ÿWPC„F <º»0x aW/#y&e(ØeÊ}íƒ\³Í[¯ÑÆ&Æ¡7)lžÛ=dÛCXcll2ú «<мT4ÆF&ƒ*܇3Ò„™hdî¶_†/²G°O=dpg¹D×<ǦaÖ6XØÎØ[éÉæ€¥°[«Éˆ|¢Ï›$âzðvð%Æmx­‹Ø”N„!ñe…t¯íü¥Ò— [é rÜ^7 |qß#éðƒ÷)4¦á_tÄ-m×l,K¢ˆÁ¶$Ø:hŽdWW5×=+ƒäý<:H™:ús€»<ôÆýžÖ6Ê`‹ã>{÷XÓúÃöÝúÙoO°3©jQ¨€Äè¯È Œ/^L·ñ‡ŒÌJCÈ„I:—ª\é¬Ò»:C¤‚¦EÊ^Œ_D>®èÇÏY¸ê¯'FíèîÙB¹Ï©UE«”¦ë‹s¶‹Ï­Ú7V¶§€­LIOê1z¨“G›´§è>¯ÛÎ/Áç¢Ïwt縨&h5ôÔý^N¡“PÐzHjïNfŽâ2ÃÌ\$°Ÿg²E";Úü“â—n?h‹È˜EÍ. >õ cYá#Va$Ǭƕ4ŠžÔ9ФW<Ì.>'Ç×¶rÆ0M“?i»×ߦ²cq¦A×;uE)…# F UNQ %Ÿ 0(¥ U:Í b w@ 4O c r 0Èw 0D?ƒSuf±ÛŒU:”GÎU:U:O 0‚‰U: U:E 0[ U:Ú U:!N!U:l"¦" B»$U:Ø$U:%U:L%U:†%wÀ%U:7(U:q(³«(U:^*U:˜*©Ò*U:{-U:µ-Iï-S82U:‹6U:Å6U:ÿ6U:97s7U:{8µ8U:º:U:ô:u.;U:£=U:Ý=±>U:È?U:@<@U:ÌBU:C@C 0DHCæŒC D3rDU:¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D¥D AOßDÆ.E.E 0DôE D/8F BgF˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡,“í|AZ‹"Arial Regular- ù- á íîEïðòeór‚ôõeöÓ€uM%3|xÿ ûÝ ƒ àÄ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€X2rXXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€&úÜ&XX2rÔòòÚ  Ú2Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€&úÜ&&&úÜÔIn€his€brief,€the€Defendant€initially€argues€that€the€ð ðresults€of€the€òòbreath€alcohol€testóó€shouldÐ `  Ðhave€been€excluded€from€evidence.ðð€€(Emphasis€added.)€€However,€from€a€reading€of€hisÏargument€as€a€whole,€it€seems€clear€that€the€Defendant€is€referring€to€the€blood€alcohol€testÏresults.(…2âÚ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€X’zXXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€&Ú¶&XX’zÔòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó€€(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó †Ý ƒ àÄ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€X2rXXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€&úÜ&XX2rÔòòÚ  Ú5Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€ &úÜ&&&úÜÔIn€his€brief,€the€Defendant€states,€Ð `  Ðà8 ` àIt€is€clear€from€the€record€that€the€Appellant,€Roy€A.€Jordan,€refused€the€breathÏtest€and€was€subjected€to€a€blood€alcohol€test.€€The€Appellant,€Roy€A.€Jordan,Ïrefused€the€field€sobriety€tests.€€On€the€25th€day€of€October,€1996€the€AppellantÏrefused€to€submit€to€the€breath€alcohol€testing.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐHe€makes€no€other€references€to€the€method€of€procuring€his€blood€sample. IÝ ƒ àÄ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€X2rXXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€&úÜ&XX2rÔòòÚ  Ú6Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€#&úÜ&&&úÜÔThe€Defendant€argues€that€when€the€issue€of€the€constitutionality€of€Tennessee€CodeÐ `  ÐAnnotated€ðð€55„10„406(e)€was€raised€in€òòState€v.€Bullingtonóó,€702€S.W.2d€580,€583€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð : Ú ÐApp.€1985),€this€Court€ð ðdid€not€specifically€address€the€constitutionality€other€than€the€generalÏconclusory€opinionðð€that€the€statute€passes€constitutional€muster.€€We€note€that€in€òòBullingtonóó,Ð î Ž Ðthis€Court€relied€upon€two€United€States€Supreme€Court€cases€in€concluding,€ð ðThe€State€mayÏcompel€submission€to€[blood€alcohol]€testing€if€the€officer€has€reasonable€grounds€to€believeÏthat€the€motorist€is€intoxicated.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€583.€€In€addition,€this€Court€found€the€statute€to€beÐ | Ðconstitutional€in€òòState€v.€Terry€Fowleróó,€Lake€County€No.€4,€1985€WL€3545€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Ð Vö ÐJackson,€Nov.€6,€1985). kÝ ƒ àÄ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€X2rXXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€&úÜ&XX2rÔòòÚ  Ú3Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€&úÜ&&&úÜÔThe€relevant€portion€of€Article€I,€Section€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€ð ðthe€accused€.€.€.Ð `  Ðshall€not€be€compelled€to€give€evidence€against€himself,ðð€parallels€the€Fifth€Amendment€to€ourÏUnited€States€Constitution,€which€provides,€in€pertinent€part,€ð ð[n]o€person€shall€.€.€.€beÏcompelled€in€any€criminal€case€to€be€a€witness€against€himself.ðð€€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,€ðð€9;€U.S.ÏConst.€amend.€V. §Ý ƒ àÄ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€X2rXXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€&úÜ&XX2rÔòòÚ  Ú4Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€&úÜ&&&úÜÔBoth€Article€I,€Section€VII€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€and€the€Fourth€Amendment€to€theÐ `  ÐUnited€States€Constitution€address€unreasonable€searches€and€seizures.€€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,Ïðð€7;€U.S.€Const.€amend.€IV. þÝ ƒ àÄ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€X2rXXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€&úÜ&XX2rÔòòÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝNo€witness€to€the€accident€saw€the€Defendant€change€lanes€before€crashing€into€Mr.€Imððs€car.,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular =Ý ƒ àÄ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€X2rXXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€&úÜ&XX2rÔòòÚ  Ú6Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€&úÜ&&&úÜÔThe€Defendant€argues€that€when€the€issue€of€the€constitutionality€of€Tennessee€CodeÐ `  ÐAnnotated€ðð€55„10„406(e)€was€raised€in€òòState€v.€Bullingtonóó,€702€S.W.2d€580,€583€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð : Ú ÐApp.€1985),€this€Court€ð ðdid€not€specifically€address€the€constitutionality€other€than€the€generalÏconclusory€opinionðð€that€the€statute€passes€constitutional€muster.€€We€note€that€in€òòBullingtonóó,Ð î Ž Ðthis€Court€relied€upon€two€United€States€Supreme€Court€cases€in€concluding,€ð ðThe€State€mayÏcompel€submission€to€[blood€alcohol]€testing€if€the€officer€has€reasonable€grounds€to€believeÏthat€the€motorist€is€intoxicated.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€583.€€In€addition,€this€Court€found€the€statute€to€beÐ | Ðconstitutional€in€òòState€v.€Terry€Fowleróó,€No.€4,€1985€WL€3545€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,€Nov.Ð Vö Ð6,€1985)., øð AZ"Arial Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular(A½$‘‘Ô€X £XXXÔÔ€ŠbÆŠXX £ÔòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular(3¨à$¥¥Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular Ý ƒ àÄ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€X2rXXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€&úÜ&XX2rÔòòÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóó€€Ý  Ý€€No€witness€to€the€accident€saw€the€Defendant€change€lanes€before€crashing€into€Mr.€ImððsÐ `  Ðcar., øð AZ"Arial Regular Ý ƒ ʘ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€!Xâ\XXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€!&*Ñ&XXâ\Ôà ` àòò€€Ú  Ú2Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€"&*Ñ&&&*ÑÔ€€In€his€brief,€the€Defendant€initially€argues€that€the€ð ðresults€of€the€òòbreath€alcohol€testóóÐ `  Ðshould€have€been€excluded€from€evidence.ðð€€(Emphasis€added.)€€However,€from€a€reading€ofÏhis€argument€as€a€whole,€it€seems€clear€that€the€Defendant€is€referring€to€the€blood€alcohol€testÏresults. d,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular mÝ ƒ àÄ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€%X2rXXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€%&úÜ&XX2rÔòòÚ  Ú3Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€&&úÜ&&&úÜÔ€€The€relevant€portion€of€Article€I,€Section€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€ð ðthe€accused€.€.Ð `  Ð.€shall€not€be€compelled€to€give€evidence€against€himself,ðð€parallels€the€Fifth€Amendment€to€ourÏUnited€States€Constitution,€which€provides,€in€pertinent€part,€ð ð[n]o€person€shall€.€.€.€beÏcompelled€in€any€criminal€case€to€be€a€witness€against€himself.ðð€€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,€ðð€9;€U.S.ÏConst.€amend.€V., øð AZ"Arial Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular ©Ý ƒ àÄ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€(X2rXXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€(&úÜ&XX2rÔòòÚ  Ú4Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€)&úÜ&&&úÜÔ€€Both€Article€I,€Section€VII€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€and€the€Fourth€Amendment€to€theÐ `  ÐUnited€States€Constitution€address€unreasonable€searches€and€seizures.€€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,Ïðð€7;€U.S.€Const.€amend.€IV., øð AZ"Arial Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular ŸÝ ƒ ʘ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€+Xâ\XXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€+&*Ñ&XXâ\Ôà ` àòò€€Ú  Ú5Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€,&*Ñ&&&*ÑÔà8 ¸ à€€In€his€brief,€the€Defendant€states,€ð ðIt€is€clear€from€the€record€that€theÐ `  ÐAppellant,€Roy€A.€Jordan,€refused€the€breath€test€and€was€subjected€toÏa€blood€alcohol€test.€€The€Appellant,€Roy€A.€Jordan,€refused€the€fieldÏsobriety€tests.€€On€the€25th€day€of€October,€1996€the€Appellant€refusedÏto€submit€to€the€breath€alcohol€testing.ðð€€Ð ¸ ü!¸ ü! ÐHe€makes€no€other€references€to€the€method€of€procuring€his€blood€sample., øð AZ"Arial Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular ?Ý ƒ àÄ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€1X2rXXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€1&úÜ&XX2rÔòòÚ  Ú6Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€2&úÜ&&&úÜÔ€€The€Defendant€argues€that€when€the€issue€of€the€constitutionality€of€Tennessee€CodeÐ `  ÐAnnotated€ðð€55„10„406(e)€was€raised€in€òòState€v.€Bullingtonóó,€702€S.W.2d€580,€583€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð : Ú ÐApp.€1985),€this€Court€ð ðdid€not€specifically€address€the€constitutionality€other€than€the€generalÏconclusory€opinionðð€that€the€statute€passes€constitutional€muster.€€We€note€that€in€òòBullingtonóó,Ð î Ž Ðthis€Court€relied€upon€two€United€States€Supreme€Court€cases€in€concluding,€ð ðThe€State€mayÏcompel€submission€to€[blood€alcohol]€testing€if€the€officer€has€reasonable€grounds€to€believeÏthat€the€motorist€is€intoxicated.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€583.€€In€addition,€this€Court€found€the€statute€to€beÐ | Ðconstitutional€in€òòState€v.€Terry€Fowleróó,€No.€4,€1985€WL€3545€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,€Nov.Ð Vö Ð6,€1985). IÝ ƒ àÄ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€/X2rXXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€/&úÜ&XX2rÔòòÚ  Ú6Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€0&úÜ&&&úÜÔThe€Defendant€argues€that€when€the€issue€of€the€constitutionality€of€Tennessee€CodeÐ `  ÐAnnotated€ðð€55„10„406(e)€was€raised€in€òòState€v.€Bullingtonóó,€702€S.W.2d€580,€583€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð : Ú ÐApp.€1985),€this€Court€ð ðdid€not€specifically€address€the€constitutionality€other€than€the€generalÏconclusory€opinionðð€that€the€statute€passes€constitutional€muster.€€We€note€that€in€òòBullingtonóó,Ð î Ž Ðthis€Court€relied€upon€two€United€States€Supreme€Court€cases€in€concluding,€ð ðThe€State€mayÏcompel€submission€to€[blood€alcohol]€testing€if€the€officer€has€reasonable€grounds€to€believeÏthat€the€motorist€is€intoxicated.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€583.€€In€addition,€this€Court€found€the€statute€to€beÐ | Ðconstitutional€in€òòState€v.€Terry€Fowleróó,€Lake€County€No.€4,€1985€WL€3545€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Ð Vö ÐJackson,€Nov.€6,€1985)., øð AZ"Arial Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular þÝ ƒ àÄ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€4X2rXXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€4&úÜ&XX2rÔòòÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝNo€witness€to€the€accident€saw€the€Defendant€change€lanes€before€crashing€into€Mr.€Imððs€car., øð AZ"Arial Regular ûÝ ƒ àÄ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€6X2rXXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€6&úÜ&XX2rÔòòÚ  Ú2Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€7&úÜ&&&úÜÔIn€his€brief,€the€Defendant€initially€argues€that€the€ð ðresults€of€the€òòbreath€alcohol€testóó€shouldÐ `  Ðhave€been€excluded€from€evidence.ðð€€(Emphasis€added.)€€However,€from€a€reading€of€hisÏargument€as€a€whole,€it€seems€clear€that€the€Defendant€is€referring€to€the€blood€alcohol€testÏresults., øð AZ"Arial Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular kÝ ƒ àÄ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€9X2rXXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€9&úÜ&XX2rÔòòÚ  Ú3Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€:&úÜ&&&úÜÔThe€relevant€portion€of€Article€I,€Section€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€ð ðthe€accused€.€.€.Ð `  Ðshall€not€be€compelled€to€give€evidence€against€himself,ðð€parallels€the€Fifth€Amendment€to€ourÏUnited€States€Constitution,€which€provides,€in€pertinent€part,€ð ð[n]o€person€shall€.€.€.€beÏcompelled€in€any€criminal€case€to€be€a€witness€against€himself.ðð€€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,€ðð€9;€U.S.ÏConst.€amend.€V., øð AZ"Arial Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular §Ý ƒ àÄ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€<X2rXXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€<&úÜ&XX2rÔòòÚ  Ú4Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€=&úÜ&&&úÜÔBoth€Article€I,€Section€VII€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€and€the€Fourth€Amendment€to€theÐ `  ÐUnited€States€Constitution€address€unreasonable€searches€and€seizures.€€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,Ïðð€7;€U.S.€Const.€amend.€IV., øð AZ"Arial Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular †Ý ƒ àÄ$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€?X2rXXXÔÓ  ÓÔ€?&úÜ&XX2rÔòòÚ  Ú5Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€@&úÜ&&&úÜÔIn€his€brief,€the€Defendant€states,€Ð `  Ðà8 ` àIt€is€clear€from€the€record€that€the€Appellant,€Roy€A.€Jordan,€refused€the€breathÏtest€and€was€subjected€to€a€blood€alcohol€test.€€The€Appellant,€Roy€A.€Jordan,Ïrefused€the€field€sobriety€tests.€€On€the€25th€day€of€October,€1996€the€AppellantÏrefused€to€submit€to€the€breath€alcohol€testing.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐHe€makes€no€other€references€to€the€method€of€procuring€his€blood€sample., øð AZ"Arial Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý ÜÔ€EXb XXXÔÔ€E½h  XEXbÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€EXb X E½hÔÐ  ÐÌApril€30,€1999ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAMÔó ó'ÿÿdxd,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular€B‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýñöññòñ›ñòññöñÑ` °ÑÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€Š°JŠXXÔÔ€Šƒ'ŠŠŠ°JÔÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ€ÑÑ7€üÏXXdðdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÓ  Óò òñöñßr€CD<,(j 8` `€€@Eôf ` 8ttxP,` ð  rß›ñöñIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÐ `  ÐÌAT€NASHVILLEÌÌMARCH€SESSION,€1999ÌÌÌÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à À à)à  àC.C.A.€NO.€01C01„9801„CR„00015Ð ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)ó óÐ ` Ðà ` àAppellee,à  àà h àà À àò ò)Ð `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àDAVIDSON€COUNTYÐ `  ÐVS.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àÐ `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àHON.€FRANK€G.€CLEMENT,€JR.ó óÐ `  Ðò òROY€A.€JORDAN,ó óà h àà À àò ò)à  àJUDGEó óÐ ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àò ò)ó óÐ ` Ðà ` àAppellant.à  àà h àà À àò ò)à  àó ó(Vehicular€Homicide)ò òÐ ` Ðó óÌÌÓ  Óò òON€APPEAL€FROM€THE€JUDGMENT€OF€THEÐ Pð ÐCRIMINAL€COURT€OF€DAVIDSON€COUNTYó óÐ Pð ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:à h àà À àà  àòòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:Ð @ à ÐÌJAMES€ROBIN€MCKINNY,€JR.à  àJOHN€KNOX€WALKUPÐ 0"Ð ÐOne€Washington€Square€à À àà  àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÐ (#È ÐSuite€103Ì214€Second€Avenue€Northà À àà  àELIZABETH€B.€MARNEYÐ %¸ ÐNashville,€TN€37201à h àà À àà  àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÐ &° Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à425€Fifth€Avenue€NorthÌTOMMY€TRAVIS€OVERTONà À àà  àNashville,€TN€37243Ð (  Ð213€Third€Avenue€NorthÌNashville,€TN€37201à h àà À àà  àVICTOR€S.€JOHNSONÐ ð) ! Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àBERNARD€MCEVOYÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àWashington€Square,€Suite€500Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à222€Second€Avenue€NorthÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àNashville,€TN€37201„1649ÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED€________________________ÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGEÐ  x8/0 ÐÓ  ÓÔ€°J_°ŠŠƒ'Ôò òòòÑ7€õ§ˆ ˆdXXdð7ÑOPINIONóóó óÔ€Šƒ'а°J_ÔÐ `  ÐÌÌÌÓÓÓ  Óà ` àThe€Defendant,€Roy€A.€Jordan,€was€found€guilty€of€vehicular€homicide€andÏsentenced€to€ten€years.€€He€now€appeals€his€conviction,€pursuant€to€Rule€3€of€theÏTennessee€Rules€of€Appellate€Procedure.€€The€Defendant€presents€two€issuesÏon€appeal:€(1)€whether€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€the€juryððs€finding€ofÏguilt€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt;€and€(2)€whether€the€trial€court€properly€deniedÏhis€motion€to€suppress€the€results€of€his€blood€alcohol€test.ÌÌà ` àOn€October€25,€1996€at€approximately€ten€oððclock€p.m.,€Mr.€and€Mrs.€BillÏStone€exited€the€Darkhorse€Theatre€on€Charlotte€Avenue€after€viewing€a€play.€ÏMr.€Bong€Im,€who€was€ñòñtravellingñòññòñtravelingñòñ€westward€on€Charlotte€in€an€Oldsmobile€Cutlass,Ïstopped€his€vehicle€in€front€of€the€theatre€to€allow€theatregoers€to€cross€Charlotte.€ÏHe€ñòñsignalledñòññòñsignaledñòñ€a€group,€which€included€the€Stones,€to€cross€the€street€in€front€of€hisÏvehicle€where€there€was€no€crosswalk.€€The€first€two€individuals€in€the€groupÏcrossed€Charlotte€safely.€€However,€as€two€more€individuals,€the€Stones,Ïattempted€to€make€their€way€across€the€street,€the€Defendantððs€Chevrolet€Blazer,Ïwhich€was€also€ñòñtravellingñòññòñtravelingñòñ€westward€on€Charlotte,€rear„ended€Mr.€Imððs€car.€€Mr.ÏImððs€vehicle€lurched€forward,€striking€Mr.€Stone€and€throwing€his€body€over€theÏhood€of€the€car€into€the€next€intersection.€€Stone€died€at€the€scene.€€After€hitting€ÏMr.€Imððs€car,€the€Blazer€veered€to€the€left€and€struck€an€oncoming€car.€ÌÌà ` àOne€eyewitness,€Steven€Carl€Scalet,€testified€that€he€was€alerted€to€theÏimpending€accident€by€the€ð ðsound€of€a€car€or€truck€coming€too€fast,€just€revvingÏup€his€engine.ðð€€He€reported€that€the€Blazer€was€ñòñtravellingñòññòñtravelingñòñ€at€a€speed€in€excessÐ ¾8^/0 Ðof€forty„five€or€fifty€miles€per€hour.€€Scalet€stated€that€between€the€time€he€lookedÏup€and€first€saw€the€Defendantððs€Blazer€approaching,€he€had€enough€time€toÏthink,€ð ðIf€he€starts€to€stop€right€now,€he€will€avoid€an€accident.€€And€evenð"ðyouÏknow,€like€half€a€second€to€a€second€later,€.€.€.€you€still€have€another€chance;€stopÏright€now€and€you€will€not€hit€this€parked€car.ðð€€He€also€testified€that€the€Blazer€didÏnot€ð ðbreak€up€until€the€very€last€millisecond€or€a€second€and€a€halfðð€before€hittingÏImððs€car.€€Scalet€stated€that€after€the€accident,€he€watched€the€Defendant€exit€theÏBlazer€and€noticed€that€the€Defendant€ð ðlooked€like€he€had€been€drinking.ððÌÌà ` àAnother€eyewitness€to€the€accident,€Malika€Jackson,€testified€that€theÏDefendantððs€Blazer€was€ñòñtravellingñòññòñtravelingñòñ€at€approximately€sixty€miles€per€hour.€€SheÏestimated€that€five€seconds€passed€between€the€time€that€she€first€noticed€theÏBlazer€speeding€down€the€street€and€the€time€of€collision.€€She€stated€that€Mr.ÏImððs€car€was€completely€stopped€at€the€time€of€the€crash.ÌÌà ` àA€third€eyewitness€to€the€collision€and€a€close€friend€of€the€victim,€OrvilleÏD.€Hinkle,€testified€that€he€attended€the€play€with€the€victim€on€the€night€of€theÏaccident€and€stated€that€he€and€his€family€crossed€Charlotte€shortly€before€theÏStones.€€Hinkle€reported€that€the€portion€of€Charlotte€where€the€accident€occurredÏwas€well„lit€at€the€time€of€the€crash,€illuminated€by€both€street€lights€and€lightsÏfrom€a€church.€€He€also€maintained€that€Mr.€Imððs€car€was€at€a€complete€stop€atÏthe€time€of€the€crash.€€He€recalled€that€after€the€crash,€he€ran€by€the€DefendantððsÏvehicle€and€observed€the€Defendant€sitting€with€his€head€in€his€hands.€€He€statedÏthat€he€noticed€the€ð ðsmell€of€alcoholðð€as€he€ran€by.Ìâ âÐ à7€.0 Ðà ` àEvans€Donnell,€a€fourth€eyewitness€to€the€accident,€testified€that€the€BlazerÏâ âwas€ñòñtravellingñòññòñtravelingñòñ€at€a€speed€over€forty„five€miles€per€hour€before€hitting€Mr.€ImððsÏstopped€car.€€Like€Mr.€Hinkle,€he€reported€that€Charlotte€Avenue€was€well„lit€atÏthe€time€of€the€accident€and€that€although€it€began€to€rain€shortly€after€theÏaccident,€it€was€not€raining€at€the€time€of€the€accident.€€In€addition,€he€testifiedÏthat€there€were€no€other€cars€in€the€vicinity€of€the€Blazer€before€the€crash.€€HeÏtestified€that€as€the€Blazer€approached€Mr.€Imððs€car,€he€wondered€whether€itÏwould€stop€in€time€and€stated€that€he€believed€the€Blazer€could€have€stopped€inÏtime.€€He€further€testified€that€after€he€watched€the€Blazer€hit€Mr.€Imððs€car,€heÏheard€the€Blazerððs€engine€ð ðrevvingðð€before€the€Blazer€crashed€into€the€oncomingÏcar.€€He€recalled€that€after€the€accident,€he€heard€the€Defendant€ask,€ð ðWhatÏhappened?ðð€and€testified€that€the€Defendant,€who€ð ðappeared€quite€disheveled,ððÏsmelled€of€beer.ÌÌà ` àOfficer€Scott€Mitchell€was€called€to€the€scene€shortly€after€the€accident.€€HeÏtestified€that€when€he€approached€the€Defendant,€the€Defendant€informed€himÏthat€his€Blazer€had€been€hit€in€the€rear€by€another€car,€causing€him€to€ð ðswerveÏinto€the€oncoming€traffic€and€strike€another€vehicle.ðð€€He€stated€that€theÏDefendant€did€not€mention€anything€at€that€time€about€striking€Mr.€Imððs€car.€ÏMitchell€testified€that€he€ð ðdetected€a€strong€odor€of€alcohol€about€[theÏDefendant].ðð€€He€stated€that€the€Defendantððs€ð ðeyes€were€bloodshot€and€red,€hisÏspeech€was€slurred€and€he€seemed€somewhat€confused€when€answering€.€.€.Ïquestions.€€He€was€unstable€on€his€feet€also.ðð€€According€to€Mitchell,€theÏDefendant€admitted€to€having€drunk€four€beers€before€the€accident.€€He€testifiedÏthat€he€also€checked€the€inside€of€the€Defendantððs€vehicle€and€found€ð ðclose€to€30"Ïbeer€cans,€some€full€and€some€empty.Ð Ð9p02 Їà ` àOfficer€Ronald€C.€Swanson,€a€member€of€the€DUI€Enforcement€Unit,€Ïadministered€field€sobriety€tests€to€the€Defendant€at€the€scene€of€the€accident.€ÏWhen€he€arrived,€he€escorted€the€Defendant€to€a€level€surface€ð ðaway€from€theÏdistraction€of€the€noise€and€lightsðð€to€administer€the€tests.€€Swanson€observedÏthat€the€Defendant€could€not€walk€unaided,€that€there€was€an€extremely€ð ðstrongÏodor€of€alcoholðð€about€the€Defendant,€and€that€the€Defendantððs€speech€wasÏslurred€and€ð ðmumbling.ðð€€He€concluded€that€the€Defendant€ð ðwas€about€asÏintoxicated€as€anybody€[heððd]€ever€seen.ðð€€Swanson€testified€that€when€heÏadministered€the€horizontal€gaze€nystagmus€test€to€the€Defendant,€the€DefendantÏwas€initially€able€to€follow€his€instructions€but€then€ð ðkind€of€discontinued€and€sortÏof€gazed.ðð€€The€ñòñDefendentñòññòñDefendantñòñ€subsequently€declined€to€perform€the€nine„step€walk„Ïand„turn€and€the€one„leg„stand€tests.€€ÌÌà ` àSwanson€stated€that€he€then€seated€the€Defendant€in€the€patrol€car,€whereÏthe€Defendant€began€to€make€incoherent€comments,€and€recited€to€theÏDefendant€his€òòMirandaóó€rights.€€He€recalled€that€the€Defendant€made€a€couple€ofÐ p& Ðcomments€about€wanting€to€see€a€lawyer.€€Swanson€next€transported€theÏDefendant€to€Nashville€General€Hospital,€where€a€sample€of€the€DefendantððsÏblood€was€drawn€at€midnight.€€Jerry€Gowen,€the€director€of€the€clinical€laboratoryÏat€the€hospital,€testified€that€hospital€policy€ordinarily€requires€consent€of€theÏpatient€for€obtaining€blood€samples,€except€when€the€patient€is€under€arrest.€€TestÏresults€revealed€that€at€midnight,€the€Defendantððs€blood€contained€an€alcoholÏcontent€of€.20€percent.€€ÌÌà ` àOfficer€Joe€Morton€testified€about€damage€done€to€the€vehicles€during€theÏaccident.€€He€stated€that€he€examined€the€Defendantððs€vehicle€and€was€unableÐ Ð9p02 Ðto€find€any€damage€to€its€rear€or€any€other€evidence€indicating€that€it€had€beenÏstruck€from€behind.€€He€also€testified€that€there€were€numerous€beer€cans€insideÏthe€Blazer€and€a€glass€bowl€containing€two€full€beer€cans,€which€was€positionedÏon€the€floorboard€of€the€driverððs€side€within€reach€of€the€driver.€€He€determinedÏthat€Mr.€Imððs€vehicle€ñòñtravelledñòññòñtraveledñòñ€158€feet€after€the€collision€and€that€the€distanceÏbetween€the€area€of€impact€and€the€intersection€of€46th€Street,€the€approximateÏlocation€where€eyewitnesses€first€noticed€the€speeding€Blazer,€was€331€feet.€€HeÏstated€that€a€driver€of€a€vehicle€going€forty€miles€per€hour,€the€designated€speedÏlimit€on€Charlotte€Avenue,€would€have€a€little€over€five€seconds€to€react€to€anotherÏcar€stopped€approximately€three€hundred€feet€ahead€of€his€car.ÌÌà ` àIn€addition,€Morton€testified€that€he€contacted€the€Defendant€at€the€hospital€Ïshortly€after€midnight.€€He€stated€that€at€that€time,€the€Defendant€still€smelledÏstrongly€of€alcohol,€his€speech€was€slurred€and€disjñîññíñ\\\ñíñunctñîññïñointedñïñ,€and€his€eyes€wereÏwatery.€€He€concluded€that€ð ðhe€was€unable€to€drive,€he€was€impaired.ðð€€He€statedÏthat€the€Defendant€told€him€that€as€he€changed€lanes€to€pass€a€car,€he€saw€Mr.ÏImððs€car€stopped€ahead,€but€was€unable€to€stop€his€own€vehicle€in€time.ÌÌà ` àThe€Defendant€testified€at€trial.€€He€stated€that€at€4:00€p.m.€on€October€25,Ï1996,€he€picked€up€a€six„pack€of€beer€after€work€and€drank€it€before€5:00€p.m.,Ïwhen€he€went€to€his€second€job.€€He€reported€that€at€approximately€9:15€p.m.,€heÏleft€his€second€job€to€meet€a€friend,€Robert€McCarter,€who€was€employed€asÏsecurity€for€a€church€on€Charlotte€Avenue.€€McCarter,€whom€the€DefendantÏsometimes€helped€out€free€of€charge,€was€paid€to€sit€inside€his€own€vehicle€in€theÏchurch€parking€lot€during€church€services€to€prevent€theft€and€vandalism.€ÏAccording€to€the€Defendant,€he€arrived€at€the€church€at€approximately€9:30€p.m.Ð Ð9p02 Ðand€opened€another€can€of€beer.€€He€stated€that€between€the€time€he€got€off€workÏat€9:15€and€the€time€he€left€the€church,€he€drank€another€three€and€one„halfÏbeers.€€He€and€Mr.€Im,€who€was€also€employed€at€the€church,€left€the€church€atÏapproximately€the€same€time.€€ÌÌà ` àThe€Defendant€testified,€ÌÓÓà8 ` àWe€were€ñòñtravellingñòññòñtravelingñòñ€westbound€on€Charlotte;€I€was€next€to€the€centerÏlane€on€Charlotte€Avenue.€€We€got€to€46th€Avenue€and€the€car€inÏfront€of€me,€which€had€just€left€the€church,€applied€his€brakes.€€IÏchanged€lanes€because€I€did€not€see€any€brake€lights€on€the€backÏof€Mr.€Imððs€car€at€that€time.€€When€I€changed€lanes€his€lights€cameÏon€and€I€applied€my€brakes€and€thatððs€when€I€slid.ñáññòñ׃×ñòññòñ׃3×ñòññáññáñ׃×ñáñÝ ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ÐØx` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓl4ÓHe€claimed€that€he€was€ñòñtravellingñòññòñtravelingñòñ€at€a€speed€of€forty€miles€per€hour€beforeÏapplying€his€brakes€and€also€claimed€that€the€streetlights€in€front€of€the€DarkhorseÏTheatre€were€not€working.€€He€testified€that€even€if€he€had€been€sober,€he€wouldÏhave€hit€Mr.€Imððs€car.€€He€stated,€ð ðI€had€no€indication€that€the€gentleman€wasÏstopped€where€he€was€until€after€I€changed€lanes€and€I€saw€his€brake€lights€beingÏapplied€then.ðð€€In€addition,€he€denied€telling€Officer€Mitchell€at€the€scene€of€theÏcrime€that€he€had€been€rear„ended.€€ÌÌà ` àThe€Defendant€maintained€that€he€did€not€consume€any€beer€inside€hisÏvehicle€after€leaving€the€church.€€He€further€testified€that€he€felt€the€effects€ofÏalcohol€more€strongly€at€the€time€his€blood€was€drawn€after€the€accident€than€atÏthe€time€of€the€accident.€€Finally,€he€admitted€to€having€drunk€a€six„pack€of€beerÏalmost€every€day€for€six€years€during€the€time€between€his€first€and€second€jobs.€Ìâ âÐ ø4˜+- Ðà ` àRobert€McCarter,€the€Defendantððs€friend,€testified€that€the€DefendantÏâ âarrived€at€the€church€parking€lot€at€approximately€9:15€or€9:20€ñóñœñóñp.m.ñôñ€ñôññõñ›ñõñon€the€nightÏof€the€accident.€€He€testified€that€the€Defendant€had€a€can€of€beer€in€his€hand€andÏthat€his€breath€smelled€strongly€of€alcohol.€€However,€he€stated€that€theÏDefendant€ð ðseemed€to€have€knowledge€and€his€speech€wasnððt€slurred.ððÌÌà ` àDonna€Jordan,€the€Defendantððs€wife,€stated€that€she€saw€her€husband€withÏa€beer€in€his€hand€at€approximately€9:15€or€9:20€on€the€night€of€the€accidentÏwhen€he€stopped€by€their€home€before€heading€to€the€church.€€She€testified€thatÏshe€knew€he€had€been€drinking€because€of€his€demeanor€and€the€fact€that€hisÏeyes€were€bloodshot.€€However,€she€also€stated,€ð ðHe€was€talking€all€right,€he€wasÏwalking€fine€.€.€.€[and]€he€didnððt€stagger.ðð€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€¹Ó  ÓI.€€SUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEÌÓ…>ÓÓ  ÓÓ  Óà ` àThe€Defendant€first€argues€that€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€isÏinsufficient€to€sustain€his€conviction€for€vehicular€homicide.€€He€theorizes€that€ifÏMr.€Im€had€testified,€the€jury€could€have€determined€that€Mr.€Im€contributed€to€theÏaccident.€€He€contends€that€a€ð ðrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€that€theÏessential€element€for€the€crime€was€not€proven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€dueÏto€the€lack€of€testimony€from€Mr.€Im.ðð€€He€emphasizes€the€fact€that€the€DefendantÏdid€not€submit€to€a€breath€alcohol€test.€€He€also€points€out€Officer€SwansonððsÏnotation€in€his€report€that€he€was€unable€to€ascertain€the€Defendantððs€ð ðability€toÏoperate€a€motor€vehicle.ðð€€€Ìà ` àÌà ` àTennessee€Rule€of€Appellate€Procedure€13(e)€prescribes€that€ð ð[f]indingsÏof€guilt€in€criminal€actions€whether€by€the€trial€court€or€jury€shall€be€set€aside€if€theÐ Ð9p02 Ðevidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€finding€by€the€trier€of€fact€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€In€addition,€because€a€conviction€byÏa€trier€of€fact€destroys€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€imposes€a€presumptionÏof€guilt,€a€convicted€criminal€defendant€bears€the€burden€of€showing€that€theÏevidence€was€insufficient.€€òòMcBee€v.€Stateóó,€372€S.W.2d€173,€176€(Tenn.€1963);Ð  À Ðòòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992)€(citing€òòState€v.Ð °  ÐGraceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1976),€and€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€551€S.W.2d€329,Ð    Ð331€(Tenn.€1977));€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982);€òòHolt€v.Ð ð  ÐStateóó,€357€S.W.2d€57,€61€(Tenn.€1962).Ð à€ ÐÌà ` àIn€its€review€of€the€evidence,€an€appellate€court€must€afford€the€State€ð ðtheÏstrongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimateÏinferences€that€may€be€drawn€therefrom.ðð€€òòTuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€at€914€(citingÐ   @ ÐòòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978)).€€The€court€may€not€ð ðre„Ð "0 Ðweigh€or€re„evaluate€the€evidenceðð€in€the€record€below.€€òòEvansóó,€838€S.W.2d€atÐ €$  Ð191€(citing€òòCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€at€836).€€Likewise,€should€the€reviewing€courtÐ p& Ðfind€particular€conflicts€in€the€trial€testimony,€the€court€must€resolve€them€in€favorÏof€the€jury€verdict€or€trial€court€judgment.€€òòTuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€at€914.Ð P*ð " ÐÌà ` àBased€upon€our€review€of€the€record,€we€conclude€that€there€was€clearlyÏsufficient€evidence€introduced€at€trial€to€support€the€juryððs€verdict.€€The€DefendantÏcomplains€that€Mr.€Im€was€not€called€as€a€witness€at€trial€and€contends€that€Mr.ÏImððs€testimony€would€have€convinced€jurors€that€Mr.€Im€contributed€to€theÏaccident.€€However,€the€Defendant€does€not€specify€what€testimony€Mr.€Im€couldÏhave€provided€to€ensure€this€result.€€We€note€that€the€Defendant€could€haveÏcalled€Mr.€Im€as€a€witness€and€apparently€chose€not€to€do€so.€€We€may€not€nowÐ Ð9p02 Ðhypothesize€about€what€testimony€Mr.€Im€may€or€may€not€have€provided.€€òòSeeóóÐ `  ÐTenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(c).€ÌÌà ` àOur€vehicular€homicide€statute,€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€39„13„213,Ïdefines€the€crime€as€ð ðthe€reckless€killing€of€another€by€the€operation€of€anÏautomobile,€airplane,€motorboat,€or€other€motor€vehicle€.€.€.€[a]s€the€proximateÏresult€of€the€driverððs€intoxication€as€set€forth€in€ðð€55„10„401€.€.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€39„13„213(a)(2).€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€55„10„401€specifies€thatÏan€individual€is€intoxicated€for€purposes€of€our€DUI€statute€if€his€or€her€bloodÏalcohol€content€is€ð ðten„hundredths€of€one€percent€(.10%)€or€more.ðð€€òòId.óó€ðð€55„10„Ð Ðp Ð401(a)(2).€ÌÌà ` à€Tests€performed€on€a€sample€of€the€Defendantððs€blood€which€was€drawnÏapproximately€two€hours€after€the€accident€reveal€that€the€Defendantððs€bloodÏalcohol€content€was€.20€percent,€twice€the€amount€required€by€statute€to€showÏintoxication.€€The€Defendant€himself€admitted€to€drinking€nine€and€one„half€beersÏon€the€evening€of€the€accident,€three€and€one„half€of€them€within€less€than€anÏhour€before€the€crash.€€Moreover,€numerous€witnesses€and€officers€present€at€theÏscene€of€the€accident€described€the€Defendant€as€inebriated€and€smellingÏstrongly€of€alcohol.€€Thus,€it€is€clear€that€the€proof€demonstrated€that€theÏDefendant€was€intoxicated€at€the€time€of€the€accident.ÌÌà ` àFurthermore,€witnesses€to€the€accident€testified€that€the€Defendant€wasÏspeeding;€that€Mr.€Imððs€car€stopped€substantially€ahead€of€the€DefendantððsÏspeeding€vehicle;€that€Mr.€Imððs€car€was€completely€stopped€at€the€time€of€theÏcrash;€that€there€were€no€other€cars€on€the€road€to€impede€the€Defendantððs€view;Ð Ð9p02 Ðthat€the€Defendant€did€not€apply€his€brakes€until€the€very€last€moment€before€heÏhit€Mr.€Imððs€car;€and€that€the€Defendant€accelerated€after€striking€Mr.€Imððs€car,Ïthus€propelling€his€own€vehicle€into€an€oncoming€car.€€Certainly€this€is€sufficientÏevidence€from€which€a€rational€trier€of€fact€could€conclude€that€the€DefendantððsÏrecklessness€was€the€cause€of€the€accident€and€that€the€accident€was€theÏproximate€result€of€his€intoxication.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌÓÍ>ÓÓ  ÓII.€BLOOD€ALCOHOL€TESTÌÓßSÓÓ8Óà ` àThe€Defendant€next€argues€that€the€results€of€his€blood€alcohol€test€shouldÏhave€been€excluded€from€evidence.ñáññõñ׃ ×ñõññõñ׃5×ñõññáññáñ׃×ñáñÝ ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€He€challenges€the€constitutionality€ofÐ Ðp ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€55„10„406(e)€on€the€basis€that€it€compels€aÏdefendant€to€give€evidence€against€himself,€in€contravention€of€Article€I,€SectionÏ9€of€our€state€constitution.€€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,€ðð€9.ñáññõñ׃ø×ñõññõñ׃8ø×ñõññáññáñ׃$ø×ñáñÝ ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€He€also€contends€that€theÐ   @ Ðstatute€violates€rights€protected€by€Article€I,€Section€7€of€our€state€constitution,ñáññõñ׃ ×ñõññõñ׃; ×ñõññáññáñ׃' ×ñáñÝ ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð "0 Ðarguing€that€ð ðthe€least€obtrusive€measure€[by]€which€to€compel€a€Defendant€toÏprovide€a€blood€alcohol€sample€is€to€ascertain€a€search€warrant€to€ensure€that€theÏconstitutional€safeguards€are€met€and€satisfied.ðð€€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,€ðð€7.Ìâ âÓTÓÐ P*ð " ÐÓ  Óà ` àIn€Tennessee,€anyone€who€operates€a€motor€vehicle€on€the€roads€of€ourÏâ âstate€is€ð ðdeemed€to€have€given€consent€to€a€test€for€the€purpose€of€determiningÏthe€alcoholic€.€.€.€content€of€that€personððs€blood€.€.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€55„10„¼406(a)(1).€€If€an€accused€is€charged€with€driving€under€the€influence€and€ð ðrefusesÏto€submitðð€to€testing,€the€tests€ð ðshall€not€be€given.ðð€€òòId.óó€ðð€55„10„406(a)(3).€Ð  À ÐHowever,€when€a€person€is€charged€with€vehicular€homicide,€Tennessee€CodeÏAnnotated€ðð€55„10„406(e)€applies.€€It€provides:ÌÓÓà8 ` àNothing€in€this€section€shall€affect€the€admissibility€in€evidence,€inÏcriminal€prosecutions€for€aggravated€assault€or€homicide€by€the€useÏof€a€motor€vehicle€only,€of€any€chemical€analysis€of€the€alcoholic€orÏdrug€content€of€the€defendantððs€blood€which€has€been€obtained€byÏany€means€lawful€without€regard€to€the€provisions€of€this€section.€€Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌòòId.óó€ðð€55„10„406(e).Ð À` ÐÌÌÓ®[Óà ` à€In€òòSchmerber€v.€Californiaóó,€384€U.S.€757€(1966),€the€United€StatesÐ ¨H ÐSupreme€Court€emphasized€that€the€Fifth€Amendment€privilege€against€self„¼incrimination€under€our€United€States€Constitution€ð ðprotects€an€accused€only€fromÏbeing€compelled€to€testify€against€himself,€or€otherwise€provide€the€State€withÏevidence€of€a€testimonial€or€communicative€nature.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€761.€€The€CourtÐ h' Ðdetermined€thatÌÓÓà8 ` à[t]he€values€protected€by€the€Fourth€Amendment€.€.€.€substantiallyÏoverlap€those€[that]€the€Fifth€Amendment€helps€to€protect.€€HistoryÏand€precedent€have€required€that€we€today€reject€the€claim€that€theÏSelf„Incrimination€Clause€of€the€Fifth€Amendment€requires€theÏhuman€body€in€all€circumstances€to€be€held€inviolate€against€stateÏexpeditions€seeking€evidence€of€crime.€€But€if€compulsoryÏadministration€of€a€blood€test€does€not€implicate€the€FifthÏAmendment,€it€plainly€involves€the€broadly€conceived€reach€of€aÏsearch€and€seizure€under€the€Fourth€Amendment.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓX_ÓòòId.óó€at€767.€€The€Court€concluded€that€blood€test€evidence€is€admissible€if€the€testÐ ø4˜+- Ðâ âis€performed€in€a€reasonable€manner€and€there€is€some€indication€that€theÐ è6ˆ-/ Ðevidence€sought€will€be€found.€€òòId.óó€at€771;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Greeneóó,€929€S.W.2dÐ `  Ð376,€380€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Ìâ âÌà ` àIn€òòState€v.€Cleo€Masonóó,€No.€02C01„9310„CC„00233,€1996€WL€111200Ð 0Ð Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,€March€14,€1996),€the€late€Judge€Joe€B.€Jones€wroteÏfor€this€Court€and€adopted€the€òòSchmerberóó€test,€which€sets€forth€four€prerequisitesÐ °  Ðto€be€met€before€the€results€of€a€compelled€blood„alcohol€test€are€admissible€intoÏevidence.€€The€State€must€prove€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence€that:ÌÓÓà8 ` àa)€The€officer€compelling€the€extraction€of€blood€from€the€accusedÏhas€probable€cause€to€believe€that€the€accused€committed€theÏoffense€of€aggravated€assault€or€vehicular€homicide€while€under€theÏinfluences€of€an€intoxicant€or€drug,€and€there€is€a€clear€indicationÏthat€evidence€of€the€accusedððs€intoxication€will€be€found€if€the€bloodÏis€taken€from€the€accusedððs€body€and€tested;Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àb)€Exigent€circumstances€exist€to€forego€the€warrant€requirement;Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àc)€The€test€selected€by€the€officer€is€reasonable€and€competent€forÏdetermining€blood„alcohol€content;€andÐ ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àd)€The€test€is€performed€in€a€reasonable€manner.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓeÓòòId.óó€at€*7„8€(citations€omitted)€(citing€òòSchmerberóó,€384€U.S.€at€768„72).€€In€òòMasonóó,Ð ˆ#( Ðthis€Court€ruled€that€on€the€specific€facts€of€the€case,€the€use€of€physical€force€toÏobtain€the€defendantððs€blood€was€objectively€reasonable.€€òòMasonóó,€1996€WLÐ h' Ð1112000,€at€*12.€€We€find€the€reasoning€and€analysis€of€Judge€Jones€to€beÏsound.ÌÌà ` àHere,€although€it€is€somewhat€unclear€from€the€Defendantððs€brief,€it€doesÏnot€appear€that€the€Defendant€challenges€the€method€by€which€his€blood€sampleÏwas€taken,€nor€does€he€argue€that€he€refused€consent€for€blood€tests.ñáññõñ׃ ×ñõññõñ׃>×ñõññáññáñ׃*×ñáñÝ ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Rather,Ð 3¨)+ Ðit€appears€that€the€Defendant€raises€a€general€challenge€to€the€constitutionalityÏof€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€55„10„406(e)ñáññðññõñ׃×ñõññõñ׃.×ñõññðññðñ׃×ñðññáññáñ׃-×ñáñÝ ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€contends€that€because€theÐ P ð Ðstatute€is€unconstitutional,€the€State€should€have€procured€a€search€warrantÏbefore€drawing€a€sample€of€his€blood.ÌÌà ` àBased€upon€legal€analysis€of€this€issue€by€both€the€United€States€SupremeÏCourt€and€this€Court€in€previous€cases,€as€summarized€herein,€we€conclude€thatÏTennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð55„10„406(e)€is€constitutional.€€Our€ñõñcaselawñõññõñcase€lawñõñÏrequires€that€specific€procedures€must€be€followed€in€obtaining€a€blood€sampleÏfrom€a€defendant€charged€with€vehicular€homicide€and€even€allows€the€ñõñforcableñõññõñforcibleñõñÏtaking€of€blood€in€certain€situations.€€We€are€unpersuaded€to€overrule€previousÏholdings€by€this€Court€on€this€issue.€€Because€the€Defendant€points€to€noÏevidence€in€the€record€that€he€refused€consent€to€the€blood„alcohol€testÏperformed€on€him€the€night€of€the€accident€or€that€his€blood€was€drawn€inÏviolation€of€the€standards€set€forth€in€òòMasonóó,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€courtÐ €$  Ðproperly€denied€the€Defendantððs€motion€to€suppress€the€results€of€the€test.ÌÌà ` àThe€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€accordingly€affirmed.€€ÌÌà ` à€€€€ÌÓKYÓÐ  0À&( ÐÓÓà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àà  àà x àñÝñà Ð àà (# à¼à ` àà ¸ àà  àñÝñ____________________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌJOE€G.€RILEY,€JUDGEÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌTHOMAS€T.€WOODALL,€JUDGE