,€1999,€she€worked€for€the€Hardin€County€SheriffððsÐ ° ÐDepartment.€€She€said€that€she€was€on€routine€patrol€when€she€recognized€the€driver€of€anÐ –æ Ðapproaching€vehicle€as€Freddie€Cunningham.€€She€said€that€she€thought€Mr.€Cunninghamððs€femaleÐ |Ì Ðpassenger€was€the€defendant,€for€whom€she€was€looking€because€of€a€capias.€€She€said€that€sheÐ b² Ðstopped€the€vehicle€and€told€the€female€passenger€that€she€believed€her€to€be€the€defendant.€€She€saidÐ H˜ Ðthat€the€woman€denied€that€she€was€the€defendant,€gave€another€name,€and€said€that€she€was€fromÐ . ~ ÐMemphis.€€Ms.€Davidson€said€that€when€she€asked€Mr.€Cunningham€if€the€woman€was€theÐ  d Ðdefendant,€he€replied€that€he€had€nothing€to€say.€€She€said€that€she€asked€the€woman€forÐ ú J Ðidentification,€but€the€woman€said€she€did€not€have€any.€€She€said€the€woman€told€her€that€she€hadÐ à 0 Ðinjured€her€jaw€and€that€Mr.€Cunningham€was€taking€her€to€a€dentist.€€She€said€that€the€womanÐ Æ   Ðclaimed€to€be€in€pain€and€to€have€taken€pain€medication€but€that€the€woman€seemed€clear€and€alert.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌà  àMs.€Davidson€testified€that€although€she€thought€that€the€woman€was€the€defendant,€theÐ xÈ  Ðdefendant€had€changed€her€appearance.€€She€said€that€she€told€them€that€they€would€have€to€waitÐ ^®  Ðwhile€another€officer€brought€a€jail€intake€card€bearing€the€defendantððs€picture€in€order€for€her€toÐ D”  Ðidentify€the€woman.€€She€said€that€at€that€point,€the€woman€admitted€to€being€the€defendant.€€Ms.Ð *z  ÐDavidson€said€that€during€the€course€of€these€events,€she€learned€that€the€defendant€was€living€withÐ ` ÐMr.€Cunningham.Ð öF ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€testified€that€on€the€night€of€her€arrest,€she€had€a€room€at€the€Savannah€Motel.€Ð  ÐShe€said€that€she€bought€some€cigarettes€and€was€walking€back€to€the€motel€when€FreddieÐ ¨ø ÐCunningham€stopped€and€asked€if€she€needed€a€ride.€€She€said€that€she€accepted€the€ride€because€she€Ð ŽÞ Ðdecided€to€return€to€a€friendððs€house€where€she€had€washed€clothes€earlier€that€day€and€had€left€Ð tÄ Ðlaundry€in€the€washing€machine.€€She€said€they€were€near€her€friendððs€house€when€an€officer€stoppedÐ Zª ÐMr.€Cunningham.€€She€said€that€the€officer€came€to€her€side€of€the€truck€and€asked€Mr.€CunninghamÐ @ Ðfor€his€identification€and€the€truckððs€registration.€€She€said€that€Mr.€Cunningham€opened€the€gloveÐ &v Ðbox€and€began€searching€through€papers€with€a€flashlight.€€She€said€that€the€officer€told€Mr.Ð  \ ÐCunningham€that€he€would€call€to€check€the€registration€instead.Ð òB ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€testified€that€the€officer€returned€to€Mr.€Cunninghamððs€side€of€the€truck€andÐ ¾ Ðasked€him€to€get€out.€€She€said€that€the€officer€and€Mr.€Cunningham€went€to€the€back€of€the€truckÐ ¤ô Ðand€that€a€neighbor€approached€and€spoke€with€the€officer.€€She€said€that€the€officer€asked€her€to€getÐ Š Ú Ðout€of€the€truck.€€He€explained€that€he€was€going€to€bring€the€drug€detection€dog€to€the€truck€and€thatÐ p!À  Ðif€it€alerted,€he€would€have€to€search€the€truck.€€She€said€that€the€officer€led€the€dog€to€the€driverððsÐ V"¦! Ðside,€where€the€dog€went€crazy.€€She€said€that€the€dog€did€not€sniff€the€passengerððs€side€of€the€truck.€Ð <#Œ" ÐShe€said€that€the€officer€reached€through€the€open€door€of€the€truck€and€then€returned€the€dog€to€hisÐ "$r# Ðcar.€€She€said€that€the€officer€showed€them€a€pill€bottle€and€asked€if€they€knew€what€it€was.€€She€saidÐ %X $ Ðthat€she€told€the€officer€that€she€didnððt€know€anything€about€it,€but€Mr.€Cunningham€nodded€and€saidÐ î%>!% Ðthat€it€was€his.€€She€said€that,€evidently,€the€officer€had€forgotten€that€they€responded€in€this€way.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€testified€that€Mr.€Cunningham€removed€everything€from€the€glove€box€andÐ  (ð#( Ðlaid€it€on€the€seat€while€searching€for€the€registration.€€She€said€that€her€purse€was€next€to€her€on€theÐ †)Ö$) Ðseat.€€She€said€that€the€seat€was€covered€with€papers€and€that€she€did€not€see€a€pill€bottle€on€the€seat.€Ð l*¼%* ÐShe€said€that€she€was€alone€in€the€truck€for€three€or€four€minutes.€€She€testified€that€she€did€not€knowÐ R+¢&+ Ðthat€the€drugs€were€in€the€truck€that€night.€€She€said€that€if€she€had€known€they€were€there,€she€wouldÐ 8,ˆ', Ðhave€thrown€them€out€the€window€when€she€had€the€chance.€€She€admitted€that€she€had€beenÐ ° Ðaddicted€to€drugs€for€several€years.€€She€said€that€she€had€lost€everything€because€of€her€addiction.€Ð –æ ÐShe€agreed€that€forty€rocks€was€a€lot€of€crack€cocaine€but€denied€ever€selling€drugs.€€She€said€thatÐ |Ì Ðin€order€to€get€drugs,€she€would€go€to€a€crack€house€and€smoke€with€people€she€knew.€€She€statedÐ b² Ðthat€she€also€had€a€little€money€from€babysitting.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€testified€that€she€probably€had€been€drinking€before€she€was€arrested.€€She€saidÐ  d Ðthat€she€was€always€nervous€when€stopped€by€the€police€but€that€she€did€not€remember€beingÐ ú J Ðnoticeably€nervous€that€night.€€She€said€that€she€did€not€appear€for€her€arraignment€because€she€wasÐ à 0 Ðdrunk€and€on€drugs€that€day.€€She€said€that€she€was€also€drunk€and€on€drugs€the€day€she€was€stoppedÐ Æ   Ðby€Officer€Davidson.€€She€said€that€she€gave€Officer€Davidson€a€false€name€because€she€did€not€wantÐ ¬ ü  Ðto€go€to€jail.€€She€said€that€all€she€thought€about€at€that€time€was€ð ðpartying.ðð€€She€denied€living€withÐ ’â  ÐMr.€Cunningham.Ð xÈ  ÐÌà  àFreddie€Cunningham€testified€that€he€gave€the€defendant€a€ride€on€the€night€in€question.€€HeÐ D”  Ðsaid€an€officer€stopped€him€for€having€a€taillight€out€and€that€the€officer€asked€him€to€step€to€the€backÐ *z  Ðof€the€truck.€€He€said€that€the€defendant€was€alone€in€the€truck€for€a€while€because€a€drunk€personÐ ` Ðappeared€and€began€talking€with€the€officer.€€He€said€that€the€drugs€on€the€seat€were€his€and€that€theÐ öF Ðdefendant€did€not€know€they€were€in€the€truck.€€He€denied€supplying€the€defendant€with€drugs€or€Ð Ü, Ðmoney€to€buy€drugs.€€Ð  ÐÌà  àMr.€Cunningham€testified€that€he€pled€guilty€to€felonious€possession€of€the€cocaine€foundÐ ŽÞ Ðin€his€truck.€€He€said€that€he€only€vaguely€remembered€the€judge€asking€him€if€he€€were€guilty€ofÐ tÄ Ðpossessing€the€drugs€because€he€was€under€a€lot€of€pressure€that€day.€€He€also€said€that€he€has€aÐ Zª Ðmental€disorder€and€that€sometimes€he€does€not€remember€things.€€He€said€that€he€did€not€rememberÐ @ Ðtaking€an€oath€to€tell€the€truth€on€the€day€he€pled€guilty.€€He€said€that€when€he€tried€to€say€somethingÐ &v Ðin€his€own€defense€at€the€plea€hearing,€the€judge€told€him€that€he€did€not€have€anything€else€to€sayÐ  \ Ðbecause€he€had€already€signed€his€plea.€€Although€the€prosecutor€quoted€the€statement€from€theÐ òB Ðtranscript€of€his€guilty€plea€hearing,€he€said€that€he€did€not€think€that€he€told€the€judge€that€he€wasÐ Ø( Ðnot€guilty€of€possessing€the€crack€cocaine€found€in€his€truck€but€that€another€person€was€in€the€truck,€Ð ¾ ÐHe€stated€that€he€did€not€remember€agreeing€that€he€was€guilty€of€jointly€possessing€the€crackÐ ¤ô Ðcocaine.€€He€said€that€all€he€remembered€was€signing€the€plea€agreement.Ð Š Ú ÐÌà@¿ ¿ ìàò òI.€€SUPPRESSION€OF€THE€CRACK€COCAINEˆÐ V"¦! ÐÌà  àó óThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€should€have€suppressed€the€crack€cocaine€thatÐ "$r# ÐOfficer€Fisher€found€in€the€truck€because€the€officer€did€not€have€probable€cause€to€search€the€truckÐ %X $ Ðwith€the€drug€detection€dog.€€She€argues€that€although€the€officer€claimed€that€he€stopped€the€truckÐ î%>!% Ðfor€driving€on€the€wrong€side€of€the€road€and€having€a€broken€taillight,€the€road€was€narrow,€theyÐ Ô&$"& Ðpassed€the€officer€in€a€curve,€and€the€area€was€dark€with€few€streetlights.€€She€states€that€the€officerððsÐ º' #' Ðonly€reason€for€using€the€drug€detection€dog€was€that€she€and€Mr.€Cunningham€appeared€nervous.€Ð  (ð#( ÐShe€claims€that€this€did€not€give€the€officer€probable€cause€for€the€warrantless€search.€€The€stateÐ †)Ö$) Ðcontends€that€the€defendant€has€waived€this€issue€by€failing€to€include€it€in€her€motion€for€a€new€trial.€Ð l*¼%* ÐAlternatively,€it€argues€that€because€the€defendant€was€only€a€passenger€in€the€truck€belonging€toÐ R+¢&+ ÐMr.€Cunningham,€she€had€no€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€in€the€truck€and€cannot€challengeÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthe€search.€€Finally,€the€state€contends€that€the€officer€properly€stopped€the€truck€when€it€forced€himÐ ° Ðoff€the€road.€€It€maintains€that€no€further€cause€was€needed€for€allowing€the€dog€to€sniff€the€truckÐ –æ Ðbecause€a€dog€sniff€is€not€a€search.€€It€argues€that€the€dogððs€alerting€on€the€driverððs€side€of€the€truckÐ |Ì Ðgave€the€officer€probable€cause€to€search€the€truck.Ð b² ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€denied€the€defendantððs€motion€to€suppress€the€crack€cocaine€finding€that€theÐ . ~ Ðofficer€properly€stopped€the€truck€based€upon€his€undisputed€testimony€that€he€was€almost€forcedÐ  d Ðoff€the€road€by€the€truck.€€The€court€found€that€the€officer€investigated€the€truck€with€the€drugÐ ú J Ðdetection€dog,€which€alerted€on€the€driverððs€door.€€It€found€that€the€officer€then€searched€the€truckÐ à 0 Ðand€found€the€drugs€on€the€middle€of€the€seat.€€Although€the€state€challenged€the€motion€to€suppressÐ Æ   Ðat€the€beginning€of€the€hearing,€arguing€that€the€defendant€lacked€a€reasonable€expectation€of€privacyÐ ¬ ü  Ðin€the€truck,€the€trial€court€made€no€specific€findings€on€this€issue.€€Instead,€the€court€simply€foundÐ ’â  Ðthat€the€stop€was€justified€and€that€the€drugs€were€admissible€against€the€defendant€because€she€wasÐ xÈ  Ða€passenger€in€the€truck.Ð ^®  ÐÌà  àInitially,€we€note€that€the€defendant€included€this€issue€in€her€amended€motion€for€a€new€trial.€Ð *z  ÐThe€trial€court€overruled€both€the€motion€for€new€trial€and€the€amended€motion€in€an€order€filedÐ ` ÐNovember€1,€1999.€€The€stateððs€contention€that€the€issue€is€waived€is€without€merit.Ð öF ÐÌà  àA€trial€court's€factual€findings€on€a€motion€to€suppress€are€conclusive€on€appeal€unless€theÐ Â Ðevidence€preponderates€against€them.€€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.€1996);€òòState€v.Ð ¨ø ÐJonesóó,€802€S.W.2d€221,€223€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€The€application€of€the€law€to€the€facts€asÐ ŽÞ Ðdetermined€by€the€trial€court€is€a€question€of€law€which€is€reviewed€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€on€appeal.€€òòState€v.Ð tÄ ÐYearganóó,€958€S.W.2d€626,€629€(Tenn.€1997).€€The€defendant€bears€the€burden€of€demonstrating€thatÐ Zª Ðthe€evidence€preponderates€against€the€trial€courtððs€findings.€€òòOdomóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€22„23.Ð @ ÐÌà  àUnder€the€Fourth€Amendment€of€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€Section€7€ofÐ  \ Ðthe€Tennessee€Constitution,€the€constitutional€limit€upon€the€governmentððs€intrusion€into€anÐ òB Ðindividualððs€matters€or€activities,€i.e.,€whether€a€ð ðsearchðð€has€occurred,€depends€upon€whether€theÐ Ø( Ðindividual€had€a€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€in€those€matters€or€activities.€€òòSeeóó€òòCalifornia€v.Ð ¾ ÐCiraoloóó,€476€U.S.€207,€211,€106€S.€Ct.€1809,€1811€(1986);€òòUnited€States€v.€Jacobsenóó,€466€U.S.€109,Ð ¤ô Ð113,€104€S.€Ct.€1652,€1656€(1984);€òòState€v.€Roodeóó,€643€S.W.2d€651,€652„53€(Tenn.€1982).€€AÐ Š Ú Ðdefendant€enjoys€no€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€in€a€vehicle€in€which€he€or€she€is€solely€aÐ p!À  Ðpassenger€and€has€no€ownership€interest.€€òòGriffin€v.€Stateóó,€604€S.W.2d€40,€43€(1980);€òòseeóó€òòState€v.Ð V"¦! ÐBurtonóó,€751€S.W.2d€440,€446€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988).€€In€this€case,€the€defendant€testified€that€sheÐ <#Œ" Ðaccepted€a€ride€from€Mr.€Cunningham,€who€owned€the€truck.€€The€defendant€did€not€have€aÐ "$r# Ðreasonable€expectation€of€privacy€in€the€truck.Ð %X $ ÐÌà  àFurthermore,€the€trial€court€properly€found€that€the€officer€was€justified€in€stopping€the€truck.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐAn€automobile€stop€constitutes€a€seizure€within€the€meaning€of€both€the€Fourth€Amendment€of€theÐ º' #' ÐUnited€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€Section€7€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€òòSeeóó€òòMichiganÐ  (ð#( ÐDepððt€of€State€Police€v.€Sitzóó,€496€U.S.€444,€450,€110€S.€Ct.€2481,€2485€(1990);€òòState€v.€Pullyóó,€863Ð †)Ö$) ÐS.W.2d€29,€30€(Tenn.€1993);€òòState€v.€Binionóó,€900€S.W.2d€702,€705€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€TheÐ l*¼%* Ðpolice€may€stop€a€vehicle€if€they€have€reasonable€suspicion€based€upon€specific€and€articulable€factsÐ R+¢&+ Ðthat€an€occupant€is€violating€or€is€about€to€violate€the€law.€€òòSeeóó€òòUnited€States€v.€Brignoni„Ponceóó,€422Ð 8,ˆ', ÐU.S.€873,€881,€95€S.€Ct.€2574,€2580€(1975);€òòState€v.€Watkinsóó,€827€S.W.2d€293,€295€(Tenn.€1992);Ð ° ÐòòHughes€v.€Stateóó,€588€S.W.2d€296,€305€(Tenn.€1979).€€In€this€case,€the€officer€testified€that€Mr.Ð –æ ÐCunninghamððs€truck€forced€him€off€the€road.€€He€stated€that€when€he€looked€at€his€rearview€mirror,Ð |Ì Ðhe€noticed€that€one€of€the€truckððs€taillights€was€not€illuminated.€€Driving€any€vehicle€ð ðoutside€of€theÐ b² Ðproper€lane€provided€for€that€purpose€and€in€the€proper€direction€and€to€the€right€of€the€centralÐ H˜ Ðdividing€curb,€separation€section,€or€lineðð€is€a€Class€C€misdemeanor.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€54„16„Ð . ~ Ð108(a)(3),€(b).€€Every€truck€manufactured€after€January€1,€1968,€must€have€two€operating€taillights,Ð  d Ðand€the€failure€to€do€so€is€a€Class€C€misdemeanor.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€55„9„402(b)(1),€(c),€(e).€€TheÐ ú J Ðofficer€saw€Mr.€Cunninghamððs€truck€traveling€outside€of€its€lane€with€one€operating€taillight.€€ThisÐ à 0 Ðobservation€gave€the€officer€reason€to€suspect€that€the€driver€was€violating€the€traffic€laws.Ð Æ   ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€officerððs€perception€that€she€and€Mr.€Cunningham€ò òó ówereÐ ’â  Ðnervous€did€not€provide€probable€cause€for€the€officer€to€search€the€truck€with€the€drug€detectionÐ xÈ  Ðdog.€€A€ð ðcanine€sweep€around€the€perimeter€of€a€vehicle€which€has€been€legally€detained€does€notÐ ^®  Ðconstitute€a€search,€and€thus,€does€not€require€probable€cause€or€reasonable€suspicion€so€long€as€theÐ D”  Ðduration€of€the€canine€sweep€does€not€exceed€the€time€necessary€for€the€traffic€stop.ðð€€òòState€v.€DennisÐ *z  ÐR.€Englandóó,€No.€M1997„00254„SC„R11„CO,€Sumner€County,€slip€op.€at€8€(Tenn.€May€30,€2000)€(forÐ ` Ðpublication).€€In€this€case,€the€defendant€testified€that€the€officer€called€to€check€Mr.€CunninghamððsÐ öF Ðregistration,€asked€Mr.€Cunningham€to€step€to€the€rear€of€the€truck,€and€subsequently€asked€her€toÐ Ü, Ðget€out€of€the€truck.€€She€testified€that€the€officer€then€brought€the€drug€detection€dog€from€his€carÐ Â Ðto€the€truck.€€The€record€contains€no€evidence€that€the€defendant€was€unreasonably€detained€by€theÐ ¨ø Ðofficerððs€permitting€the€dog€to€sniff€the€truck.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌà  àIn€order€to€find€that€an€officer€had€probable€cause€based€upon€a€positive€alert€by€a€trainedÐ Zª Ðdrug€detection€dog,€the€trial€court€must€make€factual€findings€regarding€the€dogððs€reliability.€Ð @ ÐòòEnglandóó,€slip€op.€at€7.€€In€making€this€finding,€the€trial€court€may€consider€the€dogððs€training,€theÐ &v Ðdogððs€record€of€false€negative€and€false€positive€alerts,€the€officerððs€training,€and€the€officerððsÐ  \ Ðexperience€with€this€particular€dog.€€òòId.óó€€At€the€suppression€hearing,€the€officer€testified€that€he€andÐ òB Ðthe€drug€detection€dog€both€attended€the€training€required€for€certification.€€At€trial,€the€officerÐ Ø( Ðelaborated€upon€this€testimony,€stating€that€the€dog€is€a€Dutch€shepherd€and€was€first€certified€inÐ ¾ ÐDecember€1997€by€the€Huntsville,€Alabama€Police€Department,€which€is€a€designated€training€areaÐ ¤ô Ðof€the€United€States€Police€Canine€Association.€€He€stated€that€the€National€Narcotic€Detector€DogÐ Š Ú ÐAssociation€certified€the€dog€in€May€1998.€€He€said€both€organizations€re„certify€the€dog€annually.€Ð p!À  ÐThe€trial€court€did€not€have€the€benefit€of€our€supreme€courtððs€holding€in€òòEnglandóó,€requiring€that€itÐ V"¦! Ðmake€findings€regarding€the€drug€detection€dogððs€reliability.€€Nevertheless,€in€reviewing€the€record,Ð <#Œ" Ðwe€have€discovered€no€evidence€that€preponderates€against€the€trial€courtððs€implicit€determinationÐ "$r# Ðthat€the€dog€and€officer€were€trained€and€reliable.€€The€dogððs€alert€on€the€driverððs€door€gave€theÐ %X $ Ðofficer€probable€cause€to€search€the€truckððs€interior,€especially€in€light€of€the€defendantððs€and€Mr.Ð î%>!% ÐCunninghamððs€nervous€demeanor.€€The€trial€court€properly€admitted€the€crack€cocaine.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌà@î î ìàò òII.€€SUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEó óˆÐ  (ð#( ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€show€that€she€actually,€jointly,Ð l*¼%* Ðor€constructively€possessed€the€crack€cocaine.€€She€argues€that€her€only€connection€to€the€drugs€wasÐ R+¢&+ Ðher€presence€as€a€passenger€for€a€brief€time€in€the€truck€owned€by€Mr.€Cunningham.€She€furtherÐ 8,ˆ', Ðpoints€to€Mr.€Cunninghamððs€testimony€that€the€drugs€were€his€and€that€she€did€not€know€that€theÐ ° Ðdrugs€were€in€the€truck.€€The€state€contends€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient.Ð –æ ÐÌà  àÔ‡X1XXX1ÔOur€standard€of€review€when€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€questioned€on€appeal€isÐ b² Ðð ðwhether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€òòanyóó€rational€trierÐ H˜ Ðof€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòJacksonÐ . ~ Ðv.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979).€€This€means€that€we€do€not€reweigh€theÐ  d Ðevidence€but€presume€that€the€jury€has€resolved€all€conflicts€in€the€testimony€and€drawn€allÐ ú J Ðreasonable€inferences€from€the€evidence€in€favor€of€the€state.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Sheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2dÐ à 0 Ð542,€547€(Tenn.€1984);€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).Ô#†X1XXX1on#ÔÐ Æ   ÐÌà  àA€conviction€for€cocaine€possession€may€be€based€upon€either€actual€or€constructiveÐ ’â  Ðpossession.€€òòState€v.€Cooperóó,€736€S.W.2d€125,€129€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€ð ðBefore€a€person€canÐ xÈ  Ðbe€found€to€constructively€possess€a€drug,€it€must€appear€that€the€person€has€ððthe€power€and€intentionÐ ^®  Ðat€a€given€time€to€exercise€dominion€and€control€over€.€.€.€[the€drugs]€either€directly€or€throughÐ D”  Ðothers.ðððð€€òòId.óó€(citations€omitted)€(brackets€in€original).€€Standing€alone,€a€defendantððs€mereÐ *z  Ðassociation€with€a€person€who€possesses€drugs€or€presence€in€a€place€where€drugs€are€found€isÐ ` Ðinsufficient€to€establish€constructive€possession.€€òòId.óóÐ öF ÐÌà  àViewed€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€the€evidence€in€this€case€shows€more€than€theÐ Â Ðdefendantððs€association€with€Mr.€Cunningham€or€her€presence€in€Mr.€Cunninghamððs€truck.€€TheÐ ¨ø Ðofficer€testified€that€the€defendant€was€very€nervous€and€fidgety€when€he€stopped€the€truck.€€TheÐ ŽÞ Ðofficer€found€the€pill€bottle€containing€the€crack€cocaine€next€to€the€defendantððs€purse.€€TheÐ tÄ Ðdefendant€admitted€her€addiction€to€crack€cocaine.€€The€defendant€failed€to€appear€for€herÐ Zª Ðarraignment€in€this€case€and€subsequently€attempted€to€elude€Officer€Davidson€by€giving€a€falseÐ @ Ðname.€€€Mr.€Cunninghamððs€testimony€that€the€cocaine€belonged€to€him€and€that€the€defendant€knewÐ &v Ðnothing€about€it€was€impeached€by€his€statement€from€€his€guilty€plea€hearing,€incriminating€theÐ  \ Ðdefendant€for€the€drugs€found€in€his€truck.€€The€defendant€emphasizes€her€testimony€that€she€did€notÐ òB Ðknow€about€the€drugs€and€that€she€had€the€opportunity€to€throw€the€drugs€out€of€the€truck€had€sheÐ Ø( Ðknown€about€them.€€The€jury€obviously€rejected€this€testimony.€€The€evidence€is€sufficient€to€supportÐ ¾ Ðthe€defendantððs€conviction€for€possession€of€cocaine€with€intent€to€sell.Ð ¤ô ÐÌà@#ìàò òIII.€€SENTENCEó óˆÐ p!À  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€sentencing€her€to€incarceration€rather€thanÐ <#Œ" Ðcommunity€corrections€or€probation.€€She€argues€that€she€has€a€serious€drug€and€alcohol€problem€forÐ "$r# Ðwhich€she€needs€treatment.€€Furthermore,€she€claims€that€the€state€failed€to€show€why€confinementÐ %X $ Ðis€necessary€in€her€case€and€why€she€should€not€receive€an€alternative€sentence.€€The€state€contendsÐ î%>!% Ðthat€the€trial€court€properly€sentenced€the€defendant€to€confinement€due€to€her€prior€criminal€history.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€presentence€report€reveals€that€the€then€thirty„seven„year„old€defendant€wasÐ  (ð#( Ðdivorced€and€resided€with€her€two€minor€children€before€she€was€taken€into€custody.€€TheÐ †)Ö$) Ðdefendantððs€prior€record€consists€of€a€May€1997€conviction€for€driving€on€a€revoked€license,€aÐ l*¼%* ÐJanuary€1995€federal€conviction€pursuant€to€the€defendantððs€guilty€plea€to€counterfeiting,€and€anÐ R+¢&+ ÐApril€1989€conviction€pursuant€to€a€guilty€plea€to€possession€of€cocaine€in€Mississippi.€€AnÐ 8,ˆ', Ðaddendum€to€the€presentence€report€reveals€that€the€defendant€completed€the€eleventh€grade€andÐ ° Ðobtained€her€GED€in€1978.€€The€defendant€reported€that€she€began€using€alcohol€and€drugs€as€aÐ –æ Ðteenager.€€She€admitted€that€she€used€alcohol€daily€and€cocaine€daily€or€weekly.€€She€listed€herÐ |Ì Ðemployment€history€as€babysitting€and€housekeeping.€€She€stated€that€she€had€worked€in€a€janitorialÐ b² Ðbusiness€and€for€Kmart.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€found€that€the€defendant€was€a€Range€I€offender€with€a€sentencing€range€ofÐ  d Ðeight€to€twelve€years.€€The€court€applied€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€340„35„114(1)€to€enhance€theÐ ú J Ðdefendantððs€sentence€to€ten€years,€finding€that€she€had€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictionsÐ à 0 Ðbeyond€those€necessary€for€her€range.€€It€reduced€the€sentence€to€nine€years€because€one€of€her€priorÐ Æ   Ðconvictions€was€very€remote.€€It€found€no€mitigating€factors.€€The€court€found€that€due€to€her€nine„Ð ¬ ü  Ðyear€sentence,€the€defendant€was€not€eligible€for€probation.€€Although€it€acknowledged€that€theÐ ’â  Ðdefendantððs€apparent€drug€problem€could€qualify€as€a€special€need,€the€trial€court€found€that€theÐ xÈ  Ðdefendant€was€not€an€appropriate€candidate€for€community€corrections€because€of€her€prior€felonyÐ ^®  Ðconvictions.€€The€court€found€that€the€defendant€needed€alcohol€and€drug€treatment€in€theÐ D”  ÐDepartment€of€Correction.€€€€€€€€€Ð *z  ÐÌà  àAppellate€review€of€sentencing€is€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€on€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€the€trialÐ öF Ðcourt's€determinations€are€correct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€As€the€SentencingÐ Ü, ÐCommission€Comments€to€this€section€note,€the€burden€is€now€on€the€defendant€to€show€that€theÐ Â Ðsentence€is€improper.€€This€means€that€if€the€trial€court€followed€the€statutory€sentencing€procedure,Ð ¨ø Ðmade€findings€of€fact€that€are€adequately€supported€in€the€record,€and€gave€due€consideration€andÐ ŽÞ Ðproper€weight€to€the€factors€and€principles€that€are€relevant€to€sentencing€under€the€1989€SentencingÐ tÄ ÐAct,€we€may€not€disturb€the€sentence€even€if€a€different€result€were€preferred.€€òòState€v.€Fletcheróó,€805Ð Zª ÐS.W.2d€785,€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).Ð @ ÐÌà  àHowever,€ð ðthe€presumption€of€correctness€which€accompanies€the€trial€court's€action€isÐ  \ Ðconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencingÐ òB Ðprinciples€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.Ð Ø( Ð1991).€€In€this€respect,€for€the€purpose€of€meaningful€appellate€review,€Ð ¾ Ðà8  àthe€trial€court€must€place€on€the€record€its€reasons€for€arriving€at€the€final€sentencingÐ ¤ô Ðdecision,€identify€the€mitigating€and€enhancement€factors€found,€state€the€specificÐ Š Ú Ðfacts€supporting€each€enhancement€factor€found,€and€articulate€how€the€mitigatingÐ p!À  Ðand€enhancement€factors€have€been€evaluated€and€balanced€in€determining€theÐ V"¦! Ðsentence.€€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„210(f)€(1990).€€Ð<#Œ"Ð Ð  ÐÌòòÓ  ÓState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597,€599€(Tenn.€1994).Ð %X $ ÐÓ  ÓÌà  àIn€conducting€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review,€we€must€consider€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€at€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðtrial€and€sentencing€hearing,€(2)€the€presentence€report,€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencing€andÐ º' #' Ðarguments€as€to€sentencing€alternatives,€(4)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€criminal€conduct,Ð  (ð#( Ð(5)€any€mitigating€or€statutory€enhancement€factors,€(6)€any€statement€that€the€defendant€made€onÐ †)Ö$) Ðhis€own€behalf€and€(7)€the€potential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€€ðððð€40„35„102,Ð l*¼%* Є103,€„210;€òòseeóó€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€168;€òòState€v.€Mossóó,€727€S.W.2d€229€(Tenn.€1986).€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÐ 8,ˆ', Ðà  àThe€defendant€challenges€the€manner€of€service€of€her€sentence.€€As€a€Range€I,€standardÐ ° Ðoffender€convicted€of€a€Class€B€felony,€the€defendant€is€not€presumed€to€be€a€favorable€candidateÐ –æ Ðfor€alternative€sentencing€options.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„102(6).€€As€noted€by€the€trial€court,Ð |Ì Ðshe€is€not€eligible€for€probation€due€to€her€nine„year€sentence.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„303(a).€Ð b² ÐThe€defendant€does€meet€the€minimum€criteria€for€a€sentence€to€the€community€corrections€programÐ H˜ Ðbecause€she€would€otherwise€be€sentenced€to€incarceration;€she€was€convicted€of€a€non„violent,Ð . ~ Ðdrug„related€felony;€she€did€not€use€or€possess€a€weapon€in€the€commission€of€the€offense;€she€hasÐ  d Ðno€pattern€of€violent€offenses€or€behavior;€and€she€was€not€sentenced€to€incarceration€or€on€escapeÐ ú J Ðat€the€time€of€sentencing.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„36„106(a)(1)„(6).€€Meeting€these€minimum€criteriaÐ à 0 Ðdoes€not€guarantee€a€defendant€admission€to€the€community€corrections€program.€€Instead,€theseÐ Æ   Ðcriteria€are€minimum€standards€to€guide€the€trial€court€on€which€defendants€should€be€consideredÐ ¬ ü  Ðfor€this€program.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„36„106(d).Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àA€sentence€of€confinement€should€be€based€on€the€need€to€protect€society€by€restraining€aÐ ^®  Ðdefendant€with€a€long€history€of€criminal€conduct,€to€avoid€depreciating€the€seriousness€of€theÐ D”  Ðoffense,€or€to€deter€effectively€others€who€are€likely€to€commit€similar€offenses.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð *z  Ððð€40„35„103(1)(A)„(C);€òòseeóó€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169.€€Furthermore,€the€defendantððs€potential€forÐ ` Ðrehabilitation€or€lack€thereof€should€be€examined€when€determining€whether€an€alternative€sentenceÐ öF Ðis€appropriate.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„103(5).€€The€evidence€does€not€preponderate€against€theÐ Ü, Ðtrial€courtððs€finding€that€the€defendantððs€history€of€convictions€required€a€sentence€of€confinement.€Ð  ÐWe€also€note€that€the€defendantððs€admitted€used€of€cocaine€on€a€weekly€basis€constitutes€criminalÐ ¨ø Ðconduct.€€Her€continued€abuse€of€drugs€and€alcohol€despite€a€prior€conviction€for€possession€ofÐ ŽÞ Ðcocaine€and€despite€her€arrest€in€this€case€reflects€poorly€upon€her€amenability€to€rehabilitation.€€TheÐ tÄ Ðtrial€court€did€not€err€in€denying€the€defendant€a€sentence€alternative€to€confinement.Ð Zª ÐÌÌÌÌà  àBased€upon€the€foregoing€and€the€record€as€a€whole,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€conviction.Ð Ø( ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð p!À  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJOSEPH€M.€TIPTON,€JUDGE