ÿWPC …# VU>a %Ÿ 0í¥UB’ 4Ô è n­÷ ¤ w ¬ 0J¶  0T 0^T 0h² 0r 0|Œ 0† 0Ž 1uU,“ 0d¿U,#U6O B…U.¢U*ÐB)úDC# D3f AM™æ 0@ef¥v~ vÓ‰ AO\Æ« 0Dq D/µ Bä˜HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀÌÀääÀÀÌ0 <èÀ( 9Z &Courier RegularX(ÅÕÐ$¡¡Ñ  ÑÑ7€'CXXdÈXXdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓ<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpi»~g 3|x¢ «<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiXXxþ6X@ÉJQX@— Ó€2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(ModernP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Monaco< Œ 9p`(Courier New d< Œ 9p`(Courier< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d((((7Border 1dd%%%%'ÿÿdxd€-)Cþÿ << Gÿÿ uÝ ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€$ÔÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÓ` °˜XÓÝ  ÝÔ€'ÔÔ€'ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€'XÔÌÌò òMarch€8,€1996ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€'ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò \Ñ\R AØ'\ÑPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑMonacoÑÑ ÑÒ  BA: T Monaco ÒÒ  BA: T Monaco Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÓ&€##X„d&ÓÑ#€##Xd#ÑÔ€$ÔÑ  ÑÑ#€&&Xd#ÑÑ#€&&Xd#ÑÑ  ÑÓ` °˜XÓÝ  ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ h ÒÑ  ÑÑ Ü ÑÓÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€'Ô›à8 àà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€KNOXVILLEà@ à€€€€€€€€€ÌÙ€€ÙœßL€+,);+'h|` Å `€€Lß›à àà à€€€€€€€€€€€€OCTOBER€1995€SESSIONÌÌÓÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà à)à àÌ€à àà àà àà à)Ìà àAppellee,€à àà à)à àNo.€œ03C01›„9412„CR„00446Ìà à€€€€€à àà à€€à à)Ìà àà àà àà à)à àGreene€CountyÌv.à àà àà àà à)€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà àà àà à)à à€Hon.€James€E.€Beckner,€Judge€€€€€Ìà àà àà àà à)ÌMARCUS€LYNN€KESTERSON,€€à à)à à€(Driving€Under€the€Influence)Ìà àà àà àà à)€€€€€€€€Ìà àAppellant.à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à àà àà àà àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:ÌÌLeRoy€Tipton,€Jr.à àà àà àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌ115€East€Depot€Streetà àà àà àAttorney€General€of€TennesseeÌGreeneville,€TN€37743à àà àà àà àandÌà àà àà àà àà àDarian€TaylorÌà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€General€of€Tennessee€à àà àà àà àà à450ÏJames€Robertson€Parkwayà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àC.€Berkeley€Bell,€Jr.Ìà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àandÌà àà àà àà àà àAnthony€E.€HaganÌà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€AttorneyÌà àà àà àà àà à113€West€Church€StreetÌà àà àà àà àà àGreeneville,€TN€37743ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:____________________ÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌJoseph€M.€TiptonÌJudgeÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÓÓà@ àòòò òO€P€I€N€I€O€Nóóó óÌÌà àThe€defendant,€Marcus€Lynn€Kesterson,€appeals€from€a€jury€convictionÏin€the€Greene€County€Criminal€Court€for€driving€under€the€influence,€second€offense,Ïa€Class€A€misdemeanor.€€The€defendant€received€a€sentence€of€eleven€months€andÏtwenty„nine€days€to€be€served€in€the€Greene€County€Jail€with€a€thirty€percent€releaseÏeligibility€date€and€a€fine€of€five€hundred€and€ten€dollars.€€In€this€appeal€as€of€right,€theÏdefendant€contends€the€following:ÌÓ  ÓÓÓà8 à(1)€that€the€trial€judge€committed€plain€error€by€makingÏimproper€comments€to€prospective€jurors€during€voir€dire,€à àÌÌà8 à(2)€that€the€state€failed€to€meet€its€burden€of€proof€regardingÏthe€qualifications€and€certification€of€the€operator€of€theÏintoximeter€machine€and€€€€€€ÌÌà8 à(3)€that€he€was€denied€the€right€to€cross„examine€theÏoperator€of€the€intoximeter€machine€regarding€herÏknowledge€and€qualifications€to€operate€the€machine.€ÌÌÌÓ  ÓÌÓÓà àDeputy€Mark€McClain€of€the€Greene€County€Sheriffððs€DepartmentÏtestified€that€at€approximately€2:40€a.m.€on€February€6,€1994,€he€saw€the€defendantððsÏtruck€run€a€stop€sign.€€He€followed€the€defendant€and€saw€him€stop€at€a€railroadÏcrossing€and€turn€on€his€right€turn€signal,€although€there€was€no€place€to€make€a€rightÏturn.€€He€followed€the€defendant€further€and€observed€the€defendant€weave€acrossÏthe€center€of€the€road€at€least€four€times.€€He€testified€that€he€followed€the€defendant€toÏthe€Doehler„Jarvis€parking€lot€where€he€stopped€the€defendant€for€driving€under€theÏinfluence.€€He€stated€that€the€defendant€was€unsteady€on€his€feet,€his€speech€wasÏslurred€and€that€he€smelled€strongly€of€alcohol.€€Deputy€McClain€testified€that€he€alsoÏsaw€several€unopened€cans€of€beer€in€the€car,€as€well€as€two€opened€cans,€one€ofÏwhich€had€spilled€on€the€back€floorboard.€€Deputy€McClain€testified€that€he€calledÏOfficer€Beth€Dyke€of€the€Greeneville€Police€Department€to€the€scene€in€order€toÏadminister€field€sobriety€tests€because€he€was€not€certified€to€administer€them.€€HeÏstated€that€she€arrived€as€the€defendant€was€getting€out€of€his€truck.€€Ìà àÌà àOn€cross„examination,€Deputy€McClain€admitted€that€he€did€not€stop€theÏdefendant€for€running€the€stop€sign,€because€he€wanted€to€follow€him€to€determineÏwhether€the€defendant€was€driving€under€the€influence.€€He€stated€that€there€was€alsoÍa€car€with€a€flat€tire€parked€in€the€lot€where€he€arrested€the€defendant€and€that€theÏdefendant€told€him€that€the€disabled€vehicle€belonged€to€a€friend€of€his,€KennethÏBitner.ÌÌà àOfficer€Beth€Dyke€testified€that€she€is€certified€to€administer€field€sobrietyÏtests.€€She€stated€that€she€was€called€to€the€parking€lot€as€backup€assistance€forÏDeputy€McClain€and€arrived€to€find€the€defendant€leaving€his€vehicle.€€She€said€thatÏDeputy€McClain€asked€her€to€administer€the€field€sobriety€tests€because€he€was€notÏcertified.€€She€stated€that€before€giving€the€tests,€she€asked€the€defendant€if€he€hadÏany€physical€problems€or€was€on€any€medication€that€would€affect€his€ability€toÏperform€the€tests.€€After€the€defendant€told€her€no,€she€proceeded€to€administer€theÏwalk„and„turn€test.€€She€stated€that€the€walk„and„turn€test€has€eight€clues€that€indicateÏa€person€is€intoxicated€and€that€the€defendant€exhibited€all€eight€clues.€€She€testifiedÏthat€she€gave€the€defendant€the€one„leg€stand€test€next€and€that€the€defendant€toldÏher€that€he€could€not€complete€the€test.€€She€said€that€there€are€four€clues€to€this€testÏand€that€the€defendant€exhibited€all€four€of€the€clues€by€stopping€the€test.€€SheÏtestified€that€the€final€test€she€gave€was€the€horizontal€eye€nystagmus€test,€which€hasÏsix€clues,€and€that€the€defendant€exhibited€all€six€clues.€€ÌÌà àOfficer€Dyke€testified€that€she€followed€the€defendant€and€DeputyÏMcClain€to€the€Greene€County€Detention€Center€where€she€administered€aÍbreathalyzer€test€to€the€defendant.€€She€stated€that€the€defendant€signed€the€impliedÏconsent€form€and€that€she€observed€him€for€the€twenty„minute€waiting€period€beforeÏadministering€the€test.€€She€said€that€the€results€of€the€test€showed€a€.14€percentÏblood€alcohol€level.€€A€printout€of€the€defendantððs€test€results€was€admitted€intoÏevidence€without€objection.€€On€cross„examination,€Officer€Dyke€testified€that€theÏIntoximeter€3000€breathalyzer€machine€used€to€test€the€defendant€is€tested€everyÏninety€days€and€was€last€tested€on€January€31,€1994,€seven€days€before€theÏdefendantððs€arrest.€€The€trial€court€sustained€the€stateððs€objection€to€defense€counselððsÏinquiry€of€what€chemicals€were€involved€in€the€operation€of€the€breathalyzer€machine.€€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€went€to€a€restaurant€to€hear€a€friend€playÏin€a€band€on€February€5,€1994.€€He€said€that€he€sat€with€his€friends€a€really€long€timeÏand€that€he€might€have€had€"not€even€a€full€beer."€He€said€that€several€of€his€friendsÏwere€drinking.€€He€stated€that€he€agreed€to€drive€a€friend,€James€Teaster,€to€anotherÏbar€and€that,€on€the€way,€they€saw€Mr.€Bitner€pulled€over€in€a€ditch.€€He€said€that€theyÏhelped€Mr.€Bitner€get€his€truck€out€of€the€ditch€and€followed€him€to€the€Doehler„JarvisÏparking€lot€to€park€the€truck€because€it€had€a€flat€tire.€€The€defendant€testified€that€heÏspoke€with€the€security€guard€who€said€that€it€would€be€okay€to€leave€the€disabledÏtruck€at€the€parking€lot.€€The€three€men€then€went€to€a€bar€to€drop€off€Mr.€Teaster.€ÏWhen€they€arrived€at€the€bar,€someone€was€outside€with€a€gun€and€Mr.€TeasterÍdecided€not€to€wait€for€a€ride€there.€€The€defendant€stated€that€he€then€drove€Mr.€BitnerÏhome.ÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€that€while€taking€Mr.€Teaster€home,€he€wasÏstopped€and€arrested.€€He€admitted€that€he€did€not€completely€stop€at€the€stop€signÏwhere€Deputy€McClain€initially€noticed€him.€€He€stated€that€when€he€approached€theÏrailroad€tracks,€he€noticed€Deputy€McClain€behind€him€and€considered€telling€himÏabout€the€man€with€the€gun€at€the€bar.€€He€explained€that€he€turned€on€his€turn€signalÏto€pull€over€but€changed€his€mind€and€decided€to€stop€at€the€parking€lot€instead.€€HeÏsaid€that€Deputy€McClainððs€blue€lights€came€on€as€he€entered€the€parking€lot.€€HeÏtestified€that€both€Mr.€Bitner€and€Mr.€Teaster€had€carried€beer€into€his€car.€€He€deniedÏthat€any€of€the€beer€was€his.€€He€stated€that€he€did€not€think€that€the€beer€heÏconsumed€at€the€restaurant€had€impaired€his€ability€to€drive.€€He€admitted€that€he€wasÏconvicted€of€passing€a€forged€instrument€in€1985.€€On€cross„examination,€theÏdefendant€admitted€that€he€probably€weaved€a€little€when€he€drove€but€explained€thatÏthe€road€was€very€narrow,€with€a€lot€of€holes,€and€that€his€truck€has€large€tires€and€isÏdifficult€to€drive.ÌÌà àMichael€King€testified€that€he€was€a€security€guard€assigned€to€theÏDoehler„Jarvis€parking€lot€in€February€1994.€€He€testified€that€the€defendant€came€toÏhis€office€and€asked€if€he€could€leave€a€disabled€truck€in€the€lot€and€that€he€told€him€itÍwas€okay.€€He€stated€that€he€had€never€met€the€defendant€before€that€night€and€thatÏthe€defendant€was€polite.€€He€said€that€the€defendant€did€not€smell€like€alcohol.€€OnÏcross„examination,€he€admitted€that€he€has€no€law€enforcement€training€inÏdetermining€whether€someone€is€intoxicated€but€added€that€he€spoke€to€theÏdefendant€for€about€three€or€four€minutes€and€paid€very€close€attention€to€himÏbecause€it€was€so€late€at€night.€€ÌÌà àKenneth€Bitner€testified€as€a€rebuttal€witness€for€the€state.€€He€said€thatÏhe€is€an€auxiliary€police€officer€with€the€Tusculum€Police€Department€and€that€he€hasÏknown€the€defendant€for€about€three€years.€€He€said€that€he€and€the€defendant€wereÏwith€several€other€friends€on€the€night€of€February€5th€into€the€early€morning€hours€ofÏFebruary€6th.€€He€said€that€the€defendant€arrived€at€the€restaurant€at€about€10:00€p.m.Ïand€that€everyone€left€around€1:30€a.m.€€He€testified€that€the€defendant€drank€three€orÏfour€beers€and€one€or€two€shots€of€tequilla€that€night.€€On€cross„examination,€heÏadmitted€that€he€had€drunk€about€six€beers.€€Mr.€Bitner€denied€that€he€was€drunk€butÏdid€admit€that€he€had€driven€his€truck€into€the€ditch€that€night.€€€ÌÌà@ àò òIó óÌà àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€committed€reversible€errorÏwhen€it€discussed€the€passage€of€the€open€container€law€during€voir€dire.€€TheÏdefendant€admits€that€there€was€no€contemporaneous€objection€to€the€trial€courtððsÍstatement€but€asks€that€we€find€plain€error€because€the€trial€courtððs€remarks€wereÏ"overwhelmingly€prejudicial"€because€the€remarks€coupled€with€the€subsequentÏtestimony€of€Deputy€McClain€indicate€that€the€defendant€committed€a€"prior€bad€actÏand€a€violation€of€the€law."€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(b).€€The€statement€at€issueÏoccurred€during€questioning€of€a€prospective€juror€by€the€trial€court€as€follows:ÌÓ  ÓÓÓà8 àMRS.€BUCKNER:€I€do€believe€that€one€drink€impairsÏjudgment.ÌÌà8 àDEFENSE€COUNSEL:€All€right,€Ms.€Buckner,€so€that€wouldÏcertainly€affect€your€judgment€in€this€case,€would€it€not€if€theÏproof€was.€.€.€ÌÌà8 àTHE€COURT€:€Mrs.€Buckner,€youððre€saying€that€if€the€[state]Ïproved€the€defendant€had€one€drink€you€wouldÏautomatically€find€him€guilty?ÌÌà8 àMRS.€BUCKNER:€I€believe€he€would€be€impaired€by€it.ÌÌà8 àTHE€COURT:€Well,€of€course€.€.€.€thatððs€semantics€I€guess,Ïbut€if€a€person€is€impaired€by€the€use€of€alcohol€they€are,€inÏfact,€guilty€of€driving€under€the€influence.€€Ìà àÌà8 àà àSo€am€I€correct€in€that?€€And€from€that€since€the€lawÏsays€the€state€has€to€prove€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€thatÏa€person€is€impaired.ÌÌà8 àà àAnd€I€guess€maybe€thereððs€no€law€in€Tennessee€.€.€.Ïat€least€there€is€now€a€new€law€that€says€you€canððt€drinkÏand€drive€with€an€open€container€no€matter€how€much€it€is.ÌÌà8 àà àBut€in€Tennessee,€whether€you€like€it€or€you€donððtÏlike€it,€the€law€is€that€a€person€can€drink€and€drive€as€longÏas€it€doesnððt€affect€their€ability€to€drive.€€And€if€youððre€solidÏin€that€belief€then€I€guess€Iððd€better€excuse€you.€à àà àÌÌÌÓ  ÓÓÓà à"The€ultimate€goal€of€voir€dire€is€to€insure€that€jurors€are€competent,Ïunbiased€and€impartial,€and€the€decision€of€how€to€conduct€voir€dire€of€prospectiveÑ€.ÑÇjurors€rests€within€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court."€€òòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2dÏ530,€540€(Tenn.€1994).€€The€trial€court€is€permitted€to€question€prospective€jurorsÏ"regarding€their€qualifications€to€serve€as€jurors."€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€24(a).€€The€trialÏcourtððs€comment€was€an€isolated€remark€made€while€determining€a€prospectiveÏjurorððs€ability€to€consider€the€issue€of€guilt€fairly.€€Given€this€context,€we€do€not€believeÏit€to€be€clear€error€that€adversely€affected€a€substantial€right€of€the€defendant€as€isÏrequired€for€a€determination€of€plain€error.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Adkissonóó,€899€S.W.2d€626,Ï641„42€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€€Ìœ›Ìà@ àò òIIó óÌà àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€state€failed€to€meet€its€burden€of€proofÏregarding€the€certification€of€Officer€Dyke€to€operate€the€breath€testing€device.€€òòSeeóó€€ÏòòState€v.€Sensingóó,€843€S.W.2d€412,€416€(Tenn.€1992).€€Essentially,€this€is€an€attack€onÏthe€admissibility€of€the€test€results.€€However,€the€test€results€were€admitted€withoutÏobjection€during€the€direct€examination€of€Officer€Dyke.€€Furthermore,€the€defendant€Ïfailed€to€raise€the€admissibility€of€the€test€results€as€an€issue€in€his€motion€for€a€newÏtrial.€€Therefore,€any€issue€regarding€the€admissibility€of€the€results€is€waived.€€òòSeeóó€€ÏT.R.A.P.€36(a).Ìœ›Ìà@ àò òIIIó óÌà àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€improperly€restricted€theÏcross„examination€of€Officer€Dyke€regarding€her€knowledge€and€qualifications€toÏoperate€the€breath€testing€device.€€Defense€counsel€asked€Officer€Dyke€if€she€knewÏwhat€chemical€was€involved€in€measuring€a€defendantððs€blood€alcohol€content€with€aÏbreathalyzer€machine.€€The€state€objected,€stating€that€the€operating€officer€is€notÏrequired€to€know€the€mechanics€of€a€breathalyzer€and€the€trial€court€sustained€theÏobjection.€€We€note€that€in€òòSensingóó,€843€S.W.2d€at€416,€the€Tennessee€SupremeÏCourt€held€that€it€is€not€necessary€for€the€operator€of€the€same€type€of€device€used€inÏthis€case€to€know€the€scientific€technology€involved€in€the€functioning€of€the€machineÏin€order€for€the€test€results€to€be€admissible.€€However,€the€fact€that€a€question€is€notÏrelevant€to€the€threshold€admissibility€of€the€results€does€not€necessarily€bar€theÏinquiry€for€other€purposes.€€€€€€à àÌ€€Ìà àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€purpose€of€the€question€in€issue€was€toÏdetermine€what€chemical€test€was€performed€because€the€defendant€consented€to€aÏchemical€test€by€signing€the€implied€consent€form.€€"A€witness€may€be€cross„examinedÏon€any€matter€relevant€to€any€issue€in€the€case,€including€credibility."€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.Ï611(b).€€Substantial€latitude€should€be€allowed€in€cross„examination.€€òòSeeóó€€òòState€v.ÏTizardóó,€897€S.W.2d€732,€745€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€The€record€reflects€that,Ïessentially,€the€defendant€attempted€to€question€Officer€Dyke€regarding€herÏknowledge€of€the€operation€of€the€device€in€order€to€test€her€credibility€and€expertiseÍwith€the€testing€procedures.€€In€this€respect,€seeking€to€determine€if€she€knew€whatÏ"chemical"€was€involved€in€the€test€might€be€arguably€relevant€to€her€credibility,€inÏterms€of€her€training€and€experience€with€testing.€€However,€even€if€we€were€toÏconclude€that€the€defendant€should€have€been€allowed€to€question€Officer€Dyke€aboutÏsuch€knowledge,€we€do€not€believe€reversible€error€occurred.€€The€defendant€wasÏallowed€to€cross„examine€Officer€Dyke€extensively€about€her€knowledge€of€theÏoperation€of€the€breath€testing€device.€€In€light€of€this€extensive€questioning€andÏOfficer€Dyke's€resulting€testimony,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court's€restriction€aboutÏwhich€the€defendant€complains€was€quite€harmless.ÌÌà àIn€consideration€of€the€foregoing€and€the€record€as€a€whole,€theÏjudgment€of€conviction€is€affirmed.ÌÓÓà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àòòà à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌà àà àà àà àà àà àJoseph€M.€Tipton,€Judge€ÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌJohn€H.€Peay,€Judge€ÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌDavid€G.€Hayes,€Judge€