’WPC :ŽÕv,3å_pįҐŽÜ×ķ`‰[ŅK‹:jyD„±yøī×^“įA³ĖĖ>$£Ž–C“ Å£“µ:vÓäęWZ¶jŹĪä#żńB߯Ō-V„ˆVļ»Śz¾1Øs“Ą4ŹūJDW[QLŃ0ĒB[¼¦f…“ŖĖš¤R#…ü#huŚéj1ŅŌ0+žįoĻ9Ø^ŖķZ³ĪWžŲ¤Ņ¹©pķ½mč/žÕ*’>åšóĀģh’P—ā¬īh/b”Œź‡Ų]Čp8€…/&Āņ+Ū_b3xPm_} ŽT¬Ų“uj”p’ķ*ÄĤQ1’åé“>…~kZ’5žŌŸFž©„ž²Ž§ŠīHƵ®’V|ܟõ7šÅ3Ž©,y{žŻ°‹…Ć|#ōćÜņӤ๔U²W¤ź€;€If×E! Š+šu=Y;YŃåN}€%^¤m&* Šsuspended€after€one€hundred€twenty€days.€€It€imposed€a€$1110€fine.€€The€defendant€contends€that:Š Ž+.'+ ŠĢŠ ¾-)-ż' Šą8  ą(1)€the€breath€test€results€are€inadmissible€because€the€officer€administering€the€testŠ ° Šfailed€to€observe€him€for€the€required€twenty„minute€time€period;Š šŠ Š  ŠĢą8  ą(2)€the€photocopies€of€the€intoximeterššs€certification€and€maintenance€records€areŠ €Š Šinadmissible€because€the€introducing€officer€is€not€the€custodian€of€those€records€andŠ pĄ Šthey€are€not€the€best€evidence;Š` °Š Š  ŠĢą8  ą(3)€the€trial€court€erred€in€not€allowing€him€to€cross„examine€the€officer€on€theŠ @  ŠHorizontal€Gaze€Nystagmus€(HGN)€test€for€the€purpose€of€impeachment;Š0 €Š Š  ŠĢą8  ą(4)€the€sealed,€miniature€bottle€of€cognac€was€irrelevant€and,€therefore,€inadmissible;Š` Š Š  ŠĢą8  ą(5)€the€trial€court€improperly€commented€upon€the€evidence€by€instructing€the€juryŠ š@  Što€disregard€the€address€on€an€exhibitššs€tag;€andŠą0 Š Š  ŠĢą  ą(6)€the€cumulative€effect€of€the€errors€at€trial€prejudiced€him.Š Ą ŠĢBecause€we€hold€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€the€breath€test€results,€we€reverse€theŠ  š Šjudgment€of€conviction€and€remand€the€case€to€the€trial€court€for€further€proceedings€consistent€withŠ ą Šthis€opinion.Š €Š ŠĢą  ąOfficer€James€Hostetter€of€the€Chattanooga€Police€Department€testified€that€around€2:00€a.m.Š `° Šon€July€31,€1997,€he€was€patrolling€on€South€Holtzclaw.€€He€said€that€the€road€narrowed€and€that€theŠ P  Šcar€in€front€of€him€drifted€to€the€right,€hit€the€curb€beside€a€telephone€pole,€and€jerked€back€into€theŠ @ Šroad.€€He€said€that€at€first,€he€thought€that€the€car€had€hit€the€pole.€€He€said€that€he€began€a€check€onŠ 0€ Šthe€license€tags€to€see€if€the€car€was€stolen.€€He€stated€that€the€car€began€drifting€back€and€forthŠ  p Šacross€the€center€line€and€stopped€in€the€crosswalk€at€the€intersection€with€East€23ņņrdóó€Street.€€He€saidŠ ` Šthat€the€car€turned€left€onto€East€23ņņrdóó€and€remained€in€the€left€lane.€€He€said€that€he€was€still€waitingŠ P Šon€the€results€of€the€license€tag€check€when€the€car€almost€passed€Lisaššs€Country€Kitchen,€thenŠ š@ Šturned€back€into€the€parking€lot.€€He€said€that€the€car€drove€into€a€parking€space,€then€its€reverseŠ ą0 Šlights€came€on.€€He€said€that€he€activated€his€blue€lights€and€parked€perpendicular€to€the€car.Š Š  ŠĢą  ąOfficer€Hostetter€testified€that€he€approached€the€defendant€as€he€got€out€of€the€car€and€askedŠ °"  Šfor€his€driver€license.€€He€said€that€he€could€smell€alcohol€on€the€defendantššs€breath€and€asked€theŠ  #š! Šdefendant€if€he€had€been€drinking.€€He€said€that€the€defendant€admitted€that€he€had€been€drinking.€Š $ą" ŠThe€officer€said€that€the€defendant€was€difficult€to€understand.€€He€said€that€he€asked€the€defendantŠ €%Š # Šif€he€had€any€medical€problems€and€that€the€defendant€reported€none.€€He€said€that€he€asked€theŠ p&Ą!$ Šdefendant€to€perform€the€walk„and„turn€test€and€the€one„leg€stand,€but€the€defendant€replied€that€heŠ `'°"% Šwould€not€do€š šacrobatics€for€any€policeman.šš€€He€said€that€he€did€not€remember€the€defendantŠ P( #& Šsaying€that€he€was€fifty„seven€years€old€and€could€not€do€the€tests.€€He€said€that€based€upon€what€heŠ @)$' Šhad€seen€and€the€odor€of€alcohol,€he€arrested€the€defendant€for€DUI.€€He€said€that€he€inventoried€theŠ 0*€%( Šdefendantššs€car€and€found€a€miniature,€unopened€bottle€of€cognac€in€the€console€between€the€frontŠ  +p&) Šseats.Š ,`'* Їą  ąOfficer€Hostetter€testified€that€he€and€the€defendant€arrived€at€the€jail€at€2:45€a.m.€€He€saidŠ ° Šthat€the€defendant€consented€to€a€breath€test€to€determine€his€blood€alcohol€content.€€He€said€that€heŠ  š Šobserved€the€defendant€from€2:45€a.m.€until€3:19€a.m.€to€make€sure€that€the€defendant€did€not€eat,Š ą Šdrink,€smoke,€vomit,€or€belch.€€He€said€that€during€this€time,€he€stood€across€the€counter€from€theŠ €Š Šdefendant€and€filled€out€paperwork.€€He€admitted€that€he€was€not€looking€at€the€defendant€the€entireŠ pĄ Štime€but€stated€that€if€anything€had€happened,€he€would€have€seen,€heard,€or€smelled€it.€€He€said€thatŠ ` ° Šthe€defendant€did€not€eat,€drink,€smoke,€vomit,€or€belch€in€the€time€before€he€administered€the€testŠ P   Šat€3:19€a.m.Š @  ŠĢą  ąOfficer€Hostetter€testified€that€he€performed€the€breath€test€with€an€Intoximeter€EC„IR,Š  p  Šnumber€1799.€€He€presented€a€photocopy€of€a€certificate€from€the€Tennessee€Bureau€of€InvestigationŠ `  Š(TBI),€which€stated€that€intoximeter€number€1799€had€been€tested€and€was€certified€on€February€5,Š P  Š1996.€€He€also€presented€photocopies€of€the€intoximeterššs€maintenance€records,€which€reveal€thatŠ š@  Šit€was€tested€on€May€7,€1997,€and€on€August€6,€1997.€€He€said€that€he€was€trained€and€certified€toŠ ą0  Šuse€the€intoximeter€while€at€the€police€academy€in€1996.€€He€said€that€the€machine€appeared€to€beŠ Š  Šworking€properly€on€July€31,€1997,€and€that€he€performed€the€test€according€to€the€TBIššsŠ Ą Šrequirements.€€He€said€that€he€did€not€recall€commenting€that€the€machine€was€adjusting€itsŠ ° Štemperature€and€that€he€had€never€seen€it€do€that.€€He€said€that€the€test€revealed€that€the€defendantššsŠ  š Šblood€alcohol€content€was€.12€percent.€€He€admitted€that€people€react€differently€to€alcohol€but€saidŠ ą Šthat€in€his€opinion,€the€defendant€was€under€the€influence€of€alcohol€at€the€scene.Š €Š ŠĢą  ąSpecial€Agent€Lanny€Allen€Wilder€testified€as€follows:€He€is€the€supervisor€of€the€NashvilleŠ `° ŠTBI€Crime€Laboratory€and€oversees€the€statewide€breath€alcohol€program.€€His€duties€includeŠ P  Šcertifying€instruments.€€He€has€testified€as€an€expert€in€the€operation€of€the€Intoximeter€EC„IR€inŠ @ ŠTennessee€courts.€€Before€an€intoximeter€is€put€into€service,€it€comes€to€the€TBI€to€be€tested€forŠ 0€ Šaccuracy.€€He€tests€the€intoximeter€with€live€subjects€and€compares€the€results€to€blood€testsŠ  p Šperformed€at€the€same€time.€€He€also€blows€known€concentrations€of€different€types€of€alcohol€intoŠ ` Šthe€machine.€€The€machine€must€be€within€the€greater€of€five€percent€or€.005€percent€weight€byŠ P Švolume€of€the€actual€alcohol€concentration€to€be€certified€by€the€TBI.€€Intoximeter€number€1799€hadŠ š@ Šundergone€this€testing€and€was€certified.€€Once€an€Ō_ŌintoximeterŌ_Ō€goes€into€service,€the€Ō_ŌTBIŌ_Ō€tests€it€withŠ ą0 Ša€known€standard€of€alcohol€every€ninety€days.Š Š  ŠĢą  ąAgent€Wilder€testified€that€once€consumed,€alcohol€is€present€in€an€individualššs€blood.€€TheŠ °"  Šblood€exchanges€carbon€dioxide€for€oxygen€in€the€lungs,€and€then€the€person€exhales€the€carbonŠ  #š! Šdioxide€along€with€any€impurities.€€Alcohol€in€the€blood€changes€into€a€gas€in€the€lungs€and€isŠ $ą" Šexhaled€as€an€impurity.€€Thus,€the€alcohol€measured€by€an€intoximeter€comes€from€the€blood€butŠ €%Š # Šthrough€the€breath.€€The€scientific€principle€of€Henryššs€Law€states€that€the€concentration€of€alcoholŠ p&Ą!$ Šin€the€blood€is€2,100€times€greater€than€the€concentration€of€alcohol€in€the€same€sample€of€air€fromŠ `'°"% Šthe€lungs.€€The€intoximeter€applies€this€principle€to€measure€the€blood€alcohol€content€from€a€breathŠ P( #& Šsample.€€On€cross„examination,€Agent€Wilder€agreed€that€the€actual€concentration€of€alcohol€in€aŠ @)$' Špersonššs€blood€varies€between€1,100€to€3,000€times€greater€than€the€same€amount€of€air€but€that€anŠ 0*€%( Šintoximeter€applies€the€ratio€of€Henryššs€Law,€which€has€been€in€use€for€over€forty€years.€€He€Š  +p&) ŠŠ ,`'* Šdisagreed€with€a€particular€study€that€states€that€a€.03€error,€as€opposed€to€an€error€of€.005€percentŠ ° Šweight€by€volume,€may€commonly€result€from€the€standard€of€2100.€€€€€€€€€Š  š ŠĢą  ąAgent€Wilder€testified€that€the€Intoximeter€EC„IR€is€one€of€the€newest,€state„of„the„artŠ €Š Šmodels.€€The€EC€stands€for€electrochemical€and€the€IR€stands€for€infrared.€€The€Intoximeter€EC„IRŠ pĄ Šmeasures€alcohol€in€two€different€ways.€€The€infrared€detector€continuously€monitors€alcohol€in€theŠ ` ° Šbreath€and€when€the€alcohol€gets€to€a€certain€peak€and€levels€off,€the€electrochemical€unit€takes€aŠ P   Šsample€of€the€breath.€€This€ensures€a€sample€of€deep€lung€air,€which€is€closer€to€the€exchange€ofŠ @  Šgases€in€the€blood,€rather€than€air€from€the€mouth€or€throat.€€If€the€intoximeter€detects€alcohol€beforeŠ 0 € Šit€detects€carbon€dioxide,€then€the€reading€is€from€the€throat€rather€than€the€deep€lung€area,€and€theŠ  p  Šmachine€does€not€give€a€result.€€The€Intoximeter€EC„IR€has€safeguards€built€into€the€machine€thatŠ `  Šprevent€it€from€giving€a€reading€if€the€machine€is€not€working€properly.€€If€the€machine€indicates€thatŠ P  Šit€is€regulating€the€temperature,€it€means€that€it€is€not€ready€for€the€sample.Š š@  ŠĢą  ąAgent€Wilder€testified€that€an€intoximeter€measures€the€alcohol€content€in€a€personššs€bloodŠ Š  Šat€the€time€they€breathe€into€the€machine.€€He€admitted€that€a€person€can€continue€to€absorb€alcoholŠ Ą Šfor€thirty€to€ninety€minutes€after€their€last€drink.€€He€said€that€given€the€.005€percent€weight€byŠ ° Švolume€margin€of€error,€a€result€of€.12€percent€could€be€.115€percent€or€.129€percent,€but€eitherŠ  š Šwould€be€above€a€.08€percent.Š ą ŠĢą  ąTBI€Agent€Raymond€Siler,€Jr.€testified€as€follows:€He€had€been€the€head€of€the€ChattanoogaŠ pĄ ŠCrime€Laboratory€for€eighteen€years.€€He€performed€the€ninety„day€testing€of€the€breath€instrumentsŠ `° Šin€Hamilton€County.€€In€performing€this€test,€he€first€blew€a€blank€sample€into€the€machine.€€He€thenŠ P  Štested€the€machine€with€a€known€amount€of€alcohol.€€He€tested€intoximeter€number€1799€on€MayŠ @ Š7,€1997,€and€August€6,€1997.€€To€his€knowledge,€intoximeter€number€1799€had€never€given€anŠ 0€ Šinaccurate€result€on€a€test.Š  p ŠĢą@  ģąņ ņI.€€ADMISSIBILITY€OF€BREATH€TEST€RESULTSó óˆŠ P ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€the€results€of€the€breath€testŠ ą0 Šbecause€the€officer€administering€the€test€failed€to€observe€him€for€twenty€minutes€as€required€byŠ Š  ŠņņState€v.€Sensingóó,€843€S.W.2d€412,€416€(Tenn.€1992).€€The€defendant€argues€that€rather€thanŠ Ą! Šobserving€him,€the€officer€filled€out€paperwork€from€the€time€that€they€arrived€at€the€jail€until€theŠ °"  Šofficer€administered€the€test.€€The€state€contends€that€the€officer€observed€the€defendant€through€hisŠ  #š! Šperipheral€vision€while€he€stood€across€from€the€defendant€and€completed€paperwork€and€that€theŠ $ą" Šofficer€affirmed€that€the€defendant€did€not€eat,€drink,€smoke,€vomit,€or€belch€during€this€time.Š €%Š # ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€moved€to€suppress€the€results€of€the€breath€test€pretrial,€arguing€that€the€officerŠ `'°"% Šfailed€to€observe€the€defendant€for€the€required€twenty„minute€period.€€The€trial€court€found€that€theŠ P( #& Šofficer€was€directly€facing€the€defendant€and€would€have€detected€the€defendantššs€movementsŠ @)$' Šthrough€his€peripheral€vision.€€It€noted€that€it€did€not€believe€that€the€officer€was€required€to€stareŠ 0*€%( Šunblinkingly€at€the€defendant€for€twenty€minutes.€€The€trial€court€found€that€the€officerššs€actionsŠ  +p&) Šsufficiently€complied€with€ņņSensingóó.Š ,`'* Їą  ąIn€ņņSensingóó,€our€supreme€court€relaxed€the€evidentiary€foundation€needed€to€admit€breath€testŠ ° Šresults€obtained€from€an€Intoximeter€3000.€€ņņId.óó€at€416.€€Due€to€the€reliability€and€general€acceptanceŠ  š Šof€the€testing€device,€the€court€held€that€a€certified€operator€no€longer€had€to€know€the€scientificŠ ą Štechnology€behind€the€Intoximeter€3000's€operation.€€ņņId.óó€€Instead,€the€court€established€sixŠ €Š Šprerequisites€to€admissibility.€€The€officer€who€administered€the€test€must€show:Š pĄ ŠĢą8  ą(1)€that€the€tests€were€performed€in€accordance€with€the€standards€and€operatingŠ P   Šprocedure€promulgated€by€the€forensic€services€division€of€the€Tennessee€Bureau€ofŠ @  ŠInvestigation,€Š0 €Š Š  Šą8  ą(2)€that€he€was€properly€certified€in€accordance€with€those€standards,€Š p Š Š  Šą8  ą(3)€that€the€evidentiary€breath€testing€instrument€used€was€certified€by€the€forensicŠ `  Šservices€division,€was€tested€regularly€for€accuracy€and€was€working€properly€whenŠ P  Šthe€breath€test€was€performed,Šš@ Š Š  Šą8  ą(4)€that€the€motorist€was€observed€for€the€requisite€20€minutes€prior€to€the€test,€andŠ ą0  Šduring€this€period,€he€did€not€have€foreign€matter€in€his€mouth,€did€not€consume€anyŠ Š  Šalcoholic€beverage,€smoke,€or€regurgitate,€ŠĄŠ Š  Šą8  ą(5)€evidence€that€he€followed€the€prescribed€operational€procedure,€Š°Š Š  Šą8  ą(6)€identify€the€print„out€record€offered€in€evidence€as€the€result€of€the€test€given€toŠ  š Šthe€person€tested.ŠąŠ Š  ŠĢņņId.óó€€The€state€has€the€burden€of€proving€that€the€breath€test€complied€with€the€ņņSensingóó€requirements.€Š pĄ ŠņņState€v.€McCaslinóó,€894€S.W.2d€310,€312€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€On€appeal,€we€presume€that€theŠ `° Štrial€courtššs€determination€regarding€the€ņņSensingóó€requirements€is€correct€unless€the€evidenceŠ P  Špreponderates€otherwise.€€ņņState€v.€Edisonóó,€9€S.W.3d€75,€78€(Tenn.€1999).€€The€defendant€disputesŠ @ Šthat€Officer€Hostetter€was€able€to€prove€the€fourth€requirement.Š 0€ ŠĢą  ąInitially,€we€note€that€the€parties€tried€this€case€with€an€understanding€that€the€ņņSensingóóŠ ` Šrequirements€apply€to€the€Intoximeter€EC„IR.€€ņņSensingóó€dealt€with€the€Intoximeter€3000.€€The€ņņSensingóóŠ P Šcourt€noted€that€the€Intoximeter€3000€was€thoroughly€tested€by€the€TBI€and€used€by€law€enforcementŠ š@ Šthroughout€the€state.€€ņņSensingóó,€843€S.W.2d€atņņóó€415.€€The€Intoximeter€3000€measures€the€alcohol€inŠ ą0 Šthe€breath€sample€with€an€error€margin€of€the€greater€of€five€percent€or€.005€percent€weight€byŠ Š  Švolume.€€ņņId.óó€€The€instrument€must€be€tested€and€certified€by€the€TBI€before€use,€installed€pursuantŠ Ą! Što€strict€requirements,€and€retested€every€ninety€days.€€ņņId.óó€€Those€operating€the€Intoximeter€3000Š °"  Šmust€be€certified€by€the€TBI.€€ņņId.óó€€In€the€present€case,€TBI€Agent€Wilder€testified€that€the€IntoximeterŠ  #š! ŠEC„IR€is€one€of€the€newest,€state„of„the„art€breath€testing€machines.€€He€described€the€testing€andŠ $ą" Šcertification€process€performed€by€his€laboratory€on€every€machine.€€He€stated€that€the€machine€mustŠ €%Š # Šhave€a€margin€of€error€of€no€more€than€five€percent€or€.005€percent€weight€by€volume€to€be€certifiedŠ p&Ą!$ Šby€the€TBI.€€He€said€that€the€TBI€retests€the€accuracy€of€these€machines€every€ninety€days.€€He€alsoŠ `'°"% Šdescribed€safeguards€built€into€the€machine€that€prevent€it€from€giving€a€result€if€the€machine€is€notŠ P( #& Šworking€properly€or€if€the€breath€sample€is€not€from€the€deep€lung€area.€€Officer€Hostetter€testifiedŠ @)$' Šthat€he€was€trained€and€certified€by€the€TBI€to€operate€the€Intoximeter€EC„IR.€€In€light€of€thisŠ 0*€%( Štestimony,€we€believe€that€the€Intoximeter€EC„IR€is€as€reliable€as€the€Intoximeter€3000.€€Thus,€the€Š  +p&) ŠŠ ,`'* Šfoundational€prerequisites€established€in€ņņSensingóó€for€test€results€from€an€Intoximeter€3000€also€applyŠ ° Što€the€Intoximeter€EC„IR.€Š  š ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€argues€that€the€officer€must€keep€his€eyes€on€the€DUI€suspect€for€the€entireŠ €Š Štwenty„minute€observation€period€required€by€ņņSensingóó.€€The€state€counters€that€ņņSensingóó€does€notŠ pĄ Šrequire€the€officer€to€stare€unblinkingly€at€the€defendant€for€twenty€minutes.€€In€ņņState€v.€Deloitóó,€964Š ` ° ŠS.W.2d€909€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997),€the€officer€observed€the€defendant€for€fifteen€minutes€whileŠ P   Šhe€was€performing€field€sobriety€tests€and€then€watched€the€defendant€in€the€rearview€mirror€for€anŠ @  Šadditional€ten€to€thirteen€minutes€while€he€filled€out€paperwork€in€the€front€seat€of€the€police€car.€Š 0 € ŠThe€officer€admitted€that€he€could€not€see€the€defendant€while€he€was€writing.€€This€court€held€thatŠ  p  Šthe€officerššs€actions€did€not€meet€the€twenty„minute€observation€requirement€noting€that€the€officerŠ `  Šmust€š šššcontinuously€observe[€]€the€test€subject,€with€his€or€her€eyes,€for€the€entire€twenty„minuteŠ P  Šobservational€period.šššš€€ņņId.óó€at€916„17€(quoting€ņņState€v.€Harold€E.€Fieldsóó,€No.€01C01„9412„CC„00438,Š š@  ŠWilliamson€County,€slip€op.€at€5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Apr.€12,€1996))€(brackets€in€original);€ņņseeóóŠ ą0  ŠņņMcCaslinóó,€894€S.W.2d€at€311„12€(holding€that€being€in€the€presence€of€the€officer€while€in€theŠ Š  Šbackseat€of€the€patrol€car€did€not€meet€the€fourth€ņņSensingóó€prerequisite).€€Š Ą ŠĢą  ąIn€ņņFieldsóó,€the€officer€remained€in€the€room€with€the€defendant€but€filled€out€paperwork€andŠ  š Šentered€data€into€the€Intoximeter€3000€during€the€observation€period.€€We€noted€that€š šin€light€of€theŠ ą Šrelaxed€standard€for€admitting€breath€alcohol€test€results,€the€threshold€requirements€for€admissibilityŠ €Š Šof€such€test€results€must€be€scrupulously€followed.šš€€ņņFieldsóó,€slip€op.€at€4.€€The€officer€must€be€ableŠ pĄ Što€show€that€during€the€twenty„minute€period,€nothing€happened€that€would€affect€the€validity€of€theŠ `° Štest.€€ņņId.óó,€slip€op.€at€5.€€We€agree€that€an€unblinking€gaze€for€twenty€minutes€is€not€required.€Š P  ŠHowever,€the€officer€must€be€watching€the€defendant€rather€than€performing€other€tasks.€€The€stateŠ @ Šseeks€to€distinguish€ņņFieldsóó€by€pointing€to€Officer€Hostetterššs€testimony€that€the€defendant€did€notŠ 0€ Šeat,€drink,€smoke,€vomit,€or€belch€during€the€observation€period.€€We€note,€though,€that€OfficerŠ  p ŠHostetter€admitted€that€he€was€not€looking€at€the€defendant€while€he€was€writing.€€Despite€OfficerŠ ` ŠHostetterššs€confidence€that€he€would€have€heard€or€smelled€any€of€the€listed€activities€that€he€did€notŠ P Šsee,€we€have€previously€observed€that€while€š šoften€a€belch€or€regurgitation€will€produce€a€noiseŠ š@ Šcapable€of€being€heard€by€another€person,€this€is€not€always€the€case.šš€€ņņId.óó€€Officer€Hostetterššs€beliefŠ ą0 Šthat€he€would€have€heard€or€smelled€anything€he€did€not€see€does€not€satisfy€the€prerequisite€that€theŠ Š  Šdefendant€must€be€observed€for€twenty€minutes.€€€Š Ą! ŠĢą  ąThe€state€likens€this€case€to€that€of€ņņState€v.€Gregory€L.€Parkeróó,€No.€M1999„00209„R3„CD,Š  #š! ŠDavidson€County€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Dec.€30,€1999),€inņņóó€which€€the€officer€administered€field€sobrietyŠ $ą" Štests€to€the€defendant€for€six€minutes,€then€observed€the€defendant€for€an€additional€nineteenŠ €%Š # Šminutes.€€This€court€held€that€the€evidence€supported€the€trial€courtššs€admission€of€the€breath€testŠ p&Ą!$ Šresults€because€the€officer€was€near€the€defendant€for€the€six€minutes€preceding€the€nineteen„minuteŠ `'°"% Šobservation€period.€€ņņId.óó,€slip€op.€at€5.€€In€ņņParkeróó,€the€officer€was€focusing€on€the€defendant€duringŠ P( #& Šthe€six€minutes€that€he€administered€the€field€sobriety€tests€to€him.€€Here,€however,€Officer€HostetterŠ @)$' Šwas€looking€at€the€paperwork.€€We€believe€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€trial€courtššsŠ 0*€%( Šfinding€that€the€officer€observed€the€defendant€for€the€required€twenty„minute€period.Š  +p&) ŠŠ ,`'* Šą  ąThe€erroneous€admission€of€the€breath€test€results€is€not€harmless€error.€€Although€OfficerŠ ° ŠHostetter€testified€that€he€saw€the€defendant€weave€across€the€center€line,€hit€the€curb,€stop€in€theŠ  š Šcrosswalk,€and€pass€the€restaurant€before€turning€back€into€the€parking€lot,€the€defendantššs€cross„Š ą Šexamination€of€the€officer€emphasized€that€the€officer€did€not€attempt€to€stop€him€until€he€was€in€theŠ €Š Šrestaurant€parking€lot.€€Officer€Hostetter€admitted€that€the€defendant€properly€positioned€his€car€inŠ pĄ Šthe€parking€space.€€Officer€Hostetter€testified€that€the€defendant€smelled€of€alcohol€and€admitted€thatŠ ` ° Šhe€had€been€drinking.€€The€defendant€refused€to€perform€the€walk„and„turn€and€one„leg„stand€fieldŠ P   Šsobriety€tests.€€In€ņņMcCaslinóó,€this€court€determined€that€the€erroneous€admission€of€the€breath€testŠ @  Šresults€was€not€harmless€error€where€those€results€constituted€the€only€scientific€evidence€presentedŠ 0 € Šat€trial€and€the€videotaped€field€sobriety€tests€were€inconclusive.€€894€S.W.2d€at€312.€€In€ņņDeloitóó,€theŠ  p  Šofficer€testified€that€he€observed€the€defendant€do€a€š šrolling€stopšš€at€a€stop€sign€and€that€theŠ `  Šdefendant€smelled€of€alcohol,€admitted€that€he€had€been€drinking,€and€€performed€poorly€on€two€fieldŠ P  Šsobriety€tests.€€We€concluded€that€in€the€absence€of€the€erroneously€admitted€breath€test€results,€thisŠ š@  Ševidence€fairly€balanced€the€defendantššs€testimony€that€he€had€performed€well€on€the€field€sobrietyŠ ą0  Štests€and€the€testimony€of€the€defendantššs€friends€that€he€appeared€sober€that€evening.€€ņņId.óó€at€917.€Š Š  ŠWe€held€that€a€jury€should€decide€the€sufficiency€of€the€remaining€proof.€€ņņId.óó€€In€this€case,€we€believeŠ Ą Šthat€the€question€of€whether€the€remaining€evidence€proves€that€the€defendant€was€driving€whileŠ ° Šintoxicated€should€be€left€for€a€jury.Š  š ŠĢą  ąWe€note€that€before€ņņSensingóó,€Tennessee€required€the€party€seeking€to€admit€breath€test€resultsŠ €Š Što€show€that€(1)€the€test€instrument€used€was€capable€of€measuring€or€calculating€the€data€being€usedŠ pĄ Šby€the€interpreting€expert€and€was€based€upon€scientific€principles€accepted€by€the€scientificŠ `° Šcommunity,€(2)€the€instrument€was€functioning€properly€and€was€used€properly€at€the€time€of€theŠ P  Štest,€(3)€the€test€was€conducted€by€a€person€qualified€to€administer€it,€and€(4)€the€interpretation€ofŠ @ Šthe€test€results€must€have€been€by€a€qualified€person,€including€the€person€having€an€understandingŠ 0€ Šof€both€the€scientific€principles€behind€and€the€operative€functions€of€the€test.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņPruitt€v.€Stateóó,Š  p Š216€Tenn.€686,€692„93,€393€S.W.2d€747,€750„51€(1965);€ņņFortune€v.€Stateóó,€197€Tenn.€691,€696„98,Š ` Š277€S.W.2d€381,€383„84€(1955);€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€702;€Neil€P.€Cohen,€et€al.,€ņņTennessee€Law€ofŠ P ŠEvidenceóó,€šššš€401.19„.21,€at€124„27,€šš€401.24,€at€130„32,€šššš€702.2„.3,€at€458„64€(3d€ed.€1995).€€TheŠ š@ Šrelaxed€evidentiary€foundation€provided€by€ņņSensingóó€does€not€foreclose€the€possibility€of€laying€anŠ ą0 Ševidentiary€foundation€through€expert€testimony€on€the€reliability€of€the€scientific€test€performed.€Š Š  ŠņņDeloitóó,€964€S.W.2d€at€913.€€Such€testimony€would€still€have€to€establish€that€the€party€performingŠ Ą! Šthe€test€used€the€breath€testing€device€properly,€which€would€include€observing€the€test€subjectŠ °"  Šbefore€administering€the€test€if€an€observation€period€is€required€for€the€device.€€Although€we€holdŠ  #š! Šthat€the€erroneous€admission€of€the€breath€test€results€requires€that€we€reverse€the€judgment€ofŠ $ą" Šconviction,€we€will€briefly€address€the€defendantššs€other€issues€to€provide€guidance€if€the€state€seeksŠ €%Š # Što€retry€the€case.€€Š p&Ą!$ ŠĢą@PP ģąņ ņII.€€ADMISSIBILITY€OF€CERTIFICATION€AND€MAINTENANCE€RECORDSó óˆŠ P( #& ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€the€photocopies€of€the€Intoximeter€EC„IRššs€certification€andŠ 0*€%( Šmaintenance€records,€introduced€as€exhibits€four,€five,€and€six,€are€inadmissible€because€the€officerŠ  +p&) Šthrough€whom€the€state€introduced€the€copies€is€not€the€custodian€of€those€records€and€they€are€notŠ ,`'* Šthe€best€evidence.€€The€state€contends€that€copies€of€public€records€constitute€the€best€evidence€ofŠ ° Šthose€records€if€authenticated€by€a€witness€who€has€personally€compared€the€copy€with€the€original.€Š  š ŠņņSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€1005.€€It€argues€that€Agent€Lanny€Wilder€testified€that€exhibit€four€was€a€copyŠ ą Šof€the€original€certification€of€Intoximeter€EC„IR,€number€1799.€€It€maintains€that€exhibits€five€andŠ €Š Šsix,€the€copies€of€the€ninety„day€maintenance€records€on€machine€number€1799,€were€introduced€byŠ pĄ Šthe€certifying€public€officer,€Agent€Raymond€Siler.Š ` ° ŠĢą  ąPublic€records€and€reports€are€specifically€excluded€from€the€prohibition€against€hearsay€byŠ @  ŠRule€803(8),€Tenn.€R.€Evid.:Š 0 € ŠĢą8  ąUnless€the€source€of€information€or€the€method€or€circumstances€of€preparationŠ `  Šindicate€lack€of€trustworthiness,€records,€reports,€statements,€or€data€compilations€inŠ P  Šany€form€of€public€offices€or€agencies€setting€forth€the€activities€of€the€office€orŠ š@  Šagency€or€matters€observed€pursuant€to€a€duty€imposed€by€law€as€to€which€mattersŠ ą0  Šthere€was€a€duty€to€report,€excluding,€however,€matters€observed€by€police€officersŠ Š  Šand€other€law€enforcement€personnel.ŠĄŠ Š  ŠĢOur€supreme€court€has€recognized€that€the€initial€TBI€certification€and€the€subsequent€maintenanceŠ  š Šrecords€of€breath€testing€instruments€are€public€records€under€Rule€803(8),€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€€ņņSensingóó,€Š ą Š843€S.W.2d€at€416.€€Unlike€the€business€records€exception,€the€public€records€exception€does€notŠ €Š Šrequire€that€the€record€be€introduced€through€the€testimony€of€a€š šcustodian€or€other€qualifiedŠ pĄ Šwitness.šš€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(6),€(8);€ņņState€v.€Bakeróó,€842€S.W.2d€261,€264„65€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Š `° Š1992).€€In€ņņBakeróó,€the€defendant€challenged€the€admission€of€his€driving€record€as€a€business€recordŠ P  Šthrough€the€testimony€of€a€state€trooper,€arguing€that€the€trooper€was€not€the€custodian€of€thoseŠ @ Šrecords.€€Although€agreeing€with€the€defendant€that€the€trooper€did€not€adequately€testify€to€theŠ 0€ Šidentity€of€the€record,€the€mode€of€preparation,€and€whether€the€record€was€made€in€the€ordinaryŠ  p Šcourse€of€business€near€the€time€of€the€event€recorded€as€required€by€Rule€803(6),€this€court€held€thatŠ ` Šthe€trial€court€properly€admitted€the€driving€record€under€the€public€records€exception€in€803(8).€€ņņId.óó€Š P Š€Furthermore,€ņņSensingóó€contemplates€that€an€officer€certified€to€perform€the€breath€test€will€testify€thatŠ š@ Šthe€TBI€certified€the€testing€instrument€and€regularly€tested€it€for€accuracy.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņóó€843€S.W.2d€at€416ņņóó.€Š ą0 ŠThus,€the€state€could€introduce€the€certification€and€maintenance€records€through€the€testimony€ofŠ Š  ŠOfficer€Hostetter.Š Ą! ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€also€contests€the€introduction€of€the€certification€and€maintenance€recordsŠ  #š! Šbecause€they€are€copies€of€the€actual€documents€and,€therefore,€not€the€best€evidence€of€thoseŠ $ą" Šrecords.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€1002€(requiring€that€a€party€introduce€the€original€of€a€writing€to€proveŠ €%Š # Šits€contents€unless€a€rule€or€statute€provides€otherwise).€€However,€Rule€1005,€Tenn.€R.€Evid.,Š p&Ą!$ Špermits€the€use€of€a€copy€to€prove€the€content€of€a€public€record:Š `'°"% ŠĢą8  ąThe€contents€of€an€official€record,€or€of€a€document€authorized€to€be€recorded€or€Š @)$' Šfiled€and€actually€recorded€or€filed,€including€data€compilations€in€any€form,€ifŠ 0*€%( Šotherwise€admissible€may€be€proved€by€copy€certified€as€correct€in€accordance€withŠ  +p&) ŠRule€902€or€testified€to€be€correct€by€a€witness€who€has€compared€it€with€the€original.€Š ,`'* ŠIf€a€copy€which€complies€with€the€foregoing€cannot€be€obtained€by€the€exercise€ofŠ ° Šreasonable€diligence,€then€other€evidence€of€the€contents€may€be€given.Š šŠ Š  ŠĢThe€Advisory€Commissionššs€comments€to€this€rule€note€that€copies€š šof€public€records€are€the€bestŠ €Š Ševidence€if€certified€or€otherwise€authenticated€under€the€rule.ššŠ pĄ ŠĢą  ąWe€note€that€the€copies€of€the€TBI€certification€and€maintenance€records€are€not€self„Š P   Šauthenticating€under€Rule€902(4),€Tenn.€R.€Evid.,€dealing€with€certified€copies€of€public€records,Š @  Šbecause€the€copies€themselves€contain€no€certification€of€their€correctness.€€Furthermore,€OfficerŠ 0 € ŠHostetter€did€not€testify€that€he€had€compared€the€copies€of€the€TBI€certification€and€the€maintenanceŠ  p  Šrecords€of€Intoximeter€EC„IR,€number€1799€to€the€originals.€€In€fact,€he€stated€that€he€did€not€recallŠ `  Šseeing€the€original€of€the€TBI€certification€hanging€near€the€intoximeter€at€the€jail.€€Nevertheless,€Š P  ŠAgent€Wilder€testified€that€he€recognized€exhibit€four€as€a€copy€of€the€original€TBI€certification€ofŠ š@  ŠIntoximeter€EC„IR,€number€1799.€€Agent€Siler€testified€that€he€performed€the€ninety„dayŠ ą0  Šmaintenance€tests€on€the€breath€testing€machines€in€Hamilton€County;€that€he€had€tested€machineŠ Š  Šnumber€1799€on€May€7,€1997,€and€on€August€6,€1997;€and€that€he€recognized€exhibits€five€and€sixŠ Ą Šas€the€certifications€of€those€tests.€€The€trial€court€did€not€err€in€admitting€copies€of€the€TBIŠ ° Šcertification€and€maintenance€records€on€Intoximeter€EC„IR,€number€1799€rather€than€requiring€theŠ  š Šstate€to€produce€the€originals.Š ą ŠĢą@( ( ģąņ ņIII.€CROSS„EXAMINATION€ON€HGN€TESTó óˆŠ pĄ ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€to€allow€him€to€cross„examineŠ P  ŠOfficer€Hostetter€about€his€scoring€the€defendant€on€the€Ō_ŌHGNŌ_Ō€test€despite€his€saying€that€theŠ @ Šdefendant€refused€to€take€the€field€sobriety€tests.€€He€claims€that€he€sought€to€cross„examine€theŠ 0€ Šofficer€about€this€in€order€to€impeach€his€credibility.€€He€maintains€that€impeaching€the€officer€onŠ  p Šthis€matter€was€part€of€his€argument€that€the€officer€was€exaggerating€the€majority€of€his€findingsŠ ` Šrelating€to€the€defendantššs€intoxication.€€He€also€summarily€argues€that€this€evidence€constitutes€aŠ P Šprior€inconsistent€statement€under€Rule€613,€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€€The€state€contends€that€the€defendantŠ š@ Šwaived€cross„examination€on€this€issue€by€objecting€to€any€testimony€concerning€the€HGN€test,Š ą0 Šwhich€resulted€in€a€ruling€that€the€officerššs€testimony€on€the€field€sobriety€tests€would€be€limited€toŠ Š  Šthe€walk„and„turn€and€the€one„leg„stand€tests.€€It€also€argues€that€the€officerššs€testimony€€would€haveŠ Ą! Šprejudiced€the€defendant,€and€its€absence€is€harmless€in€light€of€the€overwhelming€proof€of€theŠ °"  Šdefendantššs€intoxication.Š  #š! ŠĢą  ąBefore€Officer€Hostetter€testified,€the€state€sought€to€clarify€whether€he€would€be€allowedŠ €%Š # Što€testify€regarding€the€HGN€test€given€to€the€defendant.€€The€defendant€objected€to€the€officerŠ p&Ą!$ Štestifying€about€the€HGN€test,€stating€that€he€was€making€the€same€objection€that€he€did€in€the€firstŠ `'°"% Štrial,€which€ended€in€a€hung€jury.€€The€state€offered€to€elicit€only€the€testimony€that€the€officer€askedŠ P( #& Šthe€defendant€to€perform€field€sobriety€tests€and€the€defendant€refused.€€The€defendant€argued€thatŠ @)$' Šhe€did€not€refuse€the€HGN€test€but€that,€instead,€the€officer€felt€that€he€did€not€perform€the€testŠ 0*€%( Šproperly.€€The€following€colloquy€ensued:Š  +p&) ŠŠ ,`'* Šą8  ą[Prosecutor:]€€I€mean,€Iššm€willing€to€go€either€way.€€Iššll€leave€it€up€to€the€defense.Š ° ŠEither€I€say€š šrefused€all€tests,šš€or€š šattempted€to€give€one,€didnššt€comply€and€refusedŠ  š Šall€others.šš€€I€donššt€care€which€way€it€goes,€but€I€donššt€want€to€make€it€an€appellateŠ ą Šissue,€so€Iššll€go€with€whatever€they€want€to€do.Š€ŠŠ Š  ŠĢą8  ą.€.€.€.Š` °Š Š  ŠĢą8  ą[Defense€Counsel:]€€But€what€Officer€Hostetter€testified€to€is€when€he€asked€Mr.Š @  ŠKorsakov€to€do€the€HGN€test,€that€instead€of€following€his€instructions€andŠ 0 € Šcomplying€with€the€test,€that€Mr.€Korsakov€just€stared€straight€ahead€and€basicallyŠ  p  Šwas€unable€to€do€the€test.€€Again,€since€the€HGN€is€not€admissibleš!šŠ` Š Š  ŠĢą8  ąThe€Court:€€All€right.€€So€heššs€not€going€to€go€into€the€HGN,€.€.€.€why€canššt€[theŠ š@  Šprosecutor]€bring€out€that€your€client€refused€the€other€tests?Šą0 Š Š  ŠĢą8  ą[Defense€Counsel:]€€Oh,€he€can.€€That€Iššm€not€objecting€to,€I€do€not€object€to€that,€butŠ Ą ŠI€donššt€think€itššs€a€proper€characterization€to€say€he€refused€the€HGN.€€He€didnšštŠ ° Šrefuse€it;€he€just,€in€Officer€Hostetterššs€opinionš!šŠ šŠ Š  ŠĢą8  ąThe€Court:€€I€think€the€best€thing€is€[to€say]€that,€He€refused€to€do€any€field€sobrietyŠ €Š Štests.€€.€.€.€.€€Or€you€can€say€he€refused€to€do€the€walk„and„turn€or€the€one„leg€stand.Š pĄ Š.€.€.€.Š`°Š Š  ŠĢą8  ą[Prosecutor:]€€So€we€wonššt€.€.€.€even€mention€the€HGN?Š@Š Š  ŠĢą8  ąThe€Court:€€So€donššt€say€š šallšš€or€anything.€€Just€use€those€two€specific€[tests].Š pŠ Š  ŠĢą  ąDespite€securing€this€ruling,€defense€counsel€mentioned€in€his€opening€statement€that€theŠ P Šofficerššs€notations€on€a€form€relating€to€a€test€given€to€the€defendant€were€inconsistent€with€theŠ š@ Šofficerššs€testimony.€€During€his€cross„examination€of€Officer€Hostetter,€the€defendant€attempted€toŠ ą0 Šquestion€him€about€the€HGN€test.€€In€a€bench€conference,€the€state€protested€that€the€parties€had€š šaŠ Š  Šspecific€ruling€and€a€specific€agreement€not€to€talk€about€the€HGN.šš€€Defense€counsel€argued€thatŠ Ą! Šhe€thought€that€the€court€had€ruled€that€the€officer€could€testify€that€the€defendant€failed€the€walk„Š °"  Šand„turn€test€and€the€one„leg„stand€test€but€not€that€he€had€failed€the€HGN€test€as€well.€€The€courtŠ  #š! Šresponded€that€it€had€limited€the€officerššs€testimony€that€the€defendant€refused€the€test.€€The€stateŠ $ą" Špointed€out€that€it€had€not€questioned€the€officer€on€the€HGN€test.€€The€trial€court€refused€to€allowŠ €%Š # Šthe€defendant€to€cross„examine€the€officer€on€the€HGN€test,€finding€the€test€inadmissible.Š p&Ą!$ ŠĢą  ąIn€an€offer€of€proof,€Officer€Hostetter€testified€that€he€attempted€to€give€the€defendant€theŠ P( #& ŠHGN€test.€€He€explained€that€the€test€involves€holding€his€finger€twelve€to€fifteen€inches€away€fromŠ @)$' Šthe€subjectššs€face€and€asking€the€subject€to€follow€the€finger€with€his€or€her€eyes.€€He€said€that€heŠ 0*€%( Šwatches€for€the€presence€of€three€clues€in€each€eye:€(1)€the€subjectššs€inability€to€follow€his€fingerŠ  +p&) Šsmoothly,€(2)€the€onset€of€involuntary€jerking€before€forty„five€degrees,€and€(3)€involuntary€jerkingŠ ,`'* Šwhen€his€finger€is€as€far€out€as€the€eye€can€follow.€€He€testified€that€with€regard€to€the€subjectššsŠ ° Šability€to€follow€his€finger€smoothly,€sometimes€the€subject€is€too€drunk€to€see€his€finger.€€He€statedŠ  š Šthat€he€gives€the€subject€one€point€for€the€presence€of€each€of€the€three€clues€in€each€eye.€€He€saidŠ ą Šthat€a€failing€score€would€be€a€four,€five,€or€six.€€He€said€that€the€defendant€did€not€follow€his€fingerŠ €Š Šbut,€instead,€stared€straight€ahead.€€He€said€that€in€scoring€the€defendantššs€performance,€he€indicatedŠ pĄ Šthe€presence€of€all€three€clues€for€each€eye.€€He€said€by€marking€the€sheet€in€this€way€he€intendedŠ ` ° Što€show€that€the€defendant€failed€the€test.€€He€admitted€that€he€should€not€have€filled€in€the€boxesŠ P   Šindicating€involuntary€jerking.€€He€said€that€when€he€realized€that€the€defendant€did€not€pass€the€test,Š @  Šhe€left€the€total€blank€and€wrote€a€narrative.€€The€narrative€states€š šwhen€asked€if€he€saw€my€fingerŠ 0 € Šhe€constantly€looked€at€my€light€or€at€me€as€though€my€finger€was€not€there.ššŠ  p  ŠĢą  ąDenial€of€the€defendantššs€right€to€effective€cross„examination€is€š šššconstitutional€error€of€theŠ P  Šfirst€magnitudešššš€and€may€violate€the€defendantššs€right€to€a€fair€trial.€€ņņState€v.€Hillóó,€598€S.W.2d€815,Š š@  Š819€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1980)€(quoting€ņņDavis€v.€Alaskaóó,€415€U.S.€308,€318,€94€S.€Ct.€1105,€1111Š ą0  Š(1974)).€€š šThe€propriety,€scope,€manner€and€control€of€the€cross„examination€of€witnesses,€however,Š Š  Šrests€within€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court.šš€€ņņState€v.€Dishmanóó,€915€S.W.2d€458,€463€(Tenn.Š Ą ŠCrim.€App.€1995);€ņņCoffee€v.€Stateóó,€188€Tenn.€1,€4,€216€S.W.2d€702,€703€(1948).€€This€court€will€notŠ ° Šdisturb€the€limits€that€a€trial€court€has€placed€upon€cross„examination€unless€the€court€hasŠ  š Šunreasonably€restricted€the€right.€€ņņDishmanóó,€915€S.W.2d€at€463;€ņņState€v.€Fowleróó,€213€Tenn.€239,€253,Š ą Š373€S.W.2d€460,€466€(1963).€Š €Š ŠĢą  ąIn€this€case,€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€by€refusing€to€allow€the€defendant€toŠ `° Šcross„examine€Officer€Hostetter€about€scoring€the€defendant€on€the€HGN€test.€€Exclusion€of€evidenceŠ P  Šof€the€HGN€test€came€at€the€defendantššs€insistence€and€was€carefully€crafted€to€avoid€the€implicationŠ @ Šthat€the€defendant€had€refused€the€HGN€test€along€with€the€other€field€sobriety€tests.€€The€stateŠ 0€ Šabided€by€this€ruling€in€its€direct€examination€of€the€officer.€€The€defendant€argues€that€he€wantedŠ  p Što€show€that€Officer€Hostetter€entered€points€on€the€HGN€form€in€order€to€impeach€the€officerššsŠ ` Štestimony€that€the€defendant€refused€to€perform€any€field€sobriety€tests.€€On€direct€examination,Š P ŠOfficer€Hostetter€did€not€testify€that€the€defendant€refused€to€perform€any€tests;€€instead,€he€testifiedŠ š@ Šthat€the€defendant€refused€to€perform€the€walk„and„turn€and€one„leg„stand€tests.€€The€trial€court€didŠ ą0 Šnot€unreasonably€limit€the€defendantššs€right€to€cross„examine€the€officer.Š Š  ŠĢą@ ģąņ ņIV.€€ADMISSIBILITY€OF€THE€COGNAC€BOTTLEó óˆŠ °"  ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€should€not€have€permitted€the€state€to€introduceŠ $ą" Šan€unopened,€miniature€bottle€of€cognac€found€in€his€car.€€He€argues€that€the€bottle€was€irrelevantŠ €%Š # Šand€could€only€show€that€the€defendant€had€a€propensity€to€drink.€€The€state€contends€that€theŠ p&Ą!$ Šofficerššs€discovery€of€the€bottle€in€the€defendantššs€car€is€relevant€to€the€defendantššs€intoxication€Š `'°"% Ševen€though€the€bottle€was€unopened.€€It€also€argues€that€the€defendant€only€objected€to€the€bottleššsŠ P( #& Šrelevance€at€trial€and€cannot€now€lodge€the€additional€objection€that€the€bottle€constitutes€propensityŠ @)$' Ševidence€under€Rule€404(b),€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€€Finally,€the€state€maintains€that€even€if€the€bottle€isŠ 0*€%( ŠŌ_Ōinadmissible,Ō_Ō€it€did€not€prejudice€the€defendant€in€light€of€the€overwhelming€evidence€ofŠ  +p&) Šintoxication.Š ,`'* Їą  ąEvidence€is€relevant€if€it€has€š šany€tendency€to€make€the€existence€of€any€fact€that€is€ofŠ ° Šconsequence€to€the€determination€of€the€action€more€probable€or€less€probable€than€it€would€beŠ  š Šwithout€the€evidence.šš€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401.€€An€unopened,€sealed€bottle€of€cognac€has€no€bearingŠ ą Šupon€whether€the€defendant€was€intoxicated€while€driving€on€the€morning€in€question.€€However,Š €Š Šwe€believe€that€although€irrelevant,€the€admission€of€the€cognac€bottle€was€harmless.€€OfficerŠ pĄ ŠHostetter€testified€that€the€defendant€admitted€that€he€had€been€drinking.€€The€risk€that€the€presenceŠ ` ° Šof€a€sealed€miniature€bottle€affected€the€juryššs€view€of€the€defendantššs€condition€could€only€beŠ P   Šminuscule.Š @  ŠĢą  ąWe€agree€with€the€state€that€the€defendant€may€not€base€his€objection€to€the€admission€ofŠ  p  Ševidence€on€relevance€at€trial€and€then€base€his€argument€on€another€ground,€such€as€the€violationŠ `  Šof€Rule€404(b),€Tenn.€R.€Evid.,€on€appeal.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Milleróó,€668€S.W.2d€281,€285€(Tenn.€1984).€Š P  ŠThe€defendant€contended€in€his€motion€for€a€new€trial€that€he€was€prejudiced€by€the€admission€ofŠ š@  Šthe€irrelevant€cognac€bottle€because€it€improperly€suggested€propensity.€€However,€because€theŠ ą0  Šdefendant€did€not€raise€404(b)€as€a€basis€for€his€objection€at€trial,€the€trial€court€did€not€determineŠ Š  Šwhether€the€evidence€was€admissible€for€a€purpose€other€than€to€show€propensity€and€did€not€weighŠ Ą Šthe€probative€value€of€the€evidence€when€used€for€this€purpose€against€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.€Š ° ŠņņSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€404(b).€€Thus,€the€defendant€has€waived€his€argument€on€this€basis.€€ņņSeeóó€T.R.A.P.Š  š Š36(a).Š ą ŠĢą@¶ ¶ ģąņ ņV.€€IMPROPER€COMMENT€UPON€THE€EVIDENCEó óˆŠ pĄ ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€invaded€the€province€of€the€jury€and€improperlyŠ P  Šcommented€upon€the€evidence€in€violation€of€article€IV,€šš€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€when€itŠ @ Šinstructed€the€jury€to€disregard€the€address€on€a€tag€attached€to€the€cognac€bottle.€€The€state€contendsŠ 0€ Šthat€the€defendant€acquiesced€in€the€courtššs€response€to€the€jury.€€It€also€argues€that€the€trial€courtššsŠ  p Šresponse€was€not€an€improper€comment€upon€the€evidence.Š ` ŠĢą  ąAfter€retiring€to€deliberate,€the€jury€submitted€a€question€to€the€court€noting€that€the€tagŠ š@ Šattached€to€the€cognac€bottle€lists€the€location€at€which€it€was€found€as€1501€East€Main€Street.€€TheŠ ą0 Šjury€asked€what€this€location€represents.€€Before€responding€to€the€jury,€the€trial€court€discussed€theŠ Š  Šmatter€with€the€parties,€who€agreed€that€the€bottle€was€found€in€the€defendantššs€car.€€The€court€statedŠ Ą! Šthat€it€would€respond:€š šbottle€found€in€car,€address€of€no€significance.šš€€After€conferring€with€theŠ °"  Šdefendant,€defense€counsel€suggested€that€the€proper€response€would€be€to€tell€the€jury€to€rely€onŠ  #š! Štheir€own€recollections€about€where€the€bottle€was€found.€€The€trial€court€stated,€š šI€wonššt€put€ššbottleŠ $ą" Šfound€in€defendantššs€car.šš€€Iššll€just€put€ššaddress€is€of€no€significance.šššš€€To€which€the€defenseŠ €%Š # Šresponded,€š šThatššs€fine.šš€€We€do€not€believe€that€the€trial€courtššs€comments€to€which€the€defenseŠ p&Ą!$ Šagreed€regarding€an€admittedly€irrelevant€matter€gives€rise€to€any€constitutional€concern.Š `'°"% ŠĢĢĢĢŠ ,`'* Їą@śś ģąņ ņVI.€€CUMULATIVE€ERRORó óˆŠ ° ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€the€cumulative€effect€of€the€errors€at€trial€denied€his€fundamentalŠ ą Šright€to€a€fair€trial,€especially€in€light€of€the€fact€that€his€first€trial€ended€in€a€hung€jury.€€However,Š €Š Šwe€see€nothing€deserving€reversal€other€than€the€trial€courtššs€error€in€admitting€the€breath€test€results.€Š pĄ ŠĢą  ąBased€upon€the€foregoing€and€the€record€as€a€whole,€we€reverse€the€judgement€of€convictionŠ P   Šand€remand€the€case€for€further€proceedings€consistent€with€this€opinion.€