ÿWPCÞ “zªÈù2\v­åp*FŸ©H-‚¿“lèY½ŠZ³ìµ¿Æðð£úÒìW€Ú$.[3= a1V O÷k{YNI~ïºÉx»9Ç«¤>HóÑöº~:/ã]s#×–r"@ÀcmàtHvÖ'7<>s•¾J¦ ˜¾õþG[¦¨LÖž¿œá¯°CX³Iý͉­_mËã €Dý“ZHE´²çæxÉRšÏʳ Î TÁ7+r¤‰šùp É‹Jr°2Møæü-mëµ(aZçŽò&#è¨.jˆ¡9’ÈM@àH“ûªù¿ãÔGË÷„­oz0÷QÒ¢\èÆ^2”w˜þ„~eÓŽ…©:…yŸ g‰&¹},9KKÕ?§fe’‚ëhØø0rï%…æ…v7$¶!Ь¦ ,Í5îT’Å PÀô ’ÿQõ.c 8jº!™.ƒð?~Úä7¶ÖÜÏ‘²‰|‹~<ÈCaÊe“ص3¯a!c$áÚuÃ݆2)-OÇ’®¨Q6NØ|Ë)=éÒŠu×Ý|÷R’hZµ›Ú{&3ÒÒëñ\(Üz4Ë5©kÒ¥L–öMj^N L}- £‡¥àLÚ\sÍ “ëdÑ"—Mº!Y`#!@UNa %¯ 0(µU:Ýb w 4# 7 F 72N 0Æ€ 0DF U :Š fÄ 1‡* 0D± Nõ 1u÷ ^ l x „z ùþ 5÷¦,U:ÒU: U:F m€5— BÌÌÌßééééééééééééééééééééééééééééééééééééééééééééééééééééééé AQÈÆ 0Dß 0D# 0Dgg D3«˜HP LaserJet 8000 DN PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡,Ù¹6 AZ‹"Arial Regular- ù-tpO'¸dTdŒ–3|xi)(v(2|•$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€XXXXÔÔ€ôõXXÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó,–ûyAZ‹"Arial Regular \Ñ\R AØ'ÿ Legal\Ñ(5hCEKQW]cioAutoList1IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII(3¯$§§Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý##37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)©\'  zÝ ƒ |•$ÝÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€XXXXÔÔ€ôõXXÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý€€€Ô_ÔThe€Fourteenth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€both€Article€I,€ðð€8Ð  Ðand€Article€XI,€ðð€8€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€provide€for€equal€protection€under€the€law. ïÝ ƒ |•$ÝÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€XXXXÔÔ€ôõXXÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€€€ð ðA€violation€of€this€section€or€a€conspiracy€to€violate€this€section€where€the€recipient€orÐ  Ðthe€intended€recipient€of€the€controlled€substance€is€under€eighteen€(18)€years€of€age€shall€beÏpunished€one€(1)€classification€higher€than€provided€in€[preceding€subsections€of€the€DrugÏControl€Act].ðð +Ý ƒ¯'ÝÝ  ÝÔ_Ô œÝ ƒ |•$ÝÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€XXXXÔÔ€ôõXXÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€€€These€proscriptions€are€stated€by€the€Eighth€Amendment€and€apply€to€the€statesÐ  Ðthrough€the€Fourteenth€Amendment€of€the€United€States€Constitution€and€are€also€found€inÏArticle€1€ðð€13€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.,–ûyAZ‹"Arial Regular,–ûyAZ‹"Arial Regular,–ûyAZ‹"Arial RegularÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ +Ý ƒ[¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€XXXXÔÔ€öXXÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€XXöÔÐ  ÐÌOctober€28,€1999ÌÌCecil€Ô_ÔCrowsonÔ_Ô,€Jr.ÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAxÔó ó d ÕÝ ƒ |•$ÝÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€XXXXÔÔ€ôõXXÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€€We€do€not€make€a€determination€of€the€defendantððs€mens€Ô_ÔreaÔ_Ô€in€the€instantÐ  Ðconvictions.€€Such€a€determination€is€not€within€the€scope€of€the€certified€question.€€Further,€thisÏcourt€is€without€any€factual€basis€to€make€such€determinations.€Z[\]_Cþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔѰÑÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ŠÍ‹XXÔÔ€ŠjÇ‹‹ŠÍÔÑ€ÑÑ8€õ'XXdìdÈ8ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ‡XX‹ŠjÇÔÑTR[° AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÓ  ÓÑ€†Ñò òßv€Y_@0,j:ûÿ`  `€€@ÿEï ` 8ttxP'ð  vßÔ_Ô€IN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÐ  ÐÌAT€NASHVILLE€ÌÌSEPTEMBER€1999€SESSIONÌÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓÓ D”§X°œXÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,€à ì à*à D àó óC.C.A.€#€01C01„9811„CC„00467ò òÐ TL  ÐÌà Œ àà ä àó óAppellant,Ô#†ŠjÇ‹XXó#ÔÔ‡XX‹ŠjÇÔò òà ” àà ì à*à D àó óMONTGOMERY€COUNTYò òÐ ,$  ÐÌó óVS.à Œ àò òà ä àà < àà ” àà ì à*à D àó óHonorable€John€H.€Ô_ÔGasawayÔ_Ô,€III,€Judgeò òÐ ü  ÐÌDERRICK€JENKINSÔ#†ŠjÇ‹XXQ#ÔÔ‡XX‹ŠjÇÔ,à ” àà ì à*à D àó ó(Sale€of€Controlled€Substance„„à ü! àÐ ÜÔ  Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àCocaine)à ô àà L àà ¤ àà ü! àò òÐ ÈÀ Ðà Œ àà ä àó óAppelleeÔ#†ŠjÇ‹XXª#ÔÔ‡XX‹ŠjÇÔ.à ” àò òà ì à*Ð ®¦ Ðó óÌò òÌÌó óòòFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:ò òà ” àà ì àà D àó óòòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:ò òÐ XP ÐÌó óFRANK€JASPER€RUNYON,€IIIà ì àà D àPAUL€G.€SUMMERSÐ *" Ð301€Main€Streetà < àà ” àà ì àà D àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÐ  ÐClarksville,€TN€37040€€Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àKIM€R.€HELPERÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D à425€Fifth€Avenue€NorthÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àNashville,€TN€37243ÌÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àJOHN€WESLEY€Ô_ÔCARNEYÔ_Ô,€JR.Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àHELEN€Ô_ÔOWSLEYÔ_Ô€YOUNGÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àAssistant€District€AttorneyÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D à204€Franklin€Street€,€Suite€200Ì€à Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àClarksville,€TN€37040„3420Ð ¾(¶!% Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€_______________ÌÌÌÌÓÓÓ XÓÓ XÓò òAFFIRMEDó óÐ l4d-2 Ðò òÌÓÓJOHN€EVERETT€WILLIAMS,Ìó óJudgeÓ› ÓÐ 927 ÐÓ Xf ÓÓ XÓÔ#†ŠjÇ‹XX#ÔÔ‡ Õ !‹ŠjÇÔò òÓ  ÓÐ Ô:Ì39 ÐцÑâ âÑTR[° AØ'ÿ Legal[° AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ LegalTÑâ âÑ  ÑOPINIONó óÔ#†ŠjÇ‹ ! Õ:#ÔÔ‡XX‹ŠjÇÔÐ  ÐÓ\ÓÓ X ÓÒÜ„ÒÒ„ÜÒÒŒ 4ÒÒ4Œ ÒÓÓÓÓÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÔ‡XXXXÔThe€defendant,€Derrick€Jenkins,€appeals€a€certified€question€of€law.€€HeÐ „ | Ðpled€guilty€to€two€sales€of€over€0.5€grams€of€Schedule€II€controlled€substance,Ïcocaine.€€The€Montgomery€County€Circuit€Court€sentenced€him€to€two€concurrentÏ15€year€sentences.€€The€defendant€asserts€that€the€Drug„Free€School€Zone€Act,Ïby€which€the€trial€court€raised€the€classification€for€the€offenses€from€Class€B€toÏClass€A€felony€offenses,€is€unconstitutional.€€We€disagree€and€AFFIRM€the€trialÏcourtððs€judgment.ÌÓÙÓÓÓÔ#†XXXX#ÔÔ‡XXXXÔÐ  ÐÓ÷Óà @ä àà @< àà @” àà @ì àà @D àò òBACKGROUNDó óÐ äÜ ÐÓLÓThe€defendant€was€indicted€by€the€Montgomery€County€Grand€Jury€for€tenÏcounts€involving€the€sale€or€delivery€of€over€0.5€grams€of€cocaine,€occurring€overÏfive€different€days€in€early€1997.€€The€defendant€was€indicted€for€one€count€ofÏdelivery€and€for€one€count€of€sale€on€each€of€the€five€days.€€Further,€theÏdefendant€was€indicted€for€one€count€of€delivery€and€for€one€count€of€sale€of€overÏ26€grams€of€cocaine€occurring€on€a€specific€date€in€July€1997.€€The€indictmentsÏalleged€that€all€the€offenses€occurred€within€1,000€feet€of€a€school€zone,€asÏdefined€by€the€School€Zone€Act.ÌÐ (!$ ÐThe€defendant€faces€higher€penalties€and€mandatory€minimum€sentencesÏof€incarceration€under€the€School€Zone€Act.€€His€motion€to€dismiss€the€twelveÏindictments€asserted€that€the€School€Zone€Act€is€unconstitutional.€€The€trial€courtÏdenied€the€motion,€and€the€defendant€subsequently€pled€guilty€to€two€countsÏconstituting€Class€A€felonies€under€the€statute.€€As€part€of€his€plea€agreement,Ïthe€defendant€reserved€appeal€on€a€certified€question€of€law:ÌÓ Œ §,D”§XÓÒÜ„ÒÒŒ 4¹ÒÓ XÓÓ:ÓWhether€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„432€is€unconstitutional€as€it:Ìà ¸ àÌÓ" D”§XŒ §,A"ÓÓ Œ §´D”§XÓà @ à(a)€à ¨ àis€vague,€Ô_ÔoverbroadÔ_Ô€and€does€not€put€a€person€of€Ð |6t/4 Ðà @ àà ô àà ¨ àreasonable€intelligence€on€notice€as€to€how€to€measure€the€¼à @ àà ô àà ¨ àdistance€between€the€offense€locale€and€the€school€¼à @ àà ô àà ¨ àproperty;€Ìà @ à(b)à ¨ àis€Ô_ÔviolativeÔ_Ô€of€due€process;Ð : 38 Ðà @ à(c)€à ¨ àis€Ô_ÔviolativeÔ_Ô€of€the€equal€protection€clause€of€the€Fourteenth€Ð  Ðà @ àà ô àà ¨ àAmendment€of€the€United€States€Constitution;Ìà @ à(d)à ¨ àis€Ô_ÔviolativeÔ_Ô€of€Article€I€Section€8€of€the€Tennessee€Ð ÔÌ Ðà @ àà ô àà ¨ àConstitution;Ìà @ à(e)€à ¨ àis€not€a€valid€exercise€of€the€police€power;Ð   ˜ Ðà @ à(f)€à ¨ àis€Ô_ÔviolativeÔ_Ô€of€Article€1€Section€13€of€the€Tennessee€Ð † ~ Ðà @ à€€€€€€Constitution.Ìà @ à(g)€à ¨ àis€Ô_ÔviolativeÔ_Ô€of€the€Eighth€Amendment€of€the€United€States€Ð R J Ðà @ àà ô àà ¨ àConstitution.€€ÌÓ XƒÓÓ" D”§XŒ §´"ÓÒ4ጠÒÒ„ÅÜÒÓÓÐ   ÐÐ êâ  Ѐ€€€à ä àò òà < àà ” àà ì àANALYSISó óÐ ¶®  ÐThe€pertinent€provisions€of€the€Drug„Free€School€Zone€Act€follow:ÌÒÜ„«ÒÒŒ 4™ÒÓ½ÓÓ XÓÓ Œ §,D”§XÓ(a)€It€is€the€intent€of€this€section€to€create€Drug„Free€School€Zones€¼à ¸ àfor€the€purpose€of€providing€all€students€in€this€state€an€à ¤ àà Ð àÐ @8 Ðà ¸ àenvironment€in€which€they€can€learn€without€the€distractions€andÏà ¸ àdangers€that€are€incident€to€the€occurrence€of€drug€activity€in€or€¼à ¸ àaround€school€facilities.€€The€enhanced€and€mandatory€à ¤ àà Ð àÐ òê Ðà ¸ àminimum€sentences€required€by€this€section€for€drug€offenses€¼à ¸ àoccurring€in€a€Drug„Free€School€Zone€are€necessary€to€serve€¼à ¸ àas€a€deterrent€to€such€unacceptable€conduct.€€ÌÓ XÐÓÓ XÓ(b)€A€violation€of€ðð€39„17„417,€or€a€conspiracy€to€violate€such€à Ð àÐ Š‚ Ðà ¸ àsection,€that€occurs€on€the€grounds€or€facilities€of€any€school€or€¼à ¸ àwithin€one€thousand€feet€(1,000')€of€the€real€property€that€à Ð àÐ VN Ðà ¸ àcomprises€a€public€or€private€elementary€school,€middle€school€¼à ¸ àor€secondary€school€shall€be€punished€one€(1)€classification€¼à ¸ àhigher€than€is€provided€in€ðð€39„17„417(b)„(I)€for€such€violation.ÌÓ X£"ÓÓ XÓ(c)€Notwithstanding€any€other€provision€of€law€or€the€sentence€à Ð àÐ î"æ Ðà ¸ àimposed€by€the€court€to€the€contrary,€a€defendant€sentenced€forÏà ¸ àa€violation€of€subsection€(b)€shall€be€required€to€serve€at€least€¼à ¸ àthe€minimum€sentence€for€such€defendantððs€appropriate€range€¼à ¸ àof€sentence.€€Any€sentence€reduction€credits€such€defendant€¼à ¸ àmay€be€eligible€for€or€earn€shall€not€operate€to€permit€or€allow€¼à ¸ àthe€release€of€such€defendant€prior€to€full€service€of€such€à Ð àÐ R(J!% Ðà ¸ àminimum€sentence.Ì(d)€Notwithstanding€the€sentence€imposed€by€the€court,€the€à ¤ àà Ð àÐ *#' Ðà ¸ àprovisions€of€title€40,€chapter€35,€part€5,€relative€to€release€à Ð àÐ +ü#( Ðà ¸ àeligibility€status€and€parole,€shall€not€apply€to€or€authorize€the€¼à ¸ àrelease€of€a€defendant€sentenced€for€a€violation€of€subsection€¼à ¸ à(b)€prior€to€service€of€the€entire€minimum€sentence€for€such€à Ð àÐ ¶-®&+ Ðà ¸ àdefendantððs€appropriate€range€of€sentence.Ì(e)€Nothing€in€the€provisions€of€title€41,€chapter€1,€part€5€shall€give€¼à ¸ àeither€the€governor€or€the€board€of€probation€and€parole€the€à Ð àÐ h0`). Ðà ¸ àauthority€to€release€or€cause€the€release€of€a€defendant€à ¤ àà Ð àÐ N1F*/ Ðà ¸ àsentenced€for€a€violation€of€subsection€(b)€prior€to€service€of€theÏà ¸ àentire€minimum€sentence€for€such€defendantððs€appropriate€à Ð àÐ 3,1 Ðà ¸ àsentence.€€ÌÓ" D”§XŒ §,Þ"ÓÒ4>Œ ÒÒ„PÜÒÓbÓÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„432.Ìâ âÓ XÇ$ÓÐ ~8v17 ÐThe€defendant€appeals€a€certified€question€of€law€under€Tennessee€RuleÏâ âof€Criminal€Procedure€37(b)(2)(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô):ÌÒŒ 4g+ÒÒÜ„y+ÒÓ‹+ÓÓ! 4Œ ä D”§X!ÓÓ XÓAn€appeal€lies€from€any€order€or€judgment€in€a€criminal€proceedingÏwhere€the€law€provides€for€such€appeal,€and€from€any€judgment€ofÏconviction:€.€.€.€€(2)€Upon€a€plea€of€guilty€or€nolo€contendere€if:€€(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)ÏDefendant€entered€into€a€plea€agreement€under€Rule€11(e)€butÏexplicitly€reserved€with€the€consent€of€the€state€and€of€the€court€theÏright€to€appeal€a€certified€question€of€law€that€is€Ô_ÔdispositiveÔ_Ô€of€theÏcase.ÌÓ Xâ,ÓÒ4Œ ÒÒ„ÜÒÐ êâ  ÐÓÓòòÓ  ÓCertified€QuestionÐ ÐÈ  ÐóóÓ$/ÓÐ ¸°  ÐÒŒ 4à.ÒÒÜ„î.ÒÒ4Œ ÒÒ„ÜÒÓÓThe€trial€courtððs€order€comprises€(1)€a€statement€of€the€certified€question,Ïsufficient€to€€ð ðclearly€identify€the€scope€and€the€limits€of€the€legal€issue€reservedðð;Ï(2)€consent€to€the€appeal€from€the€trial€judge€and€from€the€state;€and€(3)€accordÏfrom€the€trial€judge€the€state€on€the€Ô_ÔdispositiveÔ_Ô€nature€of€the€question.€€òòState€v.Ð ú ÐPrestonóó,€759€S.W.2d€647,€650€(Tenn.€1988);€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€Tenn.€R.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€P.€37,Ð ÎÆ Ðadvisory€Ô_ÔcommððnÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔcmtsÔ_Ô€[1997].€€Further,€this€Court€agrees€that€the€certifiedÏquestion€regarding€per€se€constitutionality€of€the€School€Zone€Act€is€Ô_ÔdispositiveÔ_Ô.ÏThis€appeal€is€properly€before€this€Court.ÌÒŒ 4£/ÒÒÜ„±/ÒÒ4Î.Œ ÒÒ„Ü.ÜÒÐ þ!ö ÐÓ  ÓÓ XÓà @ä àà @ àà @Œ àà @ä àòòDue€processóóÐ Ê#  ÐÓs3ÓÓ X3ÓThe€defendant€asserts€that€the€School€Zone€Act€is€unconstitutionallyÏvague€and€Ô_ÔviolativeÔ_Ô€of€due€process€because€it€lacks€an€explicit€mens€Ô_ÔreaÔ_ÔÏrequirement.€€The€state€responds€that€the€Act€requires€no€mens€Ô_ÔreaÔ_Ô€componentÏbecause€it€merely€enhances€punishment€for€certain€violations€of€the€TennesseeÏDrug€Control€Act,€€òòseeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„401,€et€seq.,€and€is€not€aÐ Ê,Â%* Ðseparate€offense€statute.€€Both€the€defendantððs€and€the€stateððs€briefsÏcharacterize€the€Act€as€an€enhancement€of€the€Drug€Control€Act.€€Generally,€theÏcourts€are€charged€with€upholding€the€constitutionality€of€statutes€whereÏpossible.€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔJoynerÔ_Ôóó,€759€S.W.2d€422€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1987).€€In€thisÐ ú3ò,2 Ðcase,€we€do€not€decide€whether€the€General€Assembly€intended€the€School€ZoneÏâ âAct€to€be€a€separate€offense€or€an€enhancement€of€punishment€for€violations€ofÐ ’7Š06 Ðthe€Drug€Control€Act.€€Such€determination€is€unnecessary€for€our€analysis;€weÏuphold€the€constitutionality€of€the€School€Zone€Act.Ìâ âÐ   ˜ ÐAssuming€Ô_ÔarguendoÔ_Ô€that€the€state€legislature€intended€the€Act€to€be€anÏenhancement€statute,€we€concur€with€the€stateððs€argument€that€suchÏenhancement€statutes€do€not€require€explicit€mens€Ô_ÔreaÔ_Ô€language.€€òòSeeóó€òòJohn€J.Ð ü  ÐÔ_ÔVillaneuvaÔ_Ô€v.€Carltonóó,€No.€03C01„9611„CR„00425€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€filed€Oct.€3,Ð ÐÈ  Ð1997,€at€Knoxville)(The€repealed€habitual€offender€act,€an€analogousÏenhancement€provision,€was€not€invalid€for€lack€of€a€mens€Ô_ÔreaÔ_Ô€requirement.).ÌÐ 4, ÐConversely,€if€the€legislature€intended€this€act€as€a€separate€offenseÏstatute,€the€absence€of€a€specific€mens€Ô_ÔreaÔ_Ô€requirement€does€not€itself€establishÏa€constitutional€violation.€€Instead,€by€Tennessee€statute,€a€criminal€statuteÏlacking€a€specific€mens€Ô_ÔreaÔ_Ô€impliedly€requires€at€least€a€showing€of€recklessnessÏfor€a€valid€conviction.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„301(c).€€€Therefore,€even€ifÐ 0 ( Ðthe€School€Zone€Act€is€read€as€an€offense€statute,€it€is€not€constitutionallyÏdeficient€in€its€lack€of€an€explicit€mens€Ô_ÔreaÔ_Ô€requirement€but€rather€is€presumed€toÏrequire€a€showing€of€recklessness.Ô_Ô׃"×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_Ô€€€€Ð ”%Œ" ÐÐ `'X $ ÐThe€defendant€also€argues€that€the€ð ðmisconductðð€on€behalf€of€the€statesððÏagents€violated€his€due€process€rights.€€Specifically,€he€complains€that€theÏofficers€impermissibly€lured€him€into€the€school€zone€so€that€the€resultantÏpenalties€would€be€greater.€€As€we€interpret€defendantððs€certified€question€asÏattacking€only€the€facial€constitutionality€of€the€School€Zone€Act€and€not€itsÏconstitutionality€as€applied,€we€find€that€this€issue€falls€outside€the€scope€ofÏappeal.€€Further,€we€note€that€without€any€factual€record,€we,€even€if€so€inclined,Ïcould€not€review€this€claim.Ð À5¸.4 ÐÔ_Ô‡The€defendant€also€asserts€that€the€School€Zone€Act€violates€due€processÏbecause€it€is€unconstitutionally€vague.€€He€argues€that€a€person€of€reasonableÏintelligence€could€not€determine€how€to€measure€the€distance€between€theÏtransaction€locale€and€the€school€property,€should€they€wish€to€distinguish€aÏviolation€of€the€€Drug€Control€Act€from€a€violation€of€the€School€Zone€Act.€€WeÏdisagree€with€the€defendantððs€conclusion.€€The€statute€puts€a€person€on€notice:€ÏIf€an€offender€commits€certain€violations€of€the€Drug€Control€Act€within€1,000€feetÏof€the€school€òòoróó€of€the€school€grounds,€the€offender€faces€harsher€penalties.€€WeÐ œ”  Ðconclude€that€the€reasonable€reader€would€measure€the€enhanced€penaltyÏregion€from€the€perimeter€of€the€grounds€of€a€school,€consistent€with€the€statuteððsÏclear€and€unambiguous€language,€and€not€from€some€central€point€within€theÏproperty.€€We€concede€that€the€defendant€correctly€states€that€a€pedestrian,Ïintending€to€violate€the€Drug€Control€Act€but€not€the€School€Zone€Act,€would€faceÏsome€difficulty€in€measuring€a€location€at€least€1,001€feet€from€a€schoolððsÏproperty.€€However,€that€difficulty€does€not€constitute€a€due€process€violation.ÌÐ ü!ô ÐÓ  ÓÓ XÓà @ä àà @ àà @Œ àòòEqual€Protection€ClauseóóÐ È#À  ÐÓ=FÓÓ XIFÓThe€defendant€asserts€that€the€School€Zone€Act€violates€equal€protection׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ˜%" Ðbecause€(1)€the€state€agents€luredòò€óóthe€defendant€to€the€locale;€(2)€the€statute€isÐ d'\ $ Ðredundant;€(3)€the€statute€is€under„inclusive;€and€(4)€the€statute€is€over„inclusive.€€ÌÐ +ø#( ÐThe€assertion€regarding€the€state€agentsðð€conduct€is€outside€the€scope€ofÏthis€review.€€€We€do,€however,€respond€to€the€defendantððs€argument€that€theÏagents€orchestrated€the€sales€and€deliveries€to€occur€€ð ðlate€at€night,€earlier€in€theÏmorning€or€when€school€was€closed€for€the€year,€and€thus€no€children€wereÏpresent,ðð€because€that€argument€calls€into€question€the€intent€and€purpose€of€theÏSchool€Zone€Act.€€These€considerations€are€pertinent€for€further€analysisÐ È5À.4 Ðregarding€the€defendantððs€equal€protection€claim.€The€record€contains€noÏevidence€regarding€the€presence€or€absence€of€children€in€relation€to€the€instantÏdrug€transactions,€but€we€disagree€with€the€defendantððs€suggestion€that€theÏstatute€should€be,€as€a€constitutional€matter,€enforced€only€when€children€areÏactually€attending€school€during€the€regular€school€year.€€Children€frequentÏschool€grounds€outside€the€traditional€classroom€hours.€€Playgrounds€andÏbasketball€courts€provide€year„round€entertainment€for€children.€€SchoolsÏfacilities€host€various€after„school€clubs€and€activities.€€Further,€many€schoolsÏconduct€summer€classes.€€Accordingly,€the€instruments€of€transactions€andÏsubsequent€use,€such€as€needles€and€other€paraphernalia,€likely€to€be€left€at€theÏschool€grounds€present€hazards€and€distractions€to€students€at€all€times.€€€TheÏGeneral€Assembly€articulated€its€intent€to€prescribe€harsher€penalties€for€drugÏoffenses€in€the€vicinity€of€schools,€deterring€these€ð ðdistractions€and€dangers€.€.€.Ïincident€to€the€occurrence€of€drug€activity.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„432(a).ÌÐ 0 ( ÐNext,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€School€Zone€Act€is€impermissiblyÏredundant€with€other€restrictions€against€sales€to€minors.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð È#À  Ððð€39„17„417(k).׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€This€argument€is€incorrect.€€Unlike€other€restrictions,€theÐ ”%Œ" Ðlegislative€intent€here€is€not€simply€the€removal€of€children€from€drug€sales€andÏuse€but€rather€the€removal€of€drug€sales€and€use€from€schools€and€schoolÏchildren.€€We€do€not€find€this€goal,€when€compared€with€the€prior€restrictions€ofÏthe€Drug€Control€Act,€unconstitutionally€redundant.ÌÐ .ˆ', ÐThe€defendant€also€argues€that€the€School€Zone€Act€is€under„inclusive€toÏthe€extent€that€it€does€not€address€playgrounds,€parks,€or€other€areas€outsideÏschool€grounds€frequented€by€children.€€This€defect,€the€defendant€argues,Ð ô3ì,2 Ðrenders€the€statute€violative€of€equal€protection.€€Standards€of€constitutional€lawÏprovide€that€legislation€reasonably€related€to€a€legitimate€goal,€even€legislationÏthat€falls€short€of€addressing€all€sources€of€the€proscribed€problem,€passesÏconstitutional€muster.€€òòSeeóó€òòUnited€States€v.€Hollandóó,€810€F.2d€1215,€1218„19Ð  d Ð(D.C.€Cir.€1987)(addressing€a€similar€argument€against€the€federal€schoolyardÏstatute.).ÌÐ „È  ÐThe€defendant€also€argues€that€the€School€Zone€Act€is€over„inclusive.€€HeÏquestions,€for€instance,€the€applicability€of€the€School€Zone€Act€to€drugÏtransactions€consummated€by€adults€in€homes€falling€within€the€statutorilyÏprescribed€area.€€Therefore,€he€argues,€the€statute€proscribes€behavior€outsideÏits€goals.€€Again,€however,€we€conclude€that€despite€whatever€incongruence€theÏdefendant€perceives,€the€statute€is€plainly€rationally€related€to€the€legitimateÏgovernmental€purpose.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€Even€in€defendantððs€proffered€hypothetical,€theÐ  \ Ðconcerns€motivating€the€School€Free€Zone€Act€remain,€and€any€drug€traffic€withinÏschool€zones,€even€by€adults€within€homes,€presents€the€same€dangers€andÏdistractions.€€The€habiting€of€the€general€area€by€users€and€dealers,€the€potentialÏfor€violence€and€weapons,€the€threat€of€paraphernalia,€and€the€daily€proximity€ofÏchildren€to€the€dealers€are€concerns€reasonably€and€rationally€addressed€by€theÏAct.ÌÐ ¬,ð#( ÐÓ  ÓÓ XÓà @ä àà @ àà @Œ àòòCruel€and€unusual€punishmentóóÐ x.¼%* ÐÓXÓÓ XXÓÖ€ÿÿÖThe€defendant€further€asserts€that€the€School€Zone€Act€violatesÏconstitutional€proscriptions€against€cruel€and€unusual€punishment.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€He€arguesÐ 2X). Ðthat€the€Act€allows€for€cruel€and€unusual€punishment€because€it€provides€for€a€15Ïyear€day„for„day€prison€sentence€for€each€conviction,€a€sentence€which€in€hisÐ ¬5ð,2 Ðestimation€is€disproportionate.€€For€argument,€he€compares€this€sentence€toÏsentences€for€convictions€of€second€degree€murder,€especially€aggravatedÏkidnaping,€and€others.ÌÐ  d ÐÒŒ 4:3ÒÒÜ„L3ÒÔ#†XXXXo#ÔÒ4Œ ÒÒ„ÜÒÔ‡XXXXÔWe€are€not€convinced€by€the€defendantððs€complaint€or€argument.€€As€aÐ ì0 Ðthreshold€matter,€mandatory€sentences€for€narcotics€offenses€are€not€per€seÏð ðcruel€and€unusual€punishment.ðð€€òòState€v.€Hinsleyóó,€627€S.W.2d€351,€355€(Tenn.Ð „È  Ð1982).€€As€we€review€sentences€and€proportionality,€our€legislature€receivesÏsubstantial€judicial€deference€regarding€its€establishment€of€crimes€andÏpunishments,€and,€excepting€capital€offense€appeals,€challenges€against€thatÏbodyððs€authority€are€rarely€successful.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€844€S.W.2d€601,€602Ð ´ø Ð(Tenn.€1982).€€On€review,€a€finding€of€ð ðgross€disproportionalityðð€between€theÏdefendantððs€offenses€and€his€punishment€is€necessary€for€further€scrutiny;€we€doÏnot€find€such€disproportionality.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€at€603.Ð  \ ÐÐ ä!( ÐThe€defendant€also€asserts€that€the€Eighth€Amendmentððs€prohibitionÏagainst€cruel€and€unusual€punishment€is€violated€because€the€ð ðstatute€does€notÏclearly€address€any€evils€that€were€not€already€addressed.ðð€€Our€previousÏdiscussion€of€the€alleged€redundancy€of€the€School€Zone€Act€in€relation€to€theÏDrug€Control€Act€dispenses€with€this€challenge.€€ÌÐ ¬,ð#( ÐThe€defendant€next€asserts€that€the€statute€imposes€cruel€and€unusualÏpunishment€because€the€School€Zone€Act€is€overly€broad€in€affecting€others€thanÏthose€corrupting€minors€through€narcotics€offenses.€€We€disagree.€€Again,€theÏdefendant€construes€the€intent€and€purpose€of€the€School€Zone€Act€tooÏrestrictively.€€The€School€Zone€Act€seeks€to€deter€transactions€that€impose€theÏâ âdiscussed€risks€in€the€defined€areas€and€not€merely€to€punish€those€selling€Ô_ÔtoÐ t7¸.4 Ðchildren.€€Those€violators€selling€to€only€adults€within€the€defined€premisesÏnevertheless€contribute€to€these€risks.Ìâ âÐ T ˜ ÐFinally,€the€defendant€asserts€that€the€statute€was€applied€in€a€ð ðcapricious,Ïluring,€and€a€deliberate€attempt€to€entrap€drug€seller/delivers€[sic]€under€theÏumbrella€statute.ðð€€Even€if€this€argument€fell€within€the€defendantððs€certifiedÏquestion€of€law,€this€court€would€be€unable€to€review€this€claim.€€The€defendantÏpresents€no€supporting€facts€or€argumentation.€ÌÐ ` ÐÓ XÓÓ  Óà @Œ àà @ä àò òCONCLUSIONó óÐ è, ÐÓ X¯dÓÓ½dÓWe€AFFIRM€the€trial€courtððs€judgment.ÌÐ ŒÐ ÐÐ Xœ ÐÓÓà ä àà  à_______________________________Ìà ä àà  àJOHN€EVERETT€WILLIAMS,€JudgeÌÐ ð!4 ÐÐ Ö" ÐÐ ¼# ÐÐ ¢$æ ÐÐ ˆ%Ì  ÐÐ n&²! ÐÓ XÓCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ____________________________ÌJOHN€H.€Ô_ÔPEAYÔ_Ô,€JudgeÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ____________________________ÌDAVID€H.€WELLES,€Judgeà  àÐ š6Þ-3 ÐÌ€ÌÌà Œ àÔ#†XXXX~[#ÔÔ#†ŠjÇ‹XX9#ÔÔ€XX‹ŠjÇÔ