ÿWPCP …UBV %˜ ž¤nX´ 0P 4\ p 0”x 0D w@P 0J 0TÚ 0^. 0hŒ 0rô 0|f 0†â 0h 1uø 0dmU6Ñ BU*$B)NDCw AMº2 D39®lv~ 0@˜vÓØ AO«Æú 0DÀ D/ B3<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiXH53|X «<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiXXxþ6X@ÉJQX@%ä2¼A`ArialTTt10cpiXXXä2¼P±ŠQXP((­À$¡¡ÒD°ÒÒ¦°ÒÓ  Ó»{s (D(3¾Á$¤¤Ý ƒ­À!ÝÒD°ÒÒ¦°ÒÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà œ àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó D U U UUEÓ€2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Courier New d< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d&&&&7Border 1dd€-'Cþÿ << Gÿÿ (Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÒ D ÒÒ ¦ ÒÝ  ÝÔ€%ÔÔ€%ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€%XÔÌÌò òOctoberÏ31,Ï1996ÌÌCecilÏCrowson,ÏJr.ÌÔ€%ôÔAppellateÏCourtÏClerkó ó$$$$'ÿÿdxd ¤Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÒ D ÒÒ ¦ ÒÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€%ÔÔ€%ôÔAlthough€not€argued€by€the€State,€Jonesðð€possession€of€five€hundred€eighty€nine€dollarsÏ($589)€in€cash,€without€more,€is€also€insufficient€to€support€an€inference€that€he€intended€to€deliver€theÏcocaine.€€ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  ÒStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  BA Op Geneva ÒÒ  BA Op Geneva Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€#ÔÒ D ÒÒ ¦ ÒÝ  ÝÑ ` ÑÑ X ÑÑ7€GºXXdÈdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÓ  ÓÔ€%Ô›à àà àò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINALÏAPPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÙ€€ÙœßL€()';+'h|ùÿ` 81 `€€Lß›Ìà@ àAT€JACKSONÌÓ  ÓÌà@ àJULY€1996€SESSIONÌÌÌÌó óÌò òSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà àà à)ó óÌà àà àà àà àà àà àò ò)ó óà àò òC.C.A.ÏNO.€02C01„9601„CC„00030ó óÌà àà àAppellee,à àò ò€€€€€à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àFAYETTEÏCOUNTYó óÌVS.à àà àà àà àà àà àò ò)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àHON.ÏJON€KERRY€BLACKWOOD,ÌJOHNNY€JONES€andà àà àà à)à àJUDGEÌGLADYS€CATRONà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àœà à)›à àó ó(Possession€of€cocaine€andÏmarijuanaà àà àà àœAppellants.›à àà àœò ò)ó ó›à à€œÏwith›€intent€to€deliver;€possessionà àà àà àà àà àà àœò ò)ó ó›à à€œ€of›Ïhandgun;€resisting€arrest)à àÌÌÌòòFOR€THE€APPELLANT€JONES:óóà àà à€€€€€òòà àFOR€THEÏAPPELLEE:óóÌÌÌò òHAROLD€D.ÏARCHIBALDà àà àà àà àCHARLES€W.ÏBURSONÌó óFalls€Bldg.,€Ste.€790à àà àà àà àAttorneyÏGeneral€&€Reporterò òÌó ó22€N.€Front€St.ò òÌó óMemphis,€TN€€€38103à àò òà àà àà àELLENÏH.€POLLACKó óÌ€€€€€à àà àà àà àà àà àà àAsst.ÏAttorney€GeneralÌòòFOR€THE€APPELLANT€CATRON:óóà àà à450€JamesÍRobertson€Pkwy.à àò òÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àó óNashville,€TN€€37243„0493Ìà àà àà àà àÌò òWILLIAM€L.€JOHNSONó óà àà àà àà àò òELIZABETH€RICEó óÌ50€N.€Front€St.,€Ste.€1150à àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌMemphis,€TN€€€38103Ìà àà àà àà àò òà àà àà àCHRISTOPHER€MARSHBURNó óÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àAsst.€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à302€Market€St.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àSomerville,€TN€€38068Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àÌOPINION€FILED:____________________ÌÌÌÌò òAFFIRMED€IN€PART,€MODIFIED€AND€REMANDEDÌIN€PART€AND€REVERSED€IN€PARTó óÌÌÌò òJOHN€H.€PEAY,ó óÌJudgeÌÇÑ  Ñà@ àò òòòO€P€I€N€I€O€NÌÌÌó óóóÌÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓÓà àà àThe€defendant,€Johnny€Jones,€was€indicted€for€possessing€cocaineÏwith€the€intent€to€deliver;€possessing€marijuana€with€the€intent€to€deliver;€possessionÏof€a€handgun€after€conviction€of€a€felony;€and€resisting€arrest.€€After€a€jury€trial,€heÏwas€convicted€on€all€charges.€€The€defendant,€Gladys€Catron,€was€indicted€forÏpossessing€cocaine€with€the€intent€to€deliver;€possessing€marijuana€with€the€intent€toÏdeliver;€and€contributing€to€the€delinquency€of€a€minor.€€The€trial€court€dismissed€theÏlast€charge,€and€she€was€convicted€of€the€other€two€charges€after€a€jury€trial.€€TheÏdefendants€were€tried€together.€€ÌÌÓ  Óà àà àJones€appeals€as€of€right,€challenging€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence.€ÏHe€also€alleges€that€the€trial€court€erred€when€it€allowed€the€State€to€reopen€its€proof,Ïand€erred€in€denying€his€motion€for€a€bifurcated€trial€on€the€issue€of€establishing€hisÏfelon€status€on€the€weapon€possession€charge.€€Catron€appeals€as€of€right,Ïchallenging€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€on€her€conviction€for€possession€ofÏcocaine€with€the€intent€to€deliver.€€She€does€not€challenge€her€other€conviction.€ÏBecause€we€find€the€evidence€of€Jonesðð€marijuana€and€weapon€convictions€to€beÏinsufficient,€we€reverse€that€portion€of€the€judgment€below€and€dismiss€thoseÍcharges.€€We€also€modify€his€conviction€of€possession€of€cocaine€with€intent€toÏdeliver€œby€reducing€it€to›€simple€possession€of€cocaine.€€We€affirm€his€conviction€forÏresisting€arrest.€€As€to€Catron,€we€find€the€evidence€insufficient€to€support€herÏconviction€for€possession€of€cocaine€with€the€intent€to€deliver€and€therefore€modifyÏher€conviction€to€simple€possession€of€cocaine.€€The€modified€convictions€areÏremanded€for€new€sentencing€hearings.€ÌÌà àà àOn€February€24,€1995,€Dennis€Cheairs,€the€director€of€the€twenty„fifthÏjudicial€district€drug€task€force,€obtained€a€search€warrant€for€Catronððs€apartment.€€ÏLater€that€day,€Cheairs€and€several€other€police€officers€executed€the€warrant.€ÏCaptain€Arthur€Williamson,€Jr.,€was€the€first€of€the€officers€to€enter€the€apartment€afterÏCatron€opened€the€door€for€him.€€As€he€entered,€he€saw€Jones€standing€near€theÏbedroom€door.€€Jones€asked€the€police€officer€what€he€wanted,€and€CaptainÏWilliamson€explained€that€he€had€a€search€warrant€for€the€house€and€vehicles.€€AtÏthat€point,€Williamson€testified,€ð ðI€saw€Mr.€Jones,€fumbling€with€his€left€hand,€goÏtowards€his€mouth.ðð€€Jones€also€walked€away€and€Williamson€ran€after€and€grabbedÏhim.€€Two€other€officers€then€joined€Williamson€and€they€struggled€with€the€defendantÏJones,€trying€to€get€him€to€spit€out€what€he€had€placed€in€his€mouth.€€This€struggleÏoccurred€in€the€bedroom€and€lasted€ten€to€fifteen€minutes.€€Eventually,€Jones€spit€outÍa€white€powder€substance€and€a€chewed€plastic€bag.€€The€powder€substance€wasÏlater€determined€to€be€cocaine.€€The€officers€also€located€five€hundred€œeighty„nine›Ïdollars€($589)€in€cash€in€Jonesðð€pocket.ÌÌà àà àAs€the€officers€took€Jones€out€of€the€bedroom,€Officer€Leslie€D.€JonesÏcontinued€the€search.€€He€found€a€pistol€between€the€mattress€and€box€springs€of€theÏbed.€€An€officer€with€a€dog€also€searched€the€room,€and€the€dog€indicated€theÏpresence€of€drugs€in€the€top€drawer€of€a€dresser€in€the€bedroom.€€Upon€opening€theÏdrawer,€the€officers€found€thirty„two€bags€of€marijuana€totaling€approximately€2.8Ïounces.€€The€officers€also€took€the€cellular€phone€which€was€sitting€in€its€charger€onÏtop€of€the€dresser,€a€pager€sitting€on€the€dresser,€a€large€knife,€some€rolling€papersÏand€some€food€stamps.€€The€phone€and€pager€were€in€Jonesðð€name.ÌÌà àà àJones€did€not€testify.€€On€cross„examination,€however,€Director€CheairsÏadmitted€that€Jones€had€an€address€separate€from€Catronððs.€€Officer€Crawford€alsoÏadmitted€on€cross„examination€that€Jones€had€told€him€that€he€was€employed€byÏTroxel.€€Catron€testified€that€Jones€had€come€over€shortly€before€the€officers€arrived,Ïthat€they€had€been€having€an€argument€and€she€was€trying€to€get€him€to€leave.€€SheÏhad€told€her€daughter€to€call€the€police€because€Jones€wouldnððt€leave.€€She€testifiedÍthat€all€of€the€drugs€were€hers€and€that€Jones€had€grabbed€her€cocaine€away€fromÏher€before€the€officer€knocked€on€the€door.€€She€testified€that€she€had€opened€theÏdoor€to€the€police€because€she€thought€they€were€there€to€remove€Jones.€€She€saidÏthat€Jones€did€not€live€there,€that€the€gun€was€hers,€and€she€œhad€had›€it€for€longerÏthan€she€had€known€Jones.€€She€further€testified€that€Jones€was€unaware€of€the€gun.€ÏShe€testified€that€the€phone€and€pager€were€hers,€but€that€they€had€been€a€gift€fromÏJones€and€œthat›€œwas€the€reason›€they€were€in€his€name.€€She€further€testified€that€theÏdrawer€in€which€the€marijuana€was€found€was€her€lingerie€drawer€and€that€Jones€didÏnot€go€into€that€drawer,€nor€had€she€ever€shown€the€marijuana€to€him.€€She€testifiedÏthat€Jones€had€a€key€to€her€apartment,€and€that€they€had€both€just€œbeen›€paid.ÌÌ€à àà àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€convictingÏevidence,€we€must€review€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecutionÏin€determining€whether€"òòanyóó€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essentialÏelements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt."€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.Ï307,€319,€99€S.Ct.€2781,€61€L.Ed.2d€560€(1979).€€We€do€not€reweigh€or€re„evaluateÏthe€evidence€and€are€required€to€afford€the€State€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€theÏproof€contained€in€the€record€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€infer‚encesÏwhich€may€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.Í1978).€ÌÌà àà àQuestions€concerning€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€valueÏto€be€given€to€the€evidence,€as€well€as€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€areÏresolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€not€this€Court.€€òòCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835.€€A€guiltyÏverdict€rendered€by€the€jury€and€approved€by€the€trial€judge€accredits€the€testimonyÏof€the€witnesses€for€the€State,€and€a€presumption€of€guilt€replaces€the€presumption€ofÏinnocence.€€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973).ÌÌà àà àOur€Code€provides€that€ð ð[i]t€is€an€offense€for€a€defendant€to€knowingly€Ì.€.€.€[p]ossess€a€controlled€substance€with€intent€to€.€.€.€deliver€[it.]ðð€T.C.A.€œÌðð›€39„17„417(a)(4).€€Marijuana€and€cocaine€are€both€controlled€substances.€€T.C.A.€œÌðððð›€39„17„415€and€39„17„408.€€Possession€may€be€actual€or€constructive.€€òòState€v.ÏCooperóó,€736€S.W.2d€125,€129€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€Here,€there€is€no€doubt€thatÏthe€defendant€Jones€actually€possessed€the€cocaine:€it€was€in€his€mouth.€€However,Ïhe€did€not€actually€possess€the€marijuana.€€The€first€issue,€then,€is€whether€there€wasÏsufficient€evidence€that€the€defendant€Jones€constructively€possessed€the€marijuana.ÌÌà àà àThere€was€not.€€As€œwas€stated›€in€the€òòCooperóó€case,ÌÓÓà àà àÌÒ ô ÒÒ  ÒBefore€a€person€can€be€found€to€constructively€posses€aÏdrug,€it€must€appear€that€the€person€has€ððthe€power€andÏintention€at€a€given€time€to€exercise€dominion€and€controlÏover€.€.€.€[the€drugs]€either€directly€or€through€others.ðð€€InÏother€words,€ððconstructive€possession€is€the€ability€toÏreduce€an€object€to€actual€possession.ðð€€The€mereÏpresence€of€a€person€in€an€area€where€drugs€areÏdiscovered€is€not,€alone,€sufficient€to€support€a€finding€thatÏthe€person€possessed€the€drugs.€€Likewise,€mereÏassociation€with€a€person€who€does€in€fact€control€theÏdrugs€or€property€where€the€drugs€are€discovered€isÏinsufficient€to€support€a€finding€that€the€person€possessedÏthe€drugs.€ÌÌÌÒ D ÒÒ ¦ ÒÓÓ736€S.W.2d€at€129€(citations€omitted)€(changes€in€original).€€In€this€case,€the€òòonlyóóÏevidence€of€defendant€Jonesðð€ð ðconstructive€possessionðð€was€his€proximity€to€theÏchest€of€drawers€while€the€police€struggled€to€make€him€spit€out€the€cocaine,€and€hisÏassociation€with€the€defendant€Catron.€€These€facts€are€simply€not€enough.€€TheÏdefendant€Jonesðð€conviction€of€possession€of€marijuana€with€intent€to€deliver€isÏreversed€and€dismissed.ÌÌà àà àAs€we€stated€above,€there€is€no€question€about€Jonesðð€possession€ofÏthe€cocaine.€€œThe›€issue€in€this€conviction,€then,€is€whether€there€was€sufficientÏevidence€of€his€intent€to€deliver€that€cocaine.€€Our€Code€provides€that€ð ð[i]t€may€beÏinferred€from€the€amount€of€a€controlled€substance€or€substances€possessed€by€anÍoffender,€òòalong€with€other€relevant€facts€surrounding€the€arrestóó,€that€the€controlledÏsubstance€or€substances€were€possessed€with€the€purpose€of€selling€or€otherwiseÏdispensing.ðð€€T.C.A.€œÌðð›€39„17„419€(emphasis€added).€€€The€amount€of€cocaine€retrieved€from€theÏdefendant€Jonesðð€mouth€was€1.9€grams.€€There€was€no€testimony€adduced€at€trial€asÏto€the€significance€of€that€amount€of€cocaine,€that€is,€whether€it€would€be€anÏð ðappropriateðð€amount€for€purely€personal€use,€or€whether€such€an€amount€wouldÏnormally€be€kept€only€for€resale.€€Similarly,€there€was€no€testimony€about€the€numberÏof€ð ðusesðð€which€could€be€had€from€this€amount€of€cocaine.€€Nor€was€there€anyÏtestimony€about€its€worth.€€Jonesðð€possession€of€this€cocaine,€without€more,€is€simplyÏnot€enough€from€which€to€infer€his€intent€to€deliver€it.ÌÌà àà àThe€State€argues€further€that€the€jury€could€rightfully€infer€Jonesðð€intentÏto€deliver€the€cocaine€from€the€evidence€that€Jones€possessed€a€beeper.€€In€fact,€theÏevidence€proved€only€that€the€beeper€was€in€Jonesðð€name,€not€that€he€actuallyÏpossessed€it.€€The€beeper€was€found€on€Catronððs€dresser,€not€on€Jonesðð€person€or€inÏhis€actual€possession.€€In€òòState€of€Tennessee€v.€Reginald€T.€Smithóó,€No.€02„C„01„9204„CR„00097,€Shelby€County€(filed€February€€17,€1993,€at€Jackson),€relied€on€byÏthe€State,€the€defendant€was€wearing€his€beeper.€€Moreover,€the€prosecution€put€onÍevidence€in€that€case€that€beepers€were€common€in€drug€trafficking.€€No€suchÏtestimony€was€adduced€in€this€trial.€€We€do€not€think€that€this€item€of€circumstantialÏevidence€was€sufficient€to€prove€the€defendant€Jonesðð€intent€to€deliver€the€cocaineÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.× ƒ+ ××  ×ÌÌà àà àAccordingly,€we€reverse€Jonesðð€conviction€for€possession€of€cocaineÏwith€intent€to€deliver.€€However,€Jonesðð€mere€possession€of€the€cocaine€was€also€aÏcriminal€offense.€€ð ðIt€is€an€offense€for€a€person€to€knowingly€possess€.€.€.€a€controlledÏsubstance€unless€the€substance€was€obtained€directly€from,€or€pursuant€to,€a€validÏprescription€or€order€of€a€practitioner€while€acting€in€the€course€of€professionalÏpractice.ðð€€T.C.A.€œÌðð›€39„17„418€(a).€€That€Jones€tried€so€desperately€to€hide€and/or€swallow€the€cocaineÏupon€learning€of€the€search€is€sufficient€circumstantial€evidence€that€his€possessionÏwas€ð ðknowingðð€and€that€it€was€without€the€benefit€of€a€valid€prescription.ÌÌà àà àSimple€possession€of€cocaine€is€a€lesser€included€offense€ofÏpossession€of€cocaine€with€the€intent€to€deliver.€€The€evidence€at€trial€was€sufficientÍto€convict€Jones€of€simple€possession.€€Where€the€proof€at€trial€is€not€sufficient€toÏsupport€the€greater€offense,€but€is€sufficient€to€support€the€lesser€included€offense,Ïwe€have€the€authority€to€order€a€reduction€in€the€degree€of€the€offense€for€which€theÏdefendant€was€convicted.€€òòState€v.€Tuttonóó,€875€S.W.2d€295,€297€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1993).€€Therefore,€we€hereby€reduce€Jonesðð€conviction€for€possession€of€cocaineÏwith€intent€to€deliver€to€simple€possession,€and€remand€this€matter€for€a€newÏsentencing€hearing€in€accord€with€this€lesser€degree€offense.ÌÌà àà àWith€respect€to€the€handgun€charge,€under€our€Code€ð ð[a]€personÏcommits€an€offense€who€possesses€a€handgun€and:€.€.€.€[h]as€been€convicted€of€aÏfelony€drug€offense.ðð€€T.C.A.€ðð€39„17„1307(b)(1)(B).€€In€this€case€there€was€absolutelyÏno€proof€adduced€at€trial€connecting€the€defendant€Jones€to€the€pistol€other€than€thatÏhe€was€in€the€same€room€with€it€at€the€time€the€police€were€struggling€with€him.€ÏThere€was€no€proof€that€he€tried€to€retrieve€the€pistol€or€that€he€was€even€aware€of€itsÏexistence.€€The€evidence€was€therefore€clearly€inadequate€to€support€his€conviction.€ÏMoreover,€there€was€no€adequate€proof€that€he€had€a€prior€felony€conviction€asÏrequired€by€the€statute.€€At€trial,€the€prosecuting€attorney€stated€ð ðwe€would€like€toÏsubmit€into€evidence€as€an€exhibit€a€certified€copy€of€the€conviction€from€ShelbyÏCounty€Criminal€Court,€dated€February€13th€„„€Well,€actually€dated€June€25th,€1990,ÍDocket€Number€90„05774,€a€felony€conviction€from€that€Court.ðð€€With€that,€the€StateÏrested€its€case.€€However,€the€trial€court€had€earlier€ruled€that€this€exhibit€would€notÏbe€passed€to€the€jury.€€Thus,€all€the€jury€learned€about€this€prior€felony€conviction€wasÏwhat€it€heard€from€the€prosecuting€attorney.€€However,€the€prosecuting€attorney€didÏnot€identify€whose€conviction€he€was€speaking€of.€€The€jury€is€not€permitted€simply€toÏassume€the€prosecutor€was€referring€to€a€conviction€of€Jonesðð,€particularly€whereÏthere€are€two€defendants€on€trial.€€The€defendantððs€conviction€for€possessing€aÏhandgun€after€having€been€convicted€of€a€felony€drug€offense€is€reversed€andÏdismissed.ÌÌà àà àThe€offense€of€resisting€arrest€is€committed€where€ð ða€person€.€.€.Ïintentionally€prevent[s]€or€obstruct[s]€anyone€known€to€the€person€to€be€a€lawÏenforcement€officer€.€.€.€from€effecting€a€stop,€frisk,€halt,€arrest€or€search€of€any€person,Ïincluding€the€defendant,€by€using€force€against€the€law€enforcement€officer€orÏanother.ðð€€T.C.A.€ðð€39„16„602(a).€€€€€The€term€ð ðforceðð€is€defined€as€ð ðcompulsion€by€theÏuse€of€physical€power€or€violence€and€shall€be€broadly€construed€to€accomplish€theÏpurposes€of€this€title[.]ðð€T.C.A.€ðð€39„11„106(12).ÌÌà àà àOfficer€Kevin€Crawford,€who€participated€in€executing€the€searchÍwarrant,€€testified€that€ÌÓÓà àà8 àÌÒ ô ÒÒ ° ÒAs€we€entered€the€residence,€a€male€black€that€I€knew€as€aÏJohnny€Jones€was€standing€at€the€bedroom€door.€€As€we€cameÏthrough€the€door,€he€put€his€hand€up€to€his€face€area,€and€turnedÏaround€in€the€bedroom€door€to€go€back€into€the€bedroom.€€Ì€€€€ÌAt€that€time€Captain€Williamson€and€I€took€off€running€toward€himÏand€caught€him€at€the€entrance€to€the€bathroom,€and€got€him€toÏcome€back€into€the€bedroom€where€we€were€standing.€€At€thatÏtime€we€asked€Mr.€Jones€to€open€his€mouth,€which€he€refused€toÏdo.€€And€a€type€of€a€struggle€at€that€time€started€between€Mr.ÏJones€and€myself€and€Captain€Williamson€and€a€couple€more€ofÏthe€officers.€€It€lasted,€probably€10,€maybe€15€minutes.€€At€that€timeÏMr.€Jones€spit€out€a€white€substance,€with€a€plastic€bag€includedÏin€it,€into€a€black€toboggan€that€we€had€picked€up€and€was€[sic]Ïholding€in€front€of€him.ÌÌÌÒ D ÒÒ ¦ ÒÓÓDirector€Cheairs€described€the€incident€as€ð ðtusslingðð€and€ð ða€struggle.ðð€€Officer€LeslieÏD.€Jones€testified€that€ð ðthey€were€trying€to€handcuff€him,€and€it€took€three€of€[sic]€fourÏofficers€to€get€him€handcuffed.€€When€I€first€entered€the€bedroom€with€them,€they€wasÏ[sic]€still€struggling€with€him€on€the€bed€and€his€hands€were€free.ðð€€Officer€WilliamsonÏtestified€that€ð ðHe€wasnððt€trying€to€fight€us,€or€nothing€[sic]€like€that.€€He€was€just€tryingÏto€keep€us€from€obtaining€the€item€that€he€had€in€his€mouth.ðð€€However,€giving€theÏState€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€proof,€we€think€the€evidence€was€sufficientÏfor€the€jury€to€find€the€defendant€Jones€guilty€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€of€resistingÏarrest.€€The€judgment€of€conviction€for€this€offense€is€therefore€affirmed.ÌÌà àà àGiven€our€disposition€on€the€merits€of€the€defendant€Jonesðð€convictions,Ïwe€decline€to€address€his€issues€about€the€State€being€allowed€to€reopen€its€proof€toÏintroduce€evidence€of€his€prior€felony€conviction€and€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€hisÏmotion€to€bifurcate€the€trial.ÌÌà àà àWith€respect€to€the€defendant€Catron,€she€testified€at€trial€that€theÏmarijuana€and€cocaine€were€hers.€€Accordingly,€possession€is€not€an€issue€in€herÏconvictions.€€However,€she€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€as€to€herÏpossessing€the€cocaine€with€the€intent€to€deliver.€€ÌÌà àà àAs€we€stated€above€with€respect€to€defendant€Jones,€the€amount€ofÏcocaine€retrieved€from€the€defendant€Jonesðð€mouth€was€1.9€grams.€€There€was€noÏtestimony€adduced€at€trial€as€to€the€significance€of€that€amount€of€cocaine,€that€is,Ïwhether€it€would€be€an€ð ðappropriateðð€amount€for€purely€personal€use,€or€whetherÏsuch€an€amount€would€normally€be€kept€only€for€resale.€€œAgain,›€there€was€noÏtestimony€about€the€number€of€ð ðusesðð€which€could€be€had€from€this€amount€ofÏcocaine.€€Nor€was€there€any€testimony€about€its€worth.€€No€cutting€agents,€scales,€orÏother€paraphernalia€associated€with€the€sale€of€cocaine€were€€seized€at€CatronððsÍresidence.€€Nor€was€any€money€or€other€assets€seized€from€Catron€during€the€searchÏwhich€might€indicate€that€she€sold€drugs€or€that€she€lived€a€lifestyle€in€excess€of€herÏlegitimate€income.€€Her€mere€possession€of€this€cocaine,€without€more,€is€simply€notÏenough€from€which€to€infer€her€intent€to€deliver€it.€€ÌÌà àà àAs€discussed€above,€simple€possession€of€cocaine€is€a€lesser€includedÏoffense€of€possession€of€cocaine€with€intent€to€deliver.€€Here,€there€was€sufficientÏevidence€to€support€a€conviction€for€this€lesser€offense€and,€as€we€did€with€JonesððÏconviction,€we€hereby€reduce€Ô% € ÔCatronððs€conviction€to€simple€possession€of€cocaineÏand€remand€this€matter€for€a€new€sentencing€hearing€in€accord€with€this€lesserÏdegree€offense.ÌÌà àà àFor€the€reasons€set€forth€in€the€discussion€above,€defendant€JonesððÏconvictions€for€possession€of€marijuana€with€intent€to€deliver€and€possession€of€aÏhandgun€after€conviction€of€a€felony€are€reversed€and€dismissed.€€œJonesð𛀜andÏCatronððs€convictions›€for€possession€of€cocaine€with€intent€to€deliver€œare€reduced›€toÏsimple€possession€of€cocaine€and€remanded€for€œsentencing.›€€œJonesðð›€conviction€forÏresisting€arrest€is€œaffirmed.›ÌÌÓÓœ›à àà àà àà àà àà à__________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àJOHN€H.€PEAY,€JudgeÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ__________________________________ÌDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JudgeÌÌÌÌ__________________________________ÌCORNELIA€€A.€CLARK,€Special€Judge