ÿWPCn 8#  UN+ %y 0(w@§4çû  0ˆ 0DšÞ mà 0J÷ 0TA 0^• 0hó 0r[ 0|Í 0†I 0Ï 1u_ BÔ 0@ñ D31 0dd AQÈ Æ 0Dß 0D# D/g B– U>³ U*ñ B) DCD AM‡ 0Ô v~vÓ›˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLHÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ @;eADBCDDEÕJKLÓ€Xäzz!3|xX(8(2¨$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒ4°ÒÒX°Òà Œ àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a) d("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò'ÿÿdxdP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ*+ ,-Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó..'÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d11117Border 1dd* 2Cþÿ << Gÿÿ &Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€/ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ+"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€0ÔÔ€0ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€0XÔÌÌò òJuly€8,€1997ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€0ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€/ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ X Òà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€0ÔÔ€0ôÔThe€three„year€statute€of€limitations€was€passed€in€1986.€€ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€/ÔÝ  Ý›Ñ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÒ 4 ÒÒ ° ÒÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÑ7€ü°XdðdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÔ€0ÔÑ\R AØ'\Ñœ›Þ ÞÌà@ àòòIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEóóÌÌà@ àòòAT€JACKSONóóÌÌà@ àMAY€1997€SESSIONÌÌÌÌROBERT€D.€JEFFERSON,à à*à àC.C.A.€#€¢02C01£„9608„CR„00257€ÌÌà àà àAppellant,à àà à*à àSHELBY€COUNTYÌÌ¢VS£.à àà àà àà àà à*à àHon.€John€P.€¢Colton£,€Jr.,€Judge€ÌœÙ€*ÙßR€342A1-j|]-` Å `€€@ÿRß›ÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà à*à à(Post„Conviction)ÌÌà àà àAppellee.à àà à*ÌÌÌÌòòFor€Appellant:óóà àà àà àà àòòFor€Appellee:óóÌÌRobert€D.€Jefferson€à àà àà àCharles€W.€¢Burson£ÌPro€Seà àà àà àà àà àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÌNo.€13936„076€ÌFederal€Correctional€Instituteà àà àWilliam€David€¢Bridgers£ÌP.O.€Box€34550à àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌMemphis,€TN€€38134„0550à àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493à àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àLee€V.€Coffee€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àAsst.€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àCriminal€Justice€CenterÌà àà àà àà àà àà à201€Poplar€Avenue,€Suite€301Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àMemphis,€TN€€38103ÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:_____________________ÌÌÌÌAFFIRMED€ÌÌÌÌPER€¢CURIAM£ÇÓÓò òòòÓ  ÓOPINIONóóó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àà àThe€petitioner,€Robert€D.€Jefferson,€appeals€the€trial€court's€denial€ofÏhis€petition€for€post„conviction€relief.€€The€issue€presented€for€review€is€whether€theÏtrial€court€correctly€dismissed€the€petition€without€an€evidentiary€hearing€on€theÏbasis€that€it€was€barred€by€the€statute€of€limitations.€€We€affirm€the€judgment€of€theÏtrial€court.ÌÌà àà àThis€post„conviction€petition,€filed€March€5,€1996,€challenges€theÏvalidity€of€seven€separate€convictions€occurring€between€1985€and€1990.€€TheÏpetitioner€contends€these€sentences€are€being€used€to€enhance€an€otherwiseÏunrelated€sentence€imposed€by€federal€court.€€He€alleges€that€his€guilty€pleas€wereÏnot€knowingly€and€voluntarily€made.€€The€trial€court€summarily€dismissed€theÏpetition€as€being€time„barred.€ÌÌà àà àIn€this€appeal€of€right,€the€petitioner€makes€several€arguments€as€toÏwhy€his€petition€should€not€be€barred€by€the€statute€of€limitations.€€First,€he€arguesÏthe€statute€of€limitations€does€not€apply€because€he€is€in€custody€of€the€federalÏrather€than€state€government.€€Our€court,€however,€has€previously€held€there€is€noÏdistinction€under€the€post„conviction€act€between€a€prisoner€in€federal€custody€andÍone€in€state€custody.€€òò¢Passarella£€v.€Stateóó,€891€¢S.W.2d£€619,€622„23€(Tenn.€¢Crim£.ÏApp.€1994).€€Also,€this€court€has€upheld€application€of€the€statute€of€limitationsÏagainst€a€federal€prisoner.€€¢£¢£òòSeeóó€òòWilliam€Lynn€Johnson€v.€Stateóó,€No.€¢02C01£„9605„CR„00136,€slip€op.€at€8€(Tenn.€¢Crim£.€App.,€at€Jackson,€June€10,€1997).€€We€areÏbound€by€those€rulings.€€ÌÌà àà àThe€petitioner€also€contends€that€the€application€of€the€statute€ofÏlimitations€violates€the€ex€post€facto€provisions€of€both€the€state€and€federalÏconstitutions.€€This€court,€however,€has€previously€rejected€this€same€argument.€ÏòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Richard€S.€Butleróó,€No.€1338,€slip€op.€at€3€(Tenn.€¢Crim£.€App.,€atÏKnoxville,€May€19,€1992).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòWilliam€Lynn€Johnsonóó,€slip€op.€at€5.€€€€€€€€ÌÌà àà àNext,€the€petitioner€argues€that€the€new€Post„Conviction€ProcedureÏAct€creates€a€one„year€window€in€which€any€petitioner€may€file€regardless€of€theÏtime€of€the€conviction.€€Effective€May€10,€1995,€the€new€Post„Conviction€ProcedureÏAct€replaced€the€prior€act€in€its€entirety.€€òòSeeóó€1995€Tenn.€Pub.€Act€207,€ðððð€1€and€3.€ÏBecause€this€petition€was€filed€in€March€of€1996,€the€new€act€applies.€€The€mostÏrecent€legislation€replaced€a€three„year€with€a€one„year€limitation:€€ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à(a)€...[A]€person€in€custody€under€a€sentence€of€a€court€ofÏthis€state€must€petition€for€post„conviction€relief€underÍthis€part€within€one€(1)€year€of€the€date€of€the€final€actionÏof€the€highest€state€appellate€court€to€which€an€appeal€isÏtaken€or,€if€no€appeal€is€taken,€within€one€(1)€year€of€theÏdate€on€which€the€judgment€became€final,€orÏconsideration€of€such€petition€shall€be€barred.€€TheÏstatute€of€limitations€shall€not€be€tolled€for€any€reason....ÌÌà8 àà8 à(b)€No€court€shall€have€jurisdiction€to€consider€a€petitionÏfiled€after€such€time€unless:ÌÌà8 àà8 àà à(1)€The€claim€in€the€petition€is€based€upon€a€finalÏruling€of€an€appellate€court€establishing€a€constitutionalÏright€that€was€not€recognized€as€existing€at€the€time€ofÏtrial,€if€retrospective€application€of€that€right€is€required.€ÏSuch€petition€must€be€filed€within€one€(1)€year€of€theÏruling€of€the€highest€state€appellate€court€or€the€UnitedÏStates€[¢S]upreme£€[¢C]ourt£€establishing€a€constitutionalÏright€that€was€not€recognized€as€existing€at€the€time€ofÏtrial;ÌÌà8 àà8 àà à(2)€The€claim€in€the€petition€is€based€upon€newÏscientific€evidence€establishing€that€such€petitioner€isÏactually€innocent€of€the€offense€or€offenses€for€which€theÏpetitioner€was€convicted;€or€ÌÌÌà8 àà8 àà à(3)€The€claim€asserted€in€the€petition€seeks€reliefÏfrom€a€sentence€that€was€enhanced€because€of€aÏprevious€conviction€and€such€conviction€in€the€case€inÏwhich€the€claim€is€asserted€was€not€a€guilty€plea€with€anÏagreed€sentence,€and€the€previous€conviction€hasÏsubsequently€been€held€to€be€invalid,€in€which€case€theÏpetition€must€be€filed€within€one€(1)€year€of€the€finality€ofÏthe€ruling€holding€the€previous€conviction€to€be€invalid.ÌÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„30„202€(Supp.€1996).ÌÌÌÌÓÓà àà àBecause€the€convictions€in€this€case€became€final€in€years€rangingÏfrom€1985€to€1990,€this€petition€appears€to€have€been€barred€not€only€by€theÏcurrent€one„year€statute€of€limitations€but€also€the€former€three„year€statute.€ÏMoreover,€the€grounds€raised€in€the€petition€and€on€appeal€do€not€appear€to€fallÏwithin€any€of€the€exceptions€set€out€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„30„202(b)(1),€(2),€orÏ(3)€(Supp.€1996).€ÌÌà àà àIn€òòArnold€Carter€v.€Stateóó,€No.€¢03C01£„9509„CC„00270€(Tenn.€¢Crim£.ÏApp.,€at€Knoxville,€July€11,€1996),€òòappeal€grantedóó,€(Tenn.,€Dec.€2,€1996),€a€panel€ofÏthis€court,€by€a€two„to„one€margin,€ruled€that€the€literal€terms€of€the€new€statuteÏcreated€a€one„year€window,€starting€on€May€10,€1995,€during€which€post„convictionÏpetitions€may€be€filed,€notwithstanding€the€date€of€the€judgment:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àThis€act€shall€take€effect€upon€becoming€a€law,€theÏpublic€welfare€requiring€it€and€shall€govern€all€petitionsÏfor€post„conviction€relief€filed€after€this€date,€and€anyÏmotions€which€may€be€filed€after€this€date€to€reopenÏpetitions€for€post„conviction€relief€which€were€concludedÏprior€to€the€effective€date€of€this€act.€€òòNotwithstandingÏany€other€provision€of€this€act€to€the€contrary,€any€personÏhaving€a€ground€for€relief€recognized€under€this€act€shallÏhave€at€least€one€(1)€year€from€the€effective€date€of€thisÏact€to€file€a€petition€or€a€motion€to€reopen€under€this€act.ÌóóÌ1995€Tenn.€Pub.€Act€207,€ðð€3€(emphasis€added).ÌÌÓÓÌà àà àÌà àà àThis€majority€found€no€ambiguities€in€the€terminology€of€the€statuteÏdespite€the€reasonable€argument€by€the€dissent€to€the€contrary.€€In€òòCarteróó,€ourÏsupreme€court€granted€the€state's€application€for€permission€to€appeal.€€While€noÏdecision€has€yet€been€filed,€other€panels€of€this€court€have€adopted€the€dissentingÏview€in€òòCarteróó€and€have€held€that€the€new€act€did€not€create€a€new€one„year€filingÏperiod.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòRonald€Albert€¢Brummitt£€v.€Stateóó,€No.€¢03C01£„9512„CC„00415Ï(Tenn.€¢Crim£.€App.,€at€Knoxville,€Mar.€11,€1997);€òòJimmy€Earl€¢Lofton£€v.€Stateóó,€No.Ï¢02C01£„9603„CR„00073€(Tenn.€¢Crim£.€App.,€at€Jackson,€Mar.€7,€1997);€òòRoy€Barnett€v.ÏStateóó,€No.€¢03C01£„9512„CV„00394€(Tenn.€¢Crim£.€App.,€at€Knoxville,€Feb.€20,€1997);ÏòòStephen€¢Koprowski£€v.€Stateóó,€No.€¢03C01£„9511„CC„00365€(Tenn.€¢Crim£.€App.,€atÏKnoxville,€Jan.€28,€1997);€òòJohnny€L.€Butler€v.€Stateóó,€No.€¢02C01£„9509„CR„00289Ï(Tenn.€¢Crim£.€App.,€at€Jackson,€Dec.€2,€1996).€€A€majority€of€this€panel€now€adheresÏto€the€holding€in€these€subsequent€cases.€€Thus,€treating€the€petition€as€one€forÏpost„conviction€relief,€this€claim€is€barred€by€the€statute€of€limitations€under€the€newÏAct.ÌÌà àà àThe€petitioner€next€argues€that€the€statute€of€limitations€does€not€applyÍto€guilty€proceedings€unless€an€action€is€filed€in€the€highest€state€appellate€court.€ÏOur€court€has€routinely€held€that€the€statute€of€limitations€on€guilty€pleasÏcommences€"when€the€judgment€of€conviction€[is]€entered."€€òòSharon€Ann€œConner€v.ÏStateóó,›€No.€¢03C01£„9509„CC„00279,€slip€op.€at€2€(Tenn.€¢Crim£.€App.,€at€Knoxville,ÏJune€3,€1996).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòWilliam€Lynn€Johnsonóó,€slip€op.€at€9.€€€€€€ÌÌà àà àThe€petitioner€also€argues€that€he€should€be€excused€from€complyingÏwith€the€statute€of€limitations€because€federal€prisons€do€not€supply€prisoners€withÏcopies€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€€Our€court€has€held€"ignorance€of€the€existence€of€theÏstatute€of€limitations€...€does€not€toll€the€running€of€the€statute€of€limitations."€€òòState€v.ÏPhillipsóó,€904€S.W.2d€123,€124€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€The€petitioner€also€assertsÏthat€the€federal€system's€failure€to€supply€copies€of€the€Code€amounts€to€stateÏaction€which€has€caused€him€not€to€present€his€claim€sooner.€€He€argues€he€isÏentitled€to€the€benefit€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€œ40„30„206(g)›€(2)€(Supp.€1996):ÌÒ ä ÒÒ X ÒÒ ä ÒÒ  ÒÓÓA€ground€for€relief€is€waived€if€the€petitioner€personallyÏor€through€an€attorney€failed€to€present€it€forÏdetermination€in€any€proceeding€before€a€court€ofÏcompetent€jurisdiction€in€which€the€ground€could€haveÏbeen€presented€unless:€€œthe›€failure€to€present€theÏground€was€the€result€of€state€action€in€violation€of€theÏfederal€or€state€constitution.ÌÌÒ 4 ÒÒ  ÒÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÓÓÌà àà àInitially,€we€note€that€the€above„quoted€portion€creates€a€limitedÏexception€to€the€waiver€doctrine€and€has€no€effect€on€the€application€of€the€statuteÏof€limitations.€€Moreover,€our€court€has€recently€rejected€this€very€argument.€ÏòòWilliam€Lynn€Johnsonóó,€slip€op.€at€6„7.€€ÌÌà àà àThe€petitioner€also€argues€he€is€entitled€to€relief€under€the€principlesÏannounced€in€òòState€v.€Frazieróó,€784€S.W.2d€927€(Tenn.€1990);€òòState€v.€¢Newsome£óó,Ï778€¢S.W.2d£€34€(Tenn.€1989);€and€òòState€v.€¢McClintock£óó,€732€¢S.W.2d£€268€(Tenn.Ï1987).€€òòFrazieróó€held€that€òòBoykinóó€was€not€to€be€applied€retrospectively€and€thatÏòòMackeyóó€violations€that€exceeded€the€mandates€of€òòBoykinóó€are€not€subject€to€reviewÏduring€a€post„conviction€proceeding.€€òòFrazieróó,€784€S.W.2d€at€928.€€òò¢Newsome£óó€heldÏthat€the€harmless€error€rule€applies€to€òòMackeyóó€violations.€€òò¢Newsome£óó,€778€¢S.W.2d£€atÏ38.€€Accordingly,€neither€òòFrazieróó€nor€òò¢Newsome£óó€created€a€new€constitutional€right€toÏbe€applied€retroactively.€€We€also€note€that€the€plain€language€of€the€òò¢McClintock£óóÏopinion€holds€that€it€only€applies€to€litigants€already€in€the€"pipeline."€€òò¢McClintock£óó,Ï732€¢S.W.2d£€at€274.€€None€of€these€cases€afford€the€petitioner€any€relief.€€ÌÌà àà àThe€appellant€also€argues€that€the€application€of€the€statute€ofÏlimitations€to€his€case€denies€him€due€process€of€law€and€that€the€post„convictionÏcourt€erred€when€it€did€not€find€an€exception€to€the€statute€of€limitations€in€his€case.€ÍIn€òòBurford€v.€Stateóó,€845€¢S.W.2d£€204€(Tenn.1992),€our€supreme€court€carved€out€aÏnarrow€exception€to€the€then€three„year€statute€of€limitations.€€Burford€had€beenÏsentenced€as€a€habitual€criminal€to€a€term€of€life€imprisonment€based€upon€fiveÏprior€robbery€convictions.€€òòId.óó€at€205.€€He€filed€a€timely€post„conviction€petition,Ïalleging€that€certain€of€his€five€prior€robbery€convictions€were€constitutionally€infirmÏbecause€he€had€not€been€advised€of€his€right€against€self„incrimination€beforeÏentering€his€plea;€€he€was€granted€post„conviction€relief€from€these€convictions.€€òòId.óó€ÏLater,€after€the€three„year€statute€of€limitations€had€expired,€Burford€filed€a€petitionÏto€set€aside€the€finding€of€habitual€criminality€on€the€basis€that€there€was€no€longerÏa€sufficient€number€of€prior€felony€convictions€to€qualify€him€for€the€enhancedÏpunishment.€€òòId.óó€at€206.€€Our€supreme€court€ruled€that€the€statute€of€limitations,Ïwhile€generally€compliant€with€constitutional€due€process,€violated€Burford'sÏspecific€due€process€rights:ÌÒ 4 ÒÒ  ÒÒ ä ÒÒ  ÒÓÓIf€consideration€of€the€petition€is€barred,€Burford€will€beÏforced€to€serve€a€persistent€offender€sentence€that€wasÏenhanced€by€previous€convictions€that€no€longer€stand.€ÏAs€a€result,€Burford€will€be€forced€to€serve€an€excessiveÏsentence€in€violation€of€his€rights€under€the€EighthÏAmendment€to€the€U.S.€Constitution,€and€Article€I,€ðð€16Ïof€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€which,€by€definition,€areÏfundamental€rights€entitled€to€heightened€protection.€€ÌÌÒ 4 ÒÒ  ÒÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÓÓòòId.óó€at€209.ÌÌà àà àIn€òòSands€v.€Stateóó,€903€¢S.W.2d£€297€(Tenn.1995),€our€supreme€courtÏfurther€defined€how€to€apply€the€òòBurfordóó€test.€€A€court€must:ÌÒ 4 ÒÒ  ÒÒ ä ÒÒ  ÒÓÓ(1)€determine€when€the€limitations€period€wouldÏnormally€have€begun€to€run;€€(2)€determine€whether€theÏgrounds€for€relief€actually€arose€after€the€limitationsÏperiod€would€normally€have€commenced;€€and€(3)€if€theÏgrounds€are€"later€arising,"€determine€if,€under€the€factsÏof€the€case,€a€strict€application€of€the€limitations€periodÏwould€effectively€deny€the€petitioner€a€reasonableÏopportunity€to€present€the€claim.€€In€making€this€finalÏdetermination,€courts€should€carefully€weigh€theÏpetitioner's€liberty€interest€in€"collaterally€attackingÏconstitutional€violations€occurring€during€the€convictionÏprocess,"€against€the€State's€interest€in€preventing€theÏlitigation€of€"stale€and€fraudulent€claims."€€ÌÌÒ 4 ÒÒ  ÒÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÓÓòòSandsóó,€903€¢S.W.2d£€at€301€(citations€omitted)€(quoting€òòBurfordóó,€845€¢S.W.2d£€at€207,Ï208).€€ÌÌà àà àBy€the€use€of€these€guidelines,€we€have€first€determined€that€theÏstatute€of€limitations€for€this€petitioner's€convictions€expired€in€the€years€betweenÏœ1989× ƒ5 ××  ×›€and€1993.€€The€petitioner's€argument€fails€at€the€second€step.€€He€argues€hisÏpleas€were€involuntary.€€The€right€to€the€voluntariness€of€a€guilty€plea€wasÏestablished€well€before€petitioner's€judgments€were€entered.€€òòSeeóó,€òòe.g.óó,€òò¢Boykin€v.ÏAlabamaóó,€395€U.S.€238€(1969).€€£Thus,€he€has€not€established€that€a€newÍconstitutional€right€arose€after€his€convictions€became€final€or€after€his€statute€ofÏlimitations€expired.€€To€the€extent€the€petitioner€argues€his€pleas€are€invalidÏbecause€he€was€not€advised€that€the€conviction€could€be€used€to€enhance€aÏsubsequent€punishment,€that€portion€of€the€advice€litany€is€not€constitutionallyÏrequired.€€Our€supreme€court€has€ruled€that€the€"¢advice€[that£€the€conviction€may€beÏused€to€enhance€a€future€sentence]€...€is€not€based€upon€any€¢constitutional£Ïprovision,€federal€or€state...€[and]€such€omissions€have€no€validity€on€the€...€post„conviction€proceeding."€€òòState€v.€Princeóó,€781€¢S.W.2d£€846,€853€(Tenn.€1989).ÌÇà àà àWe€therefore€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€€€€€ÌÔ€/Ôà àà àà àà àà àà àÔ€0ÔPER€¢CURIAM£€ÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà àJoe€B.€Jones,€Presiding€Judge€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àGary€R.€Wade,€JudgeÌà àà àà àà àà àà àJohn€H.€¢Peay£,€JudgeÌà ࢣà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à