ÿWPC· 6›>¤š£¬ ™ýôbæ;· ß±Ì!åRUçIÃï…¥ôb›jµÀËûªx—<¸¾8ί=w@ûRIÛäCëÑðù,u¶yc¾/·1:,ŽŸ-i„%A$¦]Ò¯¼n+<'ŠvS½—C»x%w¶tÙtStÖÒÿb?ßhƒä'ïôG·‹òaAM•~ŸÔД÷àUO_®Ï…©ÏDþç>Ï·_ðŠºü>Ò%i1åBEÆ%M¨á]yÞÍ»¹š`ÏÔ¸DI&;Ò8¡¾éÖ 0èÜ®®g‰èœËÓ#|8ÐÕïÐÚBòÖ]ú¯°NÎ+Á ùzÃ7·ÄÙ€ËÊà/hÈg§ž¼>Êr…È!±³Ò(¯Ù…Îv*;.ϺwÆ®&ï¦í¼¯—B¬žâ‹)ÚâÊkÃÑìi;  ¥Võvºyûî ÷(]êÍÐÖaѸt蓉°ÈdAWŠ3Ÿr¨K„UÒ4ºl(ôËœ¸tñA©·¿| ûÛL¯l˜t‹F67 À`¿r͵^”Θ=½Ù¾0Í.­LBzä[wòщó~YËâýïÙMÔ±€Õ|—d²o­ÞÂéžq[o·}º" ¯Û°QëвRÇ‚/•)—GPÓ›~…¥…# F U>Q % 0í• UB‚ 4Ä Ø n­ç U:” fÎ 4 "< w@^ ,ž 01Ê 0DûU:?åyU:^^^,˜U>ÄU:UB<<<<<< B~~~~~~~~~~~ D3››› 0DÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ AOÆaa 0D' D/k Bš˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ<èÀ( 9Z &Courier RegularX(ÅÕÐ$¡¡Ñ  ÑÑ7€'CXXdÈXXdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓ<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiuM%3|xÁ«<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiXXxþ6X@ÉJQX@,†r‰AZ‹"Arial Regular \Ñ\R AØ'ÿ Legal\Ñ Ñ Ü ÑÑ  Ñ ¯[°±D²D³´)eµ¶·D¸Ó€ "Ò°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€ôÄuôXXÔÔ€ô8–ôôôÄuÔÝ ƒ¬FÿÝÑ @ ÑÑ7À«ÕXXdÈdÈ7ÑÑ @ ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓà ¸ àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý€Effective€May€18,€1998,€the€Tennessee€General€Assembly€amended€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„Ð  Ð201,€deleting€subsection€(b)€and€replacing€it€with€a€new€provision€that€provides€that€juries€in€non„capitalÏcases€shall€not€be€instructed€on€the€possible€penalties€for€the€offense€charged€or€lesser€included€offenses.€ÏThis€amendment€does€not€apply€to€cases€tried€before€the€effective€date€of€the€amendment.€€1998€Tenn.ÏPublic€Acts€1041,€ðð€2.€(á(2L/$¤¤Ý ƒÕÐ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ7€KÚXXdÈdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó+ÄâK AZ"Arial Regular ÛÔ€Xì¿XXXÔÔ€Ë"XXì¿ÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€Xì¿XË"ÔÐ  ÐÌApril€8,€1999ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAMÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular "Ò°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€ô´YôXXÔÔ€ô¹ôôô´YÔÝ ƒ¬FÿÝÑ @ ÑÑ7À«ÕXXdÈdÈ7ÑÑ @ ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓà ¸ àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý€Effective€May€18,€1998,€the€Tennessee€General€Assembly€amended€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„Ð  Ð201,€deleting€subsection€(b)€and€replacing€it€with€a€new€provision€that€provides€that€juries€in€non„capitalÏcases€shall€not€be€instructed€on€the€possible€penalties€for€the€offense€charged€or€lesser€included€offenses.€ÏThis€amendment€does€not€apply€to€cases€tried€before€the€effective€date€of€the€amendment.€€1998€Tenn.ÏPublic€Acts€1041,€ðð€2.€<èÀ( 9Z &Courier Regular+ÄâK AZ"Arial Regular<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpi d'ÿÿdxd(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒÕÐ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ7€KÚXXdÈdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓÝ  Ýñ´ñ›ñ´ññ´ñ›ñ´ñѰÑÑܰÑÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÓÓÑ€ †ÑÑ€ í:ÑÔ€ Xì¿XXXÔÑ7€ ì¿ XXdæXXdÈ7Ññ¸ñœßr€*<,(j 8` `€€@E  ` 8ttxPXð  rß›ñ¸ñ€à8 ¸ àà@Ñ Ñ D¸ x¸ xàIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ  Ðà@ƒƒ%DàAT€NASHVILLEà@@66-Rà€€€€€€€€€ˆÌà ¸ àà  à€€€€€€€€€€NOVEMBER€1997€SESSIONÌÌÓÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à h àà À à)à  àÐ 80 Ѐà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)Ð   Ðà ¸ àAppellee,€à h àà À à)à  àNo.€œ01C01„ñµñ9ñµññµñ0ñµñ702„CR„00056›Ð ü  Ðà ¸ à€€€€€à  àà h à€€à À à)Ð êâ  Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àDavidson€CountyÐ ÐÈ  Ðv.à ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)€€€€€€€€€Ð ¶®  Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àHonorable€J.€Randall€Wyatt,€Jr.,€Judge€€€€€Ð œ”  Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)ÌCEDRIC€K.€HARTS,à h àà À à)à  à(Rape)Ð h` Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)€€€€€€€€Ìà ¸ àAppellant.à h àà À à)Ð 4, Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à  àà h àà À àà  àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:Ð æÞ ÐÌCarlton€M.€Lewisà  àà h àà À àà  àJohn€Knox€Walkup€Ð ²ª Ð208€Third€Avenue€Northà h àà À àà  àAttorney€General€of€TennesseeÐ ˜ ÐNashville,€TN€37201à h àà À àà  àà p àandÐ ~v Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àElizabeth€B.€MarneyÌà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAssistant€Attorney€General€of€Tennessee€¼à ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à425€Fifth€Avenue€North€€€€€à Ð àà (# àÐ 0 ( Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌÌà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àVictor€S.€Johnson,€IIIÌà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àandÌà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àKatrin€N.€MillerÌà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àWashington€SquareÌà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à222€2nd€Avenue€NorthÌà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àNashville,€TN€37201„1649ÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:____________________ÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌJoseph€M.€TiptonÌJudgeÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ  >:639 ÐÓÓà@õõ)Dàòòò òO€P€I€N€I€O€Nóóó óˆÐ  ÐÌà ¸ àThe€defendant,€Cedric€K.€Harts,€was€convicted€by€a€jury€in€the€DavidsonÏCounty€Criminal€Court€for€rape,€a€Class€B€felony.€€He€received€a€nine„year€sentence€asÏa€Range€I,€standard€offender.€€In€this€appeal€as€of€right,€he€contends€that:ÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 ¸ à(1)€the€trial€court€erred€by€refusing€to€suppress€hisÏstatement€to€police€given€at€the€time€of€his€arrest€inÏviolation€of€his€rights€provided€by€òòMiranda€v.€Arizonaóó,Ð ÜÔ  Ð384€U.S.€436,€86€S.€Ct.€1602€(1966);€andÐ ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ à(2)€the€trial€court€erred€by€instructing€the€jury€regardingÏminimum€release€eligibility€from€confinement€€inÏviolation€of€due€process€and€separation€of€powers.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌÓÓÓ  ÓWe€affirm€the€trial€court.ÌÌà ¸ àThe€case€relates€to€the€defendant€sexually€penetrating€a€thirteen„year„oldÏgirl.€€The€victim€testified€that€the€defendant€forced€himself€upon€her.€€At€trial,€theÏdefendant€admitted€performing€cunnilingus€and€having€sexual€intercourse€with€theÏvictim,€but€he€claimed€that€she€acted€voluntarily.€€He€acknowledged€that€he€deniedÏhaving€sexual€contact€with€the€victim€when€he€was€questioned€by€Detective€StanÏMarlar.€€ÌÌÓ  Óà@@ÔÔ-Dàò òI.€€à @p àMOTION€TO€SUPPRESSó óÐ R(J!% ÐÓ‰Óà ¸ àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€denying€his€Motion€toÏSuppress€a€statement€he€gave€to€Detective€Stan€Marlar€at€the€time€of€his€arrest.€€HeÏclaims€that€he€did€not€voluntarily€waive€his€rights€to€remain€silent€and€to€have€counselÏpresent€as€provided€in€òòMirandaóó.€€The€state€responds€that€the€record€supports€the€trialÐ Ž/†(- Ðcourtððs€determination€that€the€defendantððs€waiver€of€his€rights€and€subsequentÏstatement€were€knowing€and€voluntary.€€ÌÌà ¸ àAt€the€suppression€hearing,€Detective€Marlar€testified€that€he€asked€theÏdefendant€to€come€to€the€criminal€justice€center€to€talk€about€a€sexual€assault€complaintÐ Š8‚17 Ðthat€had€been€filed€against€him€and€that€the€defendant€appeared€voluntarily.€€He€saidÏthat€when€he€asked€the€defendant€to€come€to€the€station,€he€did€not€intend€to€arrest€theÏdefendant€but€only€to€hear€the€defendantððs€version€of€the€events.€€He€said€that€althoughÏhe€felt€like€he€had€enough€information€to€arrest€the€defendant,€he€needed€to€hear€theÏdefendantððs€version€because€that€might€change€ñ´ñœñ´ñhis€assessment€thatñ´ñ›ñ´ñ€he€had€probableÏcause.€€ÌÌà ¸ àDetective€Marlar€testified€that€as€he€was€advising€the€defendant€of€hisÏrights,€the€defendant€stated€that€he€wanted€a€lawyer.€€Detective€Marlar€then€told€theÏdefendant€that€he€was€under€arrest.€€Detective€Marlar€testified€that€the€defendant€thenÏstated€that€he€wanted€to€talk.€€Detective€Marlar€said€he€told€the€defendant€that€theÏinterview€had€become€a€custodial€interview,€and€he€said€he€advised€the€defendant€ofÏhis€constitutional€rights€again.€€The€defendant€signed€a€rights€waiver€form€and€gave€aÏstatement€in€which€he€admitted€to€seeing€the€victim€on€the€day€of€the€offense€butÏrepeatedly€denied€having€any€sexual€contact€with€the€victim.ÌÌà ¸ àDetective€Marlar€testified€that€he€placed€the€defendant€under€arrest€afterÏthe€defendant€requested€an€attorney€because€he€was€ð ðnot€going€to€roll€over€and€let€himÏleave€that€office€when€he€had€a€chance€to€say€something.ðð€€Upon€questioning€by€theÏtrial€court,€he€agreed€that€he€had€worked€on€rape€cases€in€the€past€in€which€he€hadÏgiven€a€suspect€a€chance€to€talk,€but€the€suspect€had€requested€an€attorney.€€He€saidÏthat€in€those€cases€in€which€he€felt€he€did€not€have€enough€probable€cause€to€make€anÏarrest,€he€let€the€suspects€leave.€€He€said€that€in€the€present€case,€though,€he€felt€likeÏhe€had€enough€probable€cause€to€arrest€the€defendant€based€on€the€victimððs€statement.ÌÌà ¸ àThe€conversation€between€Detective€Marlar€and€the€defendant€was€taped.€ÏThe€transcript€of€the€conversation€includes€the€following€relevant€portion:ÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Todayððs€date€is€August€18,€1994.€€TheÏtime€of€5:55€p.m.€€Detective€Stan€Marlar€will€beÐ r8j17 ÐÑ í:ÑÑÜÜÑÑÑÑ  Ññ´ñÑ í:ÑÑÜÜÑÑÑÑ  Ññ´ñconducting€the€interview.€€I€will€be€interviewing€CedricÏHarts,€H„A„R„T„S,€Case€No.€94„271468.€€Cedric,€yourÏallegation€is€that,€uh,€you€have€raped€[the€victim],€andÏthis€occurred€on€August€the€16th.€€Do€you€know€[theÏvictim]?Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€Yes,€I€know€[the€victim].Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Where€do€you€know€her€from?ÌÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€I€met€her.€.€.ÌÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€First€of€all,€first€of€all,€this€is,€did€youÏsign€in€as€a€visitor?Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€Yes,€sir.ÌÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€All€right.€€This€is€what€we€call€a€non„¼custodial€interview.€€You€can€stop€at€any€time€you€wantÏto.€€If€it€starts€to€be€where€itððs,€uh,€you€say€somethingÏincriminating.€.€.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€Uh€huh.ÌÌà ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Then€I€will€advise€you€of€your€rights.ÌÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€O.K.ÌÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€I€donððt€want€to€violate€yourÏconstitutional€rights.à  àÐ!¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€O.K.ÌÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€You€are€free€to€go,€but€youððre€hereÏvoluntarily.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€Uh€huh.ÌÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Uh,€you€came€down,€uh,€and€I€just€wantÏto€get€your€side€of€the€story.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€O.K.ÌÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Now,€if€you€think€youððre€gonna€make€aÏincriminating€statement,€ya€know,€think€about,€causeÏyou€donððt€have€to.€€You€have€the€right€to€have€theÏpresence,€to€have€an€attorney€present€when€thisÏinterview€is€going€on,€but€since€itððs€non„custodial,€uh,€weÏdonððt€normally€advise€you€of€your€constitutional€rights.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€All€right.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€If€you€cannot€afford€an€attorney,€theÏState€will€provide€you€with€one.€€You€know,€youÏ(inaudible).Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÐ r8j17 Ðà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€I€would€rather€talk€to€an€attorney€so€I.€.€.ÌÌà ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€You€donððt€want€to€say€anything€at€all?ÌÌà8 ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€I€donððt€want€to€say€nothing€about€thisÏcause€I€donððt€know€anything€thatððs€going€on.€€I€thinkÏsomebody€trying€to€set€me€up,€so€Iððd€just€rather€talk€toÏan€attorney€about€it.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€You€mean€you€came€down€here€to€tellÏme€you€didnððt€want€to€talk€to€me€about€it.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€Yes,€sir.€€Is€that€all€right€with€you?ÌÌà ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Oh,€yeah.€€Absolutely€itððs€all€right€with€me.ÌÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€Because€uh.€.€.ÌÌà ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€So€I€donððt€have€any€choice€right€now€then.ÌÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€I€think.€.€.ÌÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Cedric,€youððre€under€arrest€for€rape.€€IÏdonððt€have€any€choice.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€Iððm€under€arrest?ÌÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Yes,€sir.€€Um,€and€Iððm€gonna€haveÏpeople€come€down€and€sign€a€warrant€on€you.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€I€didnððt.€.€.ÌÌà ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Uh,€thereððs€nothing.€.€.ÌÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€(Inaudible).ÌÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€(Inaudible).€€I€asked€you€if€you€wantedÏto€come€down€and€you€said€yes€you€did.€€I€asked€you,Ïuh,€I€told€you€it€was€a€sexual€assault€allegation,€that€IÏwanted€to€get€your€side€of€the€story.€€And€if€I€donððt€haveÏyour€side€of€the€story,€then€I€have€no€choice,€I€mean,€IÏabsolutely.€.€.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€O.K.€€You€asked€me€did€I€have€theÏchoice€for€an€attorney,€I€would€like€to€talk€to€somebodyÏbecause.€.€.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€But€then.€.€.ÌÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€I€want€to€know€what€this€is€all€about.ÌÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€All€right,€and€I€understand€that.€€ButÏonce€you€say€you€want€an€attorney,€thatððs€it.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€O.K.ÌÐ r8j17 Ðà ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€I€canððt€ask€you€anything€else.ÌÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€O.K.€€Letððs€go.ÌÌà ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€So€youððre€under€arrest.ÌÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€No,€I€would€like€to€talk€on€the€tape.ÌÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€No,€sir.€€Youððve€asked€for€an€attorney,Ïand€I€donððt€have€a€choice.€€Now€you€gonna€have€toÏmake€it€plain€that€you€want€to€talk.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€Yes,€I€want€to€talk.€€I€want€to€make€itÏplain€that€I€would€like€to€talk.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Do€you,€all€right,€are€you€beingÏcoerced?Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€No.ÌÌà ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Are€you€being€threatened?ÌÌà8 ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€No.€€You€asked€me€did€I€like€to€talk€toÏan€attorney€first€or€what,€I€just€said€an€attorney€becauseÏI€donððt€know€if€I€would€say€something€that€would€be,€yaÏknow,€intimidating€[sic]€to€myself€or€what.€€I€donððt€knowÏwhat€to€say€exactly.€€Thatððs€why€I€said.€.€.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Yeah,€all€you€gotta€do€is€tell€the€truth.ÌÌà8 ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€Yeah,€O.K.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Well,€let€me€go€ahead€and€do€it€in€theÏproper€way€then.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€All€right.ÌÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Uh,€Iððm€gonna€read€this€off€of€theÏcustodial€Miranda€warning€card.€€You€have€the€right€toÏremain€silent.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€Uh€huh.ÌÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€You€can€give€up€that€right,€andÏanything€you€say€can€be€used€against€you€in€the€Court.€ÏDo€you€wish€to€give€up€that€right€and€answer€anyÏquestions€at€this€time?Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€I€wish€to€talk€on€the€tape,€yes.ÌÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€O.K.€€You€have€the€right€to€a€lawyerÏbefore€any€questioning€and€have€a€lawyer€with€youÏduring€questioning.€€If€you€cannot€afford€a€lawyer,€oneÏwill€be€provided€to€you€at€no€cost.€€Do€you€understandÏthese€rights€that€I€just€explained€to€you?Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÐ r8j17 ÐÑ †ÑÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal[  AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ LegalTÑÑ  Ñà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€Yes,€sir.Ð  ÐÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Do€you€wish€to€give€up€these€rights€IððveÏexplained€to€you€and€answer€any€questions€now?€€DoÏyou€wish€to€give€up€those€rights?Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€No.ÌÌà ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€No,€you€donððt€want€to€give€them€up?ÌÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€I€mean,€I€just€talk€on€the€tape.ÌÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€O.K.€€If€you€chose€to€answer€questionsÏnow,€you€may€stop€ñ´ñœñ´ñansweringñ´ñ›ñ´ñ€at€any€time.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€O.K.ÌÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Now,€what€I€want€to€do€to€[sic]€is€sinceÏthatððs€on€tape,€I€need€to€go€ahead€and€get€you€to€signÏa€form,€just€to€make€sure,€and€Iððm€gonna€pause€theÏtape.€€The€time€is€1759,€and€Iððm€gonna€pause€the€tapeÏand€get€the€form.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€The€tape,€the€tape€is€being€turned€backÏon€at€1800€hours,€Complaint€No.€94„271468.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ à.€.€.ÌÌà ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Are€you€intoxicated€now?ÌÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€No.ÌÌà ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Are€you€on€any€type€of€medication?ÌÌà8 ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€Uh,€no€sir.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€O.K.,€these€are€your€rights.€€Before€weÏask€you€any€questions,€you€must€understand€yourÏrights.€€You€have€the€right€to€remain€silent.€€AnythingÏyou€say€can€be€used€against€you€in€Court.€€You€haveÏthe€right€to€talk€to€a€lawyer€for€advice€before€we€ask€youÏany€questions€and€have€him€with€you€duringÏquestioning.€€If€you€cannot€afford€a€lawyer,€one€will€beÏappointed€for€you€before€any€questioning€if€you€wish.€€IfÏyou€decide€to€answer€questions€now€without€a€lawyerÏpresent,€you€will€still€have€the€right€to€stop€answering€atÏany€time.€€You€also€have€the€right€to€stop€answering€atÏany€time€until€you€talk€to€a€lawyer.€€All€right.€€It€says€I,ÏCedric€ð ðKðð?Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€ð ðKðð,€uh€huh.ÌÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Harts,€H„A„R„T„S,€have€read€thisÏstatement€or€had€ñ´ñœñ´ñread€[sic]ñ´ñ›ñ´ñ€this€statement€read€to€me€byÏDetective€Stan€Marlar.€€I€understand€my€rights€andÏknow€what€my€rights€are€and€I€am€willing€to€make€aÐ r8j17 Ðstatement€and€answer€questions.€€I€do€not€want€aÏlawyer€at€this€time.€€I€understand€and€know€what€I€amÏdoing.€€No€promises€or€threats€have€ñ´ñœñ´ñbeen€[sic]ñ´ñ›ñ´ñ€to€meÏand€no€pressure€or€coercion€of€any€kind€has€been€usedÏagainst€me.€€Do€you€agree€to€that€statement?Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€Yes,€sir.ÌÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€O.K.€Cedric,€I€need€you€go€sign€this,Ïplease.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€Sign€it.€.€.ÌÌà ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Where€the€ð ðXðð€is.ÌÌà ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€Time?ÌÌà8 ¸ àDET.€MARLAR:€Time€is€6:02.€€O.K.€€Now€the€allegationsÏare€that€on€the€16th€of€August,€which€is€what€a€coupleÏday€ago?Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌÓ  ÓÓÓÌà ¸ àFollowing€the€suppression€hearing,€the€trial€court€entered€a€written€orderÏdenying€the€defendantððs€motion.€€Although€the€court€never€explicitly€stated€that€theÏdefendant€knowingly€and€voluntarily€waived€his€rights,€the€court€did€make€a€finding€thatÏ(1)€Detective€Marlar€terminated€the€interview€when€the€defendant€requested€anÏattorney,€(2)€the€defendant€requested€to€continue€the€interview,€(3)€Detective€MarlarÏinformed€the€defendant€of€his€òòMirandaóó€rights,€and€(4)€the€defendant€executed€an€oralÐ ®$¦! Ðand€written€waiver€of€those€rights€and€stated€that€he€wanted€to€proceed€with€theÏinterview.€€ÌÌà ¸ àOn€appeal,€the€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€at€the€conclusion€of€aÏsuppression€hearing€will€be€upheld€unless€the€evidence€preponderates€otherwise.€ÏòòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.€1996).€€The€defendant€bears€the€burden€ofÐ v/n(- Ðdemonstrating€that€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€trial€courtððs€findings.€€òòId.óó€Ð B1:*/ ÐHowever,€the€application€of€the€law€to€the€facts€is€a€question€of€law€which€is€reviewedÏòòdeóó€òònovoóó€on€appeal.€€òòState€v.€Yearganóó,€958€S.W.2d€626,€629€(Tenn.€1997).€Ð Ú4Ò-3 Ðâ âÐ ¦6ž/5 Ðà ¸ àThe€defendant€contends€that€he€did€not€knowingly€and€voluntarily€waiveÏâ âhis€rights€to€silence€and€to€an€attorney.€€The€gist€of€his€argument€is€that€becauseÏDetective€Marlar€initially€told€him€he€was€free€to€go€at€any€time€but€then€arrested€himÏwhen€he€asserted€his€right€to€an€attorney,€he€believed€that€if€he€waived€his€right€ñ´ñœñ´ñto€anñ´ñ›ñ´ñÏattorney€and€gave€a€statement,€he€would€be€allowed€to€leave.€€The€state€contends€thatÏafter€the€defendant€requested€an€attorney,€Detective€Marlar€ended€the€interrogation€butÏthat€the€defendant€subsequently€initiated€further€conversation.€€The€state€argues€thatÏthe€defendant€knowingly€and€voluntarily€waived€his€rights.ÌÌà ¸ àIn€òòMirandaóó,€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€determined€that€aÐ 4, Ðdefendantððs€statements€made€during€a€custodial€police€interrogation€are€only€admissible€Ïif€the€state€establishes€that€the€defendant€was€advised€of€certain€constitutional€rights,Ïincluding€the€right€to€an€attorney€and€the€right€to€be€silent.€€384€U.S.€at€444,€86€S.€Ct.€atÏ1612.€€Once€a€suspect€makes€an€unequivocal€request€for€an€attorney,€all€interrogationÏmust€cease€unless€the€suspect€initiates€conversation€with€the€police.€€òòEdwards€v.Ð 0 ( ÐArizonaóó,€451€U.S.€477,€484„85,€101€S.€Ct.€1880,€1884„85€(1981);€òòState€v.€Stephensonóó,Ð ü!ô Ð878€S.W.2d€530,€545€(Tenn.€1994).€€If€the€suspect€initiates€conversation,€the€stateÌmust€show€that€the€suspect€knowingly€and€voluntarily€waived€his€rights.€€òòMirandaóó,€384Ð ”%Œ" ÐU.S.€at€475,€86€S.€Ct.€at€1628€(citing€òòEscobedo€v.€Illinoisóó,€378€U.S.€478,€490,€84€S.€Ct.Ð `'X $ Ð1758,€1764€(1964)).€€In€this€respect,€ð ðwhen€an€accused€has€invoked€his€right€to€haveÏcounsel€present€during€custodial€interrogation,€a€valid€waiver€of€that€right€cannot€beÏestablished€by€showing€only€that€he€responded€to€further€police„initiated€custodialÏinterrogation€.€.€.€.ðð€€òòEdwardsóó,€451€U.S.€at€434,€101€S.€Ct.€at€1885.€€Ð .ˆ', ÐÌà ¸ àThe€facts€of€this€case€show€that€when€the€defendant€requested€anÏattorney,€he€was€not€yet€in€custody.€€Thus,€Detective€Marlarððs€further€questioning€of€theÏdefendant€did€not€violate€his€rights€at€that€time.€€However,€the€interrogation€becameÏcustodial€when€Detective€Marlar€placed€the€defendant€under€arrest.€€At€this€point,€theÐ Œ7„06 Ðdefendant€was€in€custody€and€had€already€invoked€his€right€to€counsel.€€Thus,€underÏòòEdwardsóó,€all€interrogation€should€have€ceased,€and€the€defendant€should€have€beenÐ ÔÌ Ðprovided€with€an€attorney.€€ÌÌà ¸ àRather€than€cease€questioning€and€provide€the€defendant€with€anÏattorney,€the€following€colloquy€took€place€between€Detective€Marlar€and€the€defendant:ÌÓÓà8 ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€Iððm€under€arrest?Ð ¸ x¸ x Ðà8 ¸ àÐ ¸ x¸ x ÐÓkSÓÓÓÓ  Óà8 ¸ àDETECTIVE€MARLAR:€Yes,€sir.€€Um,€and€Iððm€gonnaÏhave€people€come€down€and€sign€a€warrant€on€you.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€I€didnððt€.€.€.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àDETECTIVE€MARLAR:€Uh,€thereððs€nothing€.€.€.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àCEDRIC€HARTS:€(Inaudible)Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àDETECTIVE€ñ´ñœñ´ñMARLAR:€(Inaudible).€ñ´ñ›ñ´ñ€I€asked€you€if€youÏwanted€to€come€down€and€you€said€yes€you€did.€€IÏasked€you,€uh,€I€told€you€it€was€a€sexual€assaultÏallegation,€that€I€wanted€to€get€your€side€of€the€story.€ÏAnd€if€I€donððt€have€your€side€of€the€story,€then€I€have€noÏchoice,€I€mean,€I€absolutely€.€.€.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌÓÓÓ  ÓConversation€continued€between€the€detective€and€the€defendant€until€the€defendantÏfinally€said€he€wanted€to€talk€on€tape.€€ÌÌà ¸ àOnce€a€suspect€makes€an€unequivocal€request€for€counsel,€any€responseÏby€the€suspect€to€further€interrogation€cannot€be€used€to€cast€doubt€upon€the€clarity€ofÏthe€original€request.€€òòState€v.€Mosieróó,€888€S.W.2d€781,€785€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€Ð ø*ð#( ÐThe€circumstances€surrounding€the€interview€of€the€defendant,€from€the€time€he€arrivedÏuntil€the€time€he€made€a€statement,€point€to€an€atmosphere€of€coercion.€€First,€when€theÏdefendant€initially€arrived,€Detective€Marlar€assured€him€that€he€was€free€to€go€andÏcould€leave€at€any€time.€€When€the€defendant€stated€that€he€wanted€an€attorney,ÏDetective€Marlar€questioned€the€defendantððs€assertion€of€his€right€to€counsel,€saying,Ïð ðYou€donððt€want€to€say€anything€at€all?ðð€and€ð ðYou€mean€you€came€down€here€to€tell€meÏyou€didnððt€want€to€talk€to€me€about€it.ðð€€When€the€defendant€continued€to€assert€his€rightÐ Œ7„06 Ðto€counsel,€Detective€Marlar€placed€him€under€arrest.€€€At€that€point,€all€questioningÏshould€have€ceased,€and€the€defendant€should€have€been€provided€with€an€attorney.€ÏHowever,€Detective€Marlar€continued€his€conversation€with€the€defendant€until€theÏdefendant€finally€told€the€detective€that€he€wanted€to€talk€on€tape.€ÌÌà ¸ àThe€state€asserts€that€the€defendant€initiated€discussions€with€theÏdetective€by€stating,€ð ðYes,€I€want€to€talk.€€I€want€to€make€it€plain€that€I€would€like€to€talk.ðð€ÌWhat€the€state€fails€to€acknowledge,€however,€is€that€the€questioning€never€ceased.€ÏThe€detective€continued€a€dialogue€with€the€defendant€after€he€requested€an€attorneyÏand€was€placed€under€arrest.€€Furthermore,€the€defendantððs€statement€that€he€wantedÏto€talk€was€preceded€by€the€detective€telling€the€defendant,€ð ð[Y]ou€.€.€.€have€to€make€itÏplain€that€you€want€to€talk.ðð€€We€cannot€conclude€that€the€defendant€knowingly€andÏvoluntarily€waived€his€rights€and€initiated€ñ´ñœñ´ñthe€discussionñ´ñ›ñ´ñ€with€the€detective€when€theÏrecord€shows€that€the€detective€maintained€a€conversation€with€the€defendant,€thenÏinstructed€the€defendant€on€how€to€clarify€the€record€to€ensure€that€it€reflected€clearÏinitiation€of€conversation.€€This€series€of€events€reflects€a€failure€to€abide€by€theÏòòEdwardsóó€requirement€that€interrogation€cease€until€counsel€is€present,€not€anÐ È#À  Ðindependent€initiation€of€conversation€by€the€ñ´ñœñ´ñdefendant.€€Weñ´ñ›ñ´ñ€conclude€that€theÏñ´ñœñ´ñdefendantððs€statement€should€have€been€suppressed.ñ´ñ›ñ´ñÌà ¸ àà  àÌà ¸ àHaving€determined€that€the€defendantððs€statement€to€Detective€MarlarÏshould€have€been€suppressed,€we€must€now€determine€whether€its€admission€intoÏevidence€during€the€stateððs€case„in„chief€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€inÏlight€of€the€defendantððs€trial€testimony.€€òòSeeóó€T.R.A.P.€36(b);€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(a).€Ð \0T). ÐWe€conclude€that€it€was.ÌÌà ¸ àAt€trial,€the€defendant€admitted€having€sexual€contact€with€the€victim€butÏclaimed€that€the€contact€was€consensual.€€Obviously,€this€contradicts€the€defendantððsÐ Œ7„06 Ðstatement€to€Detective€Marlar€that€he€did€not€have€sexual€contact€with€the€victim.€€TheÏstate€questioned€the€defendant€about€the€differences€between€his€statement€toÏDetective€Marlar€and€his€testimony€on€direct€examination,€and€the€defendant€stated€thatÏhe€lied€to€Detective€Marlar.ÌÌà ¸ àA€statement€that€is€inadmissible€against€a€defendant€in€the€stateððs€case„¼in„chief€because€of€a€òòMirandaóó€ñ´ñœñ´ñviolationñ´ñ›ñ´ñ€may€properly€be€used€for€impeachmentÐ ÐÈ  Ðpurposes€to€attack€the€testifying€defendantððs€credibility.€€òòHarris€v.€New€Yorkóó,€401€U.S.Ð œ”  Ð222,€225„26,€91€S.€Ct.€643,€645„46€(1971);€òòState€v.€Hopperóó,€695€S.W.2d€530,€538Ð h` Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1985).€€This€exception€to€the€exclusionary€rule€rests€on€the€principleÏthat€the€ð ðshield€provided€by€òòMirandaóó€cannot€be€perverted€into€a€license€to€use€perjury€byÐ ø Ðway€of€a€defense,€free€from€the€risk€of€confrontation€with€prior€inconsistent€utterances.ðð€ÏòòHarrisóó,€401€U.S.€at€226,€643€S.€Ct.€at€646.€€Viewed€in€this€light,€we€conclude€that€theÐ ˜ Ðerroneous€admission€of€the€defendantððs€statement€in€the€stateððs€ñ´ñœñ´ñcase„in„chiefñ´ñ›ñ´ñ€isÏharmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€because€the€statement€was€properly€used€duringÏcross„examination€to€impeach€the€defendantððs€credibility.Ìà ¸ àÌÓ  Óò òII.€€INSTRUCTION€ON€RELEASE€ELIGIBILITYÐ ”%Œ" Ðó óÓ  Óà ¸ àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€instructing€the€jury€onÐ l'd $ Ðthe€approximate€calculation€of€his€earliest€release€eligibility€date€pursuant€to€T.C.A.€ððÏñ´ñœñ´ñ40„35„201(b)€(1997)€(repealed€1998).ñ´ñ׃×ñ´ññ´ñ׃×ñ´ñÝ ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ñ´ñ›ñ´ñ€€He€argues€that€the€statute€is€unconstitutionallyÐ +ü#( Ðvague€and€violates€due€process,€relying€on€òòFarris€v.€Stateóó,€535€S.W.2d€608,€612„13Ð Ð,È%* Ð(Tenn.€1976).€€The€state€argues€that€the€defendant€waived€the€issue€because€heÏrequested€the€instruction€and€that,€in€any€event,€the€statute€is€constitutional.ÌÐ 42,+0 Ðà ¸ àTennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€40„35„201(b)€ñ´ñœñ´ñ(1997)€(repealed€1998)ñ´ñ›ñ´ñÏœprovideñ¶ñsñ¶ññ·ñdñ·ñ›€that€ð ðupon€the€motion€of€either€party,€filed€with€the€court€prior€to€the€selectionÏof€the€jury,€the€court€shall€charge€the€possible€penalties€for€the€offense€charged€and€allÏlesser€included€offenses.ðð€€When€such€a€charge€is€requested€by€either€party,€sectionÏ(b)(2)(A)(i)€ñ´ñœñ´ñprovides:ñ´ñ›ñ´ñÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 ¸ àWhen€a€charge€as€to€possible€penalties€has€beenÏrequested€pursuant€to€subdivision€(b)(1),€the€judge€shallÏalso€include€in€the€instructions€for€the€jury€to€weigh€andÏconsider€the€meaning€of€a€sentence€of€imprisonment€forÏthe€offense€charged€and€any€lesser€included€offenses.€ÏSuch€instruction€shall€include€an€approximateÏcalculation€of€the€minimum€number€of€years€a€personÏsentenced€to€imprisonment€for€the€offense€charged€andÏlesser€included€offenses€must€serve€before€reachingÏsuch€personððs€earliest€release€eligibility€date.€€SuchÏcalculation€shall€include€such€factors€as€the€releaseÏeligibility€percentage€established€by€ðð€40„35„501,Ïmaximum€and€minimum€sentence€reduction€creditsÏauthorized€by€ðð€41„21„236€and€the€governorððs€power€toÏreduce€prison€overcrowding€pursuant€to€title€41,€chapterÏ1,€part€5,€if€applicable.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌÓÓÓ  ÓThe€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€that€it€should€weigh€and€consider€the€release€dates€asÏprovided€in€this€section.Ìà ¸ àÌà ¸ àFirst,€the€state€argues€that€the€defendant€waived€the€issue€because€heÏrequested€an€instruction€on€the€range€of€punishment€pursuant€to€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„201.€ÏòòSeeóó€T.R.A.P.€36(a).€€However,€the€record€shows€that€although€the€defendant€didÐ F(>!% Ðrequest€an€instruction€on€the€range€of€penalties,€he€also€requested€that€the€trial€courtÏnot€instruct€the€jury€on€his€earliest€release€eligibility€date.€€The€defendant€argued€thatÏthe€particular€provision€of€the€statute€dealing€with€release€eligibility€wasÏunconstitutionally€vague€and€violative€of€due€process.€€Under€these€facts,€we€do€notÏview€the€issue€to€be€waived.€€ÌÌà ¸ àWith€respect€to€the€defendantððs€challenge€to€the€constitutionality€of€theÏstatute,€our€supreme€court€recently€addressed€the€same€claims€the€defendant€makes€inÏthe€present€case€in€òòState€v.€Kingóó,€973€S.W.2d€586,€587€(Tenn.€1998).€€In€òòKingóó,€theÐ r8j17 Ðdefendant€argued€that€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„201(b)€was€unconstitutional€because€it€violatedÏhis€due€process€rights€under€both€the€United€States€Constitution€and€TennesseeÏConstitution.€€The€defendant€in€òòKingóó,€like€the€defendant€in€the€present€case,€relied€onÐ   ˜ ÐòòFarris€v.€Stateóó€to€support€his€argument€that€the€statute€was€unconstitutionally€vague€andÐ l d Ðimpossible€to€apply.€€Our€supreme€court€distinguished€the€statute€at€issue€in€òòFarrisóó,Ð 80 Ðholding€that€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„201(b),€in€contrast,€ð ðdoes€not€leave€a€jury€to€speculateÏabout€release€eligibility€dates,€good€time€credits€and€safety€valve€release€provisions.ðð€ÏòòKingóó,€973€S.W.2d€at€589.€€Ð œ”  ÐÌà ¸ àThe€court€in€òòKingóó€concluded€that€the€statute€provided€explicit€andÐ 4, Ðunambiguous€guidance€such€that€the€defendantððs€claim€of€vagueness€was€withoutÏmerit.€€òòId.óó€at€950.€€We€believe€that€our€supreme€courtððs€analysis€in€òòKingóó€applies€to€theÐ ÌÄ Ðpresent€case,€and€we€conclude€that€the€statute€is€not€unconstitutional€as€applied€in€theÏpresent€case.€€òòSeeóó€òòalsoóó,€òòState€v.€Rachel€Marie€Greenóó,€No.€01C01„9706„CR„00223,Ð d\ ÐDavidson€County€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Oct.€12,€1998),€òòapplic.óó€òòfiledóó€(Tenn.€Dec.€11,€1998)Ð 0 ( Ð(holding€that€the€òòKingóó€analysis€also€applies€when€a€jury€is€instructed€to€ð ðweigh€andÐ ü!ô Ðconsiderðð€the€meaning€of€a€sentence€of€imprisonment,€as€opposed€to€being€instructedÏthat€the€information€is€ð ðfor€your€information€ñ´ñœñ´ñonlyðð);ñ®ñ,ñ®ññ´ñ›ñ´ñ€ñ¯ñòòñ¯ñbutñ¯ñóóñ¯ñ€òòcf.óó€òòState€v.€Jason€M.€Weiskopfóó,Ð ”%Œ" ÐNo.€02C01„9611„CR„00381,€Shelby€County€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Dec.€4,€1998)€(ð ðweighÏand€considerðð€ñ´ñœñ´ññ°ñrendersñ°ññ±ñreadingñ±ññ´ñ›ñ´ñ€the€ñ´ñœñ´ñinstructionñ²ñ€to›€beñ²ññ´ñ›ñ´ñ€reversible€error).€€In€any€event,€the€fact€that€theÏdefendant€admitted€sexual€penetration€and€was€only€convicted€of€rape,€the€leastÏoffense€considered€by€the€ñ´ñœñ´ñjuryñ³ñ,ñ³ññ´ñ›ñ´ñ€reflects€that€the€instruction€was€utterly€inconsequential.ÌÌà ¸ àIn€consideration€of€the€foregoing€and€the€record€as€a€whole,€we€affirm€theÏjudgment€of€conviction.ÌÌÓÓà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È à__________________________Ìà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àJoseph€M.€Tipton,€JudgeÌÌÐ r8j17 ЇCONCUR:ÌÌñ‹ñœñ‹ññ‰ñÌÌñ‰ñ_______________________ñ‹ñ›ñ‹ñÌJohn€H.€Peay,€JudgeÌÌÌñ‹ñœñ‹ññŠñÌñŠñ_______________________ñ‹ñ›ñ‹ñÌDavid€H.€Welles,€JudgeÌÌà ¸ àÌÌà ¸ à€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà0 ¸ à