ÿWPC”" …#†VUNÜ %* 0 (0U:X4’¦ 0Jµ 0‹ÿ 0DŠ 0TÎ U:" 0^\ 0hº 0r" 0|” 0† 0– 1u& U,› 0dÇ U,+U>WU *•B)¿DCè AM+ D3x B«È 0@äJ$ùn2gÁ™v~ZvÓØ AO« Æú 0DÀ! 0D" D/H" Bw"˜HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀÌÀääÀÀÌ0ØP A¶‡TBPúj ˆ(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡,c½¬AZ‹"Arial RegularU_A 3|x'2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô(;(27¥$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ€X­ XXXÔà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô@"Arial Regular2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô  ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(ModernP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Monaco< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d''''7Border 1dd€-(Cþÿ << Gÿÿ++++'ÿÿdxd d Ý ƒ!ÝÔ€ÔÔ€%ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€&ÔÔ€&ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€&XÔÌÌò òFebruary€12,€1996ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€&ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò @Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€%ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÔ€&Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝRule€803(3)€provides,€in€pertinent€part,€that€"[a]€statement€of€the€declarant'sÏà àthen€existing€state€of€mind,€emotion,€sensation,€or€physical€condition€(such€asÏà àintent,€plan,€motive,€design,€mental€feeling,€pain,€and€bodily€health)"€may€beÏà àadmitted€as€an€exception€to€the€hearsay€rule.€€Advisory€Commission€CommentÏto€à àTenn.R.Evid.€803(3).Ìà àÌ ïÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€%ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÔ€&Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝWhen€this€hearsay€exception€is€used€to€show€subsequent€conduct,€theÏAdvisory€à àCommission€does€"contemplate[€]€that€only€the€declarant's€conduct,€notÏsome€à àthird€party's€conduct,€is€provable€by€this€hearsay€exception."€AdvisoryÏà àà àCommission€Comment€to€Tenn.R.Evid.€803(3).Ì (Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€%ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÔ€&Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€Advisory€Commission€Comments€include€the€following€statement:Ïà àà à"Combining€the€hearsay€exception€with€relevancy€principles,Ïdeclarations€of€à àmental€state€will€be€admissible€to€prove€mental€state€at€issue€orÏsubsequent€à àconduct€consistent€with€that€mental€state."€Advisory€CommissionÏComment€to€à àTenn.R.Evid.€803(3).Ì ·Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€%ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÔ€&Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  Ý€In€so€holding,€the€court€reasoned€that€"[i]n€homicide€cases,€hesitation€orÏà àslowness€in€acting€may€indicate€premeditation€and€deliberation€and€therebyÏà àincrease€culpability€rather€than€decrease€it."€€òòJonesóó,€883€S.W.2d.€at€602.ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑMonacoÑÑ ÑÒ  BA: T Monaco ÒÒ  BA: T Monaco Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÓ&€$$X„d&ÓÑ#€$$Xd#ÑÔ€%ÔÝ  ÝÒ   ÒÒ ° ÒÙ€€ÙÑ  ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€&ÔßL€),(;+'h|` Å `€€Lßà@ àòòIN€THE€COURT€OFÏCRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌà@ àAT€KNOXVILLEÌÌà@ àJANUARY€SESSION,Ï1995óóÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àAPPELLEEà àà àà àà à)à àNO.€€03C01„9406„CR„00226Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àKNOX€COUNTYÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à à€ÌV.à àà àà àà àà àà à)à àHON.€MARY€BETH€LEIBOWITZÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àJUDGEÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à à(Second€Degree€Murder)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌCHARLES€N.€HOWELLà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àAPPELLANTà àà àà à)ÌÌÌòòÌFOR€THE€APPELLANT:à àà àà àà àFOR€THE€APPELLEE:óóÌÌRaymond€A.€Shirley,€Jr.à àà àà àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌAttorney€at€Lawà àà àà àà àà àAttorney€GeneralÌP.O.€Box€104ÌKnoxville,€TN€37901à àà àà àà àJennifer€L.€SmithÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àRandall€E.€NicholsÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àMichael€NassiosÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àRobert€L.€Jolley,€Jr.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àAsst.€Dist.€Attorneys€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àCity„County€BuildingÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àKnoxville,€TN€37902ÌÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:_________________________ÌÌÌÌJOE€B.€JONES,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌÌÌÇÓ  ÓÓÓÑ7€­ XXdæXXdì7Ñòòò òO€P€I€N€I€O€Nó óóóÌÓ  Óà àThe€appellant,€Charles€N.€Howell,€was€indicted€for€the€first€degreeÏmurder€of€his€wife,€Mozella€Howell.€€Following€a€jury€trial,€he€was€convicted€ofÏthe€lesser€included€offense€of€second€degree€murder€and€sentenced€to€twenty„one€years€with€the€Tennessee€Department€of€Correction€as€a€Range€I€standardÏoffender.€€In€this€appeal€as€of€right,€he€raises€the€following€issues:ÌÓÓà8 à(1)€€Whether€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€was€sufficient€toÏsupport€a€verdict€of€second€degree€murder?ÌÌà8 à(2)€€Whether€statements€made€by€the€victim€just€prior€to€her€deathÏregarding€her€fear€of€the€appellant€were€properly€admitted€at€trialÏunder€the€"state€of€mind"€exception€to€the€hearsay€rule?ÌÌà8 à(3)€€Whether€the€trial€court€properly€considered€the€enhancementÏand€mitigating€factors€in€arriving€at€a€sentence€of€twenty„oneÏyears?ÌÌÌÓ  ÓÓÓòòFACTSóóÌÓ  Óà àOn€Monday€afternoon€November€30,€1992,€the€appellant€turned€himselfÏin€to€the€Knoxville€Police€Department€for€shooting€and€killing€the€woman€whoÏhad€been€his€wife€for€twenty€years.€€According€to€Tonya€Ivory,€the€victim'sÏdaughter,€her€mother€had€driven€to€her€apartment€and€honked€the€horn€aroundÏ8:15€that€morning.€€After€Ms.€Ivory€got€into€the€parked€car€with€her€mother,€theÏvictim€told€her€daughter€that€the€appellant€planned€to€kill€her.€€The€victim€said,€"IÏdon't€know€if€it€is€going€to€be€the€end€of€this€week,€or€the€end€of€this€day,€I€don'tÏknow,€I€got€a€feeling€he€didn't€go€into€work.€.€.€.€€Look,€Charles€is€going€to€kill€me.€ÏI€am€not€asking€you€to€believe€it.€€I'm€asking€you€to€accept€it.€€The€only€way€that€IÏam€going€to€live€is€if€Charles€drops€down€on€his€knees€and€asks€God€forÍforgiveness,€and€take€[sic]€killing€me€out€of€his€heart,€but€he€is€beyond€that.€"€ÏThe€victim€made€plans€to€go€with€her€daughter€to€secure€an€order€of€protection.ÌÌà àAfter€this€brief€conversation,€Ms.€Ivory€heard€an€approaching€vehicle€andÏrecognized€it€to€be€the€car€of€her€stepfather,€the€appellant.€€Ms.€Ivory€"said€a€fewÏchoice€words"€to€the€appellant,€and,€upon€realizing€that€he€had€a€gun,€sheÏurged€her€mother€to€leave.€€However,€the€victim€had€trouble€starting€her€car,Ïand€as€Ms.€Ivory€was€going€inside€for€help,€she€saw€the€appellant€shoot€herÏmother.€€Several€persons€who€lived€in€the€apartment€complex€also€witnessedÏthe€crime€in€part.€€One,€an€off„duty€police€officer,€testified€at€trial€that€he€rushedÏoutside€after€being€awakened€by€several€gunshots.€€Upon€seeing€the€appellant,Ïthe€police€officer€held€a€gun€on€him€and€ordered€him€to€drop€the€gun€he€had,Ïbut€the€appellant€disobeyed€and€left€in€his€car.€€Another€witness,€a€maintenanceÏworker€at€the€apartments,€looked€out€of€his€window€after€hearing€a€gunshot€andÏsaw€a€man€at€the€driver's€side€of€the€victim's€car.€€He€testified€that€this€man€thenÏgot€in€his€car,€pulled€forward,€got€out€of€the€car,€shot€more€times€into€the€driver'sÏside€of€the€victim's€car,€and€lastly,€walked€around€to€the€passenger's€side€of€herÏcar€before€departing.€€Linda€Minton,€another€neighbor€noted€that€she€saw€theÏappellant€walk€from€one€side€of€the€victim's€car€to€the€other€and€then€slowlyÏdrive€off€as€though€he€were€not€in€a€hurry.€€A€final€witness,€James€Odell,€rushedÏout€onto€his€sun€porch€when€he€heard€the€gunshots.€€He€testified€that€a€blackÏman€was€yelling€into€the€car,€"[g]et€out€of€the€car,€bitch,€get€out€of€the€car,€I€toldÍyou,€get€out€of€this€car,€I€want€to€talk€to€you,€get€out€of€the€car."€€He€then€saw€theÏman€fire€three€shots€into€the€driver's€side€of€the€victim's€car€before€leaving.ÌÌà àSome€time€prior€to€Mozella€Howell's€death,€she€had€become€acquaintedÏwith€Bruce€Wright,€an€inmate€at€the€Northeast€Correctional€Center€in€MountainÏCity,€Tennessee.ò ò€€ó óAccording€to€the€victim's€daughter,€Ms.€Ivory,€the€victim€metÏMr.€Wright€through€the€appellant's€and€her€son,€Janardo,€who€was€imprisonedÏin€the€same€facility.€€Ms.€Ivory€testified€that€the€relationship€began€as€part€of€theÏvictim's€prison€ministry€and€that€her€mother€did€not€actually€meet€Mr.€Wright€inÏperson€until€earlier€that€November.€€Ms.€Ivory€said€that€she€was€only€aware€ofÏtwo€letters€that€her€mother€received€from€Mr.€Wright€which€came€to€Ms.€Ivory'sÏaddress.€€€The€letters,€which€were€admitted€into€evidence,€indicated€that€theÏvictim€and€Mr.€Wright€were€romantically€involved€and€had€plans€for€a€futureÏtogether.ÌÌà àApparently,€the€appellant€first€became€aware€of€his€wife's€relationshipÏwith€Mr.€Wright€when€he€discovered€some€mail€that€she€had€received€from€himÏon€the€Saturday€morning€before€the€murder.€€Prior€to€this€time,€the€appellantÏhad€expressed€concerned€over€his€ever„increasing€phone€bill€which€consistedÏprimarily€of€collect€calls€from€Mountain€City,€Tennessee.€€However,€he€hadÏbelieved€that€all€of€the€calls€were€being€made€by€his€son€Janardo.€€Though€theÏappellant€could€not€read€well,€his€suspicions€were€aroused€when€he€noticedÏthat€the€letter€referred€to€his€wife€as€Mozella€Wright€and€mentioned€love.€€€HeÍfound€a€second€letter€in€his€wife's€purse€in€which€he€read€the€words,€"I€want€toÏbe€your€wife"€and€"Bruce,€I€love€you.€I€am€trying€to€get€rid€of€Charles,€but€theÏplan€is€not€working."€€The€appellant€testified€that€the€letters€made€him€"hurt€onÏthe€inside."€€When€he€confronted€his€wife,€she€tore€the€letter€into€pieces€andÏacted€unconcerned.ÌÌà àSubsequent€to€his€discovery,€the€appellant€and€the€victim€spentÏSaturday€afternoon€shopping€for€some€items€to€send€their€son€and€for€a€ring€forÏthe€victim's€upcoming€birthday.€€According€to€the€appellant,€his€wife€did€not€stayÏin€their€home€on€Saturday€night€nor€did€he€see€her€at€all€on€Sunday.€€OnÏSunday,€the€appellant€attended€church€and€talked€with€two€pastors€about€hisÏmarital€problems.€€On€Monday,€the€appellant€drove€to€work€as€usual,€butÏbecause€he€was€ill€with€a€cold,€he€soon€returned€home.€€As€his€wife€was€not€atÏhome,€he€decided€to€go€to€Ms.€Ivory's€to€find€her.€€He€said€that€he€took€his€gunÏbecause€he€"didn't€take€no€chances€on€Tonya€[Ivory]"€who€had€cut€the€appellantÏin€the€past.€€The€state€pointed€out€that€this€incident€had€occurred€over€ten€yearsÏearlier€when€Ms.€Ivory€was€thirteen€years€old.€€Also,€the€appellant€admitted€onÏcross„examination€that€he€did€not€always€carry€a€gun€when€he€visited€Ms.€Ivory.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€testified€that€he€remembered€very€little€about€the€shooting.€ÏHe€did€recall€that,€when€he€got€out€of€the€car€and€began€walking€over€to€talkÏwith€the€victim,€Ms.€Ivory€ran€toward€him€with€her€hands€up€as€though€she€wereÏgoing€to€attack€him.€€He€did€not€remember€if€he€shot€at€Ms.€Ivory.€€He€did€notÍeven€remember€shooting€the€gun.€€A€specialist€from€the€Knoxville€PoliceÏDepartment€testified€that€he€recovered€two€bullets€from€the€driver's€side€of€theÏcar€in€which€the€victim€was€killed.€€The€doctor€who€performed€the€autopsy€onÏthe€victim€opined€that€she€died€from€a€single€gunshot€which€entered€her€leftÏside€and€passed€through€her€stomach€and€heart.ÌÌÓ  ÓI.à àÌÓ  Óà àIn€his€first€issue,€the€appellant€contends€that€the€evidence€presented€atÏtrial€was€insufficient€to€prove€second€degree€murder€but,€rather,€it€showed€thatÏhe€killed€his€wife€while€in€a€state€of€passion.€€He€argues€that,€though€heÏproceeded€as€usual€after€he€discovered€the€letters,€he€was€suppressing€hisÏanger€and€emotional€turmoil€which€"all€came€together€in€one€short€catastrophicÏmoment€when€the€passion€overcame€[his]€ability€to€act€rationally."€€WhenÏsufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€an€issue,€our€task€is€not€to€determine€whether€theÏevidence€adduced€at€trial€would€support€a€different€verdict,€but€whether€it€isÏsufficient€to€support€the€verdict€actually€returned€by€the€jury.ÌÌà àIn€making€the€sufficiency€determination,€this€Court€does€not€reevaluateÏthe€weight€or€credibility€of€the€witnesses'€testimony€as€those€are€mattersÏentrusted€exclusively€to€the€jury€as€the€triers€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Sheffieldóó,€676ÏS.W.2d€542,€547€(Tenn.€1984);€€òòState€v.€Wrightóó,€836€S.W.2d€130,€134€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1992).€€Nor€may€this€court€substitute€its€inferences€for€those€drawnÏby€the€trier€of€fact€from€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€199€Tenn.€298,Í305,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(1956).€€The€relevant€question€on€appeal€is€whether,Ïafter€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€any€rationalÏtrier€of€fact€could€have€determined€that€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€wereÏestablished€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€€òòJackson€v.ÏVirginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€314„24€(1979).ÌÌà àSecond€degree€murder€is€defined€as€the€"knowing€killing€of€another."€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„210€(Supp.€1995).€€"Knowing€refers€to€a€person€whoÏacts€knowingly€with€respect€to€the€conduct€or€to€circumstances€surrounding€theÏconduct€when€the€person€is€aware€of€the€nature€of€the€conduct€or€that€theÏcircumstances€exist.€€A€person€acts€knowingly€with€respect€to€a€result€of€theÏperson's€conduct€€when€the€person€is€aware€that€the€conduct€is€reasonablyÏcertain€to€cause€the€result."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„302(b)€(1991).€€VoluntaryÏmanslaughter€can€also€be€a€knowing€killing,€but€it€is€one€which€is€committed€"inÏa€state€of€passion€produced€by€adequate€provocation€sufficient€to€lead€aÏreasonable€person€to€act€in€an€irrational€manner."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„211(a)€(1991).€€In€arguing€that€his€conviction€should€be€reduced€toÏmanslaughter,€the€appellant€relies€upon€òòWhitsett€v.€Stateóó,€210€Tenn.€317,€299ÏS.W.2d€2,€6„7€(1957),€and€òòDrye€v.€Stateóó,€181€Tenn.€637,€184€S.W.2d€10,€13Ï(1944),€to€support€his€contention€that€suppressed€anger€may€accompanyÏpassion.€€In€those€cases,€the€court€focussed€on€the€fact€that€each€defendant'sÏpassion€had€not€cooled€since€he€received€the€information€that€first€provoked€hisÏpassion€and€the€ensuing€murder.€€As€our€Supreme€Court€more€recently€notedÍin€a€case€similar€to€this€one,€"if€there€[is]€sufficient€time€for€the€passion€orÏemotion€of€the€defendant€to€cool€before€the€shooting,€then€a€verdict€of€murderÏ[rather€than€voluntary€manslaughter]€might€be€sustained."€€òòState€v.€Thorntonóó,Ï730€S.W.2d€309,€313€(Tenn.€1987).ÌÌà àIn€this€case,€at€least€two€days€and€two€nights€passed€after€the€appellantÏdiscovered€the€letters€between€his€wife€and€her€paramour.€€While€we€note€thatÏthe€time€interval€between€the€provocation€and€the€shooting€is€a€consideration,ÏòòState€v.€Brownóó,€No.€1195,€1989€WL€3177,€at€*2€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Jan.€19,€1989,Ïat€Knoxville),€we€think€it€much€more€significant,€even€determinative,€that€theÏappellant€did€not€appear€to€be€in€a€state€of€passion€during€the€entire€timeÏperiod.€€Indeed,€his€own€testimony€revealed€that€he€proceeded€as€usual.€€HeÏwent€shopping€with€his€wife€on€Saturday€to€purchase€a€birthday€ring€for€her€asÏwell€as€some€items€for€them€to€send€to€their€son.€€He€went€to€work€on€MondayÏmorning€and€soon€returned€home€only€because€he€was€ill€with€a€cold.€€TheÏappellant€did€speak€with€two€pastors€regarding€his€marital€problems€on€the€dayÏbefore€the€murder.€€While€that€fact€indicates€that€the€appellant€was€upset,€it€isÏinsufficient€to€support€a€conclusion€that€the€appellant€murdered€his€wife€theÏfollowing€day€in€the€heat€of€passion.€€The€degree€of€homicide€is€an€issue€whichÏis€within€the€jury's€province.€€òòState€v.€Shepherdóó,€862€S.W.2d€557,€565€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1992);€€òòState€v.€Sheltonóó,€854€S.W.2d€116,€119€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1992).€€€Based€upon€the€evidence€presented€at€trial,€we€find€that€the€jury'sÏfinding€of€guilt€of€second€degree€murder€was€amply€supported.ÌÌÓ  ÓII.ÌÓ  Óà àJust€moments€before€her€murder,€the€victim€drove€up€to€the€home€of€herÏdaughter,€Tonya€Ivory,€and€told€her€daughter€that€she€believed€that€theÏappellant€planned€to€kill€her.€€As€stated€above,€the€victim€said,€"I€don't€know€if€itÏis€going€to€be€the€end€of€this€week,€or€the€end€of€this€day,€I€don't€know€.€.€.€Look,ÏCharles€is€going€to€kill€me."€€€The€trial€court€allowed€Ms.€Ivory€to€testify€as€to€theÏvictim's€statements€rationalizing€that€the€statements€showed€the€victim's€state€ofÏmind€and,€therefore,€fell€within€the€hearsay€exception€embodied€in€Tenn.€R.ÏEvid.€803(3).× ƒ. ××  ×ÌÌà àThe€appellant€asserts€that€the€statements€are€inadmissible€under€theÏhearsay€exception€of€803(3)€because€the€state€intended€that€they€prove€theÏappellant's€state€of€mind€and€future€conforming€conduct,€not€the€victim„declarant's.× ƒ/ ××  ×€€The€state,€on€the€other€hand,€argues€that€the€victim's€statementsÏare€admissible€non„hearsay€because€they€were€not€admitted€to€prove€"the€truthÍof€the€matter€asserted."€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€801(c).€€Applicable€case€law€supportsÏthe€trial€court's€ruling„„€that€testimony€of€a€victim's€expressed€fear€of€theÏdefendant€is€not€only€hearsay€but€is€admissible€under€the€"state€of€mind"Ïhearsay€exception.€€€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€868€S.W.2d€561,€573€(Tenn.€1993)€(holdingÏthat€evidence€of€a€victim's€expressed€fear€of€the€Defendant€was€admissibleÏunder€Rule€803(3)€to€show€the€victim's€state€of€mind),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€115€S.€Ct.Ï417€(1995);€€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Cravensóó,€764€S.W.2d€754,€755€(Tenn.€1989)Ï(finding€the€victim's€statement,€"[w]ell,€I'm€a€dead€man€then,"€admissible€to€showÏhis€state€of€mind€shortly€prior€to€his€death).ÌÌà àBecause€hearsay€exceptions€must€be€viewed€in€conjunction€withÏprinciples€of€relevancy,× ƒ0 ××  ×€the€greater€issue€in€this€case€is€whether€or€not€theÏvictim's€fear€was€relevant.€€In€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€the€court€stated€that€"[w]hile€theÏevidence€[of€the€victim's€fear]€was€admissible€to€show€the€declarant's€state€ofÏmind,€.€.€.€[the€victim's]€state€of€mind€was€not€directly€probative€on€the€issue€ofÏwhether€the€Defendant€had€murdered€her€and€her€sons."€€òòSmithóó,€868€S.W.2d€atÏ573;€€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Braganóó,€No.€03CO1„9403„CR„00121,€1995€WL€390739,Ïat€*14€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€July€5,€1995)€(holding€that€the€victim's€statement€thatÏhe€believed€the€defendant€was€going€to€kill€him€for€insurance€proceeds€was€notÍrelevant€on€the€issue€of€whether€the€defendant€murdered€the€victim).€€On€theÏother€hand,€the€Supreme€Court€found€that€the€victim's€fearful€state€of€mind€wasÏrelevant€in€òòState€v.€Cravensóó€"in€view€of€the€claim€of€the€accused€that€the€victimÏwas€the€aggressor€and€that€the€homicide€was€justifiable."€€òòCravensóó,€764€S.W.2dÏat€755.ÌÌà àIn€allowing€Ms.€Ivory's€testimony€under€the€state€of€mind€hearsayÏexception,€the€trial€court€reasoned€that€the€victim's€state€of€mind€was€relevant€ifÏ"she€had€some€grounds€to€believe€that€[the€appellant]€had€premeditated€intentÏto€kill€her,€premeditation€is€a€major€issue€in€this€case,€considering€that€[theÏappellant]€is€charged€with€first€degree€murder."€€We€agree€with€this€rationale.€ÏThis€case€is€distinguishable€from€òòSmithóó€and€òòBraganóó€in€that,€here,€the€victim'sÏstatement€of€her€belief€that€the€appellant€planned€to€kill€her€was€not€admittedÏinto€evidence€to€show€that€the€appellant€did€kill€her.€€Rather,€as€the€trial€judgeÏstated,€the€victim's€statement€showed€her€state€of€mind€which,€in€turn,€wasÏrelevant€to€show€that€the€appellant€had€given€her€a€reason€to€believe€he€wasÏconsidering€killing€her.€€This€evidence€was€properly€admitted.ÌÌò òà àó óFurthermore,€given€the€fact€that€the€jury€found€the€appellant€guilty€ofÏsecond€degree€murder€rather€than€first€degree€murder,€the€worst€that€can€beÏsaidò ò€ó óof€the€admission€of€this€evidence€was€that€it€was€harmless€error.Ìò òÌÓ  ÓIII.ó óÌÓ  Óà àThe€appellant's€final€issue€relates€to€his€twenty„one€year€sentence€withÏthe€Tennessee€Department€of€Correction€which€he€claims€was€excessive€inÏview€of€his€circumstances.€€In€reviewing€the€length€of€a€sentence,€this€CourtÏmust€conduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€with€a€presumption€that€the€sentence€imposedÏby€the€trial€court€is€correct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d)(1990).€€However,Ïthis€presumption€"is€conditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€thatÏthe€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€andÏcircumstances."€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).ÌÌà àThe€burden€of€showing€that€a€sentence€is€improper€lies€with€theÏappellant.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401€(1990)€sentencing€commissionÏcomments.€€In€determining€whether€the€appellant€has€carried€this€burden,€weÏmust€consider€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€at€the€trial€and€sentencingÏhearing;€€(2)€the€presentence€report;€€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencing€and€theÏarguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives;€€(4)€the€nature€andÏcharacteristics€of€the€offense;€€(5)€any€mitigating€or€enhancing€factors;€€(6)€anyÏstatements€made€by€the€defendant€in€his€own€behalf;€€and€(7)€the€defendant'sÏpotential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210€(1990);€Ïòòseeóó€òòalsoóó€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„102„103€(1990);€€òòState€v.€Andersonóó,€880ÏS.W.2d€720,€727€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€ÌÌà àSecond€degree€murder€is€a€Class€A€felony,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„210(b)€(1990),€which€carries€a€range€I€sentence€of€fifteen€to€twenty„five€years.€ÍTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„112(1)€(1990).€€Procedurally,€the€trial€court€is€to€startÏwith€the€statutory€minimum,€enhance€the€sentence€within€the€applicable€rangeÏfor€enhancement€factors€found€to€be€present,€and€then€reduce€the€sentenceÏwhen€appropriate€mitigating€factors€are€found.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ40„35„210(e)€(1990).€€In€imposing€the€twenty„one€year€sentence,€the€trial€judgeÏin€this€case€based€her€decision€on€the€following€four€enhancement€factors:ÌÓÓà8 à(3)€€The€offense€involved€more€than€one€(1)€victim;€.€.€.Ìà8 à(5)€€The€defendant€treated€or€allowed€a€victim€to€be€treated€withÏexceptional€cruelty€during€the€commission€of€the€offense;€.€.€.€Ìà8 à(9)€€The€defendant€possessed€or€employed€a€firearm,€explosiveÏdevice€or€other€deadly€weapon€during€the€commission€of€theÏoffense;Ìà8 à(10)€€The€defendant€had€no€hesitation€€about€committing€a€€crimeÏwhen€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high€.€.€.€.ÌÌÓÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114€(3),€(5),€(9),€(10)€(1990).ÌÌà àWhile€the€appellant€concedes€the€appropriate€application€of€theÏenhancement€factor€(9),€that€he€used€a€firearm,€he€takes€issue€with€the€otherÏthree€factors€which€the€court€applied.€€First,€he€argues€that€factor€(3),€that€theÏoffense€involved€more€than€one€victim,€was€misapplied€in€this€case.€€Here,€theÏtrial€judge€relied€on€the€evidence€of€the€impact€of€the€murder€on€Ms.€Ivory€andÏher€son€(the€victim's€daughter€and€grandson)€to€satisfy€this€enhancement€factor.€ÏAs€the€state€indicated,€this€Court€recently€held,ÌÓÓà8 àthat€the€word€"victim,"€as€used€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€[ðð]Ï40„35„114(3),€is€limited€in€scope€to€a€person€or€entity€that€isÏinjured,€killed,€had€property€stolen,€or€had€property€destroyed€byÏthe€perpetrator€of€the€crime.€€The€term€does€not€include€a€personÏwho€has€lost€a€loved€one€or€a€means€of€support€because€theÏperpetrator€of€the€crime€killed€a€relative.ÌÌÓÓòòState€v.€Rainesóó,€882€S.W.2d€376,€384€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€In€so€holding,Ïthe€court€reasoned€that€"giving€the€term€a€generic€meaning€would€deprecateÏthis€factor€and€render€it€meaningless.€€Every€time€a€person€is€murdered,€aÏspouse,€child,€parent,€sibling€or€collateral€relative€loses€a€loved€one.€€Thus,€thisÏenhancement€factor€would€be€applied€by€operation€of€law€.€.€.€."€€òòId.óóÌDespite€the€state's€urging€for€us€to€reconsider€this€ruling,€we€feel€that€this€issueÏhas€been€thoroughly€addressed€and€accurately€decided€in€the€interests€ofÏjustice.€€It€follows€that€enhancement€factor€(9)€was€improperly€applied€inÏsentencing€this€appellant.€€ÌÌà àNext,€we€address€the€appellant's€contention€that€the€trial€court€wronglyÏapplied€enhancement€factor€(10),€that€he€did€not€hesitate€to€commit€a€€crimeÏwhen€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high.€€The€appellant€argues€that€he€actually€didÏhesitate,€that€he€first€attempted€to€talk€to€his€wife€and€fired€at€her€only€after€hisÏeffort€failed.€€Our€Supreme€Court€has€held€that€"[t]he€more€logical€interpretationÏof€this€enhancement€factor€places€the€emphasis€on€"risk€to€human€life€wasÏhigh."× ƒ1 ××  ×€€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597,€602€(Tenn.€1994).€€The€defendant€inÏòòJonesóó€snatched€his€victim's€purse€and€pushed€her€to€the€ground.€€òòId.óó€at€598.€ÏFinding€that€the€defendant's€actions€did€not€cause€or€increase€the€risk€either€toÏhuman€life€in€general€or€to€this€particular€victim,€the€court€ruled€that€factor€(10)Íwas€not€applicable.€€òòId.óó€at€603;€€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€937„38Ï(Tenn.€1995)€(comparing€enhancement€factor€(10)€to€the€dangerous€offenderÏstatute€and€finding€high€risk€to€human€life€when€defendant€"drove€in€the€wrongÏdirection€on€a€heavily€travelled€divided€highway€while€intoxicated");€€òòState€v.ÏMakokaóó,€885€S.W.2d€366,€373€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994)€(holding€that€factor€(10)Ïwas€appropriately€applied€to€a€defendant€who€fired€two€shots€outside€a€policeÏstation€during€a€shift€change€with€a€dispatcher€and€two€policemen€nearby).€€InÏthis€case€the€record€does€not€support€a€finding€that€the€appellant's€actionsÏcreated€a€high€risk€to€any€life€but€that€of€the€victim.€€We,€therefore,€find€that€thisÏenhancement€factor€should€not€have€been€applied€to€this€appellant.ÌÌà àLastly,€the€appellant€contests€the€trial€judge's€finding€that€he€acted€withÏexceptional€cruelty€toward€his€victim.€€We€agree€with€the€application€of€thisÏenhancement€factor.€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(5).€€The€judge€focussed€onÏthe€testimony€which€indicated€that€after€the€appellant€first€shot€his€gun,€a€periodÏof€time€followed€in€which€he€walked€around€the€victim's€vehicle€yelling€at€theÏvictim€and€during€which€the€victim€feared€for€her€life.€€The€cruelty€of€this€situationÏwas€perhaps€best€illustrated€by€€Ms.€Ivory's€testimony€that€the€panic„strickenÏvictim,€upon€realizing€that€the€appellant€was€there€to€kill€her,€made€severalÏunsuccessful€attempts€to€start€her€car.ÌÌà àIn€conclusion€the€record€does€not€support€the€application€ofÏenhancement€factors€(3)€and€(10)€in€this€case;€however,€factors€(5)€and€(9)€wereÏproperly€considered.ÌÌà àAs€for€the€mitigating€evidence,€the€trial€judge€stated€that€she€viewedÏcertain€mitigating€factors€together„„€that€the€appellant€acted€under€strongÏprovocation,€that€there€were€substantial€grounds€which€tended€to€excuse€theÏappellant's€conduct€though€not€establishing€a€defense,€and,€lastly,€that€theÏappellant€acted€under€duress€although€also€insufficient€to€establish€a€defense.€ÏThe€judge€noted€that€the€appellant€was€a€man€of€little€education€who€lackedÏsome€judgment€in€what€he€was€doing.€€She€also€considered€that€the€appellantÏwas€in€an€extreme€emotional€state.€€However,€the€judge€refused€to€consider€theÏappellant's€age€because€she€felt€that€age€sixty„two€was€not€sufficiently€old€andÏalso€because€she€had€already€factored€in€the€appellant's€lack€of€judgment.€ÏòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113€(6)€(1990).€We€find€that€the€judge€carefullyÏand€properly€considered€the€mitigating€evidence€in€this€case.€ÌÌà àThe€remaining€issue€is€the€propriety€of€the€length€of€the€appellant'sÏsentence.€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(c)€(1990).€€As€previously€stated,Ïthe€range€I€sentence€for€second€degree€murder€is€between€fifteen€and€twenty„five€years€in€the€Department€of€Correction.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„112(1)Ï(1990).€€In€light€of€the€fact€that€two€enhancement€factors€remain€as€well€as€noÍsignificant€mitigating€evidence,€we€are€compelled€to€affirm€the€appellant'sÏsentence.€€ÌÌà àThe€judgment€of€the€trial€court€finding€the€appellant€guilty€of€secondÏdegree€murder€and€setting€his€sentence€at€twenty„one€years€in€the€stateÏpenitentiary€is€affirmed.€€Ô€%ÔÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà à______________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àÔ€&ÔJOE€B.€JONES,€JUDGEÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌòò(Not€Participating)óó________________ÌJERRY€SCOTT,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÌÌÌÌ_______________________________ÌWALTER€C.€KURTZ,€SPECIAL€JUDGEÌ