ÿWPC# ³wI<¸§»ÙÚÚÑÿ†sÜË™{ü¯¢µÜ:[Ì„•¯ì\ØP†È=½qï,:U%MÇ“/'­|õµZÉ$!ó]ší°´ñÇ>0GàxÖé`Î'°­þ|ðÓ“4ëWMxÊäçEf—¤–Àk ìQë÷\kÈ;ïÍ¡U¢ [H{»%‹ vÞ¹Ãû>Ô˜I|&>Àh´ó2s©RÚÝ&d¡î!ío¦jÝüšµ<›¶H +¯"l‡Ü61‡§|^bà• q6º aQv¯Rá¹J=OúÜ}šZ‚WPêåå´(6êܱ°YKÊWßIEÇìÿÊÆAJêÒi—'äV]Z@D»•ù…C7³8ì 8,$­Uù;¯¢´:³3hæ¿UDn73@êåF±T¦PWD8WCDŒ9ø‹ÕLeG’£=Å{.(w늳>¸H”¤]h!µ_Æ®;íõA3#‹òÖShb–o)hÇ cŒöâ(» >6üæm߯=T5[¸“øB±ëˆwܰ¢+éU6)«&c;æ×^z¥„“1NwAc¥gøìÈ;€ j‰Îcbƒóüõ›u¨KjåEÔÌÓÿ ç¤ÜçÓ©*üò¤=¸‡àÁG…# F UNQ %Ÿ 0(¥ U:Í b 0‚ U:‘ 0 ÔË U:Ÿ U:Ù w@ 4S g Ev ·»ƒr õEU:F€ÕˆU:]é—U:€€€€€€€ BºººººF××××à D3ý ý ý 0D0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0!0! AOt!ÆÃ!Ã! 0D‰" D/Í" Bü"˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡,“í|AZ‹"Arial Regular- ù-(A&8$Ô€Xo(XXXÔÔ€ŠÂ3ŠXXo(ÔòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular(‚*28ž$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ X¯XXXÔÔ€ &F &X X¯ÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó€€,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular‡"Arial Regular ;+=+U>+P?+D@+DA+DB+UC+DD+DE+Ó€uM%3|xN+ ;Ý ƒ ;n$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ XB”XXXÔÔ€ &Öm&X XB”ÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝOnly€one€item€contained€enough€blood€to€determine€identity.€€The€blood€on€that€itemð"ðÐ `  Ðthe€shirtð"ðbelonged€to€the€victim. ­Ý ƒ ;n$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ XB”XXXÔÔ€ &Öm&X XB”ÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝThe€transcript€of€Kenaððs€interview€begins€abruptly,€and€the€record€does€not€reflect€theÐ `  Ðconversation€prior€to€the€beginning€of€what€has€been€recorded;€but€Kena€has€clearly€beenÏinformed€somehow€of€allegations€that€she€kicked€the€child. yÝ ƒ ;n$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ X’ØXXXÔÔ€ &y&X X’ØÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ‡&y&& &yÔAt€that€time,€subsection€(a)(1)€of€ðð€39„2„202€included€the€collection€of€offenses€that€weÐ `  Ðdeem€ð ðfelony€murder.ððÔ#† &y&&&y«#Ô Ý ƒ ;n$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ X’ØXXXÔÔ€ &y&X X’ØÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ‡&y&& &yÔSection€39„4„401,€as€considered€in€òòMaupinóó,€differed€from€ðð€39„15„401,€the€child€abuseÐ `  Ðstatute€in€force€at€the€time€of€Miyoshi€Hodgesððs€death,€because€it€was€strictly€a€misdemeanorÏoffense,€whereas€child€abuse€may€now€constitute€a€Class€D€felony.Ô#† &y&&&y«#Ô ;Ý ƒ ;n$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€X’ØXXXÔÔ€&y&X X’ØÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  Úóó€€Ý  Ý€Despite€the€fact€that€a€plain„language€reading€of€ðð€40„35„210€would€indicate€that€aÐ `  Ðsentencing€court€must€return€to€the€minimum€sentence€in€the€range€when€enhancement€factorsÏare€present€(although€the€presumptive€sentence€with€òònoóó€mitigating€or€enhancement€factor€is€theÐ    Ðmid„point),€the€appropriate€and€correct€result€is€to€start€from€the€mid„point€of€the€range.€€òòÔ‡&y&& &yÔSeeóóÐ Ð p ÐòòState€v.€Katherine€Irene€Warrenóó,€No.€01C01„9710„CC„00455,€1998€WL€749412,€at€*4€(Tenn.Ð   @ ÐCrim.€App.,€Nashville,€Oct.€28,€1998)€(following€òòState€v.€Chanceóó,€952€S.W.2d€848€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð p  ÐApp.€1997),€which€noted€the€incongruity€of€ðð€40„35„210(c),€(d),€and€(e),€but€concluded€that€aÏplain„language€reading€of€its€provisions€would€create€an€absurd€result).€Ô#†&y&&&yK#Ô,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular ËÝ ƒ ;n$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ X’ØXXXÔÔ€ &y&X X’ØÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝWhen€a€jury€had€returned€a€verdict€of€guilty€as€to€neglect€and€not€guilty€as€to€inflictionÐ `  Ðof€injury,€or€ð ðabuse.ðð€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Cynthia€Denise€Smithóó,€No.€1153,€1990€WL€134934,€at€*3„4Ð 0 Ð Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,€Sept.€20,€1990).,“í|AZ‹"Arial Regular ßÔ€X¯XXXÔÔ€¡O XX¯ÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€X¯X ¡OÔÐ  ÐÌDecember€11,€1998ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAMÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular d <Ý ƒ ;n$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ X’ØXXXÔÔ€ &y&X X’ØÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  Úóó€€Ý  Ý€Despite€the€fact€that€a€plain„language€reading€of€ðð€40„35„210€would€indicate€that€aÐ `  Ðsentencing€court€must€return€to€the€minimum€sentence€in€the€range€when€enhancement€factorsÏare€present€(although€the€presumptive€sentence€with€òònoóó€mitigating€or€enhancement€factors€isÐ    Ðthe€mid„point),€the€appropriate€and€correct€result€is€to€start€from€the€mid„point€of€the€range.€€òòÔ‡&y&& &yÔSeeóóÐ Ð p ÐòòState€v.€Katherine€Irene€Warrenóó,€No.€01C01„9710„CC„00455,€1998€WL€749412,€at€*4€(Tenn.Ð   @ ÐCrim.€App.,€Nashville,€Oct.€28,€1998)€(following€òòState€v.€Chanceóó,€952€S.W.2d€848€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð p  ÐApp.€1997),€which€noted€the€incongruity€of€ðð€40„35„210(c),€(d),€and€(e),€but€concluded€that€aÏplain„language€reading€of€its€provisions€would€create€an€absurd€result).€Ô#† &y&&&yL#Ô ÖÝ ƒ 8ž$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ X¯XXXÔÔ€ &F &X X¯ÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝWe€address€these€issues€in€different€order. 'ÿÿdxd(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝñE+ñ›ñE+ñÑ` °ÑÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ŠdŠXXÔÔ€Š39ŠŠŠdÔÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ€ÑÑ7€ …XXdðdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÓ  Óò òñE+ñßr€*<,(j 8` `€€@Eôf ` 8ttxP,` ð  rß›ñE+ñIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÐ `  ÐÌAT€NASHVILLEÌÌAUGUST€SESSION,€1998ÌÌÌÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à À à)à  àC.C.A.€NO.€01C01„9710„CR„00451Ð ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)ó óÐ ` Ðà ` àAppellee,à  àà h àà À àò ò)Ð `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àDAVIDSON€COUNTYÐ `  ÐVS.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àÐ `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àHON.€J.€RANDALL€WYATT,€JR.ó óÐ `  Ðò òANTHONY€HODGES,ó óà h àà À àò ò)à  àJUDGEó óÐ ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àò ò)ó óÐ ` Ðà ` àAppellant.à  àà h àà À àò ò)à  àó ó(First€Degree€Murder,€ò òÐ ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)€€€€€à  àó óAggravated€Child€Abuse)ò òÐ ` Ðó óÌÌÓ  Óò òON€APPEAL€FROM€THE€JUDGMENT€OF€THEÐ Pð ÐCRIMINAL€COURT€OF€DAVIDSON€COUNTYó óÐ Pð ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:à h àà À àà  àœà p àòòFOR›€THE€œAPPELLEEóó:›Ð @!à ÐÌJEFFREY€A.€œDeVASHER€›à À àà  àœà p àJOHN›€KNOX€WALKUPÐ 0#Ð МAssistant€Public€Defender›à À àœà  àà p àAttorney›€General€&€ReporterÐ ($È М(On€Appeal)›Ìœà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àKENNETH›€W.€RUCKERÌœKARL€F.€DEANà  àà h à›à À àà  àœà p àAssistant›€Attorney€GeneralÐ '° МMetro€Public€Defenderà h àà À àà  àà p à425›€Fifth€Avenue€NorthÐ (¨ М(At€Trial)à ¸ à›à  àà h àà À àà  àœà p àNashville,›€TN€37243Ð )   ÐÌœRICHARD€TENNENT›à h àà À àà  àœà p àVICTOR›€S.€JOHNSONÐ ð*!" МAssistant€Public€Defenderà À àà  àà p àDistrict›€Attorney€GeneralÐ è+ˆ"# М(At€Trial)à ¸ à›Ð à,€#$ Мà ` àà ¸ àà  à›à h àà À àà  àœà p àBILL›€œREED€&€LILA›€STATOMÌœ1202€Stahlman€Buildingà h àà À àà  à›à p àœAssistant›€œDistrict›€œAttorneys€à (# àÐ Ð.p%& ÐNashville,€TN€37201à h àà À àà  àà p àGeneral›Ð È/h&' Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àœà p àWashington›€Square,€Suite€500Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àœà p à222›€Second€Avenue€NorthÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àœà p àNashville,›€TN€37201ÌÌÌOPINION€FILED€________________________ÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGEÐ  x901 ÐÓ  ÓÔ€°Êh°ŠŠ39Ôò òòòÑ7€ ¬. ˆ ˆdXXdð7ÑOPINIONóóó óÔ€Š39а°ÊhÔÐ `  ÐÌÌÌÓ  ÓÓÓà ` àThe€Defendant,€Anthony€Hodges,€pursuant€to€Tennessee€Rule€of€AppellateÏProcedure€3(b),€appeals€œhis›€convictions€and€sentences€for€first€degree€felonyÏmurder€and€aggravated€child€abuse.€€We€affirm€both€the€convictions€andÏsentences.ÌÌà ` àDefendant€assigns€seven€points€of€error€from€the€proceedings€below:€(1)Ïthe€trial€court€improperly€denied€Defendantððs€motion€to€suppress€his€statementÏto€police,€(2)€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€requiring€the€State€or€the€jury€to€elect€aÏfactual€theory,€(3)€the€trial€court€improperly€refused€to€allow€Defendant€to€presentÏevidence€that€his€severed€co„defendant€had€abused€the€victim€in€the€past,€(4)€theÏevidence€was€insufficient€to€convict€Defendant€of€felony€murder€and€aggravatedÏchild€abuse,€(5)€the€trial€court€improperly€instructed€the€jury€regarding€criminalÏresponsibility,€(6)€the€trial€court€improperly€denied€Defendantððs€motion€to€strikeÏthe€Stateððs€proposed€aggravating€factors€for€sentencing,€and€(7)€the€trial€courtÏimproperly€applied€the€maximum€sentence€available€for€aggravated€child€abuse.׃)×Ý ƒ&8ÝÔ€Š39ŠŠŠ39ÔÔ€Š39ŠŠŠ39ÔòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð >)Þ  ÐÌà ` àIn€February€1996,€œDefendantñC+ñ,ñC+ñ›€Anthony€œHodges,›€and€his€wife€Kena€œHodges,›Ïwere€indicted€by€the€Davidson€County€Grand€Jury€on€one€count€of€murderÏcommitted€during€the€perpetration€of€aggravated€child€abuse€in€violation€ofÏTennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€39„13„202(a)(2)€and€one€count€of€aggravated€childÏabuse€and€neglect€in€violation€of€ðð€39„15„402.€€The€Defendant€successfullyÏmoved€to€sever€his€trial€from€that€of€his€wife€and€co„defendant;€and€following€hisÐ Î6n-. Ðtrial€in€January€of€1997,€a€jury€returned€guilty€verdicts€on€both€charges.€€The€juryÏsentenced€Defendant€to€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole€forÏfelony€murder,€and€the€trial€court€sentenced€him€to€twenty„five€years€forÏaggravated€child€abuse,€to€be€served€concurrent€with€his€life€sentence.€€The€trialÏcourt€denied€Defendantððs€motions€for€a€new€trial,€for€judgment€of€acquittal,€for€aÏnew€sentencing€hearing,€and€for€imposition€of€life€with€the€possibility€of€parole;Ïand€Defendant€timely€appealed.€ÌÌà@””®àI.€SUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEˆÌ€€€à ` àWe€first€address€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€in€order€to€review€the€factsÐ Ðp Ðpresented€by€the€State€at€trial.€€Defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€was€notÏsufficient€to€convict€him€of€felony€murder€or€aggravated€child€œabuseð"ðon€either›Ïœa›€theory€that€he€was€the€principal€perpetrator€or€a€theory€that€Kena€HodgesÏinflicted€the€abuse€and€Defendant€is€criminally€responsible€for€her€actions.€€WeÏdisagree.€€ÌÌà ` àTennessee€Rule€of€Appellate€Procedure€13(e)€prescribes€that€ð ð[f]indingsÏof€guilt€in€criminal€actions€whether€by€the€trial€court€or€jury€shall€be€set€aside€if€theÏevidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€finding€by€the€trier€of€fact€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€In€addition,€because€conviction€byÏa€trier€of€fact€destroys€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€imposes€a€presumptionÏof€guilt,€a€convicted€criminal€defendant€bears€the€burden€of€showing€that€theÏevidence€was€insufficient.€€òòMcBee€v.€Stateóó,€372€S.W.2d€173,€176€(Tenn.€1963);Ð 4 *, Ðòòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992)€(citing€òòState€v.Ð ð5,. Ðâ âGraceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1976),€and€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€551€S.W.2d€329,Ð à7€.0 Ð331€(Tenn.€1977));€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982);€òòHolt€v.Ð `  ÐStateóó,€357€S.W.2d€57,€61€(Tenn.€1962).Ð P ð Ðâ âÌà ` àIn€its€review€of€the€evidence,€an€appellate€court€must€afford€the€State€ð ðtheÏstrongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimateÏinferences€that€may€be€drawn€therefrom.ðð€€òòTuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€at€914€(citingÐ °  ÐòòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€The€court€may€not€ð ðre„Ð    Ðweigh€or€re„evaluate€the€evidenceðð€in€the€record€below.€€òòEvansóó,€838€S.W.2d€atÐ ð  Ð191€(citing€òòCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€at€œ836).›€€Likewise,€should€the€reviewing€courtÐ à€ Ðfind€particular€conflicts€in€the€trial€testimony,€the€court€must€resolve€them€in€favorÏof€the€jury€verdict€or€trial€court€judgment.€€òòTuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€at€914.Ð À` ÐÌà@""*®àòòA.€FactsóóˆÐ   @ Ðà ` àIn€this€case,€the€evidence€clearly€establishes€that€the€œyoung€victim,›€MiyoshiÏRichardson,€died€of€blunt€force€trauma€as€a€result€of€intentional€blows€to€her€headÏand€torso.€€In€addition,€it€is€decisively€apparent€that€either€the€mother,€KenaÏHodges,€or€the€step„father,€Defendant,€inflicted€the€fatal€injuries€and€that€theÏvictim€was€in€the€sole€custody€of€Defendant€throughout€the€day€of€her€death.€€TheÏState€could€not€show,€however,€which€personð"ðif€only€oneð"ðactually€administeredÏthe€blows;€but€it€argues€that€it€nevertheless€met€its€burden€of€proof.€€ÌÌà@——%®à1.€Proof€of€InjuryˆÌà ` àMetropolitan€Nashville€and€Davidson€County€police€officers€testified€thatÏthey€were€dispatched€to€Defendantððs€home€at€approximately€5:00€p.m.€onÏDecember€28,€1995.€€A€paramedic€unit€was€present€at€the€scene€when€theÏofficers€arrived,€but€medical€personnel€were€preparing€to€leave.€€The€officersÐ Ð9p02 Ðobserved€the€victim,€a€twenty„eight€month€old€child,€on€a€couch€as€they€enteredÏthe€home.€€At€that€time,€officers€observed€that€the€child€was€already€stiff€with€rigorÏmortis,€had€the€appearance€of€having€been€deceased€for€some€time,€had€a€largeÏbruise€with€swelling€on€the€left€side€of€her€face,€and€had€dried€blood€in€one€nostril.€ÏThe€officers€moved€the€victim€to€a€back€bedroom€while€awaiting€the€medicalÏexaminer.ÌÌà ` àOfficers€confiscated€several€items€of€physical€evidence€from€the€residence,Ïincluding€a€bed€sheet,€œa€pair›€of€pants,€œa€towel,›€œa€diaper,›€œa€cotton›€pad,€œa€sponge,›Ïand€œa€childððs›€sweat€shirt.€€Testing€by€the€Tennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation€(TBI)Ïrevealed€the€presence€of€blood€on€these€items.׃×Ý ƒ&8ÝÔ€Š³MŠŠŠ³MÔÔ€Š³MŠŠŠ³MÔòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Officers€also€seized€a€coatÐ À` Ðhanger€that€had€been€bent€and€secured€with€tape,€which€was€hanging€on€a€hookÏin€the€victimððs€room.€€While€the€State€characterized€this€hanger€as€evidence€ofÏpunishment,€the€defense€argued€that€it€may€have€been€simply€a€tool€for€turningÏon€lights€above€the€childððs€reach.€€In€addition,€the€State€presented€evidence€ofÏother€items€taken€from€the€house,€including€a€mop,€that€it€characterized€as€havingÏbeen€used€to€clean€the€home.€€The€mop€was€wet€when€seized,€but€the€TBI€foundÏno€traces€of€blood€on€it.€€ÌÌà ` àThe€medical€examiner,€a€forensic€pathologist,€examined€the€victimððs€bodyÏat€the€scene€of€the€crime,€after€another€representative€from€the€examinerððs€officeÏhad€pronounced€the€child€dead.€€Photographs€introduced€at€trial€depicted€bruisingÏof€her€skin€along€the€left€side€of€her€face,€with€abrasions€on€the€side€of€the€faceÏand€around€the€eye,€and€bruising€apparent€on€her€arms€and€legs.€€The€doctorÐ ð5,. Ðtestified€that€the€victim€also€had€a€laceration€inside€her€left€nostril€and€on€theÏinside€of€her€upper€lip,€and€additional€abrasions€on€her€hands€and€legs.€€ÌÌà ` àÔ‡Š³MŠŠŠ³MÔ€€The€next€day,€the€medical€examiner€performed€an€autopsy€on€the€victimÐ 0Ð Ðand€determined€that€she€died€as€a€result€of€blunt€force€injury€of€the€head€andÏtorso.€€Several€more€contusions,€lacerations,€and€abrasions€were€found€overÏvarious€parts€of€the€victimððs€body,€including€her€Ô#†Š³MŠŠŠ³MD-#Ôchin,€lower€lip,€ear,€abdomen,Ð    Ðbuttocks,€knee,€heel,€tongue,€and€hands.€€The€doctor€testified€that€all€externalÏmanifestations€of€injury€were€consistent€with€blunt€force„type€trauma,€and€that€Ïinjuries€to€the€childððs€hands€were€characteristic€of€defensive€wounds.€€Finally,Ïareas€of€the€victimððs€scalp€were€visible€through€her€hair,€indicating€that€her€hairÏmay€have€been€pulled€from€her€head.€€ÌÌà ` àUpon€internal€examination,€the€medical€examiner€ascertained€that€theÏvictim€suffered€hemorrhaging€underneath€the€scalp;€between€the€brain€and€skull,Ïunderneath€the€protective€membrane€of€the€brain;€and€on€the€surface€of€the€brainÏitself.€€Hemorrhaging€also€appeared€around€the€optic€nerves€and€within€the€eyesÏthemselves.€€The€victimððs€liver€was€lacerated€and€contained€areas€ofÏhemorrhage.€€All€internal€injuries€remained€consistent€with€blunt€force€trauma,Ïand€hemorrhages€of€the€victimððs€eye€region€were€compatible€with€injuriesÏreceived€from€violent,€forceful€shaking.€€The€doctor€concluded€that€the€victimððsÏdeath€resulted€from€multiple€blows€to€the€childððs€head€and€torso,€and€that€theÏblows€were€intentionalð"ðthey€were€inconsistent€with€any€type€of€accidental€injury.ÌÌà ` àThe€doctor€then€testified€regarding€the€victimððs€probable€status€during€theÏday€of€her€death.€€He€opined€that,€while€conscious,€the€victim€would€œlikely€have›Ð Ð9p02 Ðbeen€irritable€from€likely€headache€and€nausea,€with€increasing€lethargy€andÏdecreasing€activity.€€Next,€the€child€would€have€slipped€into€unconsciousness,Ïfollowed€by€coma€and€then€death.€€Although€the€doctor€could€not€determine€theÏexact€time€that€death€occurred,€he€estimated€that,€based€upon€the€extent€of€rigorÏmortis€present€at€his€5:30€p.m.€examination,€the€victim€had€been€dead€for€at€leastÏseveral€hours€up€to€twelve€hours€or€longer.€€According€to€the€medical€examiner,Ïif€the€childððs€injuries€had€been€inflicted€at€or€before€approximately€6:00€a.m.€onÏthe€day€of€her€death,€the€bruises€would€have€been€visible€and€apparent€by€noon,Ïand€probably€much€earlier.ÌÌà@^ ^ ®à2.€Statements€by€Anthony€and€Kena€HodgesˆÌà ` àThe€primary€proof€presented€by€the€State€to€show€how,€when,€and€byÏwhom€the€injuries€to€Miyoshi€were€inflicted€was€gleaned€from€the€sometimesÏœconsistent,›€sometimes€conflicting€statements€by€Anthony€and€Kena€Hodges€toÏpolice.€€Detective€Kent€McAlister€of€the€Metropolitan€Police€Department€testifiedÏœconcerning›€many€of€the€statements€made€by€the€Hodges.ÌÌà ` àDefendant€related€that€he€and€the€victim€had€been€alone€togetherÏthroughout€the€day€of€her€death.€€Kena€Hodges€left€the€home€for€work€atÏapproximately€6:30€a.m.€and€did€not€return€until€shortly€before€5:00€p.m.€œÏMcAlister›€stated€that,€at€the€scene,€Defendant€explained€the€childððs€facial€bruisesÏby€telling€officers€she€had€fallen€off€of€the€commode€earlier€in€the€day.€ÏSeparately,€Kena€stated€at€the€scene€that€the€child€had€fallen€in€her€presence€thatÏmorning,€hitting€her€head€on€the€bathroom€heater.€€Ìâ âÐ à7€.0 Ðà ` àMcAlister€requested€the€Hodges€to€appear€at€the€Criminal€Justice€CenterÏâ âlater€the€same€evening€for€extended€interview,€which€they€did.€€In€that€interview,ÏÔ‡Š³MŠŠŠ³MÔDefendant€told€McAlister€that€early€in€the€morning,€while€Kena€prepared€for€work,Ð @ à Ðhe€heard€a€ð ðboomðð€from€the€bathroom.€€According€to€Defendant,€Kena€told€himÏthat€the€child€had€fallen€and€hit€her€head€on€the€bathroom€heater,€burning€herÏhair.€€During€this€statement,€Defendant€denied€seeing€this€first€fall€and€stated€thatÏthe€victim€acted€normally€after€it€occurred,€although€she€did€not€cry€or€complain,Ïas€she€usually€would.€€€€Ô#†Š³MŠŠŠ³Mh;#ÔÔ‡Š³MŠŠŠ³MÔÐ ð  ÐÌà ` àIn€addition,Ô#†Š³MŠŠŠ³Ms=#Ô€Defendant€informed€McAlister€that€around€10:00€a.m.,€he€sawÐ Ðp Ðthe€victim€stumble€once,€and€he€placed€the€victim€on€the€commode€because€sheÏhad€partially€soiled€her€clothes.€€While€the€victim€was€in€the€bathroom,€DefendantÏwalked€to€the€kitchen€to€feed€their€dog.€€When€he€heard€a€loud€noise€from€theÏbathroom,€he€returned€to€find€the€child€lying€on€the€floor.€€He€stated€that€thoughÏshe€appeared€to€be€all€right,€she€fell€again€while€trying€to€walk€out€of€the€room.€ÏFollowing€these€falls,€Defendant€noted€that€the€victim€appeared€sleepy€and€lessÏresponsive,€and€she€seemed€ð ðin€a€daze.ðð€€He€then€put€the€child€to€bed.€ÏDefendant€spoke€with€his€wife€by€telephone€between€10:00€and€11:00€a.m.,€andÏhe€informed€her€that€the€child€had€fallen€and€seemed€extremely€sleepy.€ÏAccording€to€Defendant,€Kena€reassured€him€that€the€child€was€merely€tiredÏbecause€she€hadnððt€had€much€sleep€the€night€before.€€ÌÌà ` àKena€telephoned€Defendant€at€approximately€12:30€p.m.,€and€DefendantÏinformed€her€that€the€child€was€still€sleeping.€€In€his€statement,€Defendant€toldÏpolice€that€he€was€then€worried€about€Miyoshi€because€he€thought€she€should€beÏawake.€€Kena€reportedly€again€told€Defendant€to€let€the€child€sleepð"ðthat€she€wasÐ Ð9p02 Ðtired.€€Kena€called€back€at€approximately€2:00€p.m.,€œat€which€time›€Defendant€toldÏher€the€victim€was€still€sleeping€and€that€he€wanted€to€wake€her.€€He€took€a€wetÏtowel€and€squeezed€it€over€her€face€and€told€his€wife€that€ð ðit€looked€like€sheÏmoved€her€eyes.ðð€€Kena€again€told€Defendant€the€child€was€just€sleepy,€but€heÏtold€Detective€McAlister€that€he€knew€something€was€wrong:€ÌÓÓà8 ` àAnd€I€said€.€.€.€something€just€donððt€seem€right€because€she€normallyÏbe€up€because€I€at€this€point€I€had€my€stereo€on€in€the€living€room€IÏsaid€music€is€up€and€I€said€the€dog€been€barking€you€know€I€saidÏthereððs€commotion€going€on€and€my€wife€said€well€go€get€her.€€So€IÏwent€to€the€bed,€got€her,€brought€her€out€and€my€wife€was€on€theÏother€line€and€my€wife€I€said€well€baby€you€talk€to€her€maybe€youÏcan€call€her€and€maybe€sheððll€respond€and€my€wife€started€you€knowÏMiyoshi,€Miyoshi,€Miyoshi,€Miyoshi€and€I€said€it€look€like€she€movingÏand€my€wife€said€well€check€her€temperature€and€she€told€me€theÏthermometer€which€we€have€a€home€thermometer€is€in€the€.€.€.Ïbathroom€cabinet€so€I€went€back€to€the€cabinet€and€got€theÏthermometer€cleaned€off,€put€it€in€her€mouth,€flushed€it.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àà ¸ à.€.€œ.ñA+ñ››ñA+ñ€.€.›€.€.€€It€seemed€like€she€was€[responding]€and€my€wife€justÏkept€because€my€wife€was,€you€know,€coaching€me€more€or€lessÏalong€because€I€told€my€wife€she€shouldnððt€be€asleep€this€long.€€MyÏwife€kept€telling€me€sheððs€tired,€sheððs€sleepy.€€I€said€she€shouldnððt€beÏasleep€this€long.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓ_DÓÌà ` àWhen€asked€how€she€seemed€to€be€responding,€Defendant€told€DetectiveÏMcAlister€that€ð ð[s]he€would€open€her€eyes€just€like€vaguely,€like€a€sleepy€.€.€.€look,Ïpartially€like€you€know€vaguely€just€open€them€with€a€sleepy€look.ðð€€During€theÏsame€conversation€with€his€wife,€Defendant€remarked€that€he€thought€MiyoshiÏmight€have€had€a€seizure€because€it€looked€as€though€she€had€been€biting€herÏtongue.€€According€to€Defendant,€Kena€told€him€the€child€had€not€had€a€seizureÏand€to€put€her€to€bed.€€Defendant€therefore€put€the€victim€back€to€bed.€€He€deniedÏnoticing€anything€unusual€about€her€appearance€other€than€her€lack€ofÏresponsiveness.€€When€asked€about€the€discoloration€of€her€face,€he€stated€thatÏhe€assumed€she€bruised€herself€in€the€falls,€but€that€he€did€not€notice€when€theÏbruises€appeared€on€her€face.€€€Ð Ð9p02 Їà ` àKena€Hodges€arrived€home€shortly€before€5:00€p.m.€and€attempted€toÏwake€the€victim.€€In€his€statement,€Defendant€told€McAlister€that€ð ðshe€startedÏplaying€with€the€babyððs€like€legs€she€said€the€baby€is€some€kind€of,€you€know,Ïmedical€term€word€she€used€I€donððt€know,€she€said€the€baby€is€well€tight.ðð€€TheyÏcalled€the€childððs€grandmother€to€tell€her€the€child€was€dead.€€They€then€calledÏ911.€€Defendant€stated€that€after€the€paramedics€informed€the€Hodges€that€theÏchild€was€conclusively€dead,€ÌÓÓà8 ` à.€.€.€œit›€hit€home€and,€you€know,€I€was€breaking€down€at€that€point€andÏshe€was€strong.€€She€was€telling€me,€baby,€you€know,€it€was€myÏfault.€€I€was€saying,€baby,€itððs€my€fault€cause€I€should€have€had,€youÏknow,€when€the€baby€fell€out€a€couple€of€times€called€the,€you€know,Ïambulance€then€and€what€not.ÓŠNÓÐ ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà ` àDefendant€gave€another€statement€to€police€the€next€night,€December€29,Ï1995.€€During€that€statement,€Detective€McAlister€informed€Defendant€that€theÏvictim€died€from€being€beaten,€not€from€falling,€and€implored€him€to€tell€policeÏwhat€had€happened€the€previous€day.€€Defendant€immediately€denied€beating€theÏchild,€and€he€admitted€that€Kena€sometimes€acted€abusively€toward€Miyoshi.€ÏWhen€asked€the€last€time€he€remembered€Kena€ð ðover€disciplineðð€the€victim,ÏDefendant€responded,€ð ðThursday€morning,ðð€the€day€of€her€death.€€He€stated,€ð ðIÏhonestly€donððt€believe€she€just€fell€I€mean€it€was€a€throw€.€.€.€,ðð€and€he€indicatedÏthat€he€heard€Kena€say€to€the€child€in€the€bathroom,€ð ðGet€the€f__k€out€of€here€youÏmother€f__kinðð€bitch.€€Iððll€kick€your€f__king€ass.ðð€€ÌÌà ` àDefendant€continued€to€repeatedly€maintain€that€he€did€nothing€to€harm€theÏvictim,€and€he€explained€his€scraped€knuckle€and€bruised€toe€by€insisting€that€heÏhelped€his€neighbor€move€several€large€appliances€the€day€before€Miyoshi€died.€ÏWhen€pressed€again,€the€following€exchange€occurred:Ð Ð9p02 ÐÓÓà8 ` àANTHONY:€à h àEarlier€in€the€morning€my€wife€well€my€wife€wasÐ `  Ðabusive€with€her.€.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àMCALISTER:€à h àWhatððd€she€do?ÐH è` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:à  àà h àFirst€she€hit€her€in€the€sink.€€I€was€in€the€bedÐ 8Ø Ðsleep€and€I€know€she€hit€her€head€on€the€side€of€the€coming€out€ofÏour€bathroom€there€is€a€fire€well€fireplace,€no€heater€and€you€knowÏboom,€I€heard€the€noise.€.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àMCALISTER:à h à.€.€.€[T]ell€us€what€happened,€tell€us€what€youÐ °  Ðsaw?Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àPINKERTON:à h àWhat€kind€of€conversation€and€what€did€you€see?Ðø˜ ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:à  àà h àI€seen€her€with€her€hair€going€to€the€door.€€I€meanÐ èˆ Ðitððs€like,€get€your€ass€up,€you€know€and€boomÐ ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àMCALISTER:à h àBoom€what?ÐÐp` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:à  àà h àKicking€œher[.]›ÐÀ`` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àMCALISTER:à h àKicking€her€where?аP` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:à  àà h àFrom€the€œbathroom[.]›Ð  @` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àMCALISTER:à h àKicking€her€where€did€she€kick€her€on€her€body?Ð"0` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:à  àà h àIn€her€in€her€ass€or€between€her€legs€or€whateverÐ €$  Ðbecause€it€tipped€up€out€into€the€bedroom.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àPINKERTON:à h àSo€where€did€she,€where€did€she€land€when€sheÐ h' Ðfell€when€she€got€kicked€out€of€the€bathroom?Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à.€.€œ.€.›Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:à  àà h àI€have€a,€what€is€it,€a€milk€crate.€€I€have€an€oldÐ @,à"$ Ðmilk€crate.€€It€was€closer€down.€€I€use€it€as€a€night€stand.€€She€hitÏthat€and€moved€it€back.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àPINKERTON:à h àWhat€part€of€her€body€hit€the€milk€crate?Ð 0À&(` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:à  àà h àWell€she€was€upside€down.€€She€had€flipped€andÐ 2°(* Ðso€the€milk€crate€was€like€moved€and€I€moved€the€milk€crate€back€inÏthe€corner.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àPINKERTON:à h àAnd€what€time€of€morning€was€this?Ðð5,.` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:à  àà h àIs€[sic]€was€about€six„fifteen€right€before€she€hadÐ à7€.0 Ðto€go€to€work.€€Six€something.€€Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÐ Ð9p02 Ðà8 ` àMCALISTER:à h àSo€she€kicked€her€one€time.Ð` ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:à  àà h àNo€she€was€pretty€abusive.Ð@ à` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àMCALISTER:à h àWell€explain€to€me€what€pretty€abusive€is.€€WouldÐ 0Ð Ðyou€please€explain€that€to€me.€€I€guess€Iððm€just€dumber€than€a€rock.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:à  àà h àShe€made€the€baby€stand€up€in€the€corner€allÐ ¸  Ðnight.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àPINKERTON:à h àWhich€night€are€we€talking€about?Ðð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:à  àà h àWeððre€talking€about€Wednesday,€Thursday,Ð à€ ÐThursday€morning.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àPINKERTON:à h àTalking€about€the€night€before€the€babyððs€death.ÐÈh` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:à  àà h àRight.€€She€made€the€baby€stand€up€in€the€cornerÐ ¸X Ðand€hold€her€hands€up€on€the€wall.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àPINKERTON:à h àWhy?€€Why€did€she€say€she€done€that?€€Why?Р @` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:à  àà h àThe€baby€girl€said€she€had€to€pee€and€then€soÐ "0 Ðshe€slept€in€the€corner€all€night.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àPINKERTON:à h àStanding€up?€What€did€you€say€about€that?Ðx%` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:à  àà h àBaby€put€the€baby€to€bed.Ðh'` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:à  àà h àOkay.€€F__k€œyou€you›€donððt€have€nothing€to€sayÐ H+è!# Ðabout,€you€know.€€I€said,€baby,€put€the€baby€to€bed.€.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àPINKERTON:à h àSo€yððall€slept€in€the€bed€and€the€baby€standing€inÐ 0.Ð$& Ðthe€cornerÐ ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:à  àà h àWith€her€hands€up.Ð1¸')` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àPINKERTON:à h àWhen€did€you€notice€that€she€got€up€and€theÐ 3¨)+ Ðbaby€was€out€of€the€corner?Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:à  àà h àI€noticed€possibly€all€night€one€oððclock,€twoÐ ð5,. Ðoððclock,€three€oððclock,€sheððd€holler€at€the€baby,€are€you€ready€to€sayÏsomething,€you€ready€to€say€something.€€She€would€get€up€and€getÏher€œnormal[.]›Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÐ Ð9p02 Ðà8 ` àPINKERTON:à h àGet€up€and€get€what?€€We€donððt€know€whatÐ `  Ðnormal€is.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:à  àà h àSmack€the€baby,€hit€the€baby.€€You€canððt€say€youÐ H è Ðgotta€go€to€bed,€you€canððt€say€you€gotta€go€to€the€bathroom.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àPINKERTON:à h àWhen€she€hit€her€after€she€was€standing€and€youÐ 0Ð Ðwoke€up€one€of€those€few€times€you€woke€up€and€she€was€hittingÏher,€when€she€slapped€the€baby€where€did€the€baby€hit?€€Did€she€hitÏher€head€on€anything€else?€€Or€did€she€just€slap€her€and€the€babyÏjust€stood€still€or€did€she€fall€down€or€what?Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:à  àà h àShe€was€constantly€falling.€€Constantly€giving€up.Р ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àPINKERTON:à h àHow€often€did€this€happen?Ðà€` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àANTHONY:€à h àToo€much.ÓpTÓ€€€€€à p àÐÐp` ü!` ü! ÐÌà ` àUpon€cross„examination,€Detective€McAlister€testified€to€severalÏstatements€made€by€Kena€Hodges€over€the€same€time€periodð"ðthe€evening€ofÏher€daughterððs€death,€December€28,€1995,€and€the€next€night,€technically€theÏearly€morning€hours€of€December€30,€1995.€€During€her€first€interview,€Kena€toldÏMcAlister€that€Miyoshi€had€fallen€and€hit€her€head€on€the€bathroom€heater.€€Later,Ïwhen€apparently€confronted€with€Defendantððs€statements€inculpating€her,׃×Ý ƒ&8ÝÔ€Š³MŠŠŠ³MÔÔ€Š³MŠŠŠ³MÔòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€KenaÐ `(  Ðdenied€ever€kicking€the€victim,€yet€she€admitted€inflicting€some€harm.€€Kena€toldÏdetectives€that€she€had€struck€the€child€lightly€with€a€plastic€coat€hanger,€causingÏher€to€fall€and€hit€her€head€against€the€bathroom€sink.€€ÌÌà ` àIn€her€statement,€Kena€expressed€disbelief€that€her€actions€caused€theÏchildððs€death,€but€she€accepted€responsibility€if€that€were€indeed€the€case.€ÏMcAlister€testified€to€her€words:Ð ð5,. ÐÓÓà8 ` àð ðIððm€hurt.€€Donððt€think€Iððm€not€hurt.€€And€I€feel€bad,€because,€like€IÏsaid,€I€donððt€believe€œthat€that›ððs€what€did€it€to€her,€but€I€guess€it€did,€soÏIððm€wrong.€.€.€.€I€was€thinking€of€anybody€and€anything€but€me.€€IÏcouldnððt€believe€this€was€me,€but€Iððm€being€honest.€€Itððs€not€enoughÏto€say,€Iððm€sorry.€€Itððs€not€enough€to€say,€I€didnððt€think€that€wouldÏhappen.€Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àà ¸ à.€.€.€œ.›Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àà ¸ àI€didnððt€think€that€would€result€from€that.€€Itððs€not€enough.€€ItððsÏnot€enough€and€youððre€right.€€And€itððs€not€enough€for€me€to€say€thatÏI€should€have,€would€have,€could€have.€€Itððs€not€enough.€€Her€life€isÏgone,€and€Iððm€being€honest.€€True€enough,€I€donððt€„„€I€donððt€think€IÏwas€a€negligent€Mama.€€I€guess€I€was€negligent€then.€€Abusive,€IÏdonððt€think€I€was€abusive,€but€I€guess€I€was€abusive€then.€€I€donððtÏthink€I€was€a€bad€parent.€€I€made€a€mistake€and€Iððm€wrong.€€I€guessÏIððve€got€to€pay€for€it.€€I€hate€to€be€honest,€you€know,€I€guess€this€isÏgoing€to€be€said€in€court,€played€in€court,€whatever.€€Iððm€beingÏhonest€in€my€heart.€€Donððt€think€I€donððt€feel€bad.€€I€have€felt€badÏsince€it€happened.€€Iððm€truly€a€Christian,€but€I€make€mistakes.€€I€doÏwrong.€€This€was€one,€true€enough.€€Hey,€you„all€are€saying€itððs€aÏbiggie.€€It€is€a€biggie.€€I€do€feel€bad.€€Now,€Iððm€not€going€to€say€I€wantÏyou„all€to€just€believe€me.€€Iððm€not€going€to€sit€here€and€just€lie€andÏsay,€hey.€€But,€now,€I€guess€if€I€did€„„€did€it,€Iððd€be,€I€guess€Iððll€keepÏsaying€it,€if€because€I€still€donððt€want€to€believe€that,€it€was€me.€€ButÏif€I€did€it,€I€did€it,€and€Iððm€wrong.€€Iððm€not€trying€to€pass€the€buck.€€IððmÏnot€trying€to€point€fingers,€and€Iððm€not€going€to€steer€you€wrong.ðð€€€€Ï€€€€€€Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÓmqÓà ` àÌà ` àOfficers€asked€Kena€why€she€failed€to€admit€the€prior€night€that€she€hit€theÏvictim€with€a€coat€hanger,€and€she€responded€that€she€blocked€the€incident€outÏof€her€mind€because€she€did€not€believe€she€caused€harm€to€the€child:€ÌÓÓà8 ` àð ðI€guess€I€want€to€block€that€out.€€I€did€not€even€remember€that,€butÏafter€I€sat€there,€I€thought€about€it€and€say,€you€know,€what€now,€thatÏI€think€about€it.€€Three€blows€to€the€head.€€It€might€have€been€justÏme,€now€that€I€think€about€it,€after€I€thought€about€what€reallyÏhappened.ðð€€ÓøyÓÐ ` ü!` ü! ÐMcAlister€testified€that,€to€his€knowledge,€Kena€had€not€œÔ‡Š³MŠŠŠ³MÔmentioned€Ô#†Š³MŠŠŠ³M£{#Ôbefore›€œthat›Ð  0À&( Ðshe€hit€her€daughter€three€times.€€Finally,€the€detective€testified€to€Kenaððs€wordsÏshortly€before€police€arrested€her:€ð ðððJesus,€I€am€so€sorry,€Miyoshi.€€I€never€wantedÏto€do€nothing€to€you.€€How€many€years€does€a€person€go€to€jail€for€something€likeÏthis?ðððð€€€€ÌÐ Ð9p02 Ðà ` àUpon€redirect€examination€of€Detective€McAlister,€the€State€presentedÏevidence€that€at€the€first€interview,€in€response€to€ñA+ñœñA+ñœthe›€question€œof€whether›ÏDefendant€had€struck€the€victim€in€a€harmful€manner,€Kena€stated,ÌÓÓà8 ` àð ðNo,€and€that€was€much€„„€we€loved€Miyoshi,€like€I€said,€and€youÏknow,€but€this€incident,€he€called€me€during€the€day,€because€heÏwanted€for€me€to€reassure€him,€because€heððs€like€I€said,€heððs€realÏnervous€about€this,€so€he€didnððt€know€„„€so€he€just€went€on€what€IÏsaid,€like€I€said,€feel€bad€because€I€feel€I€should€have€did€more,€butÏlike€I€assume,€she€asleep,€you€know€.€.€.€.ððà8È` ü!` ü!à€à  àà x àà @x àà @x àШ ȤȤ ÐÌÓÓÌà ` àTo€impeach€the€credibility€of€Kenaððs€statements€implicating€herself,€theÏState€also€introduced€Kenaððs€earlier€statement€that€she€did€not€know€exactlyÏwhere€or€how€the€victim€fell€in€the€bathroom:€ð ðI€guess€thatððs€when€she€fell.€€I€canððtÏsay€I€saw€it€.€.€.€.ðð€€In€addition,€the€jury€œheard›€this€account€by€Kena€throughÏMcAlister:ÌÓÓà8 ` àð ðI€said,€Baby,€donððt€worry€about€it.€€Should€I€call€the€ambulance?€€IÏwas€like,€Baby,€no.€€I€said,€no,€and€I€admit€that,€because€IððmÏthinking,€there€ainððt€nothing€wrong€with€her.€€And€thatððs€the€honestÏtruth,€and€I€was€telling€everybody€on€my€job,€well,€my€husband€wasÏnervous€about€my€daughter.€€And€if€you€ask€him,€heððs€a€little€nervousÏabout€her,€but€I€donððt€think€wrong€[sic]€with€her.€€Betty€punches€meÏto€herself,€and€says,€get€over€„„€and€says,€get€over€it.€€Sheððs€fine.€ÏHeððs€just€overreacting.€€And€I€donððt€know.€€And€so€then€I€was€tellingÏhim€little€things€to€do€to€her€and€stuff€to€try€and€hear€her.€€I€was€like,Ïwell€Baby,€take€her€in€the€tub€and€lay€her€in€the€tub€and€just€take€aÏlittle€cold€water€and€put€it€on€her€belly.€€That€will€probably€make€herÏsquint,€you€know,€if€the€temperature.€€No,€Baby,€itððs€too€cold€to€doÏthat.€€I€donððt€want€to€make€her€cold.€€I€said,€okay,€well,€thatððsÏunderstandable,€you€know.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àà ¸ à.€.€œ.€.›Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àà ¸ àAnd€so,€I€said,€well,€Baby,€I€donððt€think€nothing€wrong.€€I€thinkÏshe€fine.€€Youððre€just€overreacting.ððÐ ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓ´ÓThe€general€substance€of€this€telephone€call€and€another€that€day€were€verifiedÏby€Kenaððs€co„worker,€who€heard€Kena€speak.€€According€to€Kenaððs€statement,Ïâ âDefendant€called€her€back€soon€thereafter€to€request€her€to€come€home€as€soonÐ è6ˆ-/ Ðas€possible€because€of€the€childððs€condition.€€œRegarding€painñD+ñsñD+ñ›€or€marks€on€theÏvictim,€Detective€McAlister€testified€that€Kena€stated,€Ìâ âÓÓà8 ` àð ðLike€I€said,€I€did€not€notice€those€things€before€I€had€left.€€I€didnððtÏsee€them,€and€I€didnððt€do€them,€and€I€didnððt€see€him€do€any€while€IÏwas€there.€€I€donððt€believe€he€did€while€I€was€not€there.€€I€didnððt€seeÏit€and€he€didnððt€tell€me€if€he€did.€.€.€.€€Like€you„all€are€saying,€youÏtrying€to€figure€out€whether€it€was€him,€or€whether€it€was€me,€and€IððmÏtrying€to€be€like,€I€know€for€a€fact€it€wasnððt€me.ððÓJˆÓ€€€Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐFinally,€the€State€introduced€this€conversation€between€police€and€Kena:€ð ðððWhoððsÏbeen€doing€it?ðð€.€.€.€ððIt€was€not€me.ðð€.€.€.ððWhoððs€been€doing€it?ðð€.€.€.€ð ðHim.ððððÌÌÓÓà@rr&®àòòB.€Legal€AnalysisóóӋӈРØx Ðà ` àDefendant€was€convicted€of€aggravated€child€abuse€in€violation€ofÏTennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€39„15„402(a)(1)€and€first€degree€murder€inÏviolation€of€ðð€39„13„202(a)(2)ð"ðspecifically,€murder€committed€during€theÏperpetration€of€aggravated€child€abuse.€€We€will€address€the€murder€convictionÏfirst.€€ÌÌà ` àDefendant€argues€that€his€conviction€for€murder€during€the€perpetration€ofÏaggravated€child€abuse€should€be€reversed€because€the€evidence€wasÏinsufficient€to€show€(1)€that€he€inflicted€the€abuse€upon€the€victim,€or€(2)€that€heÏwas€criminally€responsible€for€Kenaððs€infliction€of€injury€upon€the€child.€€WeÏconclude€that€the€evidence€was€sufficient€for€the€jury€to€find€Defendant€guilty€asÏthe€principal€perpetrator€of€felony€murder.€€We€further€find€that€even€if€the€juryÏbelieved€Kena€Hodges€inflicted€the€fatal€blows,€the€evidence€is€neverthelessÏsufficient€to€convict€Defendant€based€upon€his€subsequent€neglect€of€the€victimÏand€his€criminal€responsibility€for€Kenaððs€conduct.ÌÐ Ø8x/1 Ðà@ªª®à1.€Felony€Murder€by€Infliction€of€InjuryˆÌà ` àAt€the€time€of€this€offense,€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€39„13„202€read€Ïin€part:€ð ðFirst€degree€murder€is€.€.€.€[a]€killing€of€another€committed€in€theÏperpetration€of€or€attempt€to€perpetrate€any€.€.€.€aggravated€child€abuse.ðð€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(2).€€The€legislature€prescribed€that€ð ð[a]€person€is€guiltyÏof€the€offense€of€aggravated€child€abuse€who€commits€the€offense€of€child€abuseÐ °  Ðòòas€defined€in€ðð€39„15„401óó€and€.€.€.€[t]he€act€of€abuse€results€in€serious€bodilyÐ    Ðinjury€to€the€child.ðð€€òòId.óó€ðð€39„15„402(a)(1)€(emphasis€added).€€In€turn,€the€cross„Ð ð  Ðreferenced€ðð€39„15„401,€entitled€ð ðChild€Abuse€and€Neglect,ðð€stated:ÌÓÓà8 ` àAny€person€who€knowingly,€other€than€by€accidental€means,€treatsÏa€child€under€eighteen€(18)€years€of€age€in€such€a€manner€as€toÏinflict€injury€or€neglects€such€a€child€so€as€to€adversely€affect€theÏchildððs€health€and€welfare€is€guilty€of€a€Class€A€misdemeanor;Ïprovided€that€if€the€abused€child€is€six€(6)€years€of€age€or€less,€theÏpenalty€is€a€Class€D€felony.Óž’ÓÐ ` ü!` ü! ÐThere€can€be€no€question€that€a€killing€has€occurred€within€the€meaning€of€ðð€39„¼13„202(a)(2).€€Likewise,€there€can€be€no€mistake€that€an€act€of€abuse€hasÏresulted€in€serious€bodily€injury€within€the€meaning€of€ðð€39„15„402(a)(1).€ÏDefendant€disputes€neither€œstatement;€he›€acknowledges€in€his€brief,€à8 Ð àÐh'Ð ü!Ð ü! ÐÓÓà8 ` àà ¸ àTaken€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€the€evidence€atÏtrial€established€either€that€(1)€the€defendantððs€co„defendant,€KenaÏHodges,€inflicted€the€injuries€that€caused€the€victimððs€death,€whileÏthe€defendant€was€awake€and€aware€of€such€abuse,€made€noÏattempt€to€stop€said€abuse,€and€made€no€effort€to€obtain€medicalÏassistance€for€the€victim;€or€(2)€disregarding€Kena€HodgesððÏconfession,€the€defendant€inflicted€the€injuries€that€caused€theÏvictimððs€death,€her€injuries€being€consistent€with€being€struck€withÏrings€the€defendant€may€have€been€wearing€on€his€hand(s);€or€(3)Ïsome€combination€of€the€two€theories€outlined€above.Ó³•ÓÐ ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà ` àTurning€to€a€facet€of€greater€dispute,€therefore,€we€examine€whether€theÏproof€established€Defendantððs€guilt€as€the€deliverer€of€physical€blows.€€Defendant,Ïby€his€own€admission,€cared€for€the€victim€alone€between€the€hours€ofÐ Ð9p02 Ðapproximately€6:30€a.m.€œand›€5:00€p.m.€€The€mother,€Kena€Hodges,€did€not€recallÏnoticing€any€signs€of€physical€injury€to€the€child€prior€to€leaving€her€in€DefendantððsÏcare.€€The€jury€viewed€photographs€of€Defendantððs€bruised€toe,€scraped€knuckle,Ïand€œthe€rings›€he€normally€wore.€€The€jury€heard€Defendantððs€statement,€in€whichÏhe€recounted€that€the€victim€had€soiled€her€clothes€during€the€day,€and€couldÏhave€surmised€that€the€incident€provoked€him.€€Although€Kena€admitted€to€havingÏstruck€the€child€in€the€morning€hours,€the€jury€also€heard,€by€her€statement€toÏpolice,€that€she€did€not€believe€she€could€have€caused€such€severe€injuries.€€InÏaddition,€Defendant€conceded€that€the€victim€had€been€further€injured€while€in€hisÏcare€by€falling€at€least€twice,€including€once€from€the€height€of€a€commode.€€ÌÌà ` àOur€supreme€court€has€long€stated,€ð ð[T]he€weight€to€be€given€circumstantialÏevidence€and€ððð ð[t]he€inferences€to€be€drawn€from€such€evidence,€and€the€extentÏto€which€the€circumstances€are€consistent€with€guilt€and€inconsistent€withÏinnocence,€are€questions€primarily€for€the€jury.ðððððð€€òòState€v.€Mannóó,€959€S.W.2d€503,Ð €$  Ð518€(Tenn.€1997)€(quoting€òòMarable€v.€Stateóó,€313€S.W.2d€451,€457€(Tenn.€1958)Ð p& Ð(quoting€Whartonððs€Criminal€Evidence)).€€We€conclude€that€it€was€within€the€juryððsÏpurview€to€find€Defendant€guilty€of€battering€the€victim€while€alone€with€her€theÏday€of€her€death.€€òòSee€generallyóó€òòState€v.€Donald€Ray€Lacyóó,€No.€02C01„9701„CC„Ð @,à"$ Ð00013,€1997€WL€729261€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,€Nov.€25,€1997)€(findingÏcircumstantial€evidence€sufficient€to€convict€of€felony€murder€by€aggravated€childÏabuse€when€victim€was€in€defendantððs€sole€care);€òòState€v.€Cynthia€&€RhodneyÐ 2°(* ÐRobersonóó,€No.€02C01„9503„CC„00059,€1995€WL€765009€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Ð 4 *, ÐJackson,€Dec.€28,€1995)€(same);€òòState€v.€James€DuBoseóó,€No.€01C01„9405„CC„Ð ð5,. Ðâ â00160,€1995€WL€504803€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Aug.€25,€1995)€(same),Ð à7€.0 Ðòòaffððdóó,€òòState€v.€DuBoseóó,€953€S.W.2d€649€(Tenn.€1997)€(permission€to€appealÐ `  Ðdenied€on€sufficiency€issue).Ìâ âÌà@ýý®à2.€Felony€Murder€by€Acts€of€NeglectˆÌà ` àLikewise,€we€find€the€evidence€sufficient€for€the€jury€to€find€Defendant€guiltyÏof€neglecting€the€victim€within€the€meaning€of€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€39„¼15„401(a)€and,€by€incorporation,€ðððð€39„15„402(a)(1)€and€39„13„202(a)(2).€€AsÏexplained€above,€first€degree€felony€murder€is€a€ð ðkilling€committed€in€theÏperpetration€of€or€attempt€to€perpetrate€any€.€.€.€aggravated€child€abuse.ðð€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(2).€€Next,€aggravated€child€abuse€is€the€commissionÏof€ð ðchild€abuse€as€defined€in€ðð€39„15„401"€that€causes€serious€bodily€injury.€€òòId.óóÐ À` Ððð€39„15„402(a)(1).€€Child€abuse,€as€defined€in€ðð€39„15„401,€includes€ð ðknowingly,Ïother€than€by€accidental€means,€.€.€.€neglect[ing€a€child€under€eighteen]€so€as€toÏadversely€affect€the€childððs€health€and€welfare.ðð€€òòId.óó€ðð€39„15„401.Ð "0 ÐÌà ` àDefendant€argues€to€the€contrary.€€He€agrees€that€the€evidence€establishesÏthe€crime€of€neglect,€but€disputes€that€he€was€charged€with€that€offense:ÌÓÓà8 ` à[T]he€most€that€the€evidence€at€trial€establishes€is€that€the€defendantÏneglected€the€victim,€an€offense€with€which€he€was€not€charged.€.€.Ï.€At€the€time€of€the€offense,€the€offense€of€aggravated€child€neglectÏdid€not€exist€in€Tennessee.€€Child€neglect€is€a€distinct€offense€fromÏchild€abuse.€€Child€neglect€is€not€a€predicate€offense€for€felonyÏmurder.ÓÕ¦ÓÐ ` ü!` ü! Ð(Footnote€omitted.)€€(Citing€òòState€v.€Cynthia€Denise€Smithóó,€No.€1153,€1990€WLÐ 1¸') Ð134934€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,€Sept.€20,€1990.))€€In€addition,€DefendantÏargues€that€this€Court€ð ðheld€that€child€neglect€was€insufficient€to€support€aÏconviction€for€felony€murderðð€in€òòState€v.€Denise€Maupinóó,€No.€272,€1991€WLÐ è6ˆ-/ Ð197420€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,€Oct.€7,€1991);€and€he€argues€that€theÐ Ø8x/1 Ðsupreme€court€affirmed€this€conclusion€in€òòState€v.€Maupinóó,€859€S.W.2d€313,€315Ð `  Ð(Tenn.€1993).€€€ÌÌà ` àThe€primary€distinction€between€both€òòMaupinóó€opinions€and€the€case€at€barÐ 0Ð Ðis€that€the€statute€at€issue€in€òòMaupinóó€was€not,€as€Defendant€claims,€the€felonyÐ  À Ðmurder€statute.€€òòSeeóó€òòMaupinóó,€859€S.W.2d€at€314.€€Rather,€the€problematic€statuteÐ °  Ðwas€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€39„2„202(a)(2),€which€the€legislature€hadÏrecently€enacted.׃×Ý ƒ&8ÝÔ€ŠCŠŠŠCÔÔ€ŠCŠŠŠCÔòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Subsection€(a)(2),€reading,€Ð ð  ÐÓÓà8 ` àIt€shall€also€be€murder€in€the€first€degree€to€kill€a€child€less€thanÏthirteen€(13)€years€of€age,€if€the€childððs€death€results€from€one€(1)€orÏmore€incidents€of€a€protracted€pattern€or€multiple€incidents€of€childÏabuse€committed€by€the€defendant€against€such€child,€or€if€deathÏresults€from€the€cumulative€effects€of€such€pattern€or€incidents,Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓÓwas€determined€to€be€unconstitutional€by€our€supreme€court€in€the€case€ofÏMaupinððs€boyfriend,€òòState€v.€Haleóó,€840€S.W.2d€307€(Tenn.€1992),€decided€whileÐ   @ ÐòòMaupinóó€was€on€appeal€to€the€supreme€court.Ð "0 ÐÌà ` àDespite€the€obvious€and€significant€difference€in€the€relevant€statute,€aÏsimilarity€exists€between€the€ð ðchild€abuse€murderðð€statute€of€òòMaupinóó€and€theÐ `(  Ðð ðfelony€murder€by€aggravated€child€abuseðð€statute€we€contemplate€here.€€TheÏchild€abuse€murder€statute€also€did€not€define€ð ðchild€abuseðð€within€its€terms,€andÏcourts€turned€to€the€statutory€offense€of€child€abuse:€ðð€39„4„401.׃0×Ý ƒ&8ÝÔ€ŠCŠŠŠCÔÔ€ŠCŠŠŠCÔòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Like€ðð€39„15„Ð 0.Ð$& Ð401€that€we€consider€in€this€case,€ðð€39„4„401€was€entitled€ð ðChild€Abuse€andÏNeglect.ðð€€œSection€39„4„401›€contained€two€separate€ways€to€satisfy€commissionÐ 2°(* Ðof€the€offenseð"ðby€either€inflicting€injury€upon€or€neglecting€a€œchildñA+ñ›ñA+ñ.€€Because›€thisÏCourt€had€previously€upheld€a€conviction€for€child€neglect€alone€under€ðð€œ39„4„¼401ñA+ñ›ñA+ñ,›×ƒ×Ý ƒ&8ÝÔ€ŠCŠŠŠCÔÔ€ŠCŠŠŠCÔòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€a€panel€of€this€Court€concluded€œin€òòMaupinóó€that›€ð ðchild€abuse,€as€proscribedÐ @ à Ðin€[the€child€abuse€murder€statute],€did€not€include€child€neglect.ðð€€òòMaupinóó,€1991Ð 0Ð ÐWL€197420,€at€*5.ÌÌà ` àTurning€to€the€felony€murder€by€aggravated€child€abuse€statute€at€issueÏhere,€however,€we€respectfully€disagree€that€the€legislature€did€not€intend€for€theÏterm€ð ðchild€abuseðð€to€include€child€neglect.€€Throughout€our€Code,€differentÏconcepts,€prohibitions,€and€mandates€are€expressed€in€separate€sections€andÏsubsections.€€Specifically,€our€criminal€laws€are€divided€into€explicit€subsectionsÏto€avoid€ambiguity€of€interpretation.€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€39„15„401Ïcreates€one€crime€which€can€be€satisfied€by€two€different€courses€of€conduct,€notÏtwo€separate€crimes.€€ÌÌà ` àWhen€stating,€ð ðA€person€is€guilty€of€the€offense€of€aggravated€child€abuseÏwho€commits€the€offense€of€òòchild€abuse€as€defined€in€ðð€39„15„401óó€.€.€.€,ðð€we€doÐ `(  Ðnot€believe€our€legislature€intended€to€refer€only€to€œone€half›€of€an€unenumerated,Ïuninterrupted,€unpunctuated€statute€subsection,€as€Defendant€would€have€usÏconclude.€€ð ðChild€abuse€as€defined€in€ðð€39„15„401"€encompasses€ðð€39„15„401(a)Ïin€its€entirety:ÌÓÓà8 ` àAny€person€who€knowingly,€other€than€by€accidental€means,€treatsÏa€child€under€eighteen€(18)€years€of€age€in€such€a€manner€as€toÏinflict€injury€or€neglects€such€a€child€so€as€to€adversely€affect€theÏâ âchildððs€health€and€welfare€is€guilty€of€a€Class€A€misdemeanor;Ð ø4˜+- Ðprovided,€that€if€the€abused€child€is€six€(6)€years€of€age€or€less,€theÏpenalty€is€a€Class€D€felony.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðâ âÌÓÓòòSeeóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„15„402,€„401;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Cynthia€&€RhodneyÐ H è ÐRobersonóó,€No.€02C01„9503„CC„00059,€1995€WL€765009,€at€*6€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð 8Ø ÐApp.,€Jackson,€Dec.€28,€1995).ÌÌà ` àThe€facts€presented€by€the€State€support€a€jury€verdict€of€murder€during€theÏperpetration€of€aggravated€child€abuse€based€upon€neglect€of€the€victim€ð ðso€asÏto€adversely€affect€the€childððs€health€and€welfare,ðð€resulting€in€serious€bodilyÏinjury.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„15„401,€„402.€€Ô‡ŠCŠŠŠCÔDefendant€knew€that€the€childÐ Øx Ðhad€been€forced€to€stand€for€hours€overnight€against€the€wall,€œunable€to€sleep,›Ïeat,€or€relieve€herself.€€Ô#†ŠCŠŠŠC‡½#ÔEarly€the€next€morning,€Defendant€admitted€that€he€heardÐ ¸X Ða€loud€boom€while€Kena€and€the€victim€were€in€the€bathroom€together.€ÏImmediately€thereafter,€he€ð ðseen€[sic]€her€with€her€hair€going€to€the€doorðð;€and€theÏvictim€flew€across€the€room,€hit€a€milk„crate€nightstand,€and€flipped€upside€down,Ïlanding€on€the€floor.€€Defendant€either€knew€or€strongly€suspected€that€Kena€hadÏkicked€Miyoshi.€€Ìà ` àÌà ` àToward€mid„morning,€Defendant€observed€the€victim€fall€at€least€twice,€andÏhe€noticed€that€she€was€too€sleepy€to€awaken€herself,€as€she€would€normally€do.€ÏCloser€to€midday,€Defendant€attempted€several€times€to€wake€Miyoshi,€but€theÏvictim€managed€only€a€slight€response,€if€any.€€Kena€told€police€that€DefendantÏwas€extremely€distressed€about€the€victimððs€condition€throughout€the€day,€andÏthat€at€one€point,€Defendant€was€alarmed€enough€to€try€to€hear€her€heartbeat€andÏâ âfeel€her€pulse.€€The€jury€saw€photographs€in€which€the€childððs€facial€bruises€wereÐ è6ˆ-/ Ðevident,€and€medical€personnel€testified€that€bruises€were€apparent€when€theyÏarrived€at€the€scene.€€Ìâ âÌà ` àDefendant€knew€this€child€was€in€serious€medical€trouble.€€Defendant€tookÏno€action€to€provide€medical€attention€for€the€child€he€considered€his€own.€ÏMiyoshi€died€as€a€result.€€òòCf.óó€òòState€v.€Bordisóó,€905€S.W.2d€214,€225„26€(Tenn,Ð °  ÐCrim.€App.€1995)€œ(finding€that€evidence›€œwas€sufficient›€to€convict€of€secondÏdegree€murder€where€ð ðdeterioration€[of€victim]€was€evident€and€the€need€forÏmedical€attention€was€apparent,ðð€yet€defendant€elected€not€to€nourish€or€seekÏmedical€assistance).€€We€find€the€evidence€sufficient€to€permit€the€jury€to€convictÏhim€of€first€degree€felony€murder€based€upon€a€theory€that€Defendant€knowinglyÏneglected€her€so€as€to€adversely€affect€her€health€and€welfare.€€ÌÌà ` àFinally,€this€same€evidence€is€sufficient€to€show€that€Defendant€is€criminallyÏresponsible€for€the€conduct€of€Kena€Hodges.€€To€be€criminally€responsible,ÏDefendant,€ð ð[h]aving€a€duty€imposed€by€law€.€.€.€and€acting€with€intent€.€.€.€toÏpromote€or€assist€[the€offenseððs]€commission,ðð€must€have€ð ðfail[ed]€to€make€aÏreasonable€effort€to€prevent€commission€of€the€offense.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„¼11„402(3).€€As€Miyoshiððs€step„parent€and€caretaker,€Defendant€bore€a€duty€toÏprotect€her€from€harm€and€provide€her€with€emergency€attention.€€Defendant,Ïalthough€not€the€victimððs€legal€guardian,€was€entrusted€by€her€legal€guardian€toÏwatch€over€her€on€a€daily€basis.€€We€consider€this€to€be€a€ð ðduty€imposed€by€lawððÏwithin€the€meaning€of€ðð€39„11„402(3).€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Michael€Tyrone€Gordonóó,€No.Ð 4 *, Ð01C01„9605„CR„00213,€1997€WL€578961,€at€*6€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,ÏSept.€18,€1997);€òòState€v.€Jeffrey€Lloyd€Windersóó,€No.€88„142„III,€1989€WL€105710,Ð à7€.0 Ðat€*2„3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Sept.€14,€1989).€€Kena€admitted€that€sheÐ Ð9p02 Ðstruck€the€child€on€the€morning€of€December€28,€1995,€and€Defendant€grewÏincreasingly€aware€of€the€childððs€medically€severe€condition€as€the€dayÏprogressed.€€This€proof€is€sufficient€for€the€jury€to€infer€Defendantððs€intent€toÏpromote€or€assist€in€the€infliction€of€injury€or€neglect€of€the€child.€€ÌÌà@««"®à3.€Aggravated€Child€AbuseˆÌà ` àBecause€we€have€already€found€the€evidence€sufficient€to€find€DefendantÏguilty€of€aggravated€child€abuse€based€upon€either€a€theory€that€DefendantÏknowingly€inflicted€injury€on€the€victim,€causing€her€death,€or€a€theory€thatÏDefendant€knowingly€œneglected›€the€child€so€as€to€adversely€affect€her€health€andÏsafety,€causing€her€death,€we€need€not€further€address€the€argument€that€theÏevidence€is€not€sufficient€to€support€his€conviction€of€aggravated€child€abuse.€ÏThis€issue€lacks€merit.ÌÌà@"®àII.€ELECTION€OF€OFFENSESˆÌà ` àAt€trial,€prior€to€Defendantððs€presentation€of€proof,€he€moved€the€court€toÏcompel€the€State€to€elect€one€of€its€two€theories€of€guiltð"ðwhether€the€StateÏwished€to€proceed€on€a€theory€that€Defendant€inflicted€injury€upon€the€victim,€orÏwhether€Defendant€was€criminally€responsible€for€Kena€Hodgesððs€infliction€ofÏinjury€upon€the€victim.€€Defendant€also€moved€for€a€special€jury€instruction,€whichÏwould€have€advised€the€jury€that€its€verdict€must€be€unanimous€regarding€whetherÏDefendant€was€guilty€as€a€principal€or€as€criminally€responsible€for€Kena.€€TheÏtrial€court€denied€Defendantððs€motion,€and€the€jury€received€a€standard€unanimityÏinstruction€at€the€conclusion€of€proof.€€In€addition,€the€State€argued€strenuouslyÏin€closing€that€the€juryððs€verdict€need€not€be€unanimous€regarding€œthe€theory›€ofÏguilt.Ð Ð9p02 Їà ` àDefendant€argues€that€ð ð[w]hen€a€defendant€is€charged€with€multipleÏpossible€crimes€in€one€indictment,€the€State€must€elect€which€charge€on€whichÏto€proceed.ðð€€Moreover,€he€contends€that€ÌÓÓà8 ` àthe€trial€courtððs€failure€to€require€election€created€the€potential€thatÏeach€juror€did€not€consider€the€ððsame€occurrenceðð€in€arriving€at€theÏverdicts.€€Some€jurors€may€have€considered€only€the€incident€whereÏKena€Hodges€physically€abused€the€victim€before€she€left€for€work,Ïand€convicted€the€defendant€under€a€criminal€responsibility€theory.€ÏOther€jurors€may€have€considered€only€the€defendantððs€allegedÏconduct€in€abusing€the€victim€after€Kena€Hodges€left€for€work.ÓíÑÓÐ ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà ` àWe€disagree€that€election€was€required€in€this€case.€€Proof€of€multipleÏoccurrences€of€the€offense,€any€of€which€the€State€offers€to€satisfy€theÏrequirements€of€the€indicted€offense,€is€the€typical€situation€in€which€election€isÏcrucial€to€a€defendantððs€constitutional€right€to€a€unanimous€jury.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòStateÐ °P Ðv.€Sheltonóó,€851€S.W.2d€134€(Tenn.€1993);€òòBurlison€v.€Stateóó,€501€S.W.2d€801Ð   @ Ð(Tenn.€1973);€òòState€v.€Hoytóó,€928€S.W.2d€935€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€In€thoseÐ "0 Ðsituations,€such€as€when€a€child€alleges€some€type€of€abuse€yet€cannot€relateÏwhen€the€offenses€occurred,€the€jury€must€support€a€verdict€of€guilt€by€aÏunanimous€decision€that€the€defendant€committed€one€specific€offenseð"ðoneÏjuror€may€not€convict€based€upon€a€decision€that€the€defendant€committed€theÏoffense€on€one€œdate,›€while€another€juror€believes€the€defendant€committed€theÏsame€statutory€offense,€but€on€different€date.€€Such€a€defendant€would€beÏconvicted€of€different€offenses,€each€by€a€partial€jury.€€€ÌÌà ` àHere,€in€contrast,€Defendant€could€only€have€been€convicted€of€the€sameÏoffense:€a€killing€committed€in€perpetration€of€or€attempt€to€perpetrate€aggravatedÏchild€abuse€on€December€28,€1995.€€Although€the€State€did€indeed€present€theÏjury€two€distinct€alternatives,€in€doing€so€it€posed€no€threat€to€DefendantððsÐ Ð9p02 Ðconstitutional€rights,€because€it€offered€not€two€alternative€œoffenses,›€but€twoÏalternative€means€for€culpability€for€a€single€offense.€€Specifically,€if€several€jurorsÏbelieved€Defendant€inflicted€blows€to€the€victim,€and€several€jurors€believed€thatÏDefendant€neglected€the€victim€following€blows€by€Kena,€then€œwe€believe€they›Ïmay€all€convict€of€first€degree€murder€committed€during€the€perpetration€of€orÏattempt€to€perpetrate€aggravated€child€abuse.€€€€€€€ÌÌà ` àSimilarly,€the€State€need€not€elect€between€prosecution€as€a€principal€actorÏand€prosecution€for€criminal€responsibility€in€this€case.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,Ð à€ Ð920€S.W.2d€247€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€In€òòWilliamsóó,€this€Court€found€no€errorÐ Ðp Ðin€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€require€election€between€theories€of€actualÏperpetration€of€aggravated€rape€and€criminal€responsibility€for€the€conduct€ofÏanother.€€òòId.óóat€257„58.€€We€stated,Ð   @ ÐÓÓà8 ` àUnlike€the€cited€authority,€this€case€involves€one€particular€offenseÏoccurring€during€one€criminal€event.€€Problems€with€a€unanimousÏjury€verdict€generally€arise€when€the€State€fails€to€elect€amongÏdifferent€offenses.€€Here€the€State€properly€elected€to€seek€aÏconviction€of€aggravated€rape€by€serious€bodily€œinjuryñA+ñ›ñA+ñ.€›€The€trialÏjudge€instructed€the€jury€on€the€elements€of€this€offense,€and€foundÏthe€evidence€to€warrant€a€further€instruction€on€criminalÏresponsibility€for€another,€and€for€criminal€responsibility€relative€toÏthe€elements€of€aggravated€rape.€€The€jury€reached€a€verdict€basedÏon€one€set€of€facts€relating€to€the€one€incident€of€rape.€€We€concludeÏthat€the€Defendantððs€constitutional€right€to€a€unanimous€jury€verdictÏwas€not€violated€by€the€courtððs€instructions.€€Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓ—ÝÓòòId.óó€Ð (/È%' ÐÌà ` àFurthermore,€if€upon€further€review€it€is€determined€that€failure€to€requireÏelection€was€error,€œwe€conclude€that€such›€error€was€harmless€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt.€€The€jurors€necessarily€must€have€agreed€upon€the€factsÏunderlying€the€conviction.€€That€is€to€say,€those€jurors,€if€any,€who€convictedÐ Ø8x/1 ÐDefendant€because€they€believed€he€inflicted€blows€upon€Miyoshi,€mustÏnecessarily€have€come€to€the€conclusion€that€he€then,€for€the€remainder€of€theÏday,€neglected€her€in€such€a€manner€as€to€adversely€affect€her€health€or€safety.€ÏOne€cannot€reach€the€former€conclusion€without€subsequently€reaching€the€latterÏconclusionð"ðto€do€so€would€be€totally€inconsistent€with€the€proof€presented€by€theÏState.€€Likewise,€those€same€jurors€would€have€essentially€concluded€thatÏDefendant€breached€his€custodial€duty€to€protect€the€child€with€the€intent€toÏpromote€commission€of€the€aggravated€child€abuse€initiated€by€Kena€earlier€in€theÏmorning,€satisfying€the€offense€of€criminal€responsibility€for€her€conduct.€€ThisÏissue€lacks€merit.€ÌÌà@II#®àIII.€MOTION€TO€SUPPRESSˆÌà ` àNext,€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€his€motion€toÏsuppress€a€statement€taken€by€Detective€E.J.€Bernard€of€the€MetropolitanÏDavidson€County€Police€Department.€€In€essence,€Defendant€claims€that€thisÏstatement€should€have€been€excluded€from€trial€based€upon€its€inherentÏunreliability.€€To€demonstrate€its€unreliability,€Defendant€argues€(1)€that€theÏstatement€was€neither€audiotaped€nor€videotaped,€although€both€methods€ofÏrecordation€were€available;€and€(2)€that€the€most€prejudicial€of€assertions€foundÏin€Detective€Bernardððs€typewritten€account€of€Defendantððs€statement€cannot€beÏfound€in€Bernardððs€contemporaneous,€handwritten€notes.ÌÌà ` àRelying€on€his€typewritten€report€of€Defendantððs€statement,€DetectiveÏBernard€testified€to€Defendantððs€account€of€the€events€surrounding€the€victimððsÏâ âdeath.€€Specifically,€he€included:Ð à7€.0 ÐÓÓà8 ` àà ¸ à[Defendant]€stated€the€child€was€placed€in€the€bed€and€sheÏâ âwas€crying,€for€whatever€the€reasons€may€be.€€He€further€stated€thatÏhe€put€some€covers€over€her€face,€turned€the€radio€up€loud€so€thatÏhe€wouldnððt€have€to€listen€to€the€cries.€€That€the€child€died€atÏapproximately€noon€that€day,€and€the€mother€didnððt€come€home€ððtillÏapproximately€5€oððclock.€.€.€.€And€he€stated€that€.€.€.€then€they€cameÏup€with€a€story€about€calling€911.€€€€Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓéÓDefendant€denied€ever€making€these€statements€and€argues€that€ð ðany€of€theseÏstatements,€had€they€actually€been€made€by€him,€were€of€such€importance€thatÏany€trained€police€investigator€taking€contemporaneous€notes€would€haveÏincluded€this€information€therein.ðð€€He€remarks€that€the€statements€cannot€beÏcorroborated€by€any€other€statement€made€by€Defendant,€by€a€recording€of€theÏstatement€made€to€Bernard,€or€by€Bernardððs€handwritten€notes.ÌÌà ` àDefendant€urges€this€Court€to€require,€as€a€condition€to€admissibility,Ïrecordation€of€a€custodial€interrogation€when€it€is€feasible.€€He€notes€that€bothÏMinnesota€and€Texas€require€custodial€interrogations€to€be€recorded,€as€do€theÏUniform€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure€and€the€Model€Code€of€Pre„ArraignmentÏProcedure.€€We€decline€to€adopt€this€rather€bright„line€rule€of€admissibility,Ïreserving€this€issue€for€our€supreme€court€or€the€legislature.€€In€addition,€weÏconclude€that€the€State€was€not€required€to€record€this€particular€interrogation€asÏa€prerequisite€to€its€admissibility.€€ÌÌà ` àHere,€Defendant€had€an€opportunity€to€cross„examine€Detective€BernardÏregarding€discrepancies€between€Bernardððs€testimony€at€trial,€based€upon€hisÏtypewritten€statement,€and€his€handwritten€notes.€€Defendant€did€indeed€cross„¼examine€on€such€discrepancies,€as€well€as€the€feasibility€of€recording€theÏinterrogation.€€Detective€Bernard€testified€that€the€typed€statement€was€producedÏfrom€the€notes€within€twenty„fours€hours,€that€he€accurately€transcribed€theÐ Ð9p02 Ðstatement,€and€that€no€recording€devices€were€available€in€the€particular€room€inÏwhich€the€statement€was€taken.€€ÌÌà ` àDefendant€does€not€dispute€that€he€gave€the€statement€knowingly€andÏvoluntarily;€he€disputes€the€accuracy€of€Detective€Bernardððs€recollection.€€WeÏconsider€this€an€issue€of€credibility€appropriate€for€the€jury.€€Through€cross„¼examination,€the€jury€heard€evidence€that€the€typed€statement€containedÏstatements€not€recorded€in€the€detectiveððs€notes,€and€the€jury€apparentlyÏaccredited€Detective€Bernardððs€testimony.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌà@M M ®àIV.€EVIDENCE€OF€PRIOR€ABUSE€BY€KENA€HODGESˆÌà ` àIn€his€fourth€issue,€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€refusingÏto€permit€Defendant€to€present€evidence€through€the€testimony€of€two€witnessesÏthat€Kena€Hodges,€the€victimððs€mother,€had€abused€the€child€in€the€past.€€Ô‡ŠCŠŠŠCÔTheÐ "0 ÐState€argues,€and€the€trial€court€agreed,€that€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€404(b)Ïmandates€the€inadmissibility€of€this€evidence.€€Ô#†ŠCŠŠŠC¾ô#ÔIn€response,€Defendant€cites€òòStateÐ p& Ðv.€Smithóó,€868€S.W.2d€561,€574€(Tenn.€1993),€òòState€v.€Turnbillóó,€640€S.W.2d€40,Ð `(  Ð46„47€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982),€and€òòState€v.€Glebockóó,€616€S.W.2d€897,€905„06Ð P*ð " Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981),€for€the€proposition€that€evidence€of€prior€acts€of€violenceÏagainst€the€victim€are€relevant€to€show€motive€and€intent€to€commit€the€offense.€ÌÌà ` àTennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€404(b)€reads:ÌÓÓà8 ` àEvidence€of€other€crimes,€wrongs,€or€acts€is€not€admissible€to€proveÏthe€character€of€a€person€in€order€to€show€action€in€conformity€withÏthe€character€trait.€€It€may,€however,€be€admissible€for€otherÏpurposes.€€The€conditions€which€must€be€satisfied€before€allowingÏsuch€evidence€are:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àà ¸ à(1)€The€court€upon€request€must€hold€a€hearing€outside€theÏjuryððs€presence;€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð Ð9p02 Ðà ¸ à(2)€The€court€must€determine€that€a€material€issue€exists€otherÏthan€conduct€conforming€with€a€character€trait€and€must€uponÏrequest€state€on€the€record€the€material€issue,€the€ruling,€and€theÏreasons€for€admitting€the€evidence;€and€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ïà ¸ à(3)€The€court€must€exclude€the€evidence€if€its€probative€valueÏis€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.Ó÷ÓÐ ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÔ‡ŠCŠŠŠCÔThe€State€correctly€notes€that,€once€the€above€criteria€of€Rule€404(b)€have€beenÐ ¸  Ðsatisfied,€the€appropriate€standard€of€review€is€whether€the€trial€court€abused€itsÏdiscretion€when€ruling€upon€the€admissibility€of€evidence€at€trial.€€òòState€v.Ð ø˜  ÐDuBoseóó,€953€S.W.2d€649€(Tenn.€1997).€€The€trial€court€followed€the€strictures€ofÐ èˆ ÐRule€404(b)€by€conducting€a€hearing€out€of€the€presence€of€the€jury;€by€ruling€onÏthe€record€that€the€evidence€was€being€offered€to€show€the€propensity€of€Ô#†ŠCŠŠŠC±û#ÔKenaÐ Èh ÐHodges€to€commit€abuse,€rather€than€for€any€other€purpose;€and€by€indicatingÏthat€the€evidence€was€cumulativeð"ðthat€the€record€already€reflected€other€similarÏevidence.€€The€trial€court,€therefore,€must€be€afforded€an€abuse€of€discretionÏstandard€of€review.ÌÌà ` àòòState€v.€Smithóó,€relying€upon€òòTurnbillóó€and€òòGlebockóó,€held€that€ð ðviolent€actsÐ h' Ðindicating€the€relationship€between€the€victim€of€a€violent€crime€and€the€defendantÏprior€to€the€commission€of€the€offense€are€relevant€to€show€defendantððs€hostilityÏtoward€the€victim,€malice,€intent,€and€a€settled€purpose€to€harm€the€victim.ðð€€868ÏS.W.2d€at€574.€€Here,€we€have€a€distinguishable€case:€the€State€does€not€seekÏto€introduce€evidence€against€the€accused;€rather,€Defendant€seeks€to€introduceÏevidence€that€another€person,€Kena€Hodges,€committed€a€prior€violent€actÏagainst€the€victim.€€Ìâ âÐ è6ˆ-/ Ðà ` àExamining€Rule€404(b)€in€conjunction€with€Rule€401,€this€evidence€may€orÏâ âmay€not€be€relevant€evidence€in€this€caseð"ðthat€is€to€say,€it€may€or€may€not€haveÏð ðany€tendency€to€make€the€existence€of€any€fact€that€is€of€consequence€to€theÏaction€more€probable€or€less€probable€than€it€would€be€without€the€evidence.ðð€ÏTenn.€R.€Evid.€401.€€Assuming€that€under€Rule€404(b),€prior€violent€acts€againstÏthe€victim€can€be€relevant€evidence€of€motive€and€intent€to€commit€the€acts€œagain,ñA+ñ›ñA+ñ›Ïevidence€œin€this€case€that›€Kena€had€abused€the€child€could€be€relevant€evidenceÏthat€she€had€abused€Miyoshi€on€the€day€of€her€death,€but€it€would€not€makeÏabuse€or€neglect€by€Defendant€any€less€likely.€€Therefore,€we€œconclude›€that€theÏtrial€judge€did€not€abuse€his€discretion€by€denying€admission€of€this€œevidence.ÌÌà@˜ ˜ ®àV.€JURY€INSTRUCTION€ON€CRIMINAL€RESPONSIBILITYˆÌà ` àDefendant€next€contends€that€the€trial€court€committed€an€error€ofÏconstitutional€magnitude€when€it€instructed€the€jury€on€the€third€section€of€criminalÏresponsibility€for€the€conduct€of€another€and€a€juvenile€criminal€statute€mandatingÏthat€persons€who€have€knowledge€of€child€abuse€report€such€abuse€to€theÏauthorities.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„11„402(3),€37„1„403.€€Specifically,€theÐ `(  Ðtrial€court€instructed:ÌÓÓà8 ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€is€criminally€responsible€for€an€offenseÏcommitted€by€the€conduct€of€another€if€having€a€duty€imposed€by€lawÏor€voluntarily€undertaken€to€prevent€commission€of€the€offense€andÏacting€with€the€intent€to€benefit€in€the€proceeds€or€results€of€theÏoffense€or€to€promote€or€assist€its€commission,€the€defendant€failsÏto€make€a€reasonable€effort€to€prevent€commission€of€the€offense.Ó ÓÐ ` ü!` ü! ÐIn€a€later€instruction,€separated€by€nineteen€pages€of€the€record,€the€trial€courtÏadvised€the€jury,ÌÓÓà8 ` àAny€person€having€knowledge€of€or€called€upon€to€render€aid€to€anyÏchild€who€is€suffering€from€or€has€sustained€any€wound,€injury,Ïdisability€or€physical€or€mental€condition€which€is€of€such€a€nature€asÏto€reasonably€indicate€that€it€has€been€caused€by€brutality,€abuse€orÐ Ð9p02 Ðneglect€or€which€on€the€basis€of€available€information€reasonablyÏappears€to€have€been€caused€by€brutality,€abuse€or€neglect€shallÏreport€such€harm€immediately€by€telephone€or€otherwise€to€theÏjudge€having€juvenile€jurisdiction€or€to€the€county€office€of€theÏDepartment€of€Human€Services€or€to€the€office€of€the€Sheriff€or€theÏchief€law€enforcement€official€of€the€municipality€where€the€childÏresides.€€Persons€includes,€but€is€not€limited€to€neighbor,€relative,Ïfriend€or€any€other€person.Óc ÓÐ ` ü!` ü! ÐWe€conclude€that,€while€the€latter€instruction€was€likely€not€warranted€by€the€factsÏof€this€case,€its€inclusion€was€not€erroneous;€and€furthermore,€if€erroneous,€suchÏerror€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€ÌÌà ` àWe€find€that€these€instructions€were€charged€to€the€jury€each€separate€fromÏthe€other,€with€no€indication€from€the€trial€court€that€the€jury€should€consider€themÏtogether€and€with€no€further€instruction€that€the€latter€constituted€a€ð ðduty€imposedÏby€lawðð€under€the€former.€€Had€the€jury€decided€that€Defendant€failed€to€reportÏchild€abuse€in€violation€of€this€instruction,€such€a€decision€nevertheless€shouldÏhave€had€no€bearing€on€fulfillment€of€the€criminal€responsibility€statute,€becauseÏthe€third€criminal€responsibility€prong€requires€ð ða€duty€imposed€by€law€.€.€.€toÏòòpreventóó€commission€of€the€offense.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„402(3)€(emphasisÐ h' Ðadded).€€Failing€to€òòreportóó€child€abuse,€by€its€terms,€is€an€altogether€differentÐ X)ø! Ðproposition€and€does€not€satisfy€this€prong€of€criminal€responsibility.€€The€twoÏinstructions€combined€created€no€error.€€Therefore,€we€now€contemplate€whetherÏthe€instructions€given€alone€created€error.ÌÌà ` àð ðIt€is€the€duty€of€the€trial€court€to€give€a€complete€charge€of€the€lawÏapplicable€to€the€facts€of€a€case.ðð€€òòState€v.€Harbisonóó,€704€S.W.2d€314,€319€(Tenn.Ð ø4˜+- Ð1986)€(citing€òòState€v.€Thompsonóó,€519€S.W.2d€789,€792€(Tenn.€1975));€òòseeóó€òòStateÐ è6ˆ-/ Ðv.€Burkleyóó,€804€S.W.2d€458,€461€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€In€this€case,€the€StateÐ Ø8x/1 Ðpresented€a€theory€by€which€the€jury€could€conclude€that€Defendant€wasÏcriminally€responsible€for€Kena€Hodgesððs€actions.€€We€have€determined€that›€theÏevidence€was€sufficient€to€find€Defendant€guilty€of€criminal€responsibility€for€felonyÏmurder€by€reason€of€Defendant€undertaking€the€obligation€to€care€for€and€protectÏa€young,€helpless€child.€€Therefore,€we€find€that€the€trial€court€was€warranted€inÏcharging€the€jury€with€the€third€prong€of€criminal€responsibilityð"ðhaving€a€dutyÏimposed€by€law.ÌÌà ` àThe€second€instruction,€dealing€with€failure€to€report€child€abuse,€we€findÏto€be€œessentially€irrelevant.›€€Defendant€was€not€charged€under€the€juvenile€codeÏwith€failure€to€report€child€œabuse,›€nor€does€this€instruction€assist€the€trier€of€factÏin€determining€any€issue€relevant€to€a€charged€offense.€€Our€supreme€courtÏaddressed€irrelevant€jury€instructions€in€òòAdcock€v.€Stateóó,€236€S.W.2d€88€(Tenn.Ð   @ Ð1949),€and€òòPedigo€v.€Stateóó,€236€S.W.2d€89€(Tenn.€1951),€in€which€improper€juryÐ "0 Ðinstructions€required€reversal€of€convictions.€€We€find€both€cases€distinguishableÏfrom€the€case€at€bar.ÌÌà ` àIn€òòPedigoóó,€the€supreme€court€described€the€jury€instruction€as€follows:Ð P*ð " ÐÓÓà8 ` àà ¸ àA€photostat€of€the€charge€as€it€was€handed€to€the€jury,Ïconvinces€us€that€by€reason€of€incompetent€and€irrelevant€matter,Ïillegible€interlineation€and€meaningless€annotation,€the€charge€mightÏas€well€have€been€written€in€a€foreign€language€and€could€serve€noÏpurpose€except€to€confuse€the€jury.€€€€€€Ó#ÓÐ ` ü!` ü! Ð236€S.W.2d€at€90.€€Here,€we€have€only€a€single€irrelevant€instruction,€no€illegibleÏinterlineation€and€no€meaningless€annotation.€€This€case€clearly€does€not€rise€toÏthe€magnitude€of€the€impropriety€in€òòPedigoóó.€€Turning€to€òòAdcockóó,€the€predecessorÐ ð5,. Ðâ âto€òòPedigoóó€and€the€case€of€Pedigoððs€co„defendant,€we€find€that€the€writtenÐ à7€.0 Ðinstructions€given€to€the€jury€ð ðcontained€not€only€points€of€law€applicable€to€theÏ.€.€.€case,€but€also€much€that€was€inapplicable€and€confusing.ðð€€Furthermore,Ìâ âÓÓà8 ` àà ¸ àœ[n]ot›€only€did€[the€òòAdcockóó€jury]€receive€much€law€that€had€noÐ @ à Ðapplication€to€the€facts€of€this€case,€but€they€were€also€givenÏinstruction€on€many€facts€which€were€not€in€evidence€and€wereÏcontrary€to€the€theory€of€the€Defendant.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ïà ¸ àThe€defense€of€the€accused€was€an€alibi.€€In€the€charge€takenÏby€the€jury€to€the€jury€room,€it€was€stated€.€.€.€,€ð ðthe€Defendant€admitsÏthat€he€did€the€killing,€but€says€that€it€was€done€by€him€in€his€ownÏnecessary€self„defense,€etc.ðð€€Then€follows€an€elaborate€charge€onÏself„defense.ÓÞÓÐ ` ü!` ü! МÓÓ236€S.W.2d€at€89.ÌÌÌÓÓAgain,›€we€conclude€that€the€case€at€bar€clearly€does€not€reach€the€significanceÏof€òòAdcockóó.€€We€find€no€reversible€error€in€the€trial€courtððs€inclusion€of€this€accurateÐ Èh Ðand€non„misleading,€yet€irrelevant€instruction.ÌÌà@" " ®àVI.€STATUTORY€AGGRAVATING€FACTORSˆÌà@¢ ¢ ®àòòA.€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€œ39„13„204(i)(1)›ˆÐ ˆ#( Ðóóà ` àDefendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€instructing€the€jury€on€bothÐ x% Ðstatutory€aggravating€factors€requested€by€the€State€during€sentencing.€€The€firstÏfactor,€listed€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€39„13„204(i)(1),€reads:€ð ðThe€murderÏwas€committed€against€a€person€less€than€twelve€(12)€years€of€age€and€theÏdefendant€was€eighteen€(18)€years€of€age,€or€older.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„¼204(i)(1).€€ÌÌà ` àIn€support€of€his€argument,€Defendant€contends€that€this€factor€ð ðshould€notÏapply€to€cases€of€felony€murder€where€the€underlying€felony€is€aggravated€childÏâ âabuse,€because€such€application€would€automatically€support€a€sentence€of€lifeÐ è6ˆ-/ Ðwithout€parole€for€any€defendant€over€the€age€of€eighteen.ðð€€Moreover,€DefendantÏclaims,€Ìâ âÓÓà8 ` àApplication€of€this€factor€in€no€meaningful€way€narrows€the€class€ofÏdefendants€eligible€for€a€sentence€of€life€without€parole.€€ThisÏaggravating€factor€unconstitutionally€duplicates€a€single€aspect€ofÏthe€alleged€crime€„€the€victimððs€age€„€and€thereby€violates€dueÏprocess,€double€jeopardy,€the€right€to€a€fair€trial,€and€the€protectionsÏagainst€cruel€and€unusual€punishment€as€guaranteed€by€the€Fifth,ÏSixth,€Eighth,€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€the€United€StatesÏConstitution;€and€Article€I,€ðððð€8,€9,€16,€and€17€of€the€TennesseeÏœConstitution.›Ð ` ü!` ü! М̛€€ÌÓÓà ` àThis€issue€has€been€resolved€by€our€supreme€court€in€òòState€v.€Butleróó,€No.Ð èˆ Ð02S01„9711„CR„00094,€1998€WL€710632€(Tenn.,€Jackson,€Oct.€12,€1998)€(forÏpublication).€€In€òòButleróó,€the€supreme€court€held€that€ð ðthere€are€no€constitutionalÐ Èh Ðor€statutory€prohibitionsðð€to€relying€upon€the€felony€murder€aggravatingÏcircumstance€when€seeking€a€sentence€of€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole€forÏdefendants€charged€with€felony€murder.€€òòId.óó€at€2€(discussing€Tennessee€CodeÐ ˜!8 ÐAnnotated€ðð€39„13„204(i)(7)).€€ÌÌà ` àThe€court€first€stated€that,€when€the€proposed€penalty€is€not€death,Ïconstitutional€provisions€prohibiting€cruel€and€unusual€punishment€and€definingÏthe€need€to€narrow€the€class€of€offenders€ð ðare€not€at€issue.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€4„5.€€Second,Ð H+è!# Ðthe€court€discussed€statutory€sentencing€requirementsð"ðspecifically,€ðððð€39„13„¼204€and€39„13„207ð"ðand€determined€that€ð ð[n]othing€in€the€text€of€either€sectionÏ39„13„207€or€39„13„204€prohibits€the€jury€from€considering€an€aggravatingÏcircumstance€when€the€aggravator€duplicates€an€element€of€the€underlyingÏoffense.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€7.€€Ð ø4˜+- Ðâ âÐ è6ˆ-/ Ðà ` àAlthough€in€this€case€the€trial€court€instructed€as€an€aggravator€a€differentÏâ âelement€of€the€underlying€offense,€we€are€confronted€with€a€nearly€identicalÏsituation.€€Furthermore,€prior€to€òòButleróó,€this€Court€approved€the€use€of€the€sameÐ @ à Ðaggravator€in€a€case€in€which€age€was€an€element€of€the€offense.€€òòState€v.€DannyÐ 0Ð ÐRay€Lacyóó,€No.€02C01„9701„CC„00013,€1997€WL€729261€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Ð  À ÐJackson,€Nov.€25,€1997)€(permitting€ðð€39„13„204(i)(1)€as€an€aggravating€factorÏin€a€prosecution€for€first€degree€murder€by€aggravated€child€abuse),€òòperm.€toÐ    Ðappeal€deniedóó€(Tenn.€1998).€€We€therefore€hold€that€there€are€no€constitutionalÐ ð  Ðor€statutory€impediments€to€the€use€of€ðð€39„13„204(i)(1)€as€a€sentencingÏaggravating€factor€by€the€trial€court€in€this€case.€€ÌÌà@¢ ¢ ®àòòB.€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€39„13„205(i)(5)óóˆÐ °P Ðà ` àDefendant€next€argues€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€for€the€jury€to€findÏthe€statutory€aggravating€factor€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€39„13„¼204(i)(5)ð"ðthat€the€murder€was€ð ðespecially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel€in€that€itÏinvolved€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produceÏdeath.ðð€€The€State€contends€that€it€presented€sufficient€evidence€by€which€the€juryÏcould€have€come€to€this€conclusion€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€and€we€agree.ÌÌà ` àð ðTortureðð€has€been€defined€as€ð ðthe€infliction€of€severe€physical€or€mentalÏpain€upon€the€victim€while€he€or€she€remains€alive€and€conscious.ðð€€òòState€v.Ð  0À&( ÐWilliamsóó,€690€S.W.2d€517,€529€(Tenn.€1985);€òòState€v.€Nesbitóó,€1998€WL€670966,Ð 2°(* Ðat€*10€(Tenn.,€Jackson,€Sept.€28€1998).€€In€òòState€v.€Pikeóó,€1998€WL€690064Ð 4 *, Ð(Tenn.,€Knoxville,€Oct.€5,€1998),€the€supreme€court€noted€that€ð ð[w]ith€respect€toÏððserious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death,ðð€we€explainedÏin€òòState€v.€Odomóó€that€ððseriousðð€alludes€to€a€matter€of€degree,€and€that€the€physicalÐ Ð9p02 Ðabuse€must€be€ððbeyond€thatðð€or€more€than€what€is€ððnecessary€to€produce€death.ðððð€Ï1998€WL€690064,€at€*14.€€When€determining€whether€the€evidence€showsÏð ðsevere€physical€or€mental€pain,ððÌÓÓà8 ` àà ¸ àœÔ‡ŠCŠŠŠCÔñ8+ñ[t]ñ8+ñhe›€jury€may€use€their€common€knowledge€and€experienceÐ 0Ð Ðin€deciding€whether€a€fact€is€logically€deducible€from€theÏcircumstances€in€evidence,€or€in€making€reasonable€inferences€fromÏthe€evidence,€and€may€test€the€truth€and€weight€of€the€evidence€byÏtheir€own€general€knowledge€and€judgment€derived€from€experience,Ïobservation,€and€reflection;€but€neither€jurors€nor€judges€whenÏacting€as€arbiters€of€guilt€are€permitted€to€base€their€decisions€on€theÏexistence€or€non-existence€of€facts€according€to€their€personalÏbeliefs€or€experiences,€but€only€on€facts€established€by€legal€andÏcompetent€evidence€or€on€inferences€deducible€from€such€provenÏfacts€as€are€authorized€by€law.€Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÓT4ÓÌòòFairbanks€v.€Stateóó,€508€S.W.2d€67,€69€(Tenn.€1974)€(citing€Ô#†ŠCŠŠŠC4#Ô23A€òòC.J.S.óó€òòCriminalÐ Èh ÐLawóó€ðð€1373),€òòquoted€inóó€òòNesbitóó,€1998€WL€670966,€at€*11.€€Ð ¸X ÐÌà ` àAccording€to€the€proof€in€the€record,€Miyoshi€Richardson€conclusivelyÏsustained€blunt€force€trauma€to€the€head€and€torso,€each€injury€being€sufficientÏto€cause€death,€as€a€result€of€multiple€blows€causing€various€hemorrhaging€of€theÏbrain€and€lacerations€to€the€liver.€€In€addition€to€these€grievous€injuries,€the€victimÏshowed€affirmative€evidence€of€shaken€baby€syndrome€by€her€damaged,Ïhemorrhaging€optic€nerve€area.€€Finally,€in€addition€to€her€serious€physicalÏinjuries,€the€jury€heard€evidence€that€the€child€suffered€both€physicalÏtortureð"ðthrough€an€explanation€of€the€childððs€worsening€symptoms€throughoutÏthe€day€of€her€death€prior€to€slipping€into€unconsciousness,€due€to€deprivation€ofÏmedical€attention;€as€well€as€mental€tortureð"ðthrough€a€detailed€description€ofÏhow€the€two„year„old€child€was€forced€to€stand€with€her€palms€against€the€wall,Ïin€a€corner€of€the€room€all€night€long,€while€her€mother€and€Defendant€engagedÏin€sexual€intercourse€and€slept,€without€being€permitted€to€sleep,€sit€down,€orÐ Ø8x/1 Ðrelieve€herself.€€We€find€the€evidence€sufficient€to€permit€a€jury€to€find€thisÏaggravating€factor.ÌÌà@  ®àVII.€MAXIMUM€SENTENCE€FOR€AGGRAVATED€CHILD€ABUSEˆÌà ` àDefendantððs€final€argument€is€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€imposing€theÏmaximum€sentence€available€by€law€for€the€conviction€of€aggravated€childÏabuseð"ðtwenty„five€years€as€a€Range€I€offender.€€He€contends€that€the€trial€courtÏapplied€one€enhancement€factor€in€error,€while€also€improperly€denying€oneÏmitigating€factor.€€Although€this€Court€must€conduct€a€de€novo€review€when€aÏcriminal€defendant€appeals€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€service€of€sentence;Ïthe€legislature€has€œmandated€a›€ð ðpresumption€that€the€determinations€made€by€theÏcourt€from€which€the€appeal€is€taken€are€correct.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„¼401(d).€€The€presumption€of€correctness€is€conditioned,€however,€upon€properÏconsideration€by€the€trial€court€of€the€sentencing€principles€in€Tennessee€CodeÏAnnotated€ðð€40„35„103.€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€168€(Tenn.€1991).€€WeÐ €$  Ðfind€no€error€by€the€trial€court€in€this€case.ÌÌà@† † ®àòòTennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€40„35„114(5)óóˆÐ P*ð " Ðà ` àThe€trial€court€applied€the€statutory€enhancement€factor€found€inÏTennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€40„35„114(5):€ð ðThe€defendant€treated€or€allowedÏa€victim€to€be€treated€with€exceptional€cruelty€during€the€commission€of€theÏoffense.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(5).€€Defendant€œasserts€that›€thisÏenhancement€factor€was€improperly€considered€because€it€is€inherent€to€theÏcrimeð"ðan€ð ðessential€elementðð€of€the€offense.€€Defendant€cites€this€CourtððsÏopinion€in€òòState€v.€Claybrooksóó,€910€S.W.2d€868,€872€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994),Ð à7€.0 Ðfor€the€proposition€that€ð ð[f]actors€that€are€inherent€in€a€particular€offense,€even€ifÐ Ð9p02 Ðnot€designated€as€an€element,€may€not€be€applied€to€increase€a€sentence.ðð€ÏSpecifically,€he€argues€that€it€is€impossible€to€inflict€serious€bodily€injury€upon€aÏchild€of€six€years€or€lessð"ðelements€of€the€offenseð"ðwithout€treating€the€child€withÏð ðexceptional€cruelty.ððÌÌà ` àThe€State,€in€support€of€its€argument€that€this€enhancement€factor€wasÏappropriately€applied,€cites€òòState€v.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€93€(Tenn.€1997),€in€whichÐ    Ðour€supreme€court€held€that€the€element€of€ð ðserious€bodily€injury,ðð€as€included€inÏthe€offense€especially€aggravated€robbery,€does€not€necessarily€constituteÏð ðexceptional€cruelty.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€98.€€The€court€stated,€ð ðIn€other€words,€the€facts€in€aÐ Ðp Ðcase€may€support€a€finding€of€ððexceptional€crueltyðð€that€ððdemonstrates€a€culpabilityÏdistinct€from€and€appreciably€greater€than€that€incident€toðð€the€crime€of€especiallyÏaggravated€robbery.ðð€€òòId.óó€€We€believe€that€òòPooleóó€provides€œappropriate€guidance›Ð   @ Ðin€this€case.€€Defendant€in€this€case€could€œñ:+ñbe€convicted€ñ:+ññ:+ñ›ñ:+ññ9+ñsatisfy€the€elements€ñ9+ñof›€aggravated€child€abuseÏwithout€a€finding€of€exceptional€cruelty€and,€for€that€reason,€application€of€theÏenhancement€factor€was€permissible€in€this€case.ÌÌà@  ®àòòB.€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€40„35„113(4)óóˆÐ P*ð " Ðà ` àDefendantððs€final€argument€is€that€the€trial€court€should€have€applied€theÏstatutory€mitigating€factor€found€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€40„35„113(4):Ïð ðThe€defendant€played€a€minor€role€in€the€commission€of€the€offense.ðð€€The€trialÏcourt€was€within€its€authority€to€reject€this€mitigating€factor€in€light€of€the€evidenceÏpresented.€€Even€if€the€evidence€showed€that€Kena€Hodges€inflicted€the€bluntÏforce€trauma€upon€the€victim,€Defendant€at€the€very€least€ignored€the€obvious,Ïsevere€medical€peril€of€a€helpless,€two„year„old€child€for€whom€he€had€acceptedÏa€primary€care€responsibility€on€a€regular€basis€and€for€whom€he€had€acceptedÐ Ð9p02 Ða€parental€relationship.€€Taken€even€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€Defendant,€theÏevidence€does€not€portray€a€minor€role€for€œhim.Ì›ÌÓ  ÓòòC.€Maximum€SentenceóóÐ 0Ð ÐÓ  Óà ` àUnder€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€40„35„210,€the€trial€court€shallÏpresumptively€apply€the€mid„point€of€the€sentencing€range€for€Class€A€felonies.€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210(c).€€Here,€the€mid„point€of€the€range€is€twentyÏyears€because€Defendant€is€a€Range€I€offender.€€When€enhancement€factors€areÏfound€but€no€mitigating€factors€are€found,€the€trial€court€may€sentence€aÏdefendant€above€this€presumptive€sentence.ñ;+ñœ×ƒ%×ñ;+ññ;+ñ׃×ñ;+ñÝ ƒ&8ÝÔ€ŠCŠŠŠCÔÔ€ŠCŠŠŠCÔòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×›€€Because€the€trial€court€found€twoÐ Ðp Ðstatutory€enhancement€factors,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€inÏsentencing€Defendant€to€twenty„five€years€on€the€charge€of€aggravated€childÏabuse.€€€€€€€€ÌÌà ` àIn€conclusion,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€conviction€for€first€degree€murderÏcommitted€during€perpetration€of€aggravated€child€abuse€and€the€conviction€forÏaggravated€child€abuse.€€Furthermore,€we€affirm€Defendantððs€œsentences›€of€lifeÏimprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole€for€murder€and€twenty„five€years€forÏaggravated€child€abuse.ÌœñA+ñà ` à›ÌñA+ññB+ñ›ñB+ññB+ñÌñB+ññB+ñ›ñB+ññB+ñÌñB+ñ›ÓÓœñ@+ñÌñ@+ññA+ñ›ñA+ññ?+ñÌñ?+ñ›à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àœñ=+ñÐ 2°(* Ðñ=+ññ>+ñà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àñ>+ñ____________________________›Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌœCONCUR:›ÌÌÌÌ______________________________ÌJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌ______________________________ÌJOHN€K.€BYERS,€SENIOR€JUDGEÌ