ÿWPC› ¦¡èóüœú&ª¨p?yÐß×Ñ|²Üº.oñI0 ¨vbð®"Û¤‰‡Ic¥ˆüì õùܱM³U€„ÂI(q\‹¾rm-çø¿wdªjï‘~ae†ß¢°=pžæLw”|¼ÿ­A– êˆÒÕ%‘Žüß2Ý–£ ÷Ô&ßt3vkʱÀI$ÙÔ@…w»b´üYø¡øB À°Ã(²~q÷‡Tá¸èw†_Exžzcv„ëmGž·ùZ¦Î~`í›sÃOŒSîIO¬ÛäÕËôëÕÀ¢L[¼ç~Näב ¹;†Œ‡D\ƒb¢gß2¡@”‘,ßú,æ8&TdiºàC‚½¾in¦§¥s¡G,t2æ@‡Êy­ËÍ):¦B“¹eR°×C±OV¡`ø†¢Á Ÿé.Uø_¬Ä0áÄ¢ö°î›ë¦o|õñ@ as:`XêÇþMkˆ7£mzûˆ|´v Lk’WTßÛ“/„ýBçï…ጉ`¿ùמ_£k·/.1.ɧSz|QÇíŠÂ7{ôØ@îH{˜ÛR±°êËÝ©²BèÁA "À:³B[[”ª-ã0åŸ}¨;oŽDiâü˜M¾Hóˆ ü5pü#Õ¿Äf›ë·9ÍÏ+A}Á*# LUNW %¥ 0(«w:Ó4 !U:0 0ˆj 0Dòç6Ç U:ä  U:& U:` çš U: '» U:âââââââââââ B AQ9ÆŠ 0DP 0D” 0DØØ D/ BK D3h˜HP LaserJet 4HPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLàÏ'Ör Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ Û'Ü'EÝ'Þ'ä'eæ'ç'è'Dé'Ó€'H%3|xô',c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular(8(2«€$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒø°ÒÒX°Òà P àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó ÝÝ ƒ «€$ÝÒø°ÒÒX°Òà P àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€X¦XXXÔÔ€ô‰’ôXX¦ÔThe€first€four€criteria€are€found€in€òòGrayóó.€€A€fifth€category€in€òòGrayóó,€based€on€a€specific€numberÐ `  Ðof€prior€felony€convictions,€may€enhance€the€sentence€range€but€is€no€longer€a€listed€criterion.€€òòSeeóóÐ ( È ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments. ½Ý ƒ «€$ÝÒø°ÒÒX°Òà P àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ XPÛXXXÔÔ€ ô¯­ôXXPÛÔThe€first€four€criteria€are€found€in€òòGrayóó,€based€on€a€specific€number€of€prior€felony€convictions,Ð `  Ðmay€enhance€the€sentence€range€but€is€no€longer€a€listed€criterion.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„Ð  ¾ Ð115,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular ÝÝ ƒ «€$ÝÒø°ÒÒX°Òà P àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€XPÛXXXÔÔ€ô¯­ôXXPÛÔThe€first€four€criteria€are€found€in€òòGrayóó.€€A€fifth€category€in€òòGrayóó,€based€on€a€specific€numberÐ `  Ðof€prior€felony€convictions,€may€enhance€the€sentence€range€but€is€no€longer€a€listed€criterion.€€òòSeeóóÐ  ¾ ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular Ý ƒ"¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€Xh‘XXXÔÔ€üXXh‘ÔÓ  ÓÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€Xh‘XüÔÐ  ÐÌò òJanuary€6,€1999Ð šš ÐÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€ôÛôXXh‘ÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular d!"#$&Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó(('÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýñé'ñ›ñé'ñÑ` °ÑÒX°ÒÒ4°ÒÑܰÑÑTR[¤ AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÓ  ÓòòÔ€XVbXXXÔÔ‡Xh‘XXXVbÔÑ7€A<XXdìXXdð7Ññé'ñßr€ )<,(j 8` `€€@E f ` ttx$X` ð Úrß›ñé'ñÌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEóóÐ F æ Ðà@@ÚÚ0ÚàòòÌAT€KNOXVILLEóóÐ  ² ÐÌOCTOBER€1998€SESSIONÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à ” àà ì à*à D àC.C.A.€NO.€¢03C01„9710„CC„00447£€Ð v  ÐÌà Œ àAPPELLEE,à < àà ” àà ì à*à D à¢BLOUNT£€COUNTYÐ Bâ  ÐÌ¢VS£.à Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì à*à D àHon.€D.€Kelly€Thomas,€Jr.¢£,€JudgeÐ ®  ÐÌà0 Œ àà 4 àTYRIS€HARVEY,à < àà ” àà ì à*à D à(Robbery¢£)à ô àà L àà ¤ àà ü! àà T$ àà @T$ àà @T$ àà @T$ àà @T$ àà @T$ àà @T$ àà @T$ àà @T$ àà @T$ àà @T$ àà @T$ àà @T$ àà @T$ àà @T$ àà @T$ àà @T$ àà @T$ àà @T$ àà @T$ à€ÐÚz Œ €%Œ €% ÐÌà Œ àAPPELLANT.Ô#†XVbXXXh‘à#ÔÔ‡Xh‘XXXVbÔà ” àà ì à*à D àÐ ¦F Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àÌà Œ àà ä àÌòòÌÌFor€Appellantóó:à < àà ” àà ì àà D àòòFor€Appelleeóó:Ð  ª ÐÌMack€Garnerà < à¢à ” à£à ì àà D à¢John€Knox€Walkup£Ð Öv ÐOffice€of€the€Public€Defenderà ì àà D àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÐ ¼ \ ÐFifth€Judicial€Circuità < àà ” àà ì àà D à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÐ ¢!B Ð421€High€Streetà < àà ” àà ì àà D àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493Ð ˆ"( ÐMaryville,€TN€€37804Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D à¢Elizabeth€B.€Marney£ÌGerald€L.€Gulley,€Jr.à ” àà ì àà D àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÐ :%Ú ÐContract€Appellate€Defenderà ì àà D à425€Fifth€Avenue€NorthÐ  &À  ÐP.O.€Box€1708à < àà ” àà ì àà D àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493Ð '¦! ÐKnoxville,€TN€€37901„1708Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àKirk€Andrews€and€Lisa€McKenzieÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àAssistant€District€Attorneys€GeneralÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D à363€Court€StreetÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àMaryville,€TN€€37804ÌÌà Œ àà ä àà < àÌÌOPINION€FILED:€€____________________ÌÌÌÌAFFIRMED€€ÌÌÌÌGARY€R.€WADE,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÔ#†XVbXXXh‘“#ÔòòÐ L6ì,2 ÐÓ  Óò òÓÓÐ  27Ò-3 ÐÑ7€A<XXdìXXdì7ÑOPINIONóóó óÐ `  ÐÓ™ Óà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant,€Tyris€Harvey,€was€charged€with€one€count€of€robbery,Ïone€count€of€theft,€and€five€counts€of€delivery€of€cocaine€of€various€amounts.€€AfterÏpleading€guilty€to€all€charges€except€the€robbery,€he€was€convicted€of€that€offense€inÏa€jury€trial.€€The€trial€court€imposed€a€three€year€sentence€for€robbery.€€The€trial€courtÏalso€imposed€an€eleven€month,€twenty„nine€day€sentence€for€theft€of€property,€fourÏyears€at€Range€I€for€three€Class€C€felony€cocaine€convictions,€and€eight€years€atÏRange€I€for€two€Class€B€felony€cocaine€convictions.€€The€sentences€for€the€Class€BÏfelony€cocaine€convictions€were€consecutive€to€the€sentences€for€the€Class€C€felonyÏcocaine€convictions€and€the€robbery€and€theft€sentences€were€to€be€consecutive€toÏthe€Class€B€felony€sentences.€€The€effective€sentence€is,€therefore,€fifteen€years.€ÏThe€defendant€was€fined€fourteen€thousand€five„hundred€dollars.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€this€appeal€of€right,€the€defendant€presents€the€following€issues€forÏreview:€¹ÒXÒÒä 4ÒÓÓ(I)€€whether€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€sustain€theÏjury's€conviction€for€robbery;ÌÌ(II)€€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€imposing€consecutive€Ïsentences;€andÌÌ(III)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€sentence€theÏdefendant€to€a€community€corrections€program.ÌÌÒ4ä JÒÒX<ÒÓXÓÌà Œ àà ä àWe€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€July€1996,€the€defendant,€Tyris€Harvey,€while€at€the€residence€ofÏBetty€Jean€Allen,€robbed€the€victim,€Ed€Blair,€of€his€billfold.€€Blair,€who€was€there€toÏpurchase€a€vacuum€cleaner€from€Ms.€Allen,€had€paid€Ms.€Allen€and€was€returningÐ P7ð-1 Ðhis€billfold€to€his€pocket€when€the€defendant€struggled€to€take€the€billfold.€€Ms.€AllenÏtestified€that€the€struggle€ensued€for€two€to€three€minutes.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€victim,€who€was€seventy„eight€when€the€robbery€occurred,Ïtestified€that€the€defendant€grabbed€his€billfold€from€behind.€€Sometime€after€theÏstruggle,€the€victim€noticed€his€left€arm€was€bleeding.€€The€victim€could€notÏremember€how€his€arm€was€injured€and€did€not€seek€medical€attention.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àBilly€Radford€testified€that€the€victim€had€stopped€his€vehicle€to€ask€ifÏhe€had€seen€someone€running€down€the€road.€€Radford€described€the€victim€asÏhaving€labored€breathing;€he€recalled€the€victim€saying€he€had€emphysema.€ÏRadford,€who€also€noticed€blood€on€the€victim's€arm,€pointed€out€to€the€victim€whereÏhe€had€seen€someone€running€along€the€roadway.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àLarry€Stevens€testified€that€he€saw€the€defendant€run€across€severalÏyards.€€He€also€saw€the€victim€drive€to€a€stop€sign€and€then€slump€over€his€steeringÏwheel.€€When€Stevens€approached€the€car,€he€noticed€that€the€victim's€arm€wasÏbleeding€profusely.€€The€victim€stated€that€he€had€just€been€robbed€and€that€heÏthought€he€was€having€a€heart€attack.€€ÌÌÓ  Óà @Œ àà @ä àIÌÓ  Óà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€first€complains€that€there€was€insufficient€evidence€toÏsustain€a€conviction€for€robbery.€€He€contends€that€no€robbery€was€committedÏbecause€violence€was€not€part€of€the€crime.€€Moreover,€he€contends€that€no€robberyÏwas€committed€because€the€victim€was€not€in€fear.€€ÌÐ @8à.2 Ðà Œ àà ä àOn€appeal,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€theÏevidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€which€might€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.Ð @ à ÐCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€The€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€theÐ  À Ðweight€to€be€given€their€testimony,€and€the€reconciliation€of€conflicts€in€the€proof€areÏmatters€entrusted€to€the€jury€as€triers€of€fact.€€òòByrge€v.€Stateóó,€575€S.W.2d€292,€295Ð à€ Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€When€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€challenged,€theÏrelevant€question€is€whether,€after€reviewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorableÏto€the€state,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€theÏcrime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.Ð ` Ð1983);€Tenn.€€R.€App.€P.€13(e).ÌÌà Œ àà ä àRobbery€is€defined€as€"the€intentional€or€knowing€theft€of€property€fromÏthe€person€of€another€by€violence€or€putting€the€person€in€fear."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ39-13-401.€€While€the€term€"violence"€is€not€defined€in€our€criminal€code,€this€courtÏhas€previously€approved€the€definition€set€forth€in€Funk€and€Wagnall's€òòStandardÐ  #@ ÐDesk€Dictionaryòòóó€óó(1977):€"physical€force€unlawfully€exercised."€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Blackóó,Ð €%  Ð745€S.W.2d€302,€304€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòBlack's€Law€DictionaryóóÐ `'  Ð1570€(6th€ed.€1990)€(defining€"violence"€in€part€as€the€"[u]njust€or€unwarrantedÏexercise€of€force").€€òòÐ  +À!$ ÐÌà Œ àà ä àóóIn€òòState€v.€Alonzo€Tony€Watsonóó,€the€defendant€snatched€money€and€aÐ à.€%( Ðcheck€back€from€a€cashier.€€No.€01C01„9606„CC„00260,€slip€op.€at€7€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.,€at€Nashville,€Jan.€14,€1998).€€This€court,€applying€the€definition€of€violence€setÏout€in€the€preceding€paragraph,€held€that€the€defendant's€actions€constitutedÏrobbery,€because€he€used€physical€force€to€take€the€money.€€òòId.óó,€slip€op.€at€7.Ð `6-0 ÐÐ @8à.2 Ðà Œ àà ä àIn€òòState€v.€Tony€Fitzóó,€the€defendant€pushed€the€victim€backwards€intoÐ `  Ða€wall€and€then€grabbed€money€out€of€a€cash€register.€€No.€02C01„9712„CC„00486,Ïslip€op.€at€5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Jackson,€October€19,€1998).€Using€theÏestablished€definition€of€violence,€this€court€ruled€that€there€was€the€requisiteÏ"violence"€because€the€defendant's€actions€permitted€him€to€grab€money€out€of€theÏopen€cash€register.€€òòId.óó,€slip€op.€at€5.Ð À`  ÐÌà Œ àà ä àMs.€Allen,€the€eye„witness€to€the€crime,€testified€that€the€defendantÏand€the€victim€struggled€over€the€control€of€the€billfold.€€Although€the€victim€could€notÏremember€how€he€injured€his€arm,€there€is€sufficient€circumstantial€evidence€that€theÏinjury€occurred€during€the€struggle.€€Thus,€the€theft€involved€violence€("physical€forceÏunlawfully€exercised")€and,€in€our€view,€a€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€theÏessential€elements€of€the€crime€of€robbery€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóóÐ à€ ÐòòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307€(1979).€€Ð À!` Ðà Œ àà ä àÌà Œ àà ä àBecause€the€robbery€statute€is€written€in€the€disjunctive,€requiring€theÏstate€to€prove€that€the€theft€was€accomplished€either€by€violence€òòoróó€by€putting€theÐ `'  Ðperson€in€fear,€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€establish€the€robbery.ÌÌÓ  ÓIIÌÓ  Óà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant's€second€complaint€is€that€the€trial€court€erred€byÏimposing€consecutive€sentences.€€The€defendant€argues€the€trial€court€committedÏerror€by€considering€improper€criminal€history€of€the€defendant,€by€considering€theÏdefendant€to€be€a€"dangerous€offender,"€by€considering€the€defendant€to€haveÏcommitted€the€offense€while€on€probation,€and€by€considering€the€defendantÏsatisfied€any€other€criteria€set€forth€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b).€€WeÐ @8à.2 Ðdisagree.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àWhen€there€is€a€challenge€to€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€service€ofÏa€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€of€this€court€to€conduct€a€de€novo€review€with€aÏpresumption€that€the€determinations€made€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40-35-401(d).€€This€presumption€is€"conditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showingÏin€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevantÏfacts€and€circumstances."€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991);€€seeÐ €  ÐòòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597€(Tenn.€1994).€€The€Sentencing€CommissionÐ ` ÐComments€provide€that€the€burden€is€on€the€defendant€to€show€the€impropriety€ofÏthe€sentence.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àOur€review€requires€an€analysis€of€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€atÏthe€trial€and€sentencing€hearing;€€(2)€the€presentence€report;€€(3)€the€principles€ofÏsentencing€and€the€arguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives;€€(4)€theÏnature€and€characteristics€of€the€offense;€€(5)€any€mitigating€or€enhancing€factors;€Ï(6)€any€statements€made€by€the€defendant€in€his€own€behalf;€€and€(7)€theÏdefendant's€potential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40-35-102,Ï-103,€and€-210;€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€735€S.W.2d€859,€863€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).Ð  +À!$ ÐÌà Œ àIn€calculating€the€sentence€for€Class€B,€C,€D,€or€E€felony€convictions€at€theÏtime€of€these€offenses,€the€presumptive€sentence€is€the€minimum€within€the€range€ifÏthere€are€no€enhancement€or€mitigating€factors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-210(c).€ÏIf€there€are€enhancement€factors€but€no€mitigating€factors,€the€trial€court€may€set€theÏsentence€above€the€minimum.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-210(d).€€A€sentenceÏinvolving€both€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors€requires€an€assignment€ofÐ @8à.2 Ðrelative€weight€for€the€enhancement€factors€as€a€means€of€increasing€the€sentence.ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-210.€€The€sentence€may€then€be€reduced€within€the€rangeÏby€any€weight€assigned€to€the€mitigating€factors€present.€€òòId.óóÐ  À ÐÌà Œ àà ä àPrior€to€the€enactment€of€the€Criminal€Sentencing€Reform€Act€of€1989,Ïthe€limited€classifications€for€the€imposition€of€consecutive€sentences€were€set€out€inÏòòGray€v.€Stateóó,€538€S.W.2d€391,€393€(Tenn.€1976).€€In€that€case,€our€supreme€courtÐ  @  Ðruled€that€aggravating€circumstances€must€be€present€before€placement€in€any€oneÏof€the€classifications.€€Later,€in€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€739€S.W.2d€227€(Tenn.€1987),€theÐ ` Ðcourt€established€an€additional€category€for€those€defendants€convicted€of€two€orÏmore€statutory€offenses€involving€sexual€abuse€of€minors.€€There€were,€however,Ïadditional€words€of€caution:ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à[C]onsecutive€sentences€should€not€be€routinely€imposedÏ...€and€...€the€aggregate€maximum€of€consecutive€termsÏmust€be€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€theÏoffenses€involved.€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÓÎ5ÓòòTayloróó,€739€S.W.2d€at€230.€€€The€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€adopted€theÐ $0 Ðcautionary€language.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-115.€€The€1989€Act€is,€in€essence,Ïthe€codification€of€the€holdings€in€òòGrayóó€and€òòTayloróó;€consecutive€sentences€may€beÐ P(ð! Ðimposed€in€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court€only€upon€a€determination€that€one€orÏmore€of€the€following€criteriañä'ññÞ'ñœñÞ'ññä'ññÞ'ññä'ñ׃ ×ñä'ññä'ñ׃×ñä'ññÞ'ññÞ'ñ׃ ×ñÞ'ñÝ ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ñä'ñ›ñä'ñ€exist:Ð ,°"% Ðà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àÓÓ(1)€The€defendant€is€a€professional€criminal€who€hasÏknowingly€devoted€himself€to€criminal€acts€as€a€majorÏsource€of€livelihood;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(2)€The€defendant€is€an€offender€whose€record€of€criminalÏactivity€is€extensive;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(3)€The€defendant€is€a€dangerous€mentally€abnormalÐ €4 +. Ðperson€so€declared€by€a€competent€psychiatrist€whoÏconcludes€as€a€result€of€an€investigation€prior€toÏsentencing€that€the€defendant's€criminal€conduct€hasÏbeen€characterized€by€a€pattern€of€repetitive€orÏcompulsive€behavior€with€heedless€indifference€toÏconsequences;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(4)€The€defendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€whoseÏbehavior€indicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life,€andÏno€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€riskÏto€human€life€is€high;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(5)€The€defendant€is€convicted€of€two€(2)€or€moreÏstatutory€offenses€involving€sexual€abuse€of€a€minor€withÏconsideration€of€the€aggravating€circumstances€arisingÏfrom€the€relationship€between€the€defendant€and€victimÏor€victims,€the€time€span€of€defendant's€undetectedÏsexual€activity,€the€nature€and€scope€of€the€sexual€actsÏand€the€extent€of€the€residual,€physical€and€mentalÏdamage€to€the€victim€or€victims;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(6)€The€defendant€is€sentenced€for€an€offense€committedÏwhile€on€probation;€€orÐ ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(7)€The€defendant€is€sentenced€for€criminal€contempt.€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÓ{9ÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-115(b).ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€òòGrayóó,€our€supreme€court€had€ruled€that€before€consecutiveÐ €%  Ðsentencing€could€be€imposed€upon€the€dangerous€offender,€as€now€defined€byÏsubsection€(b)(4)€in€the€statute,€other€conditions€must€be€present:€€(a)€that€theÏcrimes€involved€aggravating€circumstances;€€(b)€that€consecutive€sentences€are€aÏnecessary€means€to€protect€the€public€from€the€defendant;€€and€(c)€that€the€termÏreasonably€relates€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses.ÌÌà Œ àà ä à€In€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933€(Tenn.€1995),€our€high€courtÐ  2@), Ðreaffirmed€those€principles€and€ruled€that€consecutive€sentences€cannot€be€requiredÏfor€any€of€the€classifications€"unless€the€terms€reasonably€relate€to€the€severity€ofÏthe€offenses€committed€and€are€necessary€in€order€to€protect€the€public€from€furtherÐ @8à.2 Ðserious€criminal€conduct€by€the€defendant."€€òòId.óó€at€938.€€€The€òòWilkersonóó€decision,Ð `  Ðwhich€modified€guidelines€adopted€in€òòState€v.€Woodsóó,€814€S.W.2d€378,€380€(Tenn.Ð @ à ÐCrim.€App.€1991),€governing€the€sentencing€of€dangerous€offenders,€describedÏsentencing€as€"a€human€process€that€neither€can€nor€should€be€reduced€to€a€set€ofÏfixed€and€mechanical€rules."€€òòWilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€at€938€(footnote€omitted).Ð à€ ÐÌà Œ àà ä àThe€trial€court€imposed€consecutive€sentences€on€the€basis€that€theÏdefendant€had€a€record€of€extensive€criminal€activity.€€In€imposing€consecutiveÏsentences,€the€trial€judge€stated€as€follows:Ìà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àà < àÓÓI€have€considered€all€of€the€things€that€cases€sayÏyou're€supposed€to€consider€in€determining€the€sentenceÏand€the€manner€of€service€...€Mr.€Tyris's€statement,€theÏpresentence€report,€the€testimony€at€trial,€the€sentencingÏprinciples€and€the€code,€likelihood€or€potential€forÏrehabilitation€...€and€nothing€of€that€suggests€anythingÏother€than€that€the€sentence€should€[not]€be€served€out€inÏthe€community.€€His€criminal€history€starts€back€beforeÏage€eighteen€and€continues,€without€ceasing,€to€now.€ÏHe's€been€on€...€violated€parole€and€probation.€€TheÏlikelihood€of€rehabilitation€is€poor€because€of€that.€€He'sÏcontinued€to€break€the€law€after€being€in€prison€for€a€longÏtime,€which€is€something€I€can't€understand,€but€that'sÏwhat€he's€done.€€Because€I€would€think€prison€would€be€aÏpretty€horrible€experience.Ð ä Ð ä Ð  Ðà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àà < àThese€are€serious€offenses€that€would€be€greatlyÏdepreciated€without€confinement.€€What€we're€talkingÏabout€here€is€five€different€incidents€of€deliveringÏcocaine.€€His€offenses€involved€...€he€has€a€history€ofÏoffenses€that€involve€potential€of€personal€injury€toÏpeople.Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÓ„FÓÌà Œ àà ä à€The€defendant€argues€that€œñæ'ñthe€ñæ'ñtrial›€court€improperly€considered€theÏcriminal€history€of€the€defendant€in€imposing€consecutive€sentences.€€WhileÏconceding€œñç'ñthat€it€ñç'ñiñè'ñtñè'ñs›€unclear€from€the€record,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trialÏjudge€improperly€relied€on€the€various€charges€in€this€case€to€which€the€defendantÏplead€guilty,€including€the€five€convictions€for€delivery€of€cocaine,€in€determining€thatÐ @8à.2 Ðthe€defendant€had€a€record€of€extensive€criminal€activity.€€The€defendant€argues€thatÏnone€of€the€cocaine€offenses€can€be€counted€because,€by€the€words€of€the€statute,Ïthe€defendant€must€have€been€convicted€of€the€prior€felonies€before€he€committedÏthe€crime€for€which€he€is€being€sentenced.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€òòState€v.€Blouvettóó,€904€S.W.2d€111€(Tenn.€1995),€our€supreme€courtÐ À`  Ðruled€that€the€legislature€intended€for€a€"prior€conviction"€to€be€a€"conviction€that€hasÏalready€been€adjudicated€before€the€commission€of€the€offense€at€issue."€€òòId.óó€at€113.€Ð €  ÐThus,€none€of€the€five€cocaine€offenses€could€be€considered.€Yet,€the€record€isÏunclear€whether€the€trial€judge€considered€the€other€convictions€in€this€case.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€questions€on€sentencing€issues,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€judge,€whoÏsaw€and€heard€the€defendant€firsthand€and€properly€considered€the€statutoryÏprinciples,€is€entitled€to€the€presumption€of€correctness.€€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169.€Ð À!` ÐThe€trial€court€found€that€the€defendant€had€a€criminal€history€that€started€before€heÏreached€the€age€of€eighteen€and€has€continued€until€now.€€This€included€a€firstÏdegree€criminal€sexual€conduct€conviction€in€1986€in€Michigan€for€which€theÏdefendant€was€sentenced€to€ten€years€incarceration.€€In€1992,€the€defendant€wasÏreleased€on€parole.€€Soon€after€his€release,€the€defendant€was€placed€back€in€prisonÏbecause€he€violated€his€parole.€€In€November€1995,€the€defendant€was€releasedÏafter€serving€his€ten€year€sentence.€€In€August€1996,€the€defendant€was€arrested€forÏthe€robbery€of€the€victim.€€While€released€on€bail€on€the€robbery€charge,€theÏdefendant€was€convicted€of€domestic€assault€and€shoplifting.€€Even€without€theÏconsideration€of€the€five€cocaine€offenses€and€the€theft,€this€record,€in€our€view,€is€aÏsufficient€basis€for€the€determination€that€the€defendant€has€an€extensive€record€ofÏcriminal€activity.€€Ð @8à.2 Їà Œ àà ä àWhen€a€defendant€falls€within€the€statutory€classifications€for€eligibilityÏto€be€considered€for€consecutive€sentencing,€the€only€remaining€considerations€areÏwhether€(1)€the€sentences€are€necessary€in€order€to€protect€the€public€from€furtherÏmisconduct€by€the€defendant€and€(2)€"the€terms€are€reasonably€related€to€theÏseverity€of€the€offenses."€€òòWilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€at€938.€€Ð P-ð#( ÐÌà Œ àà ä àWe€hold€that€trial€court€had€a€basis€for€concluding€that€consecutiveÏsentences€are€necessary€to€protect€the€public.€€The€defendant€has€shown€littleÏpromise€of€rehabilitation,€as€these€crimes€were€committed€only€about€a€year€after€heÏwas€released€from€prison.€€"Further€misconduct"€by€the€defendant€appears€to€beÏlikely,€unless€he€is€incarcerated.€€Due€to€his€criminal€record€and€his€failure€toÐ 8¸.4 Ðdemonstrate€any€rehabilitative€qualities,€we€must€also€conclude€that€the€effectiveÏsentence€is€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€also€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€considering€theÏdefendant€to€be€a€"dangerous€offender"€in€imposing€consecutive€sentences.€€TheÏtrial€court,€however,€made€no€finding€that€the€defendant€was€a€"dangerous€offender."ñÎ'ñ›ñÎ'ñ€ÏInstead,€the€trial€court€stated€that€the€offenses€for€which€the€defendant€was€beingÏsentenced€involved€the€potential€of€personal€injury€to€others€in€the€specific€context€ofÏdenying€the€defendant€sentencing€under€the€Community€Corrections€Act.€€Thus,€thisÏclaim€is€without€merit.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€also€argues€the€trial€court€erred€in€the€imposition€ofÏconsecutive€sentencing€by€considering€the€offense€to€have€been€committed€while€onÏprobation.€€There€is€nothing€in€the€record€to€support€this€contention.€€As€theÏtranscript€of€the€sentencing€hearing€clearly€shows,€the€trial€court€merely€noted€theÏextent€of€the€defendant's€criminal€history€and€his€violations€of€parole€and€probationÏas€reasons€for€denying€community€corrections€as€an€alternative€sentence.€€Thus,Ïthis€contention€is€without€merit.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€argues€the€trial€court€erred€by€considering€any€otherÏcriteria€set€forth€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)€in€imposing€consecutiveÏsentences.€€In€our€view,€the€trial€court€found€the€defendant€had€an€extensive€recordÏof€criminal€activity.€€Because€there€is€nothing€in€the€record€to€suggest€the€trial€judgeÏconsidered€any€other€criteria€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b),€this€issue€isÏwithout€merit.€€ñÓ'ñœñÓ'ññÑ'ñÐ  €4 +0 ÐñÑ'ññÒ'ñ›Ì›ÌñÒ'ññÓ'ñ›ñÓ'ññÓ'ññÓ'ñÓ  ÓIIIÌÓ  Óà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant's€third€complaint€is€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€toÏsentence€the€defendant€to€a€community€corrections€program.€€While€the€defendantÏconcedes€that€he€would€not€be€eligible€for€placement€in€a€Community€CorrectionsÏprogram€due€to€his€robbery€conviction,€which€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„36„¼106(a)(2)€is€a€"crime€against€the€person€as€provided€in€title€39,€chapter€13,€parts€1„¼5,"€he€contends€that€he€is€eligible€for€consideration€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„36„¼106(c)€providing€consideration€for€persons€with€histories€of€drug€or€substance€abuseÏand€for€whom€community€placement€and€treatment€would€be€a€benefit.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€purpose€of€the€Community€Corrections€Act€of€1985€was€to€provideÏan€alternative€means€of€punishment€for€"selected,€nonviolent€felony€offenders€inÏfront-end€community€based€alternatives€to€incarceration."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ40-36-103(1).€€The€Community€Corrections€sentence€provides€a€desired€degree€ofÏflexibility€that€may€be€both€beneficial€to€the€defendant€yet€serve€legitimate€societalÏaims.€€òòState€v.€Griffithóó,€787€S.W.2d€340,€342€(Tenn.€1990).€€That€the€defendantÐ T$ô Ðmeets€the€minimum€requirements€of€the€Community€Corrections€Act€of€1985,Ïhowever,€does€not€mean€that€he€is€entitled€to€be€sentenced€under€the€act€as€aÏmatter€of€law€or€right.€€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€744€S.W.2d€919€(Tenn.€Crim.€ñÎ'ñœñÎ'ñApp.€1987).ñÎ'ñ›ñÎ'ñÐ ¸)X $ ÐÌà Œ àà ä àThe€following€offenders€are€eligible€for€Community€Corrections:ÌÓÓñÎ'ñœ›ñÎ'ñà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(1)€Persons€who,€without€this€option,€would€beÏincarcerated€in€a€correctional€institution;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(2)€Persons€who€are€convicted€of€property-related,€orÏdrug/alcohol-related€felony€offenses€or€other€felonyÏoffenses€not€involving€crimes€against€the€person€asÏprovided€in€title€39,€chapter€2€[repealed],€parts€1-3€andÏ5-7€or€title€39,€chapter€13,€parts€1-5;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(3)€Persons€who€are€convicted€of€non-violent€felonyÏoffenses;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÐ þ8ž/5 Ðà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(4)€Persons€who€are€convicted€of€felony€offenses€inÏwhich€the€use€or€possession€of€a€weapon€was€notÏinvolved;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(5)€Persons€who€do€not€demonstrate€a€present€or€pastÏpattern€of€behavior€indicating€violence;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(6)€Persons€who€do€not€demonstrate€a€pattern€ofÏcommitting€violent€offenses;€€andÐ ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(7)€Persons€who€are€sentenced€to€incarceration€or€onÏescape€at€the€time€of€consideration€will€not€be€eligible.€€ñÎ'ñœñÎ'ñÐ ä Ð ä Ð  ÐñÎ'ñ›ñÎ'ñÌÓâgÓñÎ'ñœñÎ'ñTenn.ñÎ'ñ›ñÎ'ñ€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-36-106(a).ÌÌà Œ àà ä à€The€defendant€is€not€eligible€for€Community€Corrections€becauseÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„36„106(2)€precludes€those€convicted€of€crimes€against€aÏperson€under€title€39,€chapter€13,€parts€1„5€from€participating€in€the€ñÎ'ñœñÎ'ñprogram.€ÏRobbery€is€a€crime€against€a€person.€€òòState€v.€Rhonda€Lorraine€Hankeóó,€No.€03101„Ð  ª Ð9707„CC„00254,€slip€op.€at€3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Knoxville,€Aug.€20),€òòperm€to€app.Ð Öv Ðfiledóó€(October€19,€1998).€€UnderñÎ'ñ›ñÎ'ñ€the€special€needs€provision€of€the€Act,€someÐ ¢!B Ðindividuals€who€commit€crimes€against€the€person€may€be€placed€on€CommunityÏCorrections€if€they€have€special€needs€arising€from€alcohol€or€drug€abuse€for€whichÏtreatment€is€available.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-36-106(c).ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€1989€Act€does€provide€that€the€record€of€the€sentencing€hearingÏ"shall€include€specific€findings€of€fact€upon€which€application€of€the€sentencingÏprinciples€was€based."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-209(c).€€And,€while€weÏacknowledge€that€de€novo€appellate€review€does€not€relieve€the€trial€judge€fromÏcompliance€with€the€provisions€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-209(c),€we€areÏnonetheless€able€to€conclude€that€the€record€is€adequate€to€support€the€denial€of€anÏalternative€sentence.ÌÌñÎ'ñœñÎ'ñà Œ àà ä àInñÎ'ñ›ñÎ'ñ€denying€a€Community€Corrections€sentence,€the€trial€judge€stated:Ð þ8ž/5 ÐÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àI€have€considered€all€of€the€things€that€cases€say€you'reÏsupposed€to€consider€in€determining€the€sentence€andÏthe€manner€of€service€...€Mr.€ñÎ'ñœñÎ'ñTyris'sñÎ'ñ›ñÎ'ñ€statement,€theÏpresentence€report,€the€testimony€at€trial,€the€sentencingÏprinciples€and€the€code,€likelihood€or€potential€forÏrehabilitation€...€and€nothing€of€that€suggests€anythingÏother€than€that€the€sentence€should€ñÎ'ñœñÎ'ñ[not]€beñÎ'ñ›ñÎ'ñ€served€out€inÏthe€ñÎ'ñœñÎ'ñcommunity.ñÎ'ñ›œñÎ'ñÐ ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÌñÎ'ñ›ñÎ'ñÌÓÔrÓñÎ'ñœ›ñÎ'ñà Œ àà ä àThe€1989€Act€necessarily€embodies€the€exercise€of€discretion€at€theÏtrial€court€level.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Fletcheróó,€805€S.W.2d€785€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.1991).€Ð ®  ÐSentencing€requires€an€individualized,€case-by-case€approach.€€òòState€v.€Mossóó,€727Ð Úz  ÐS.W.2d€229,€235€(Tenn.€1986).€€Confinement€is€often€necessary€to€protect€societyÏfrom€a€defendant€with€a€lengthy€history€of€criminal€conduct€and€when€alternativeÏsentences€have€been€unsuccessful.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-103(1)(A)-(C).€€InÏòòAshbyóó,€the€supreme€court€held€that€it€was€"not€the€policy€...€to€place€trial€judges€in€aÐ  ª Ðjudicial€straight-jacket...."€€823€S.W.2d€at€171.€€€The€presumptive€correctnessÏstandard€of€appellate€review€has€a€sound€basis.€€In€matters€of€sentencing,€so€longÏas€the€statutory€guidelines€have€been€met,€our€supreme€court€has€expressed€aÏgeneral€reluctance€"to€interfere€with€[trial€courts']€traditional€discretionary€powers."€ÏñÎ'ñœñÎ'ñòòId.óóñÎ'ñ›ñÎ'ñÐ '¦! Ðà Œ àà ä àÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€testified€at€the€sentencing€hearing€that€he€desired€helpÏwith€his€drug€and€alcohol€abuse€problems.€€It€is€our€view,€however,€that€the€record€Ïfully€supports€the€trial€court's€finding€that€the€defendant€had€an€extensive€criminalÏhistory€and€that€past€efforts€to€rehabilitate€him€by€applying€measures€less€restrictiveÏthan€confinement€had€been€unsuccessful.€€The€presumptive€standard€prevails€hereÏon€whether€confinement,€rather€than€sentencing€under€the€Community€CorrectionsÏAct,€is€the€better€alternative.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àAccordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.Ð þ8ž/5 Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àÓÓà ì àà D à__________________________________Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àGary€R.€Wade,€Presiding€JudgeÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ______________________________ÌœDañÔ'ñiñÔ'ñvñÖ'ññÕ'ñIñÕ'ññÖ'ññØ'ññ×'ñUñ×'ññØ'ññÚ'ññÙ'ñUñÙ'ññÚ'ññÜ'ññÛ'ñuñÛ'ññÜ'ññÝ'ñiñÝ'ñd›€H.€Welles,€JudgeÌÌÌÌ______________________________ÌThomas€T.€Woodall,€Judgeà ì àà D àà œ àà ô àà L à