ÿWPCy r‡ÖLÊ’ Iâíhÿ×ãÛ>Î=˜,€øœù–?Fü^Ÿ(mØpJšQÀ½zÚ âÚL,´´‰-ä ÂT§å]̘µ§Ïb³~Á&þú;+M‘.;÷÷äpïcÞU vh—a†Ð:Æ}:°¬ÊuÝûG˜ Éz_…FÑ ÞatN1öŠH¼ Ò›³’~Áú­l«©%ðÄ,àJB—ÛÇøƒµÖÂ"¾Ò(1R:Ú§(:—dÕð¤á'áû®‘”BC·¾ã(3G[ $°øí¬n~E& §ºH½bœ6,­pƒØ²Õj{éL¿›Û€öÕä•´b Y'<Åå)Fœˆ¼i|X Ÿb0Dາ}x&m|ž£LùèñZš˜#µ\ð­¦g¢\}f,ZëèÝ×õ؉ÚdˆV?„‰ìáßL·R»‘k¢L›‡l$’»]¸]O×ÕSʲÖö­þ§y›=¿É‚ýr˜„óHÊOuŒat+e+·þJ•.yñ°¬dƒ}V’?{Ó ä„y­±Á:T6$¡®4œ1 4BßsäÓlÏ(ûß‚ÉI‰ˆ“ÕHãß5^W¾²jðvB€™O4×ÿ$¥È)Ùö6?c Q(¾‰þ¯WBV/`U.@ %nbt-x¥~º8n­Hõ 0(ýU:% w_ 4c ?w 0™¶ 0DO U :“ BÍ  #ýA>f@ m¦¦¦f½######!À BáNþW^ WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW AQcÆ´ 0Dz 0D¾ 0D D3F<þ6X9`(CourierX ù #Ñ#€Xd#Ñ Ñ  Ñ tÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R AØ'Legal\Ñ3|x«<þ6X9`(CourierXôxþ6X@ɹ`7ûX@($¡¡, øð AZ"Arial Regular{Z=' 5Ý ƒ ä$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€XæXXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝMrs.€Jackson€testified€she€did€not€see€a€weapon.€€Taleasa€BinghamÐ `  Ðtestified€that€she€saw€the€outline€of€a€handgun€in€one€of€the€victim's€front€pantsÐ F æ Ðpockets.(I(2$¤¤Ý ƒ !ÝÝ  ÝÒ°ÒÔ€XYXXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular 8Ý ƒ ä$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€XæXXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝSanders€testified€in€this€respect.€€However,€Horton€testified€that€theÐ `  Ðdefendant€did€not€ask€whether€the€victim€was€alone€until€the€victim€was€turning€toÐ F æ Ðleave. Ý ƒ ä$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€XæXXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝSanders€testified€in€this€respect.€€Horton€recalled€the€statement€as€"Y'allÐ `  Ðm„„„„„f„„„„„„,€I€am€going€to€kill€this€m„„„„„f„„„„„." Ý ƒ ä$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€XæXXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝSanders€placed€the€victim€on€a€step€with€one€foot€on€the€porch,€whileÐ `  ÐHorton€placed€the€victim€on€a€sidewalk€with€one€foot€on€a€step€below€the€porch. óÝ ƒ ä$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€XæXXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝIt€is€not€clear€whether€these€were€actual€threats€or€merely€the€defendant'sÐ `  Ðperceptions€of€the€victim's€intent.  \Ñ\R AØ'ÿ Legal\ÑÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ \Ñ\R AØ'ÿ Legal\Ñ “Ý ƒ ä$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€XæXXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝIn€addition€to€the€Jacksons'€testimony,€the€defense€presented€that€of€aÐ `  Ðneighbor,€Taleasa€Bingham,€who€observed€the€angry€victim€kicking€theÐ F æ ÐJacksons'€door€and€telling€Mrs.€Jackson€that€he€was€going€to€"bust€[theÐ , Ì Ðdefendant's]€a„„."˜HP LaserJet 8000 DN PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0 d MÝ ƒ[¯#"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€XYXXXÔÔ€© XXYÔÓ  ÓÔ_Ôò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€XYX© ÔÐ  ÐÌSeptember€10,€1999ÌÌCecil€Ô_ÔCrowsonÔ_Ô,€Jr.ÌAppellate€Court€Ô_ÔClerkÔdAxÔó óÔ_Ôê¦*' Z[\]_Cþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯#$¢¢Ý ƒ !ÝÝ  Ý(3¯#$££Ý ƒ !ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó""""'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒ !ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ` °ÑÒ°ÒÓ  ÓÑTR[° AØ'Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ XYXXXÔÔ_Ôßv€Y$_@0,j:üÿ`  `€€@ÿEÄa ` 8ttxPü` ð  vßÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÌÑ€Ñò òÑ€ÑÑ€ÑÑ€Ñà@˜ ˜ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ F æ ÐÌ€à@FF'àAT€NASHVILLEˆÐ  ¾ ÐÌà@CC%àJULY€1999€SESSIONó óˆÐ ö – ÐÌÌÌò òSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à h à€à À àà  àó ó)Ð ”4  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à p àÐ €  Ðà ` àà ¸ àAppellee,à h àà À àà  à)à p àC.C.A.€No.€01C01„9809„CR„00358Ð f  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ìvs.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à p àDavidson€Countyà x àÐ 2Ò  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ìò òJAMES€E.€JACKSON,à h àà À àó óà  à)à p àHon.€Steve€Dozier,€Judge€ò òÐ þž  Ðó óà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ð êŠ Ðò òà ` àà ¸ àó óAppellant.ò òà h àà À àà  àó ó)ò òÐ Ðp Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àó ó)à p à(First€Degree€Murder)à Ð àÐ ¶V Ðà ` àà ¸ àÌÌÌÌò òFOR€THE€APPELLANT:à h àà À àà  àà p àFOR€THE€APPELLEE:Ð 4Ô ÐMARTIN€G.€SZEIGISó óà h àà À àà  àà p àò òPAUL€G.€SUMMERSó óÐ  À ÐAttorney€at€Lawà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÐ  ¬ Ð213€Third€Ave.€NorthÌNashville,€TN€€37201à h àà À àà  àà p àò òKIM€R.€HELPERó óÐ Ø!x Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àAsst.€Attorney€GeneralÌò òà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àó óà  àà p à425€Fifth€Ave.€NorthÐ ª#J Ðò òà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àó óà p à2d€Floor,€Cordell€Hull€Bldg.Ð $0 Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àò òVICTOR€S.€JOHNSON,€IIIÐ B'â! Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àó óDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÐ .(Î" Ðò òÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àJON€SEABORGÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àBERNIE€McEVOYÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àó óAsst.€District€Attorneys€GeneralÐ Ø+x"& Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àWashington€Square,€Ste.€500Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à222€Second€Ave.€NorthÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àNashville,€TN€€37201ÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:________________ÌÌò òÌAFFIRMEDÌÌJAMES€CURWOOD€WITT,€JR.,€JUDGEó óÐ  Ì5l,1 ÐÑÑâ âÑ8€QåXXdädÈ8Ñâ âÑ  Ñâ âÑÑÑ  ÑÑTR[ì AØ'Legal[ì AØ'Legal  AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ LegalTÑâ âÑ  ÑÔ_ÔÑ8€ æ XXdæXXdä8ÑÑ€†ÑÑ€† Ñà@qq*àò òòòOPINIONó óóóˆÐ `  ÐÌÓÓà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant,€James€E.€Jackson,€was€convicted€in€the€DavidsonÐ , Ì ÐCounty€Criminal€Court€of€the€first€degree€murder€of€Michael€Kennedy.€€He€isÐ ø ˜ Ðpresently€serving€a€life€sentence€in€the€Department€of€Correction€for€his€crime.€€InÐ Äd Ðthis€direct€appeal,€Jackson€claims€that€the€evidence€is€legally€insufficient€to€sustainÐ 0 Ðhis€conviction.€€Upon€review€of€the€record,€the€briefs€and€oral€arguments€of€theÐ \ü  Ðparties,€and€the€law,€we€affirm.Ð (È  ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€state's€evidence€at€trial€established€that€prior€to€August€18,€1997,Ð À` Ðthe€defendant€agreed€to€purchase€a€motorcycle€from€the€victim.€€By€August€18,Ð Œ, Ð1997,€the€defendant€had€paid€the€victim€a€portion€of€the€purchase€price,€and€theÐ Xø Ðvictim€was€anxious€to€receive€the€balance€owed.€Sometime€shortly€before€AugustÐ $Ä Ð18,€the€defendant's€brother€wrecked€the€motorcycle,€and€this€apparently€contributedÐ ð Ðto€the€victim's€anxiety€over€receiving€payment.€€Ð ¼ \ ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àDuring€the€late€afternoon€to€early€evening€hours€of€August€18,€1997,Ð T$ô ÐDavid€Sanders€was€sitting€on€the€common€porch€in€front€of€his€and€the€defendant'sÐ  &À  Ðapartments€in€a€Nashville€housing€project.€€The€victim€approached€Sanders€andÐ ì'Œ" Ðinquired€whether€Sanders€had€seen€the€defendant.€€Sanders€responded€that€heÐ ¸)X $ Ðhad.€€The€victim€went€into€his€apartment€across€a€common€area€and€returned€a€fewÐ „+$"& Ðseconds€later.€€By€this€time,€Sanders'€girlfriend,€Louise€Horton,€was€also€outside€onÐ P-ð#( Ðthe€porch.€€The€victim€told€Sanders€that€the€defendant€had€caused€the€victim€toÐ /¼%* Ðhave€an€argument€with€his€girlfriend€over€a€note€the€victim€left€for€the€defendant.€Ð è0ˆ', ÐThe€victim€explained€that€the€defendant€was€supposed€to€have€paid€him€someÐ ´2T). Ðmoney€the€previous€Friday,€and€the€victim€left€a€note€which€said€he€wanted€to€seeÐ €4 +0 Ðthe€defendant€when€the€defendant€got€home.€€The€victim€proceeded€to€knock€onÐ L6ì,2 Ðand€lightly€kick€the€Jacksons'€front€door.€€Sanders€did€not€think€the€victim€wasÐ 8¸.4 Ðagitated.Ð ä9„06 ÐÐ °;P28E Ðà ` àà ¸ àWhen€there€was€no€answer€at€the€door,€the€victim€turned€around€andÐ `  Ðstarted€back€to€his€apartment;€however,€the€defendant€opened€the€door€and€calledÐ , Ì Ðto€the€victim.€€The€two€men€began€discussing€a€note€the€victim€left€on€theÐ ø ˜ Ðdefendant's€door€and€the€motorcycle€debt.€€The€victim€explained€that€he€left€the€noteÐ Äd Ðbecause€the€defendant€had€failed€to€pay€him€on€Friday,€and€he€wanted€to€see€theÐ 0 Ðdefendant€about€this€failure€to€honor€the€obligation.€€The€victim€expressed€hisÐ \ü  Ðdispleasure€that€the€defendant€had€lied€to€him€about€the€whereabouts€of€theÐ (È  Ðmotorcycle€after€the€defendant's€brother€wrecked€it.€€The€defendant€offered€to€payÐ ô”  Ðthe€victim€$50,€which€the€victim€declined€because€their€agreement€had€beenÐ À` Ðotherwise.€€The€defendant€asked€the€victim€to€come€inside€his€apartment€to€discussÐ Œ, Ðthe€situation,€and€the€victim€said€there€was€no€reason€to€come€inside€theÐ Xø Ðdefendant's€apartment€unless€the€defendant€had€the€money.€€Sanders€heard€theÐ $Ä Ðvictim€say,€"You€ain't€nothing€but€a€big€liar.€€I€ought€to€take€it€out€on€your€a„„."€€TheÐ ð Ðvictim€then€said€it€would€not€be€"worth€it"€and€then€proposed€to€"take€it€out"€on€theÐ ¼ \ Ðdefendant's€car,€but€he€commented€that€this€would€not€be€"worth€it,"€either.€Ð ˆ"( ÐAccording€to€Sanders,€during€this€entire€exchange€the€victim€was€standing€still€onÐ T$ô Ða€step€by€the€sidewalk€or€the€porch.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð  &À  ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€asked€Sanders€whether€there€was€anyone€with€theÐ ¸)X $ Ðvictim,€and€neither€Sanders€nor€Horton€responded.׃\×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€victim€commented€that€theÐ „+$"& Ðdefendant€would€need€a€favor€from€him€sometime,€and€"f„„„€it."€€The€victim€turnedÐ P-ð#( Ðtoward€his€apartment€and€began€walking€away.€€€€The€defendant€opened€the€door,Ð /¼%* Ðran€outside€and€said,€"Hey,€Mike."€€The€victim€turned€around,€and€the€defendantÐ è0ˆ', Ðshot€him€in€the€leg.€€The€victim€fell,€and€the€defendant€continued€shooting€him.€€TheÐ ´2T). Ðdefendant€ran€off,€but€he€returned€within€fifteen€to€twenty€seconds€and€said€to€theÐ `  Ðpeople€€who€were€assembling,€"Y'all,€n„„„„„„,€get€out€of€the€way,€I'm€fixing€to€kill€thisÐ , Ì Ðn„„„„„."׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Sanders€told€the€defendant€he€was€not€going€to€shoot€the€victim€again,€andÐ ø ˜ Ðthe€defendant€ran€away.Ð Äd ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àBoth€Sanders€and€Horton€denied€seeing€the€victim€with€a€gun€duringÐ \ü  Ðthe€confrontation.€€Sanders€estimated€that€the€entire€incident€took€fifteen€to€twentyÐ (È  Ðminutes,€while€Horton€estimated€the€time€at€five€minutes.€€Sanders€denied€that€theÐ ô”  Ðvictim€was€upset€initially;€however,€he€acknowledged€that€the€victim€became€upset.€Ð À` ÐHorton€denied€that€the€victim€appeared€angry€or€threatening.€€Horton€commentedÐ Œ, Ðon€the€victim's€slight€stature€and€found€it€incredible€that€the€victim€could€evokeÐ Xø Ðfeelings€of€fear€or€intimidation.€€She€indicated€the€victim€was€so€small€that€had€sheÐ $Ä Ðbeen€required€to€do€so,€she€would€have€been€able€to€"whoop€him."€€Horton€deniedÐ ð Ðthat€there€had€been€lasting€tension€between€herself€and€the€Jacksons€over€a€recentÐ ¼ \ Ðincident€in€which€the€Jackson€children€got€Horton's€new€hairstyle€wet€with€theirÐ ˆ"( Ðsprinkler.Ð T$ô ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àDoctor€John€Gerber,€the€state's€forensic€pathologist,€testified€that€theÐ ì'Œ" Ðvictim€had€ten€gunshot€wounds€to€his€body,€which€included€two€grazing€wounds.€Ð ¸)X $ ÐTwo€wounds€to€the€victim's€chest€and€abdomen€were€the€most€precipitous€inÐ „+$"& Ðcausing€death.€€Dr.€Gerber€could€not€determine€the€sequence€or€timing€of€the€shots.Ð P-ð#( ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àOfficers€Charles€Blackwood,€Jr.€and€Randall€Papdinec,€both€of€theÐ è0ˆ', ÐMetro€Police€Department,€testified€that€no€weapon€was€found€at€the€scene.€€OfficerÐ ´2T). ÐBlackwood,€who€worked€with€the€Identification€Section,€conceded€that€a€handgunÐ €4 +0 Ðcould€have€fit€into€the€victim's€pants€pockets.€€Blackwood€also€testified€that€marksÐ L6ì,2 Ðin€the€pavement€at€the€scene€were€consistent€with€the€defendant€standing€over€theÐ `  Ðvictim€and€firing€at€him.€€Blackwood€conceded,€however,€that€he€did€not€arrive€at€theÐ , Ì Ðscene€until€after€the€victim€had€been€removed.Ð ø ˜ ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àNot€surprisingly,€the€defendant€offered€a€somewhat€different€factualÐ 0 Ðpremise€in€his€case„in„chief.€€On€the€morning€of€August€18,€the€defendant€and€hisÐ \ü  Ðwife€discovered€a€note€on€their€front€door€which€read,€"James,€I'm€going€to€bust€yourÐ (È  Ða„„€wide€open€as€soon€as€I€see€you."€€This€concerned€the€Jacksons.€€After€theÐ ô”  ÐJacksons€dropped€their€children€off€at€school€and€visited€the€defendant's€employer,Ð À` Ðthe€defendant€went€to€the€victim's€apartment€and€discussed€the€note€with€theÐ Œ, Ðvictim's€girlfriend.€€Carolyn€Jackson,€the€defendant's€wife,€testified€that€theÐ Xø Ðdefendant€was€scared€and€upset€when€he€returned€from€this€encounter.€€TheÐ $Ä ÐJacksons€went€to€the€grocery€store€together.€€When€they€returned€around€9:30€a.m.,Ð ð Ðthey€found€a€second€note€on€their€front€door.€€This€note€read,€"The€next€time€youÐ ¼ \ Ðcome€to€my€house,€n„„„„„,€you€better€have€my€m„„„„„f„„„„„„€money.€€Yeah,€it's€myÐ ˆ"( Ðwriting€and€I'm€gonna€sign€it€on€your€a„„."€€Both€notes€were€offered€as€evidentiaryÐ T$ô Ðexhibits€by€the€defense.Ð  &À  ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€Jacksons€left€their€apartment€early€that€afternoon€to€pick€up€theirÐ ¸)X $ Ðchildren€at€school,€and€they€visited€both€of€their€mothers.€€During€the€day,€theyÐ „+$"& Ðdiscussed€the€notes,€with€Mrs.€Jackson€urging€that€they€go€to€the€police.€€TheÐ P-ð#( Ðdefendant€did€not€want€to€go€to€the€police€because€he€thought€their€involvementÐ /¼%* Ðwould€exacerbate€the€situation.€€Although€Mrs.€Jackson€planned€to€talk€to€theÐ è0ˆ', Ðresident€manager€at€the€housing€project€about€the€notes,€it€is€not€clear€whether€sheÐ ´2T). Ðactually€did€so€that€day.€Both€of€the€Jacksons€were€afraid€and€anxious€over€theÐ €4 +0 Ðsituation.Ð L6ì,2 ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€Jacksons€returned€home€around€6:00€p.m.€€They€changed€intoÐ ä9„06 Ðtheir€bedclothes€and€started€cooking€dinner.€€About€fifteen€minutes€later,€they€heardÐ `  Ðloud€banging€at€the€front€door.€€Mrs.€Jackson€opened€the€door,€and€the€victim€toldÐ , Ì Ðher€to€tell€the€defendant€to€bring€his€"m„„„„„f„„„„„€a„„"€outside.€€The€victim€alsoÐ ø ˜ Ðannounced€his€intent€to€"bust€[the€defendant's]€a„„."׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€victim€was€mad€andÐ Äd Ðpaced€back€and€forth€in€front€of€the€house,€which€he€continued€to€do€throughout€theÐ 0 Ðconfrontation.Ð \ü  ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àMrs.€Jackson€closed€the€door.€€The€defendant,€who€was€afraid,Ð ô”  Ðreopened€the€door€and€began€talking€to€the€victim.€€The€victim€cursed€the€defendantÐ À` Ðand€threatened€that€the€defendant€had€better€honor€his€debt.€€The€defendant€sawÐ Œ, Ða€.380€or€nine€millimeter€pistol€hanging€half„way€out€of€the€victim's€pocket.׃(×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€TheÐ Xø Ðdefendant€offered€the€victim€the€$50€that€he€had,€but€the€victim€refused€to€acceptÐ $Ä Ðless€than€the€full€amount€owed.€€The€defendant€asked€the€victim€to€come€inside€toÐ ð Ðdiscuss€the€debt,€but€the€victim€refused.€€The€defendant,€who€had€no€phone€in€hisÐ ¼ \ Ðapartment,€asked€Horton€to€call€the€police,€but€she€did€not.€€The€defendant€thoughtÐ ˆ"( Ðthat€the€victim€was€about€to€pull€out€the€gun,€and€the€victim€kept€trying€to€get€theÐ T$ô Ðdefendant€to€come€outside,€telling€him€that€he€could€not€stay€inside€forever.€€TheÐ  &À  Ðdefendant€testified€that€the€victim€was€going€to€kill€him,€and€if€he€attempted€to€leaveÐ ì'Œ" Ðin€his€car,€the€victim€would€blow€it€up.׃¢×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ¸)X $ ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àDuring€this€heated€exchange,€Mrs.€Jackson€had€hidden€the€couple'sÐ P-ð#( Ðtwo€young€children€in€the€pantry.€€She€checked€the€back€door€as€a€possible€escapeÐ /¼%* Ðroute,€but€she€saw€someone€standing€outside.€€For€this€reason,€she€was€afraid€toÐ `  Ðgo€for€help€out€the€back€door.€€Mrs.€Jackson€was€about€to€run€out€the€front€door€toÐ , Ì Ðsummon€help€when€the€defendant€reached€into€a€closet€in€the€living€room€andÐ ø ˜ Ðpulled€out€the€nine€millimeter€automatic€rifle€that€he€had€purchased€approximatelyÐ Äd Ðone€month€earlier.€€The€defendant€testified€that€the€weapon€was€secured€behindÐ 0 Ðsome€boxes€in€the€closet€and€that€it€took€him€six€seconds€to€retrieve€the€weaponÐ \ü  Ðand€go€to€the€front€door;€his€wife€testified€the€weapon€was€"real€deep"€in€the€closet.€Ð (È  ÐThe€defendant€testified€that€he€was€afraid€the€victim€might€mistake€his€wife€andÐ ô”  Ðchildren€for€him€and€that€he€had€not€entertained€any€thoughts€of€shooting€the€victimÐ À` Ðprior€to€his€family€preparing€to€run€out€the€front€door.€€The€defendant€went€out€theÐ Œ, Ðfront€door€ahead€of€his€wife,€and€the€victim€was€right€in€front€of€the€screen€door.€Ð Xø ÐThe€defendant€denied€that€the€victim€was€walking€away€or€that€he€said€anything€toÐ $Ä Ðthe€victim.€€The€defendant€fired€the€rifle€at€the€victim.€€Mrs.€Jackson€estimated€thatÐ ð Ðafter€she€told€the€defendant€she€was€going€to€go€for€help,€it€was€about€fifteenÐ ¼ \ Ðseconds€until€the€defendant€fired€at€the€victim.€€Ð ˆ"( ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€remembered€little€about€the€shooting€itself€and€did€notÐ  &À  Ðknow€at€that€time€whether€he€had€hit€or€killed€the€victim.€€He€did€not€know€how€manyÐ ì'Œ" Ðshots€he€had€fired€until€several€days€later€when€he€spoke€with€his€attorney.€€HeÐ ¸)X $ Ðtestified€he€had€never€fired€the€rifle€prior€to€August€18,€1997.€€The€defendantÐ „+$"& Ðacknowledged€that€he€fled€and€then€returned;€however,€he€claimed€his€return€wasÐ P-ð#( Ðto€check€on€his€family,€rather€than€to€shoot€the€victim€again.€€The€defendantÐ /¼%* Ðultimately€fled€the€scene€and€stayed€hidden€for€nine€days€because€he€was€afraid€ofÐ è0ˆ', Ðretaliation€from€the€victim's€friends€or€family.€€After€the€defendant's€family€was€ableÐ ´2T). Ðto€arrange€his€surrender€to€the€police€and€hire€an€attorney,€he€turned€himself€overÐ €4 +0 Ðto€the€authorities.Ð L6ì,2 ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€estimated€the€time€of€the€entire€encounter€at€fifteen€toÐ ä9„06 Ðtwenty€minutes;€his€wife's€estimate€was€seven€to€ten€minutes.€€Taleasa€Bingham,Ð `  Ða€neighbor€who€testified€for€the€defense,€testified€that€she€saw€the€victim€kicking€theÐ , Ì ÐJacksons'€door€as€she€was€walking€to€her€apartment,€and€by€the€time€she€was€inÐ ø ˜ Ðher€living€room,€she€heard€shots.Ð Äd ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àIt€is€against€this€factual€backdrop€that€we€are€called€upon€to€resolveÐ \ü  Ðthe€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€issue.€€WÔ‡XæXX XæÔhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiencyÐ (È  Ðof€the€evidence,€an€appellate€courtððs€standard€of€review€is€whether,€after€consideringÐ ô”  Ðthe€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€òòanyóó€rational€trier€of€factÐ À` Ðcould€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€Ð Œ, ÐòòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€324,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2791„92€(1979);€òòState€v.Ð Xø ÐDuncanóó,€698€S.W.2d€63,€67€(Tenn.€1985);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€This€rule€appliesÐ $Ä Ðto€findings€of€guilt€based€upon€direct€evidence,€circumstantial€evidence,€or€aÐ ð Ðcombination€of€direct€and€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Dykesóó,€803€S.W.2d€250,Ð ¼ \ Ð253€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€€Ô#† XæXXXæœN#ÔÐ ˆ"( ÐÌÔ‡XæXX XæÔà ` àà ¸ àIn€determining€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€court€should€notÐ  &À  Ðreweigh€or€reevaluate€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779Ð ì'Œ" Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€Questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€theÐ ¸)X $ Ðweight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€theÐ „+$"& Ðevidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835Ð P-ð#( Ð(Tenn.€1978).€€Nor€may€this€court€substitute€its€inferences€for€those€drawn€by€theÐ /¼%* Ðtrier€of€fact€from€the€evidence.€€òòLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€199€Tenn.€298,€305,€286€S.W.2dÐ è0ˆ', Ð856,€859€(1956);€€òòFarmer€v.€Stateóó,€574€S.W.2d€49,€51€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€OnÐ ´2T). Ðthe€contrary,€this€court€must€afford€the€State€of€Tennessee€the€strongest€legitimateÐ €4 +0 Ðview€of€the€evidence€contained€in€the€record€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimateÐ L6ì,2 Ðinferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€€òòCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€at€835.Ð 8¸.4 ÐÔ#† XæXXXæ?R#ÔÐ ä9„06 Ðц Ñâ âÑTR[ì AØ'ÿ Legal[ì AØ'Legal  AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ LegalTÑâ âÑ  Ñà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€was€convicted€of€first€degree€murder,€which€is€definedÐ `  Ðin€pertinent€part€as€"[a]€premeditated€and€intentional€killing€of€another€.€.€.€."€€Tenn.Ð , Ì ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1)€(1997).€€The€first€degree€murder€statute€definesÐ ø ˜ Ðpremeditation€as€Ð Äd ÐÓÓà8 ` àan€action€done€after€the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment.€Ð 0 Ð'Premeditation'€means€that€the€intent€to€kill€must€have€been€formedÐ v  Ðprior€to€the€act€itself.€€It€is€not€necessary€that€the€purpose€to€kill€pre„Ð \ü  Ðexist€in€the€mind€of€the€accused€for€any€definite€period€of€time.€€TheÐ Bâ  Ðmental€state€of€the€accused€at€the€time€the€accused€allegedly€decidedÐ (È  Ðto€kill€must€be€carefully€considered€in€order€to€determine€whether€theÐ ®  Ðaccused€was€sufficiently€free€from€excitement€or€passion€as€to€beÐ ô”  Ðcapable€of€premeditation.ÐÚz ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌÓÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(d)€(1997).€€"'Intentional'€refers€to€a€person€who€actsÐ ¦F Ðintentionally€with€respect€.€.€.€to€a€result€of€the€conduct€when€it€is€the€person'sÐ r Ðconscious€objective€or€desire€to€.€.€.€cause€the€result."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„Ð >Þ Ð302€(1997);€òòsee€alsoóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„106(a)(18)€(1997).Ð  ª ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àIn€Tennessee,€a€homicide,€once€established,€is€presumed€to€beÐ ¢!B Ðsecond€degree€murder.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Westóó,€844€S.W.2d€144,€147€(Tenn.Ð n# Ð1997);€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530,€543€(Tenn.€1992).€€The€state€bears€theÐ :%Ú Ðburden€of€establishing€premeditation€in€order€to€elevate€the€crime€to€first€degreeÐ '¦! Ðmurder.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòWestóó,€844€S.W.2d€at€147;€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€543.€€WithÐ Ò(r# Ðrespect€to€premeditation,€its€existence€may€be€inferred€from€the€circumstancesÐ ž*>!% Ðsurrounding€the€crime.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Pikeóó,€978€S.W.2d€904,€914€(Tenn.€1998),Ð j, #' Ðòòcert.€deniedóó,€„„„€U.S.€„„„,€119€S.€Ct.€2025€(1999).€€Ð 6.Ö$) ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àUpon€review€of€the€facts€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€weÐ Î1n(- Ðconclude€that€€the€evidence€sufficiently€supports€the€defendant's€conviction€ofÐ š3:*/ Ðpremeditated€and€intentional€first€degree€murder.€€The€unarmed€victim€went€to€theÐ f5,1 Ðdefendant's€house€to€discuss€the€defendant's€debt.€€€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Nesbitóó,€978Ð 27Ò-3 ÐS.W.2d€872,€898€(Tenn.€1998)€(use€of€deadly€weapon€on€unarmed€victim),€òòcert.Ð þ8ž/5 Ðdeniedóó,€„„„€U.S.€„„„,€119€S.€Ct.€1359€(1999);€òòState€v.€Bullingtonóó,€532€S.W.2d€556,Ð `  Ð560€(Tenn.€1976)€(past€relationship€between€victim€and€defendant).€€Although€theÐ , Ì Ðdiscussion€was€perhaps€contentious€and€the€victim€indicated€he€would€assault€theÐ ø ˜ Ðdefendant,€the€victim€did€not€behave€threateningly.€€The€victim€indicated€he€wasÐ Äd Ðabandoning€hope€of€collecting€the€debt.€€Over€the€course€of€several€seconds,€theÐ 0 Ðdefendant€reached€into€the€depths€of€a€closet,€retrieved€his€automatic€rifle,€openedÐ \ü  Ðthe€front€door,€called,€"Hey,€Mike,"€to€the€victim,€and€shot€the€victim€when€he€turnedÐ (È  Ðback.€€òòSeeóó€òòEverett€v.€Stateóó,€528€S.W.2d€25,€28€(Tenn.€1975)€(victim€was€fatallyÐ ô”  Ðattacked€when€retreating€from€argument€with€defendant)€(Brock€and€Henry,€JJ.,Ð À` Ðdissenting).€€The€wounded€victim€fell€to€the€ground,€and€the€defendant€continued€toÐ Œ, Ðfire€at€him€until€the€victim€received€ten€gunshot€wounds.€€òòSeeóó€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2dÐ Xø Ðat€542€(repeated€shots€or€blows€cannot€alone€establish€premeditation€but€areÐ $Ä Ðproperly€considered€along€with€other€circumstances€in€assessing€the€existence€ofÐ ð Ðpremeditation);€òòe.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Andersonóó,€835€S.W.2d€600,€605€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ¼ \ Ð1992)€(attempt€to€shoot€victim€again€after€he€had€been€felled€and€renderedÐ ˆ"( Ðhelpless);€òòBullingtonóó,€532€S.W.2d€at€560€(repeated€shots).€€The€defendant€ranÐ T$ô Ðaway,€but€he€returned€and€announced€his€intent€to€kill€the€victim.€€€òòCfóó.€òòState€v.Ð  &À  ÐKendricksóó,€947€S.W.2d€875,€879„80€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€€1996)€(defendant€said€ð ðI€toldÐ ì'Œ" Ðyou€soðð€to€victim€after€shooting€her),€òòperm.€app.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€1997).€€WhenÐ ¸)X $ Ðchallenged€by€Sanders,€the€defendant€fled€and€did€not€surrender€to€the€authoritiesÐ „+$"& Ðfor€nine€days.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Fugateóó,€776€S.W.2d€541,€545€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988)Ð P-ð#( Ð(failure€to€render€aid€to€the€victim).Ð /¼%* ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àThese€facts€lead€us€to€the€inescapable€conclusion€that€a€jury€whichÐ ´2T). Ðaccredited€the€stateððs€proof€could€find€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€theÐ €4 +0 Ðdefendant€committed€intentional,€premeditated€murder.€òòAccordóó€òòState€v.€Ervin€LeeÐ L6ì,2 ÐHayesóó,€No.€01C01„9809„CR„00374€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€July€9,€1999);Ð 8¸.4 ÐòòState€v.€James€Gaylesóó,€No.€03C01„9708„CR„00339€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,Ð ä9„06 ÐJuly€6,€1999);€òòState€v.€Fred€Delaneyóó,€No.€02C01„9804„CR„00105€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Ð `  ÐJackson,€June€3,€1999),€òòapplicóó.€òòforóó€òòpermóó.€òòappóó.€òòfiledóó€(Tenn.€July€29,€1999).€€HisÐ , Ì Ðconviction€of€first€degree€murder€is€affirmed.Ð ø ˜ ÐÌÓÓà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à_______________________________Ð 0 Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJAMES€CURWOOD€WITT,€JR.,€JUDGEÐ v  ÐÌÌCONCUR:Ð (È  ÐÌÌÌ_____________________________Ð À` ÐJOSEPH€M.€TIPTON,€JUDGEÐ ¦F ÐÌÌÌ_____________________________Ð >Þ ÐJOHN€EVERETT€WILLIAMS,€JUDGE