ÿWPCõ Ej¹V»²Êí”b4ÚÌ6@þÛTE™äÎ%T •q¶‚ ?'`:µÄ´Ÿ°k’œÃ[œ’wä£4)I–ôUlíRSû¹|ÝO²0û´Šn¬pÎÝʤ,Ûž6à i˜«0fM£ÑÇ|¨·;^sš•c“•×Ó?ÀÎAÏp¼3†jkú•לnèÀ|i,˜\ô’þÎcG3/sÊĉ[4z©ž¢gv6\>ø+ƒ¶Û cåò¼hƒ;\^7ÒEA-¶ 8õÓmû_Š}§Líh¸÷lH× ®k‰èÏúÊ{&/üRá—®æ–8ÖðTg˜D·ÅÕ…]¸Ro7ýñ´ª%ó™±`ÇD»£Ìã9bTëwÙy$½ïäFNÈ}°ñ”_Åj`®R³*Oë=ÇzïŸgoiÅ:М©s¿™®¨ü×€›•#ËŸ{’i”aŒ0|ŠÝÀ~!:uK*ÔZ[èúß÷äÆ|wú+Ã@ýÖ{à-MϹ{$³â>™Þ[¾ê†?UY)ÍoÇ£ç¹.ßåÏ]ûQÖ™2uööZ” ‚²=bi¾Ê F¿­‰é=°Ùòs`ˆ žLǵœªå¹ÜÿìáÓ…{%?ŸxNy0…# F UNQ %Ÿ 0(¥ U:Í L w@S 4“ § U.¶ ä `ì KL —e·U:"VVVVVU:xxxxxxxx B²²²²²² D3ÏÏÏ 0D 0ÆF 0D                                   AOPÆŸŸ 0De D/© BؘHP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLÐ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡, øð AZ"Arial RegularC:\OFFICE\WPWIN\TEMPLATE\STANDARD.WPT DDPDÓ€ýhµ&|x%%ä2¼A`ArialTT VÝ ƒ\¡$ÝÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€XÜXXXÔÔ€ôxÌôXXÜÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝArticle€I,€Section€7€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€similarly€provides€ð ð[t]hat›€the€people€shall€beÐ `  Ðsecure€.€.€.€from€unreasonable€searches€and€seizures€.€.€.€.ðð€€The€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€hasÏpreviously€noted€that€generally€ð ðððarticle€I,€section€7€is€identical€in€intent€and€purpose€with€the€FourthÏAmendment.ðððð€òòState€v.€Downeyóó,€945€S.W.2d€102,€106€(Tenn.€1997)(citation€omitted).€€However,€theÐ ¸ X Ðcourt€also€noted€that,€in€some€cases,€the€Tennessee€Constitution€may€afford€greater€protection.€€òòId.óó€Ð €  ÐNevertheless,€in€the€context€of€this€case,€we€view€the€protections€provided€by€both€documents€asÏcoextensive. AÝ ƒ\¡$ÝÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€XÜXXXÔÔ€ôxÌôXXÜÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝOfficer€Moyers,€who€was€a€greater€distance€from€the€appellant,€testified€that€the€appellantÐ `  Ðslowed€his€pace€prior€to€discarding€the€plastic€bag. Ô€X‘ÊXXXÔÔ€îÁÒîXX‘ÊÔÓ  ÓÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€ÿ îîÁÒÔÐ  ÐÌò òAugust€10,€1999Ð ¶¶ ÐÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€ô®Çôÿ ÔAppellate€CourtÐ –– ÐClerkó ó [Ý ƒ\¡$ÝÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€XÜXXXÔÔ€ôxÌôXXÜÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝContrary€to€the€appellantððs€argument€in€his€brief,€apparently€not€all€residents€of€the€WesternÐ `  ÐHeights€development€ð ðinstinctively€feel€threatenedðð€by€the€police.,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular Ñ ` ÑÑ X Ñ, øð AZ‹"Arial Regular d$$$$'ÿÿdxd(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(v(2¾$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€X‘ÊXXXÔÔ€ô®ÇôXX‘ÊÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýññ›ññÑ` °ÑÑܰÑÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€X¬7XXXÔÑTR[¤ AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÔ‡ X¬7XXX¬7ÔÑ7€œõXXdðXXdð7ÑÑ  Ñññßr€*<,(j 8 `€€@Ehf  tt0" ` ¨Ørß›ññà@Q Q Úàòòò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÑ€шÐ `  Ðà@üü*ÚàAT€KNOXVILLEˆÌÌà@‘‘'ÚàMARCH€1999€SESSIONˆÌÌÌóóSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à ” àà ì àòòà D àóó*à œ àó óNo.€03C01„9804„CR„00127ò òòòÐ   ÐÌà Œ àóóAppelleeà < àà ” àà ì àà D à*à œ àó óKNOX€COUNTYò òòòÐ à€ ÐÌóóV.à Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D à*à œ àó óHon.€Richard€Baumgartner,€Judgeò òòòÐ À`  ÐÌœòŒòóóJERMAINññEññ›€HURSTòòà < àà ” àœóóññà ì àññ›à D à*à œ àóŒóó ó(Possession€of€Cocaine€with€Intent€ò òòòÐ  @  Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àóóó óto€SellÔ#†X¬7XX X¬7Ñ#ÔÔ‡ X¬7XXX¬7Ô,€Possession€of€Marijuana)Ô#†X¬7XX X¬76#ÔÔ‡ X¬7XXX¬7Ôò òòòÐ 0  Ðóóà Œ àAppellant.à < àà ” àà ì àà D à*Ð €  ÐòòÌòŽòÌó óFor€Appellantà < àóŽóà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àòŽòFor€AppelleeóŽóÐ Pð ÐÌóóJ.€Liddell€Kirkà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àJohn€Knox€WalkupÐ 0Ð Ð706€Walnut€Street,€Suite€902à ì àà D àà œ àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÐ  À ÐKnoxville,€TN€37902à ” àà ì àà D àà œ à425€Fifth€Avenue€NorthÐ ° Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493ÌÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àEllen€H.€PollackÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àAssistant€Attorney€General€Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ à425€Fifth€Avenue€NorthÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493ÌÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àPaula€GentryÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àOffice€of€the€District€Attorney€à T$ àÐ p& Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àGeneralÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àCity„County€BuildingÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àKnoxville,€TN€37902ÌÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àLeon€FranksÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àOffice€of€the€District€Attorney€à T$ àÐ - #& Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àGeneralÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àCity„County€BuildingÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àKnoxville,€TN€37902Ô#†X¬7XX X¬7’#ÔÔ‡ X¬7XXX¬7ÔÐ Ð/p&) Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:ÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌNORMA€MCGEE€OGLE,€JUDGEò òòòÐ  09Ð/3S ÐÑÑÑ` ` ÑÑXÜÑÑ  ÑÑÜXÑÓÓÓ  ÓòŒòòŽòOPINIONóŒóóŽóÔ#†X¬7XX X¬7s#ÔÐ `  Ðó óóóÓ  Óà Œ àà ä àThe€appellant,€Jermain€Hurst,€appeals€his€conviction€in€the€KnoxÐ @ à ÐCounty€Criminal€Court€of€possession€of€more€than€.5€grams€of€cocaine€with€theÏintent€to€sell,€a€class€B€felony,€and€possession€of€marijuana,€a€class€AÏmisdemeanor.€€The€trial€court€imposed,€respectively,€concurrent€sentences€of€tenÏyears€incarceration€in€the€Tennessee€Department€of€Correction€and€eleven€monthsÏand€twenty„nine€days€incarceration€in€the€Knox€County€Jail.€€On€appeal,€theÏappellant€presents€only€one€issue€for€our€consideration:€Whether€the€trial€courtÏerroneously€denied€his€motion€to€suppress€the€Stateððs€use€at€trial€of€money,Ïcocaine,€and€marijuana€seized€by€the€police.€€Following€a€thorough€review€of€theÏrecord€and€the€partiesðð€briefs,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà@'Úàò òòòFactual€Backgroundó óóóˆÐ à€ Ðà Œ àà ä àPreliminarily,€our€supreme€court€has€held€that€appellate€courts€mayÏconsider€proof€adduced€both€at€the€suppression€hearing€and€at€trial€in€evaluating€theÏcorrectness€of€a€trial€courtððs€ruling€on€a€pre„trial€motion€to€suppress.€€òòState€v.Ð €%  ÐHenningóó,€975€S.W.2d€290,€299€(Tenn.€1998).€€Accordingly,€in€summarizing€theÐ `'  Ðrelevant€facts,€we€draw€upon€the€transcripts€of€both€proceedings.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€record€reflects€that,€on€the€evening€of€April€7,€1996,€Officer€GaryÏMoyers€of€the€Knoxville€Police€Department€was€employed€by€the€KnoxvilleÏCommunity€Development€Corporation€(ð ðK.C.D.C.ðð),€a€private€landlord,€to€patrol€aÏhousing€development€named€Western€Heights.€€He€was€accompanied€by€ScottÏSheppard,€another€officer€of€the€Knoxville€Police€Department.€€The€officers€wereÏresponsible€for€maintaining€peace€and€order€within€the€development€and€ensuringÏthat€individuals€on€the€property€were€either€residents€of€the€development€or€visitingÐ @8à.2 Ðresidents.€€While€working€for€K.C.D.C.,€both€officers€wore€their€Knoxville€PoliceÏDepartment€uniforms€and€drove€a€Knoxville€Police€Department€patrol€car.€€OfficerÏMoyers€explained€that€he€was€acting€as€an€officer€of€the€Knoxville€PoliceÏDepartment€in€addition€to€providing€security€for€K.C.D.C.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àOn€the€evening€in€question,€the€officers€were€patrolling€the€area€in€theÏdevelopment€surrounding€the€ð ðBoys€Club/Girls€Club.ðð€€Prior€to€this€evening,€they€hadÏreceived€complaints€concerning€drug€activity€in€that€area.€€Additionally,€they€hadÏreceived€complaints€concerning€trespassers€loitering€on€residentsðð€porches.€€AtÏapproximately€8:00€p.m.,€they€observed€six€men,€including€the€appellant,€gatheredÏon€the€porch€of€one€of€the€apartments.€€Officer€Moyers€testified€that€the€appellantÏcaptured€his€attention,€because,€when€the€appellant€saw€the€patrol€car,ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àhe€œmove[d›]€quickly€to€the€inner€rim€up€on€the€porch€andÏ[sat]€down€in€a€chair,€and€he€œduck[ed›]€down€and€œlook[ed›]Ïbetween€the€railing€„€„€the€porches€have€two€rails€„€„€twoÏmetal€rails€„€„€as€a€border€on€the€porch,€and€he€[looked]Ïbetween€the€two€rails€at€me€as€I€[looked]€up€at€the€groupÏand€just€[watched]€us€real€intensely€as€we€[drove]€by.€ÏEveryone€else€just€didnððt€pay€any€attention€to€us.€€TheyÏjust€stood€there€and€talked€and€carried€on€in€a€normalÏmanner.׃×Ý ƒ]#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð`' ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÓ™ÓWhen€the€officers€again€drove€past€the€apartment,€the€appellant€was€still€seated€inÏthe€chair€and€was€still€observing€the€officers€ð ðreal€intense.ðð€€Officer€Moyers€recalled,Ïð ðWhen€he€sees€us,€he€ducks€down€and€looks€between€the€rails,€and€he€is€lookingÏbetween€the€people€as€we€drive€by€.€.€.€.ðð€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àAt€this€point,€the€officers€decided€to€question€the€appellant€in€order€toÏensure€that€he€was€either€a€resident€of€the€development€or€a€visitor.€€Accordingly,Ð €4 +. Ðthey€drove€back€toward€the€apartment€building€and€parked€the€patrol€car€on€a€streetÏclose€to€the€rear€of€the€building.€€As€they€walked€toward€the€rear€of€the€apartmentÏbuilding,€they€observed€the€appellant.€€He€had€left€the€porch€and€was€looking€in€theÏdirection€in€which€the€officers€had€last€departed€in€their€patrol€car.€€When€theÏappellant€noticed€the€officers€approaching€on€foot,€he€immediately€fled.€€OfficerÏMoyers€and€Officer€Sheppard€pursued€the€appellant,€yelling,€ð ðStop!€Police!ðð€€OfficerÏMoyers€testified€that€he€did€not€intend€to€arrest€the€appellant€at€that€time,€but€wasÏð ðattempting€to€catch€him€to€inquire€what€his€actions€were€and€the€reason€for€beingÏon€K.C.D.C.€property.ððÌÌà Œ àà ä àWhen€the€appellant€fled,€Officer€Moyers€called€for€assistance.€€OfficerÏJim€Quick€of€the€Knoxville€Police€Department€responded€to€Officer€Moyersðð€call€and,Ïwhen€the€appellant€ran€in€front€of€his€patrol€car,€joined€the€chase€on€foot.€€OfficerÏQuick€œññnowññññthenññ›€led€the€other€officers€in€pursuit€of€the€appellant,€following€the€appellantÏthrough€an€apartment€and€up€a€nearby€hill.€€Like€Officers€Moyers€and€Sheppard,€heÏwas€dressed€in€a€Knoxville€Police€Department€uniform€and€was€yelling€at€theÏappellant€to€stop.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àAs€they€ascended€the€hill,€Officer€Quick€began€to€overtake€theÏappellant.€€As€he€drew€closer€to€the€appellant,€Officer€Quick€observed€œhim›€stop,Ïremove€a€plastic€bag€from€his€pocket,€and€throw€the€bag€onto€the€roof€of€a€nearbyÏporch.׃ ×Ý ƒ]#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Officer€Quick€testified€that€the€appellant€ð ðjust€tossed€[the€bag]€up€there,€andÐ À0`'* Ðthen€turned€around.€.€.€.€[œA]s›€soon€as€he€threw€the€baggy,€he€pretty€much€just€gaveÏup.ððÐ €4 +. Їà Œ àà ä àImmediately€thereafter,€Officer€Quick€reached€the€appellant,€orderedÏhim€to€lie€prone€on€the€ground,€and€placed€him€in€handcuffs.€€He€was€soon€joined€byÏOfficers€Moyers€and€Sheppard,€who€immediately€retrieved€the€plastic€bag€from€theÏporch€roof.€€The€officers€discovered€that€it€contained€thirty€ð ðquail€sizeðð€or€ð ðquarter„¼gram„sizeðð€bags€of€a€white€powdery€substance€and€one€hundred€and€twenty„threeÏdollars€($123),€primarily€in€twenty€dollar€($20)€bill€denominations.€€Officer€MoyersÏtestified€that,€in€his€experience,€cocaine€was€packaged€in€this€manner€for€retail€andÏwas€sold€for€twenty€dollars€($20)€per€ð ðquail€sizeðð€bag.€€The€police€later€determinedÏthat€the€bag,€in€fact,€contained€a€total€amount€of€4.3€grams€of€cocaine.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àAfter€retrieving€the€bag,€the€officers€ascertained€the€appellantððs€nameÏand€ran€a€records€check€which€revealed€an€outstanding€warrant€for€the€appellantððsÏarrest.€€Officer€Moyers€testified€that€they€arrested€the€appellant€ð ðdue€to€the€fact€thatÏthere€was€outstanding€warrants€on€him.ðð€€The€officers€then€searched€the€appellant,Ïdiscovering€another€bag€in€the€appellantððs€pocket€containing€what€appeared€to€beÏmarijuana.€€The€police€later€confirmed€that€the€bag€contained€4.6€grams€ofÏmarijuana.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àFollowing€a€suppression€hearing€and€in€response€to€the€appellantððsÏmotion€for€new€trial,€the€trial€court€found€that€Officers€Moyers€and€Sheppard€hadÏpossessed€a€reasonable,€articulable€suspicion€of€criminal€activity€when€they€firstÏapproached€the€appellant.€€The€trial€court€concluded€without€further€explanation€thatÏthe€officersðð€ensuing€conduct€was€ð ðappropriate€law€enforcement€conduct.ððÌÌà@==,Úàò òòòAnalysisó óóóˆÐ `6-0 Ðà Œ àà ä àThe€appellant€argues€that€the€trial€court€should€have€suppressed€theÐ @8à.2 Ðmoney,€cocaine€and€marijuana,€because€the€police€obtained€the€money€and€drugsÏas€a€result€of€the€officersðð€illegal€seizure€of€the€appellant.€€In€response,€the€StateÏrelies€upon€the€decision€of€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€in€òòCalifornia€v.€HodariÐ  À ÐD.óó,€499€U.S.€621,€111€S.Ct.€1547€(1991).€€The€Stateððs€position€is€well€taken.Ð   ÐÌà Œ àà ä àThe€Fourth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€provides€thatÏð ð[œt]he›€right€of€the€people€to€be€secure€.€.€.€against€unreasonable€searches€andÏseizures€,€shall€not€be€violated€.€.€.€.ðð׃ ×Ý ƒ]#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€However,€the€fact€that€an€accused€has€beenÐ €  Ðunlawfully€seized€only€becomes€relevant€when€the€State€seeks€to€introduceÏevidence€tainted€by€the€seizure.€€òòCaldwell€v.€Stateóó,€917€S.W.2d€662,€666€(Tenn.Ð @à Ð1996)(citation€omitted€in€original).€€In€those€circumstances,€the€exclusionary€ruleÏbars€the€admissibility€of€the€tainted€evidence.€€òòSegura€v.€United€Statesóó,€468€U.S.Ð   Ð796,€804„805,€104€S.Ct.€3380,€3385€(1984).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Pattonóó,€898€S.W.2dÐ à€ Ð732,€734€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994);€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€No.€02C01„9501„CR„00029,Ð À!` Ð1996€WL€580997,€at€*13€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€October€10,€1996).€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThus,€the€legality€of€the€appellantððs€seizure€in€this€case,€i.e.,€whetherÏthe€police€possessed€a€reasonable,€articulable€suspicion€of€criminal€activity€orÏprobable€cause€to€believe€that€a€crime€had€occurred,€is€òòonlyóó€relevant€if€the€disputedÐ  +À!$ Ðevidence€flowed€from€the€seizure.€€In€order€to€determine€the€nexus€between€theÏdisputed€evidence€and€the€appellantððs€seizure,€we€must€first€determine€at€what€pointÏthe€encounter€between€the€appellant€and€the€police€officers€ripened€into€a€seizureÐ À0`'* Ðwithin€the€meaning€of€the€Fourth€Amendment.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àInitially,€police€questioning€by€itself€is€unlikely€to€implicate€FourthÏAmendment€concerns.€€òòState€v.€Darnellóó,€905€S.W.2d€953,€957€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð   Ð1995).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Crutcheróó,€989€S.W.2d€295,€300€(Tenn.€1999).€€€€In€otherÐ à€ Ðwords,€a€police€officer€does€not€effectuate€a€Fourth€Amendment€seizure€byÏapproaching€a€citizen€and€casually€asking€questions.€€However,€the€line€between€aÏcasual,€investigatory€stop€and€a€Fourth€Amendment€seizure€is€crossed€wheneverÏð ðthe€officer,€by€means€of€physical€force€or€show€of€authority,€has€in€some€wayÏrestrained€the€liberty€of€a€citizen€.€.€.€.ðð€€òòTerry€v.€Ohioóó,€392€U.S.€1,€19€n.16,€88€S.Ct.Ð @à Ð1868,€1879€n.16€(1968).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòDowneyóó,€945€S.W.2d€at€106.Ð  À ÐÌà Œ àà ä àIt€is€undisputed€in€this€case€that,€upon€the€appellantððs€flight,€OfficersÏMoyers€and€Sheppard€attempted€to€effectuate€a€seizure€by€a€ð ðshow€of€authority.ðð€ÏWhether€the€officers€thereby€restrained€the€appellantððs€liberty€and€executed€a€FourthÏAmendment€seizure€is€determined,€in€part,€by€asking€whether,€ð ðððin€view€of€all€of€theÏcircumstances€surrounding€the€incident,€a€reasonable€person€would€have€believedÏthat€he€was€not€free€to€leave.ðððð€òòMichigan€v.€Chesternutóó,€486€U.S.€567,€573,€108€S.Ct.Ð @)à" Ð1975,€1979€(1988)(citing€òòUnited€States€v.€Mendenhallóó,€446€U.S.€544,€554,€100€S.Ct.Ð  +À!$ Ð1870,€1877€(1980)(opinion€of€Stewart,€J.)).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Wilhoitóó,€962€S.W.2dÐ - #& Ð482,€486€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).€€œClearly,›€a€reasonable€person€would€not€haveÏbelieved€he€was€free€to€ignore€the€officersðð€order€to€stop€running.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThat€having€been€said,€the€Supreme€Court€in€òòHodari€D.óó,€499€U.S.€atÐ €4 +. Ð628,€111€S.Ct.€at€1551,€clarified€that€the€ð ðòòMendenhallóó€testðð€enunciated€above€is€ð ðaÐ `6-0 Ðnecessary,€but€not€a€sufficient,€condition€for€a€seizure.ðð€€Accordingly,€the€Court€heldÐ @8à.2 Ðthat,€when€a€police€officer€attempts€to€œeffectuate€by€a€show€of€authority›€either€aÏð ðòòTerryóó€œstopñ ññ ñ,ñ ñððñ ññ ñðð€or€an€arrest,ñ ñ›€a€seizure€does€not€occur€if€the€subject€does€not€yield.€€òòId.óóÐ @ à Ðat€œññ626„ññ627,›€œññ1550„ññ1551.›€€The€Court€explained€that€the€word€seizure€contained€in€theÏFourth€Amendment€ð ðdoes€not€remotely€apply€.€.€.€to€the€prospect€of€a€policemanÏyelling€ððStop,€in€the€name€of€the€law!ðð€at€a€fleeing€form€that€continues€to€flee.ðð€€òòId.óó€atÐ à€ Ð626,€1550.€€This€court€adopted€the€logic€of€òòHodari€D.óó€in€òòState€v.€Holbrooksóó,€983Ð À`  ÐS.W.2d€697,€700€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1998).€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àAccordingly,€the€police€did€not€seize€the€appellant€within€the€meaningÏof€the€Fourth€Amendment€until€he€submitted€to€the€officersðð€show€of€authority.€ÏMoreover,€pursuant€to€òòHodari€D.óó,€any€evidence€abandoned€by€the€appellant€beforeÐ  À Ðhis€surrender€was€not€subject€to€the€exclusionary€rule,€even€if€the€òòattemptedóó€seizureÐ   Ðwas€unsupported€by€a€reasonable€suspicion€of€criminal€activity€or€probable€cause€toÏbelieve€that€a€crime€had€occurred.€€499€U.S.€at€629,€111€S.Ct.€at€1552.€€Thus,€weÏmust€determine€when€the€appellant€submitted€to€the€officersðð€show€of€authority.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€appellant€argues€in€his€brief€that€he€submitted€to€the€police€whenÏhe€stopped€running.€€Moreover,€he€contends€that€he€stopped€running€beforeÏdiscarding€the€plastic€bag€containing€money€and€cocaine.€€We€note€that,€followingÏthe€suppression€hearing,€the€trial€court€found€that€the€appellant€stopped€runningÏòòafteróó€discarding€the€disputed€evidence.€€œññHowever,€ññññTññññtññhe›€testimony€at€the€suppressionÐ à.€%( Ðhearing€and€at€trial€was€somewhat€contradictory€with€respect€to€this€factual€issue.€ÏòòSee€supraóó€p.€4€and€note€2.€€Nevertheless,€this€court€must€uphold€a€trial€courtððsÐ  2@), Ðfindings€of€fact€following€a€suppression€hearing€unless€the€evidence€preponderatesÏotherwise.€€òòCrutcheróó,€989€S.W.2d€at€299.€€In€any€case,€we€do€not€agree€with€theÐ `6-0 Ðappellant€that€his€act€of€stopping€was€necessarily€simultaneous€with€his€submissionÐ @8à.2 Ðto€the€officersðð€show€of€authority.€€Inasmuch€as€discarding€the€plastic€bag€was€itselfÏan€act€of€defiance,€it€would€be€illogical€to€conclude€that€the€appellant€submitted€toÏthe€officers€prior€to€that€time.€€Therefore,€we€conclude€that€the€appellant€was€seizedÏwithin€the€meaning€of€the€Fourth€Amendment€after€throwing€the€money€and€theÏcocaine€onto€the€porch€roof.€€Because€the€money€and€cocaine€were€not€subject€toÏthe€exclusionary€rule,€they€were€admissible€at€the€appellantððs€trial€for€possession€ofÏcocaine€with€intent€to€sell.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àWe€also€conclude€that€the€marijuana€was€not€subject€to€theÏexclusionary€rule.€€Unquestionably,€when€the€appellant€complied€with€Officer€QuickððsÏorder€to€lie€prone€on€the€ground€and€when€the€officer€handcuffed€the€appellant,€heÏwas€seized€within€the€meaning€of€the€Fourth€Amendment.€€However,€regardless€ofÏthe€legality€of€this€initial€seizure,€the€plastic€bag€containing€cocaine€and€moneyÏprovided€independent€probable€cause€to€support€the€appellantððs€subsequent,€legalÏarrest€and€search€incident€to€an€arrest.€€òòTayloróó,€No.€02C01„9501„CR„00029,€1996Ð  #@ ÐWL€580997,€at€*13€(ð ðeven€if€the€initial€contact€was€an€unlawful€seizure,€evidenceÏdiscovered€through€a€subsequent€legal€arrest€based€on€independent€probable€causeÏis€admissibleðð).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòNew€York€v.€Harrisóó,€495€U.S.€14,€17,€110€S.Ct.€1640,€1642Ð @)à" Ð(1990)(the€Court€observed€that€it€ð ðððhad€declined€to€adopt€a€ð ðper€se€or€ððbut€forðð€ruleððÏthat€would€make€inadmissible€any€evidence€.€.€.€which€somehow€came€to€lightÏthrough€a€chain€of€causation€that€began€with€an€illegal€arrestðððð).€€The€trial€courtÏproperly€denied€the€appellantððs€motion€to€suppress€the€marijuana.ÌÌà@¹¹+Úàò òòòConclusionó óóóˆÐ €4 +. Ðà Œ àà ä àFor€the€foregoing€reasons,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÐ @8à.2 ЇÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àòòà ô à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð @ à Ðóóà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àà ô àNorma€McGee€Ogle,€JudgeÐ 0 Ð ÐÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÐ   ÐGary€R.€Wade,€JudgeÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÐ °P  ÐCornelia€A.€Clark,€Special€Judge