ÿWPCÏ ÁNt@ %ÅÖǾMXíéžXÒÓÔ¦ùŸ6yGV-.yÓlƒ$Ý$àsyËPÜ ¿û¸ŒxvDè¹ÙKù9ª/´{GŠ"Šk [+E߯“ø„;mòëÛfùRUDwÆáýÈ}x©3Þ=·kõ׉ÌW*¢¬7é=ïcë¡‚²H’ó·š8¡¬@nðÉ0òé|5ïÏ¿…ÏZÁˆlÄ·¦”Ø­rˆ)z-õ\Ñaæ mÝªŠ¨ì@‚_€7ÏÅÅP¾ç{IÍ|bÐÇË0}á1ã¿-Æ?Rß랯s H ýJÈáÁ.ðˆYüEu‹¸75ó­yx ‚=rµžëÛž%NX´.ÚÈÄ—dÑ0y&;Þ&´ ŒJû`/téûªùXY󛎄§jÈS<=úÚL 'Jû%R×é8=Ä(‹Á„g¤Ô6OÖ¼¼êAÆ­é@€L±½øá䲃®0gP…# F UNQ %Ÿ 0(¥ U:Í w@ 4G [ j U:r 0Ƭ 0Dr Ѷ ¸‡ ¸?U:÷U:1ÑkU:<ævU:\\\\\\\\\\\\\ B–––––––– D3³³³ 0Dææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææææ AO*Æyy 0D? D/ƒ B²˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡, øð AZ"Arial Regular a Db Dc Ud ee Df Ug Ph Ei Pj Ó€uM%3|xs ,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular(v(2¶$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ€X XXXÔÔ€ôf¨ôXX ÔÒ4°ÒÒX°Òà Œ àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó ÇÝ ƒ È$ÝÔ€XÕXXXÔÔ€ô°çôXXÕÔÒ4°ÒÒX°Òà Œ àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝòòSeeóó€òòWilliamsóó,€977€S.W.2d€101.€ ®Ý ƒ È$ÝÔ€XÕXXXÔÔ€ô°çôXXÕÔÒ4°ÒÒX°Òà Œ àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý"[T]he€jury€shall€have€the€right€to€determine€the€law€and€the€facts,€under€the€direction€of€theÐ `  Ðcourt,€as€in€other€criminal€cases."€€Tenn.€Const.€Art.€I€ðð€19.€€òòSeeóó€òòMcGowan€v.€Stateóó,€17€Tenn.€184Ð  ¾ Ð(1836)€and€its€progeny. ®Ý ƒ È$ÝÔ€XÕXXXÔÔ€ô°çôXXÕÔÒ4°ÒÒX°Òà Œ àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý"[T]he€jury€shall€have€the€right€to€determine€the€law€and€the€facts,€under€the€direction€of€theÐ `  Ðcourt,€as€in€other€criminal€cases."€€Tenn.€Const.€Art.€I€ðð€19.€€òòSeeóó€òòMcGowan€v.€Stateóó,€17€Tenn.€184Ð  ¾ Ð(1836)€and€its€progeny., øð AZ"Arial Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular ÇÝ ƒ È$ÝÔ€XÕXXXÔÔ€ô°çôXXÕÔÒ4°ÒÒX°Òà Œ àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝòòSeeóó€òòWilliamsóó,€977€S.W.2d€101.€, øð AZ"Arial Regular ÜÔ€XRrXXXÔÔ€:XXRrÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€XRrX:ÔÐ  ÐÌMarch€11,€1999ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAMÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular d""""'ÿÿdxd(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýñd ñ›ñd ññd ñ›ñd ñÑ` °ÑÑܰÑÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€X XXXÔòòÑ7€ XXdðdÈ7ÑÑ  Ññj ñœßr€*<,(j 8` `€€@E f ` 8ttxPX` ð  rß›ñj ñà@j j ÚàIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ `  ÐÌà@*ÚàAT€NASHVILLEóóˆÐ @ à ÐÌà@ÇÇ&ÚàNOVEMBER€1998€SESSIONˆÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à ” àà ì à*à D àC.C.A.€No.€01C01„9804„CR„00188Ð à€ Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àÌà Œ àAppellee,à < àà ” àà ì à*à D àWILSON€COUNTYÐ À`  Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àÌVS.à Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì à*à D àHonorable€J.€O.€Bond,€JudgeÐ  @  Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àÌLESLIE€R.€HOLT,€à < àà ” àà ì à*à D à(Felony€Reckless€Endangerment)Ð €  Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àÌà Œ àAppellant.à < àà ” àà ì à*Ð ` ÐÌÌÌÌòòFor€Appellantóó:òòà < àà ” àà ì àà D àFor€Appelleeóó:Ð ° ÐÌJay€Norman€€à < àà ” àà ì àà D àJohn€Knox€Walkup€Ð ð ÐAttorney€for€Appellantà ” àà ì àà D àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÐ à€ Ð213€Third€Avenue,€NorthÌNashville,€TN€€37201à ” àà ì àà D àTimothy€BehanÐ À!` Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D à425€Fifth€Avenue,€North€Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àCordell€Hull€Building,€Second€FloorÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493ÌÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àRobert€HibbettÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D à119€College€StreetÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àLebanon,€TN€€37087ÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:__________________ÌÌÌÌREVERSED€AND€REMANDEDÌÌÌÌGARY€R.€WADE,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÐ  p5,/ ÐÓÓà@33-Úàò òòòOPINIONó óóóˆÐ `  Ðà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant,€Leslie€R.€Holt,€was€convicted€of€felony€recklessÏendangerment.€€The€jury€acquitted€the€defendant€on€a€related€charge€of€aggravatedÏassault.€€The€trial€court€imposed€a€Range€I€sentence€of€two€years€with€supervisedÏprobation€after€service€of€thirty€days.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€this€appeal€of€right,€the€defendant€presents€a€single€issue€for€review:Ïwhether€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€provide€the€jury€with€an€instruction€onÏmisdemeanor€reckless€endangerment,€a€lesser€offense€of€felony€recklessÏendangerment.€€We€reverse€the€conviction€and€remand€for€a€new€trial.€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€and€his€ex„wife,€Judy€Holt,€have€a€son,€Colton,€whoÏwas€four€years€old€in€1996.€€On€October€11€of€that€year,€the€defendant's€secondÏwife,€Cynthia€Bryant,€drove€to€the€Holt€residence€to€pick€up€Colton€for€visitation€overÏthe€weekend.€€About€three€hours€later,€someone€from€the€sheriff's€departmentÏtelephoned€Ms.€Holt€and€asked€her€to€drive€there€and€take€custody€of€Colton.€€WhenÏMs.€Holt€arrived,€she€saw€that€Ms.€Bryant's€car€had€been€scratched€and€dentedÏsince€she€last€saw€the€vehicle.€€Colton€was€unhurt.€€Ms.€Holt€testified€that€she€wasÏunaware€at€that€point€that€Ms.€Bryant€and€the€defendant€had€obtained€a€divorce€onÏOctober€9,€1996,€two€days€before€the€incident.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àCynthia€Bryant€testified€that€after€she€picked€up€Colton,€she€drove€toÏher€farm.€€Upon€her€return,€she€discovered€the€defendant€was€"in€one€of€his€moods.Ï...€acting€crazy,€bizarre,€angry."€€Ms.€Bryant,€who€decided€to€take€Colton€to€LebanonÏfor€dinner,€was€driving€south€on€Highway€231,€when€she€saw€the€defendant€drivingÏbehind€her.€€Ms.€Bryant€testified€that€the€defendant€struck€her€car€with€his€vehicleÐ @8à.2 Ðseveral€times,€finally€forcing€her€vehicle€into€a€ditch.€€ñd ñœñd ñTheñd ñ›ñd ññd ññd ñ€defendant€then€struck€theÐ $8Ä.4 Ðwindows€of€her€car€and€threatened€"to€kill€you€both."€€Ms.€Bryant,€fearful€for€her€life,Ïwas€able€to€maneuver€her€vehicle€back€onto€the€highway€and€drive€to€the€sheriff'sÏdepartment.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àKeith€Taylor,€a€captain€with€Wilson€County€Emergency€Management,Ïwas€driving€north€on€Highway€231€when€he€saw€two€vehicles€approach€from€theÏopposite€direction.€€He€recalled€that€the€driver€of€one€of€the€vehicles€seemedÏanxious€to€pass€and€was€driving€very€close€to€the€lead€car.€€When€the€two€vehiclesÏpassed€by,€Captain€Taylor€saw€through€his€rearview€mirror€that€the€car€in€the€rearÏhad€forced€the€lead€car€into€a€ditch.€€As€Captain€Taylor€turned€his€vehicle,€heÏnoticed€that€the€driver€of€the€car€in€the€ditch€was€attempting€to€return€to€the€highwayÏand€the€other€driver€was€striking€the€car€window€with€his€fists.€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€testified€that€on€the€date€of€this€incident,€he€drove€toÏMs.€Bryant's€ñd ñœñd ñfarm,ñd ñ›ñd ññd ññd ñ€collected€his€belongings,€and€waited€for€her€return.€€He€claimedÏthat€when€Ms.€Bryant€arrived€with€Colton€sometime€after€7:00€P.M.,€he€and€Ms.ÏBryant€engaged€in€an€argument€over€the€defendant€dating€another€woman.€€HeÏcontended€that€Ms.€Bryant€took€Colton€ñd ñœñd ñand,€over€his€objections,€began€to€driveÏaway;€as€she€did€so,€she€struck€the€defendant's€parked€car.€€The€defendantÏmaintained€that€he€followed€in€his€vehicle,€demanding€that€she€stop€and€returnÏColton€to€his€custody.€€He€asserted€that€Ms.€Bryant€veered€off€the€road€into€a€ditchÏas€he€attempted€to€pass.€€The€defendant€admitted€that€he€pounded€Ms.€Bryant'sÏwindow€with€his€fists€but€denied€that€he€forced€her€vehicle€into€the€ditch€or€causedÏany€of€the€damage€to€her€vehicle.€€The€defendant€claimed€that€he€had€contacted€theÏWilson€County€Sheriff's€Department€shortly€after€the€incident€and€learned€that€theyÏwere€unaware€of€Ms.€Bryant's€whereabouts.€€It€was€his€contention€that€when€heÏwent€to€Metropolitan€Police€Department€in€Nashville€to€make€a€complaint€againstÐ 8¸.4 ÐMs.€Bryant€for€taking€Colton€without€his€permission,€he€was€informed€that€he€neededÏto€go€to€the€Wilson€County€Sheriff's€Department€to€work€things€out.€€€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àÔ‡ XÕXXXÕÔThe€defendant€alleges€that€the€trial€judge€erred€by€failing€to€charge€theÐ Äd Ðlesser€offense€of€misdemeanor€reckless€endangerment.€€The€state€asserts€thereÏwas€no€error.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€trial€judge,€of€course,€has€a€duty€to€give€a€complete€charge€of€theÏlaw€applicable€to€the€facts€of€the€case.€€òòState€v.€¢Harbison£óó,€704€¢S.W.2d£€314,€319Ð À` Ð(Tenn.€1986).€€Ô#†XÕXX XÕ|#ÔÔ‡ XÕXXXÕÔThere€is€an€obligation€"to€charge€the€jury€as€to€all€of€the€law€of€eachÐ Œ, Ðoffense€included€in€the€indictment,€without€any€request€on€the€part€of€the€defendantÏto€do€so."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„18„110(a).€€¢£¢£"Pursuant€to€our€statute,€rule,€andÏcase€law€interpretations,€defendants€are€entitled€to€jury€instructions€on€all€[lesserÏoffenses],€if€the€evidence€would€support€a€conviction€for€the€offense."€€òòState€v.Ð ¼ \ ÐTrustyóó,€919€S.W.2d€305,€311€(Tenn.€1996).€€Such€a€charge€"allows€the€jury€toÐ ˆ"( Ðconsider€all€relevant€offenses€in€determining€the€appropriate€offense,€if€any,€forÏconviction"€and€"more€evenly€balances€the€rights€of€the€defendant€and€theÏprosecution€and€serves€the€interests€of€justice."€€òòId.óó€€It€is€only€when€the€record€isÐ ì'Œ" Ðdevoid€of€evidence€to€support€an€inference€of€guilt€of€the€lesser€offense€that€the€trialÏcourt€is€relieved€of€the€responsibility€to€charge€the€lesser€crime.€€òòState€v.Ð „+$"& ÐStephensonóó,€878€¢S.W.2d£€530,€549„50€(Tenn.€1994);€€òòState€v.€Boydóó,€797€¢S.W.2d£Ð P-ð#( Ð589,€593€(Tenn.€1990).€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€977€S.W.2d€101,€105€(Tenn.€1998),€our€supremeÐ ´2T). Ðcourt€overruled€several€prior€cases€and,€by€a€three€to€two€majority,€held€that€the€rightÏâ âto€instructions€on€lesser€offenses€is€merely€a€statutory€right,€rather€than€one€foundedÐ L6ì,2 Ðin€the€Tennessee€Constitutionñd ñ׃×ñd ññd ñ׃×ñd ñÝ ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€that,€in€consequence,€the€error€is€subject€to€aÐ `  Ðâ âharmless€error€analysis:€€Ìà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àÓÓReversal€is€required€if€the€error€affirmatively€appears€toÏhave€affected€the€result€of€the€trial€on€the€merits,€or€inÏother€words,€reversal€is€required€if€the€error€moreÏprobably€than€not€affected€the€judgment€to€theÏdefendant's€prejudice.Ó_$ÓÐ ä Ð ä Ð  Ð(citing€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(a);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(b)).ÌÔ#†XÕXX XÕY#ÔÌà Œ àà ä àReckless€endangerment€is€defined€by€our€legislature€as€follows:ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àReckless€endangerment.--(a)€A€person€commits€anÏoffense€who€recklessly€engages€in€conduct€which€placesÏor€may€place€another€person€in€imminent€danger€ofÏdeath€or€serious€bodily€injury.€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  Ðà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à€€€(b)€Reckless€endangerment€is€a€Class€A€misdemeanor;€Ïhowever,€reckless€endangerment€committed€with€aÏdeadly€weapon€is€a€Class€E€felony.€€ÓC&ÓÐ ä Ð ä Ð  ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39-13-103.€€The€use€of€a€deadly€weapon,€defined€as€"[a]nythingÏthat€in€the€manner€of€its€use€or€intended€use€is€capable€of€causing€death€or€seriousÏbodily€injury"€elevates€the€misdemeanor€offense€of€reckless€endangerment€to€aÏfelony.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39-11-106(5)(b).€€An€automobile€is€not,€under€allÐ T$ô Ðcircumstances,€a€deadly€weapon;€the€method€of€use€is€the€controlling€factor€and€thatÏmust€be€examined€on€a€case-by-case€basis.€€òòState€v.€Scott€W.€Longóó,€C.C.A.€No.Ð ì'Œ" Ð03C01-9301-CR-00032,€slip€op.€at€6-7€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Knoxville,€Aug.€19),Ïòòapp.€deniedóó,€(Tenn.,€Nov.€8,€1993);€òòState€v.€Tateóó,€912€S.W.2d€785€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð „+$"& ÐApp.€1995).€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àMisdemeanor€reckless€endangerment€is€a€lesser€grade€of€felonyÏreckless€endangerment.€€It€is€also€a€lesser€included€offense.€€This€is€not€a€case€inÏwhich€the€record€is€devoid€of€proof€of€the€lesser€offense.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Lewisóó,€978Ð €4 +0 ÐS.W.2d€558€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).€€Taken€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€theÏdefendant,€the€evidence€would€be€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€for€misdemeanorÏreckless€endangerment.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Elderóó,€982€S.W.2d€871,€877€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð ø ˜ ÐApp.€1998).€€At€trial,€the€defendant€testified€that€his€conduct,€reckless€at€worst,Ïmerely€placed€Ms.€Bryant€and€his€son€"in€imminent€danger€of€death€or€serious€bodilyÏinjury."€€He€asserted€that€he€never€used€his€vehicle€as€"a€deadly€weapon."€€òòSeeóóÐ \ü  ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„103.€€Under€these€circumstances,€it€was€the€task€of€theÏjury€to€determine€the€degree€of€reckless€endangerment.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€BrandonÐ ô”  ÐPatrickóó,€C.C.A.€No.€03C01„9712„CC„00548€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Knoxville,€Feb.€19,Ð À` Ð1999)€(reversing€and€remanding€where€the€trial€court€refused€to€chargeÏmisdemeanor€reckless€endangerment).€€The€ultimate€question€became€one€of€factÏrather€than€one€of€law;€that€is,€whether€the€vehicle€was€used€in€such€a€manner€as€toÏbe€a€deadly€weapon.€€The€facts€and€circumstances€must€be€examined€by€the€jury€onÏa€case„by„case€basis.€€The€failure€to€charge€the€jury€with€misdemeanor€recklessÏendangerment€prevented€the€jury€from€making€this€assessment.€€Because€the€proofÏof€the€greater€offense€was€not€so€overwhelming€that€the€jury€inevitably€would€haveÏchosen€the€greater€offense€over€the€lesser€offense€if€given€the€choice,€the€errorÏappears€to€have€been€harmful.€Ô‡ XÕXXXÕÔ€Relevant€to€the€quantum€of€proof€is€the€acquittal€byÐ ì'Œ" Ðthe€jury€on€the€separate€count€of€aggravated€assault€and€the€lesser€offense€ofÏassault.€€In€this€instance,€the€failure€to€instruct€on€a€lesser€offense€which€wasÏlegitimately€raised€by€the€evidence€would€not€qualify€as€harmless€error,€whether€theÏerror€is€of€a€constitutional€magnitude€or€not.ñd ñ׃ ×ñd ññd ñ׃×ñd ñÝ ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†XÕXX XÕ2#ÔÐ /¼%* ÐÌà Œ àà ä àAccordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€reversed€and€remandedÏfor€a€new€trial.ÌÐ L6ì,2 ЇÓÓœñe ñà Œ à›à Œ à›à Œ à›à Œ à›à Œ à›à Œ àñ` ñ›ñ` ññ` ñà Œ à›ñ` ññ` ñà Œ à›ñ` ññ` ñà Œ àñ` ññ_ ñ›ñ_ ññ_ ñà Œ à›ñ_ ññe ññ_ ññe ññ_ ñà Œ à›ñ_ ññe ññ_ ññe ññ_ ñà Œ à_____________________________ñ_ ññe ññ_ ññe ññ] ñ___ñ] ññe ññ_ ññe ññ_ ñ›ñ_ ññ_ ñà Œ àñ_ ññe ññ_ ññh ññ_ ñ›ñ_ ññh ññ_ ññg ñà Œ àñg ññg ñà ä àñg ññg ñà < àñg ññg ñà ” àñg ññg ñà ì àñg ññg ñà D àñg ññg ñ_________________________________ñg ññh ññg ñ__ñg ññh ññf ñÌñf ñ›œñi ñà Œ àñi ñ›à ä àà < àña ñà ” àña ñà ” àà ì àà D àGary€R.€Wade,€Presiding€JudgeÌÌCONCUR:ñb ñÌñb ñÌÌÌñc ñÌñc ñ________________________________ÌJohn€H.€Peay,€JudgeÌÌÌÌ________________________________ÌJerry€L.€Smith,€Judge